Tourism infrastructure is understood as a complex of structures

engineering and communication networks, including telecommunications

tion communications, roads, related tourism industry enterprises,

ensuring normal access of tourists to tourist resources and their

proper use for tourism, livelihoods

activity of tourism industry enterprises and tourists themselves.

These are roads and railways, stations and terminals,

systems for regulating road, air, river and sea traffic, heat supply systems, electrical and telephone networks

you and more. The development of tourism infrastructure is an important stage of planning

development of the process of development and use tourism resources.

No matter how attractive a tourist resource may be, its attractiveness

efficiency and effectiveness largely depend on the ability

free access to it for the consumer - tourist. If to natural

resource does not have a road or trail, then a mass visit to the site becomes

seems difficult or often impossible. Therefore the waterfall

Angel in Venezuela, the highest in the world (water fall height

1014 m), visited by tourists relatively rarely, because it

no roads, no landing area for planes. Before this unique

natural site of tourist interest can be reached with great

labor on a boat on the stormy Corona River.

In addition, there is simply little access; the mass tourist requires and

exactly comfortable conditions of your stay at the place of visit. On the-

example, a generally accepted standard in the hospitality system provides

offers accommodation for tourists in a double room with private facilities (tourist

aleth, shower/bath, hot water).

Tourist resources– a set of natural and anthropogenic (economic, financial, cultural-historical, labor, social, production) objects and phenomena that, given existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize tourism activities.

The hotel industry and the (public) food system

Accommodation is the most important element of tourism. No accommodation –

no tourism. This is an immutable and strict requirement of the economy of any

th tourist region or a center yearning to receive solid

and large incomes from receiving tourists and operating their tourist

what resources.

The hotel industry is a hospitality system. She started

comes from the most ancient traditions inherent in almost any society

venous formation in the history of human civilization - respect

guest, the celebration of his reception and service. to the guest always and at everyone's

childbirth is provided with all the best. The concept of hospitality historically

purely invariably and necessarily include shelter and food, i.e. accommodation service

food and nutrition.

Accommodation facilities and systems – fixed assets – buildings designed

personal types and species, adapted specifically for receiving and or-

organizing overnight stays for temporary visitors with different levels of ser-

The number of beds in the hotel industry is the most important indicator,

used to assess the potential of a tourist center or region

to receive tourists. The number of beds in hotels clearly determines

capacity of accommodation facilities and the real possibility of receiving tourists

com in this tourist center. Load intensity indicator

the number of rooms in a destination adequately determines the efficiency

activities of local administration and tourism organizers. Nera-

due to confusion, even those who paid for the night in advance will remain

on the street, which often happens. This is a serious disadvantage in work

administration.

Today, the hospitality industry is a powerful ho-

economy of the region or tourist center and an important income component -

economics of the destination. The hospitality industry in terms of size

places: hotels, inns, boarding houses, alcazars, paradors, motels, mo-

youth hostels and dormitories (dormidoria), apartments, tourist

farmsteads, dachas, rural houses, as well as private sector, active

involved in the accommodation of tourists.

1. TOURIST ACCOMMODATION INDUSTRY

1.1. Classification of tourist accommodation facilities

Tourist accommodation facilities are any facilities that provide tourists occasionally or regularly with a place to stay overnight (usually indoors). The following are accepted as additional conditions:

a) the total number of overnight accommodations exceeds a certain minimum,

b) the accommodation facility has management,

c) management of the facility is based on a commercial basis.

Collective tourist accommodation facilities include hotels and similar establishments, specialized establishments, and other collective tourist accommodation facilities.

Of the main features of hotels, the first thing to note is the availability of rooms. Depending on the management features, hotels can be separate enterprises or form hotel chains. Examples of developed hotel purposes are the Accor (France), Holiday Inn (USA), Forte (Great Britain), Sheraton (USA) hotels. Hotels provide a list of mandatory services: room cleaning, daily making of beds and cleaning of the sanitary facilities, as well as an extensive range of additional services.

Table 1.

Standard classification tourist accommodation facilities Recommendations on tourism statistics / UN. Worldwide tourism organization. - New York, 1994

Categories	Rank	Groups
1.Collective tourist accommodation facilities	1.1 Hotels and similar accommodation facilities for tourists	1.1.1. Hotels 1.1.2. Similar establishments
1.2. Specialized establishments	1.2.1. Health facilities 1.2.2. Labor and recreation camps 1.2.3. Public means of transport 1.2.4. Congress centers
1.3. Other collective institutions	1.3.1. Dwellings intended for recreation 1.3.2. Camping sites 1.3.3. Other collective institutions
2.Individual accommodation facilities for tourists	2.1. Individual accommodation facilities	2.1.1. Own dwellings 2.1.2. Rented rooms in family homes 2.1.3. Dwellings rented from private individuals or agencies 2.1.4. Accommodation provided free of charge by relatives or friends 2.1.5. Other accommodation on an individual basis

Depending on the specific equipment and features of the services provided, hotels include general hotels, apartment hotels, motels, roadside hotels, resort hotels, residential clubs, etc.

A group of establishments similar to hotels has a number of rooms and provides a list of mandatory services. These include boarding houses, furnished rooms, tourist hostels, etc.

Specialized establishments (with a single management) are also designed to serve tourists. They don't have numbers. Here the initial unit can be a dwelling, a collective bedroom, or a playground. In addition to providing overnight accommodation for tourists, the establishment can carry out other activities. Examples of such specialized institutions are health institutions (health resorts, resorts, sanatoriums, health “farms”, etc.), camps, accommodation facilities in public activities transport (trains, ships), in congress centers.

The function of providing overnight accommodation in health resorts, sanatoriums, and resorts is not the main one. First of all, it is necessary to treat and prevent illness among visitors using natural factors (climate, sea, mineral water etc.). Material and spiritual influences on the human body include the elimination of the usual conditions of work and rest, and the enrichment of visitors with new impressions. Along with treatment, meals, recreation, sports, everyday life and, of course, overnight accommodation for residents are organized.

Other collective accommodation facilities include, first of all, dwellings intended for recreation. Examples of this group of accommodation facilities are apartment-type hotels, house complexes or bungalows. These premises have a single management, are rented out for a fee, for rent, or free of charge by any person (persons) or organization. The Irish Tourist Board, for example, envisages the following organization of a complex of holiday homes. The complex includes no less than nine buildings, one of which houses an office. The buildings are long-term structures, with separate entrances, and in good operating condition. Each house has a room for sleeping, dining, resting, a warehouse, a bathroom and toilets with appropriate equipment. Provision is made for the use of space outside the home. Each accommodation facility is prepared and cleaned for each new resident. Services by current cleaning Beds and accommodations are not provided to the client. Other collective accommodation facilities include facilities (with unified management) on camping sites and in bays for small vessels. The client is provided with an overnight stay and a number of services such as information, shopping, leisure...

Tourist hostels, youth hotels, school and student dormitories, holiday homes for the elderly and similar objects of social significance should also be considered other collective accommodation facilities.

Individual accommodation facilities are provided for a fee, for rent, or free of charge. This includes dwellings (apartments, cottages, mansions), which are rented alternately by members of the household (time sharing).

The hotel industry as a type of economic activity includes the provision of hotel services and the organization of short-term accommodation for a fee in hotels, campsites, motels, school and student dormitories, guest houses, etc. This activity also includes restaurant services. In international practice, the Standard Classification of Tourist Accommodation Facilities, developed by WTO experts, has been adopted (Table 4.1). In Russia, on the basis of this classification, the State Standard “Accommodation Facilities” was developed, introduced in 1999.

Table 4.1. Standard classification of tourist accommodation facilities

Collective accommodation facilities for tourists	Hotels and similar accommodation facilities	1. Hotels 2. Similar establishments
	Specialized establishments	1. Health facilities 2. Labor and recreation camps 3. Public means of transport 4. Congress centers
	Other collective institutions	1. Dwellings intended for recreation 2. Camping 3. Other
Individual accommodation facilities for tourists	Individual accommodation facilities	1. Own homes 2. Rented rooms 3. Rented dwellings 4. Accommodation with relatives and friends 5. Other

By service level hotels are divided into several types, with the common service being the provision of accommodation, and all others in one way or another contribute to improving the quality of this basic service and can be provided in one set or another.

Hotellux: 100-400 rooms; city ​​center; high-level service by well-trained staff who fulfill the various wishes of clients; the price is very high; consumers - managers of large organizations, professionals high level, high-level conference participants; Elite conditions, expensive interior decoration.

High class hotel: 400-2000 rooms; within the city; a wide range of services provided by trained staff; price is above average; consumers - businessmen, individual tourists, conference participants; expensive furniture and equipment, large hall, restaurants.

Mid-range hotel: seeks to make maximum use of modern technology and reduce operating costs and therefore prices, including through labor reduction and automation. Prices are at the average level for the region or slightly above average.

Apart-hotel: 100-400 rooms; most often self-service; the price depends on the time of placement; consumers - businessmen and family tourists staying at long term; Conditions are the same as in a fully furnished apartment.

Economy class hotel: hotel with a limited range of services; 10-150 rooms; outskirts or middle part of the city; limited number of staff; the price is low, 25-30% below the regional average, which is why it is in demand; consumers - thrifty tourists who do not need full board; conditions - modern, well-equipped rooms, but, as a rule, without meals.

According to the Russian standard, a hotel is classified as a temporary accommodation establishment with a capacity of at least 10 rooms. Is the category of hotels indicated by a symbol? (star). The number of stars increases in accordance with the improvement in the quality of service and hotel equipment. For hotels, categories range from one to five stars, for motels - from one to four stars. The classification of accommodation services and terminology presented in Russian regulations and the Standard International Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA) adopted by the WTO differ significantly.

IN various countries around the world, a number of symbols are used to indicate the category of hotels and other accommodation facilities - from stars in France and Russia to crowns in England.

Attempts to introduce a unified international classification of hotels have not yet been successful.

Classification of hotels by category produced depending on the size and types of residential and office premises, equipment of enterprises, level of comfort of rooms and public spaces, services provided and other factors. Payment for rooms and other services depends on the capacity. IN foreign countries There are about 30 hotel classifications. They can be divided into two groups:

0 “European” system based on the French national classification, common in most countries (the rank is established by assigning a certain number of stars - from 1 to 5);

o “points”, or Indian, system, which is based on the assessment of the hotel by an expert commission.

The number of stars of a European hotel corresponds to a certain term in the American version of the classification:

European classification American classification

• ***** Super deluxe
• * * * * Deluxe
• * * * Expensive
• * * Moderate
• ? Inexpensive

Hotels are divided into three categories: upper class (luxury) - 4-5 stars; tourist class (medium) - 2-3 stars; economy class - 1-2 stars. Almost all classifications evaluate the following basic parameters of a hotel: characteristics of the room stock: room area, availability of utilities in the rooms and on the floors, room comfort; equipment and interior design; information support, including communications; availability of an elevator; characteristics of public premises; presence and characteristics of food establishments; providing the possibility of additional consumer services and others; characteristics of the building, access roads; infrastructure development, development of the surrounding area.

According to the WTO definition, a hotel is a collective accommodation facility, consisting of a certain number of rooms, having a single management, providing a set of services (minimum - making beds and cleaning) and grouped into classes and categories in accordance with the services provided and equipment of the rooms. The category of the hotel must be indicated on the form tourist package TOUR 1, the type of accommodation is also indicated there: single room - OD N (SGL); double - DVM (DBL); triple - TPM (TRP); four-seater - CTM (QUATR), etc.

There are large and small hotels. The WTO recommends that a hotel with up to 30 rooms be considered small. Another point of view is that a hotel that can be serviced and managed by members of one family should be considered small. Small hotels are usually independent and not part of hotel chains.

IN organizational management structure hotels in the world hotel industry Two main models have emerged.

The first model is associated with the name of the Swiss entrepreneur Caesar Ritz. Many prestigious hotels in the world bear his name. The main emphasis in these hotels is on European traditions of sophistication and aristocracy (for example, the Palace Hotel in Moscow). Currently, the Ritz model is experiencing a crisis: over the past 25 years, more than 2 million palace-style hotel rooms have left the global hotel market.

The second model is associated with the name of American entrepreneur Kemons Wilson (Holiday Inn hotel chain). This model focuses on flexibility in meeting the needs of the client (regardless of which country the hotel is located in) combined with maintaining fairly high standards of service. Considerable attention is paid to the interior. The basic requirements for a hotel chain are as follows: unity of style (architecture, interior); unity of designations and external information; spacious and functional hall; speed of customer registration; numbers provided for regular customers; buffet breakfast; availability of a conference hall; flexible tariff system; unified management, marketing and communications service. Under the control of hotel chains,

Built according to the second model, there are more than 50% of hotel rooms in the world. Such chains are essentially financial and economic empires controlled by one owner - the parent holding company.

There is a third model of organization - the so-called voluntary hotel chains (such as " Best Western", "Romantic Hotels", etc.). In this case, hotels are united under a single brand according to some homogeneous characteristics that meet certain standards and sets of services, regardless of the country of location. Hotels - members of the chain pay contributions to a single fund, which is spent on joint advertising and marketing activities, product promotion, etc. At the same time, their financial, economic and managerial independence is fully preserved. In essence, these chains are something like an association of hotels united by a single agreement.

Catering. Depending on the type of hotel, its purpose and class, the stated cost of accommodation may or may not include meals. In tourism practice, there are special plans regarding meals for tourists in hotels:

o European Plan (EP) - meals for tourists are not included in the price of accommodation. This plan is especially widespread in the US and most major cities peace;

0 continental plan (Continental Plan, CP) - the cost of accommodation includes a light “continental” breakfast consisting of coffee, rolls, butter, jam, etc.; o Bermuda Plan (BP) - the cost of accommodation includes a full “American” breakfast at the hotel. All other meals are not included; o Modified American Plan (MAP) - the cost of accommodation includes breakfast, “continental” (in Europe) or full, and one more meal, usually dinner. This plan is widely used in resorts in the Bahamas and Bermuda, Caribbean and Mexico. In Europe, this plan is usually called half board;

o American Plan (AP) - the cost of accommodation includes breakfast, lunch and dinner. In Europe, this plan is also called full board. Full board is common on cruise ships, "villages" and similar resorts.

Typically, Bermuda and modified American plans are offered at popular resorts. The European plan is more often used in hotels designed mainly for transit passengers and business people. At some hotels, guests on the Modified American Plan are subject to certain menu restrictions. For exotic or expensive dishes, such as lobster, you have to pay extra.

In table 4.2 shows various options for catering at hotels and their international designations.

When organizing catering, various forms of service are used:

• 0 “table d'hôte” (common table) involves setting large tables in the halls of a restaurant, served with cutlery, the number of which corresponds to the number of guests;
• 0 The buffet is self-service and does not limit the number of dishes consumed. This type of nutrition is typical for a beach holiday;
• 0 “a la carte menu” involves a limited number of dishes, the tourist can only read their names, but cannot see them with his own eyes, and it is not possible to order an addition or change the order. Service is organized by waiters. This type of catering is typical for city hotels or expensive upscale beach hotels.

Table 4.2. Catering options

End of table. 4.2

Accommodation and 3 meals a day (breakfast + lunch + dinner)	FB ( full board)
Infinitely many different dishes, almost unlimited time for organizing meals - the cost of this service is included in the tour price	All inclusive (AI - all inclusive)
Providing the guest with four meals a day and the opportunity to consume snacks, including soft drinks and locally produced alcoholic drinks during daylight hours (until 24.00 hours)	Ultra all inclusive(UAI - ultra all inclusive)
Providing the guest with four meals a day and the opportunity to consume snacks, including soft drinks and foreign alcoholic drinks during daylight hours (until 24.00 hours)	Extra all inclusive (EAI - extra all inclusive)

There are also replacement options for catering:

o “packed rations” (picnic) - compensation for missed breakfast (lunch, dinner). Replacement is available upon prior order. The reasons for absence can be very different, most often it is an unscheduled trip, an additional excursion, etc.;

• 0 “cold dinner” - prepared for the same reasons as packed rations, but assumes the arrival of tourists after the end of the planned dinner and is a set table with all the dishes present at the planned dinner, except for hot ones;
• 0 Lunch or dinner can also be transferred to another day by prior agreement.

There are also three main types of breakfast:

0 “continental” consists mainly of buns and coffee (tea) and is typical for city hotels and motels;

o “European” with a wide variety of dishes and an unlimited number of them, typical for Great Britain and the Americas;

o “mini-bar”, when as an additional service in hotels starting from 3 stars, the use of an in-room bar is assumed.

Hospitality models. In world practice, there are four models of hospitality.

The European model represents high-flying hospitality and high reputation. In addition, the European hotel market is the most widespread and developed. Distinctive features of European hospitality:

• 0 hotels are striving to reduce the number of rooms, which increases the individualization of customer service;
• 0 the main advantage of hotels is not luxury, but exquisite and stylish interiors, high reputation and fame, high-quality service;
• 0 most expensive hotels are located in unique places and buildings in historical centers cities;
• 0 expensive hotels preserve and maintain traditions in relations with guests;
• 0 automation of European hotels does not replace personal relationships with guests;
• 0 Hotel segregation is more pronounced than anywhere else in Europe, which leads to the fact that guests expensive hotel will never encounter a guest of a different social status in the hall;
• 0 at the same time, the European hotel market is distinguished by a diversified offer - from cheap roadside hotels to extremely expensive luxury hotels.

The Asian model of hospitality is the opposite of the European one, which is reflected in the Asians’ love for luxury, ostentatious wealth, and gigantism. It is in Asia that the tallest (Shanghai), most spacious (Bangkok) and most luxurious (Dubai) hotels in the world are located. If in Europe the category of a hotel is inversely proportional to its capacity, then in Asia it is the opposite. Distinctive features of Asian luxury hotels:

• 0 the most favorable location;
• 0 big square rooms and public spaces;
• 0 large capacity;

o luxury and richness of interiors and especially exteriors;

o low (compared to Europe) cost and availability of services;

o the ability to use a variety of infrastructure and additional services;

o the widespread use of “AN inclusive” and “Ultra all inclusive” service systems.

The American model of hospitality has features of both the European model and the Asian one. Thus, in the centers of the largest American cities, luxury hotels are common that meet the requirements of typical European hotels (style, small size, individual service). At the same time, the main resorts and tourist centers of the country are built with hotels that externally and internally resemble Asian ones (they are distinguished by large capacity, luxury, and developed infrastructure).

The Eastern European hospitality model stands out due to the presence of a large share of post-Soviet hotel industry enterprises. On the other hand, the current stage of development of the hotel market in post-Soviet space Europe is characterized by the construction of new accommodation facilities, typical of both Europe and Asia.

• Kuskov L.S., Ponukalina O.V. Management of transport services: tourism. M., 2004; Arzumanyan E.A. Hotel and restaurant services. Saratov, 2000.
• Ushakov D.S. Applied tour rating. Rostov-n/D, 2005.

Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin"

Faculty of Natural Geography

Department of Social and Economic Geography and Tourism

Course work

"Tourist infrastructure South-East Asia"

Work completed:

Sorokina Ekaterina Viktorovna

Scientific adviser:

Mishnina Elena Ivanovna

Ryazan 2012

Introduction

Chapter 1. Approaches to assessing tourism infrastructure

1 The concept of tourism infrastructure

2 Elements and functions of tourism infrastructure

Chapter 2. Transport infrastructure of Southeast Asia

1 Ground transport

2 Water transport

3 Air transport

Chapter 3. Accommodation and catering infrastructure for tourists in Southeast Asia

1 Accommodation facilities

2 Public catering

3 Leisure infrastructure

Conclusion

Introduction

The availability of tourist resources is an important, but not the only component of the tourism industry. The second necessary component is developed infrastructure. It consists of the available accommodation and service facilities for tourists in the region - hotels, tourist centers, boarding houses and dispensaries, as well as specialized travel companies that provide information and reference support and services to tourists. Thanks to the emerging infrastructure, tourism resources are being developed, their attractiveness and accessibility for tourists are increasing, the tourist capacity of the territory is increasing (without damage to the environment), and the adverse effects of the natural and climatic conditions of the region are being compensated.

Based on the relevance, we set a goal - to study the tourism infrastructure of Southeast Asia. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

1.The concept of tourism infrastructure and classification of tourist infrastructure facilities in Southeast Asia.

2.Study of transport infrastructure.

.Accommodation facilities, catering and leisure infrastructure.

The object of study is Southeast Asia.

The subject is to identify conditions that contribute to the development of tourism infrastructure.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the collected material can be used by tourism enterprises to organize tourist recreation.

The work is based on the use of statistical methods, comparative analysis and description.

The information base is represented by works that are theoretical and practical in nature. Among them, the works of such authors as M.B. are especially important. Birzhakov, V.G. Gulyaev, I.Yu. Lyapina

The work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references of 10 titles on 34 pages of text, 9 drawings.

Chapter 1. Approaches and assessment of tourism infrastructure

1 The concept of tourism infrastructure

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, as well as ensuring the livelihoods of enterprises in the tourism industry. Tourist resources are a set of natural and anthropogenic (economic, financial, cultural-historical, labor, social production) objects and phenomena that, given existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize tourism activities. The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and services of guides and translators. Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which consists of two elements. The first element is the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and food services. The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-level system. The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by production infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the two subsequent levels), but necessary for the provision of tourism services - transport, communications, energy, public utilities, finance, insurance, security. The second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products. The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions. The supporting function of tourism infrastructure is to create the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists. Integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes. The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: creating new jobs, influencing consumer demand, developing industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets at various levels. Tourism infrastructure has a direct and indirect impact on the economy. The direct impact is the attraction of funds from services to tourism enterprises, material support for tourism workers and the creation of new jobs, and an increase in tax revenues. The indirect influence lies in the multiplicative effect of intersectoral interaction. The greater the proportion of income spent within a given region, the greater the multiplier effect.

Figure 1. Tourism infrastructure as part of the tourism industry

The tourism industry, like no other sector of the economy, is interested in preserving nature, culture, the appearance of historical cities, and a favorable environmental situation. After all, caring for nature and the environment is one of the attractive elements of tourism and travel. Tourist hotels, campsites, resorts, which are located among untouched nature and where due attention is paid to environmental issues, preservation of the natural landscape and cultural heritage, are becoming increasingly popular and attracting new, environmentally conscious and prepared tourists. Ecological tours have high environmental significance. According to the WTO, ecotourism accounts for 7 to 10% of the annual income of the entire tourism industry. The social significance of this type of tourism lies, first of all, in its educational and recreational value. For example, the tour program, along with visits to ecologically clean areas, includes excursions to places of environmental disasters. Seeing the consequences of modern civilization encourages people to take care of nature and rational use of the environment.

1.2 Elements and functions of tourism infrastructure

Tourist infrastructure acts as an obligatory component of the socio-economic system "tourism". To ensure timely, high-quality and complete satisfaction of the population's tourism needs, advanced technologies and effective infrastructure management, focused on high end results, are required. Elements of tourism infrastructure can be classified according to various criteria:

· According to the criterion of spatial belonging, international, national, regional, and city tourism infrastructure are distinguished.

· according to the criterion of the field of activity - technological, managerial and social tourism infrastructure.

· According to the criterion of the time factor (in comparison with the receipt of a tourist product), synchronous, advanced, and lagging tourism infrastructure are distinguished.

The availability of tourist resources and the comfort of a tourist’s stay at the place of visit are ensured by a developed infrastructure. The functioning and development of the tourism industry, in turn, act as an essential element of the country’s socio-economic system, requiring major investments and generating considerable income for the state and entrepreneurs. According to its functional purpose, tourism infrastructure is divided into industrial (transport, communications, construction industry, water supply, energy supply) and social (trade, catering, consumer services, cultural, children's and medical institutions, etc.). Separately, it is worth highlighting infrastructure facilities related to environmental protection and recreational resources. For the development of the tourism industry great importance has a network of communication routes. Communication routes are an integral component of the tourist and recreational complex. It consists of; railways, highways, sea, river, aviation modes of transport. The development of the transport network includes a variety of modes of transport, length, density of roads, their quality and congestion. The transport network of communications is a subsystem of the territorial infrastructure system. The most important feature of transport infrastructure is that it can be combined into a single territorial system. The following main types of tourism infrastructure are distinguished:

1.Social infrastructure is a combination of existing structures, buildings, networks that are not directly related to the production of a tourist product, but are necessary to ensure the daily life of the local population and tourists (health care, cultural, educational, consumer services enterprises);

2.Production infrastructure is a complex of existing structures, buildings, networks, systems not directly related to the production of a tourist product (roads, warehouses, ports, service systems).

Industrial infrastructure enterprises:

accommodation, catering and transport enterprises; - insurance companies; - commercial enterprises and the banking system.

Figure 2. Industrial infrastructure enterprises

To satisfy the diverse needs of tourists, goods and services from a large number of enterprises and industries that are not technologically interconnected are needed. Some serve mainly tourists, others serve tourists and the local population, and others ensure the functioning of the first and second. Being part tourism industry, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include the following functions:

· supporting function of tourism infrastructure - creating the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists;

· integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes;

· regulatory function of tourism infrastructure: creation of new jobs, influence on consumer demand, development of industries producing consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets of various levels.

Thus, tourism infrastructure is of particular importance in the production of tourism services. The main task of developing tourism infrastructure is to bring its qualitative and quantitative characteristics to the level of world standards. Elements of tourism infrastructure can be classified according to various criteria. As part of the tourism industry, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

Chapter 2. Transport infrastructure of Southeast Asia

1 Ground transport

Transport service tourists are one of the components of the tourism industry. Transport infrastructure of tourism - transport organizations engaged in tourist transportation. The transportation system, excluding the walking movement of tourists, is determined by the level of technological progress and is steadily formed based on the use of:

ground mechanical means of transportation - bicycle, car, bus, railway;

air vehicles;

water - boats, rafts, river and sea surface and underwater vessels.

Carriers are divided into main and auxiliary, according to the stages of work and their place in the tourism product. The stages of work can be distinguished:

transfer, most often a bus, delivery of tourists to the main carrier at the point of departure, delivery of tourists to the hotel from the airport terminal, train station and similar operations on the way tourists return to their homeland;

transportation of tourists over long distances to their destination;

transportation by bus or train tours along a route where the transportation stage is an integral and main element of the tour, and the means of transportation is most often an overnight stay, this should also include cruise routes;

transportation to excursion routes(around the city, in theme parks, etc.);

freight transportation.

Figure 4. Types of transportation

The development of tourism is largely connected with the development of transport, with the advent of more comfortable, faster and safer means of transportation. In Vietnam, car rental is not in great demand because the roads are not best quality. Intercity bus passenger service in Vietnam is carried out on the so-called “Big Bus” - buses with air conditioning and a seat indicated on the ticket, and “Mini Bus” - without air conditioning, without a seat. The least developed mode of transport in Vietnam is rail. Trains run throughout Vietnam, mainly between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Trains from Hanoi go to the Sa Pa mountain resort, in seaport Haiphong, and resort town on the Halong coast. In addition to regular trains, there are trains in Vietnam increased comfort from Hanoi to Sa Pu and Halong, as well as from Ho Chi Minh City to Nha Trang and Qui Non.

In terms of area, Bangkok is one of the most big cities not only in Asia, but throughout the world, and given the intricate network of roads, streets and alleys, moving around it becomes very difficult. The busiest mode of transport in Bangkok is the bus. The city has about three hundred routes along which 11 thousand buses travel. The bus line diagram is presented in all TAT (Thai Tourism Authority) travel agencies. All Bangkok buses are divided into three types:

· without air conditioning (red with white stripe and white);

· with air conditioning (blue, as well as Eurobuses, which, in turn, are blue, orange (cream) and white);

· red minibuses.

System Skytrain Sky Train (BTS), crossing the whole of Bangkok through the center, is the fastest, most convenient and in a safe way travel around Bangkok. 2 lines of this elevated metro were opened in 1999, and all technical equipment was supplied by the Siemens concern. In the summer of 2004, Bangkok's first underground metro was launched ( official name MRI). The line passed through the eastern part of the city and connected the northern railway station Bang Su with the Hua Lam Phong train station located near the city center. The line consists of 18 stations, along which 19 Siemens trains travel. Thailand has a fairly modern and extensive network of railways that connect Bangkok with other provinces. Main Train Station the capital city called Hua Lamphong is located on RAMA IV ROAD. Railways, leading to the south, also allow trips to Malaysia and Singapore. As a rule, fast trains have carriages of the first, second and third classes, and ordinary passenger trains- only third grade (from seating areas). Public transport Thailand's cities and resorts are very well developed. Urban bus routes enough. Intercity bus service is also a fairly fast and inexpensive means of transportation around Thailand. Regular buses run between almost all cities of the country, including local residents, are cheaper and depart from bus stations. Some of the regular buses are owned by private companies, but mostly they are government buses. It is believed that Shuttle Buses more reliable and secure. In order to board a passing bus, you must purchase a ticket at the bus station and obtain information about the location and time of the bus stop. This is often used by tourists traveling from/to Pattaya, since many buses pass by without entering the city. Sometimes travel agencies supplement the purchased ticket with a transfer from the hotel to the bus station.

Thus, ground transport along with all types of transport infrastructure, it is the most widespread. It includes transfer, freight, bus and train services and is in great demand among tourists.

2 Water transport

In cities located on the shores of navigable bodies of water - oceans, seas, lakes and rivers - water transport devices - sea and river ports. Waterways are divided into external (sea and ocean) and internal.

Inland waterways are divided into natural - rivers and lakes in their natural state, and artificial, which include locked rivers, shipping canals and artificial reservoirs.

Main features of water transport:

• Availability for the most part natural waterway; variety of parameters of waterways and, as a consequence of this, variety of rolling stock in terms of their dimensions, carrying capacity and speed;
• extremely large possibilities in terms of the carrying capacity of rolling stock, especially maritime transport(supertankers with a carrying capacity of up to 400 thousand tons);
• the special dependence of the main specific resistance to the movement of conventional rolling stock of water transport on the speed of movement;
• seasonality of operation.

Figure 6. Main features of water transport (compiled by the author based on the source)

Water transport plays a huge role in transport transportation - 5,149 km. navigable rivers and canals, over 3 thousand km. sea ​​coast and an extensive lake network are served by thousands of coasters, private launches and boats. In most cases, the cost of the trip must be agreed directly with the captain or owner of the vessel. Many ships in Halong Bay, motorized passenger boats and catamarans on the Fragrant River and Me Long. The main ports are Ho Chi Minh City, Danang, Hong Gai, Nha Trang, Haiphong and Vung Tau. In Bangkok, one convenient option to avoid traffic jams, especially for those who live near the river and canals, is a river taxi. In addition, traveling by water is an excellent opportunity to explore the city and look at Bangkok from a different perspective. There are several companies providing boat services in the city. Numerous boats, boats, and ferries ply along the canals of Bangkok and the Chao Phraya River. The cost depends on the route. River taxi is one of the most popular types river transport, especially among tourists who love fast driving on water, and in this case, along the rivers and canals of Bangkok. Boats ply along the most important tourist routes. The fee is negotiable and depends on the distance. Boats can also be rented for special routes.

Thus, water transport is essential in the overall transport infrastructure. It has such features as seasonality of operation, carrying capacity, the presence of a natural waterway and dependence on the speed of movement.

3 Air transport

Air transport has become one of the main means of mass transportation of passengers in the world. Air transportation carried out by civil aviation, which has wider applications than just transport. The peculiarities of air transport are quite clearly manifested, in particular, in some of its shortcomings. The most significant of them can be considered the following:

The safety of air traffic is not always high enough;

sometimes, due to difficult weather conditions, the regularity of flights and, consequently, the aircraft schedule are disrupted;

adverse effect on environment;

relatively high cost of air transport services.

Figure 7. Disadvantages of air transport (compiled by the author from the source)

Air transport has a harmful impact on the environment. The undesirable impact of aviation on the natural environment comes down mainly to two factors: the emission of harmful substances contained in exhaust gases into the atmosphere by operating engines, and the noise created by the operation power plants. In principle, this is not much different from the impact on the natural environment of other transport vehicles, for example cars, the engines of which also burn hydrocarbon fuel. Improving the economic efficiency of air transport is a constant concern for all airlines around the world. Unfortunately, due to objective conditions transport services civil aviation consistently remain the most expensive compared to the services of any other types of land or water transport. The main reason for the high cost of civil aviation services is the need for aviation science to spend complex research and development work on the design and construction of new types of aircraft, as well as to carry out complex and varied test flights and labor-intensive development work. Bangkok Airport - Don Mueang, one of largest airports Asia and the main destination for flights from Europe to other countries in Southeast Asia and Australia. Also officially international airports recognized - Phuket and Chiang Mai.

Thus, international air transportation of tourists is developing at a fairly rapid pace. Air transport has firmly taken a leading position in the world in passenger transportation.

Chapter 3. Accommodation and catering infrastructure for tourists in Southeast Asia

1 Accommodation facilities in Southeast Asia

The most important component of the tourism industry is the hotel industry. Tourism is impossible in the absence of tourist accommodation facilities. This is an immutable and strict requirement of the economy of any tourist region or center, expecting large incomes from receiving tourists and exploiting its tourist resources - natural, historical and socio-cultural objects, including tourist attractions, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual needs of tourists, promote restoration and development of their physical strength. The hotel industry is the basis of the hospitality system. It comes from the most ancient traditions inherent in almost any social formation and the history of mankind - respect for the guest, the triumph of his reception and service. The hospitality industry consists of various means of collective and individual accommodation. Collective tourist accommodation facilities include hotels and similar establishments, specialized establishments, and other collective tourist accommodation facilities. Hotels are the main classic type of tourist accommodation enterprises. One of the main features of hotels should be noted, first of all, the availability of rooms. Hotels provide a list of mandatory services: room cleaning, daily making of beds and cleaning of the sanitary facilities, as well as a wide range of additional services. Depending on the management features, hotels can be separate enterprises or form hotel chains. A chain refers to a group of enterprises engaged in collective business and under the direct control of the chain’s management. Depending on the specific equipment and features of the services provided, hotels include general hotels, apartment-type hotels, motels, roadside hotels, resort hotels, residential clubs, etc. Similar hotels and accommodation facilities include boarding houses, furnished rooms, tourist hostels, etc. .p., which have a number of rooms and provide a list of mandatory services. Specialized establishments are also designed to serve tourists. They don't have numbers. Here the initial unit can be a dwelling, a collective bedroom, or a playground. Specialized establishments provide places to stay overnight, but the function of accommodating tourists is not their main function. Examples of such institutions are health institutions (sanatoriums, rehabilitation centers), labor and recreation camps, public means of transport equipped with sleeping quarters (trains, ships), as well as institutions such as congress centers, on the basis of which symposiums, conferences and other specialized events are held. and accommodation of their participants is carried out. Other collective accommodation facilities include dwellings intended for recreational purposes. Examples of this group of accommodation facilities are apartment-type hotels, house complexes or bungalows. The client is provided with an overnight stay and a number of services (information, shopping, leisure). Tourist hostels, youth hotels, school and student dormitories, holiday homes for the elderly and similar objects of social significance should also be considered other collective accommodation facilities. Individual accommodation facilities are provided for a fee, for rent, or free of charge. These include own homes, rented rooms in family houses, homes rented from individuals or agencies, accommodation provided free of charge by relatives or friends, as well as homes (apartments, cottages, mansions) that are rented alternately by members of the household (time-sharing system). share - joint ownership, long-term lease of club accommodation facilities with the right to use them for a certain time. tourist country, like Thailand, there are no problems. You can always stay here according to your needs and capabilities - these are hotels various categories, villas, hostels and guesthouses. The Siem Kempinski Hotel offers luxurious rooms and numerous swimming pools set among landscaped gardens. The hotel is steps away from shopping center Siam Paragon. It offers free Wi-Fi, gourmet cuisine and a world-class spa. The Golden Peel Resedence Hotel offers studios and suites with free wireless internet access. The hotel features free parking and a rooftop pool with jacuzzi. The hotel restaurant serves international cuisine national cuisine The hotel's rooms feature a large flat-screen TV, a safe and a fully equipped kitchenette. Hotels in Malaysia are located in large and small cities, in almost all resort areas with developed infrastructure. Hotels vary in star rating - from 2 to 5 stars. Malaysian hotels are inexpensive and offer comfortable conditions and excellent service. Most hotels offer services that meet generally accepted international standards. IN hotel, as a rule, includes several restaurants and bars, cafes, discos, shops, gyms, swimming pools and spa centers. Majority resort hotels equipped with everything necessary for quality active rest on the coast, many are equipped with golf courses. Depending on the region, Malaysian hotels have certain features. For example: the hotel bases of Langkawi and Penang are not too different from each other, except that there are practically no bungalow-type hotels in Penang. There are fewer hotels in Borneo, but “five-star” hotels predominate there.

Thus, accommodation facilities and systems - the main facilities - are buildings of various types and types (from a hut or bungalow to a super-giant hotel), adapted specifically for receiving and organizing overnight stays for temporary visitors with different levels of service. The number of beds in the hotel industry is the most important indicator used to assess the potential of a tourist center or region to receive tourists. The number of beds in a hotel clearly determines the capacity of accommodation facilities and the real possibility of receiving tourists in a given tourist center. And the occupancy rate of the room stock adequately determines the efficiency of the local administration and tourism organizers. Today, the hospitality industry is the most powerful economic system of a region or tourist center and an important component of the tourism economy.

2 Catering in Southeast Asia

The most important component of tourism infrastructure is the catering sector. Food is an integral part of any tour. Restaurants form an important part of the tourism infrastructure; many restaurants with varied cuisine and low prices are one of the most important criteria for choosing a holiday destination. The activities of the hotel industry are inextricably linked with catering enterprises. A catering establishment is a hospitality industry enterprise that specializes in preparing food and beverages, serving and providing food to guests. The purpose of food service establishments is to satisfy human needs for food. The classification of food establishments is carried out according to many criteria. Depending on the assortment, enterprises are distinguished as complex, universal, and specialized. Depending on the population served, enterprises can work with a permanent contingent (catering establishment at a hotel, sanatorium, etc.) and with a variable contingent (city restaurant). Depending on the method of service, there are enterprises in which consumers are served by waiters; self-service establishments; mixed service enterprises. The public catering system is formed by restaurants of various classes, bars, cafes and canteens, fast food and self-service points that satisfy the needs of visitors to a tourist center or region.

Figure 9. Classification of food establishments

The type of food is always indicated as part of the tourist services: breakfast, half board, full board. Half board (two meals) may include breakfast and lunch or dinner. Boarding - three meals a day. Expensive service options may include food and drinks (including alcohol) all day and even night at any time in any quantity. The gradation of density (by quantity) and often the calorie content of the food provided and the types of service are also determined. The “A la carte” system involves the client’s free choice of dishes from the menu offered by the restaurant, “table d’hôte” - service according to a single menu for all clients without the right to choose dishes, “buffet” - free choice of dishes placed on a common table and self-service. This form of service allows you to choose food according to your taste and in the desired quantity. There are accommodation locations that do not provide food facilities. In this case, tourists are advised to eat at a nearby restaurant. At the same time, the cost of accommodation services is sharply reduced. Catering must take into account medical aspects. Poor nutrition and poorly prepared food can lead to poisoning. Particularly dangerous drinking water and hand-picked food on the street from small traders, as well as in low-quality restaurants. It is also necessary to take into account generally accepted restrictions for certain groups of tourists on religious grounds (do not eat pork, fast), special requirements of vegetarians, and baby food. Tourists must indicate these features when purchasing a tour. The idea of ​​the food industry will be incomplete if we ignore an important area of ​​its work, such as organizing cultural leisure for tourists. A catering establishment not only performs its direct function of preparing food and drinks and serving visitors, but also provides an opportunity to have fun and get a vivid and unforgettable experience. Particularly popular among tourists are drinking establishments and gastronomic tours introducing national cuisine different countries. During such trips, tourists become familiar with local customs and often become participants in various folklore festivals. Ethnographic restaurants and cafes also do not go unnoticed. In them, the national is manifested in the interior, and in the clothes of the waiters, and in the repertoire of the orchestra, and in the range of dishes and drinks offered. Most hotels in Thailand offer half board, which means an American Breakfast (ABF) is usually included in the price of your stay. Breakfasts in 4*-5* hotels are much more varied than in 2*-3* hotels: guests are offered a variety of European and national Thai cuisine. In addition to breakfast, lunch and dinner can be ordered at the hotel for an additional fee. But even outside the hotel in Thailand, there are no problems with food, since catering here is very well developed.

Thus, food is a tourist service associated not only with satisfying a person’s biological need for food, but also with satisfying the need for entertainment, knowledge of local culture and pleasure.

3 Leisure infrastructure

One of the purposes of people's travel is leisure. Having received an overnight stay and food, the tourist longs to relax and have fun. Entertainment is not only fun and pleasure, but also a global industry. Entertainment is one of the main motives of tourism; not a single trip can do without it. People hit the road for new experiences, positive emotions and thrills. Entertainment, active and passive, is an indispensable element of the tour and depends on the direction and type of travel. The list of types of entertainment also depends on the nationality of the tourist, his traditions and his usual way of life. There are also general types of entertainment that are easily accepted by any group of tourists. Most often, entertainment is based on organizing excursions to objects of tourist interest - museums, historical monuments, sightseeing tours around the city or area, observation natural phenomena or beautiful landscapes, other educational or recreational activities. At resorts and good hotels Special groups of animators are hired to actively entertain tourists. A special role in the entertainment system is played by theme parks. A fascinating theme forms the basis of the park's work. It develops in attractions and performances, and all auxiliary park services are subordinate to it. Theme park- center family vacation and entertainment. In order to unite people of different ages and attract the adult population, the topic should be not only entertaining, but also informational and educational. Among the main secrets of the success of theme parks is the use of high technology. Thanks to the systematic updating of attractions and entertainment programs theme parks form a regular clientele and support large tourist flows. The entertainment industry includes enterprises whose main activities are related to satisfying human needs for entertainment: circuses, zoos, game arcades, attractions, recreation parks, etc. A variety of entertainment enterprises, including stationary and traveling theaters, cinemas, concert organizations and groups also provide entertainment. Entertainment is inherent in physical education (in artificial water pools, in gyms and clubs, arenas, etc.), as well as visits to sports and entertainment enterprises. By having fun, a person satisfies his spiritual needs and evaluates his own personality. Thais love to relax. In the parks and gardens of Bangkok you can relax from the heat and noise of the city. Lumphini Park (the largest and famous park in Bangkok) located at the northern end of Silom Road. It is popular with sports enthusiasts and families, especially during the morning and afternoon hours when the park is still cool. The park has a pond where you can go boating, and the area is a comfortable place for picnics. The park also houses two restaurants. Major theater events in Thailand include traditional Thai dance and puppet shows, English and Thai language dramas, musical performances, concerts and performances by international artists. The main venues for theatrical performances include National Theater Thailand, located next to National Museum Bangkok to Sanam Luang. Concerts and classical Thai performances are held here. Classical Thai dance performances are sometimes held on weekends. In Indonesia you can combine active and beach holiday, ethnological and historical excursions, observations of wildlife and hikes of the highest category of difficulty. Sumatra is the fifth largest island in the world with hundreds of kilometers of dark sand beaches, dozens of pristine mountain lakes and the ruins of ancient temple complexes. Famous attractions include the volcanic Lake Toba, the royal tombs and palace on Samosir Island, the Istana Palace, the Mesjid Raya Mosque and the Bukit Barisan War Museum in Medan. In the northern part of Sumatra there is the country's largest reserve, Gunung Leser, where rare Sumatran rhinoceroses, tigers, wild bulls and orangutans. The island's trekking areas are located around the Gunung Sinabung and Gunung Sibayak volcanoes. Borneo is not only the home of the Dayak tribe, the famous “headhunters,” but also an amazing “reserve of time”: both nature and way of life remained exactly as they were hundreds of years ago.

Thus, the entertainment industry plays a significant role in the tourism industry, since its goal is to create entertainment conditions to satisfy human needs for relaxation and pleasure. In addition, the entertainment industry solves the problems of education, the formation of an optimistic mood, education, the development of human culture, forming and developing personality.

Asia tourism infrastructure

Conclusion

Having examined the tourism infrastructure of Southeast Asia, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Tourism infrastructure is of particular importance in the production of tourism services. The main task of developing tourism infrastructure is to bring its qualitative and quantitative characteristics to the level of world standards. Elements of tourism infrastructure can be classified according to various criteria. As part of the tourism industry, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

Ground transport, along with all types of transport infrastructure, is the most common. It includes transfer, freight, bus and train services and is in great demand among tourists. Water transport is essential in the overall transport infrastructure. It has such features as seasonality of operation, carrying capacity, the presence of a natural waterway and dependence on the speed of movement. International air transportation of tourists is developing at a fairly rapid pace. Air transport has firmly taken a leading position in the world in passenger transportation.

Accommodation facilities and systems - fixed assets - buildings of various types and types, adapted specifically for receiving and organizing overnight stays for temporary visitors with different levels of service. The number of beds in the hotel industry is the most important indicator used to assess the potential of a tourist center or region to receive tourists. The number of beds in a hotel clearly determines the capacity of accommodation facilities and the real possibility of receiving tourists in a given tourist center. And the occupancy rate of the room stock adequately determines the efficiency of the local administration and tourism organizers. Today, the hospitality industry is the most powerful economic system of a region or tourist center and an important component of the tourism economy. Food is a tourist service associated not only with satisfying a person’s biological need for food, but also with satisfying the need for entertainment, knowledge of local culture and pleasure. The entertainment industry plays a significant role in the tourism industry, since its goal is to create entertainment conditions to satisfy human needs for relaxation and pleasure. In addition, the entertainment industry solves the problems of education, the formation of an optimistic mood, education, the development of human culture, forming and developing personality.

The tourism infrastructure has a unique structure. It is characterized by the presence of a number of individual elements, including various service sectors:

Being one of the most profitable and rapidly developing industries, it has important social and economic significance. Namely: increases local income, creates new jobs, develops all industries related to the production of tourism services, develops social and industrial infrastructure in tourist centers, activates the activities of folk craft centers and cultural development, ensures an increase in the standard of living of the local population, increases foreign exchange earnings .

Along with the positive consequences of the development of the tourism industry, we should not forget about the negative impact of the industry. The disadvantages of tourism development are manifested in the fact that tourism: affects the rise in prices for local goods and services, land and other natural resources and real estate; promotes the outflow of money abroad during tourist imports; causes environmental and social problems; may harm the development of other industries.

Thus, the tourism industry is an intersectoral complex, including:

) passenger transport with its extensive network of technical services;

) various specialized tourism enterprises and enterprises in industries that do not have a pronounced tourist character;

) a wide range of services used by tourists.

All segments of the tourism industry are interconnected and dependent on each other, therefore the complete and comprehensive satisfaction of tourism needs requires the coordinated work of the entire set of funds, facilities and organizations of the tourism industry. The tourism industry is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the economy, entailing not only positive but also negative consequences of its development.

List of sources used

1. Birzhakov M.B., Nikifirov V.I. Analytic note. State and problems of tourism in Russian Federation// Ed. Birzhakov M.B., Nikifirova V.I - St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund, - 2004.-82p.

2. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism: Textbook - Moscow-St. Petersburg. Gerda Publishing House - 2006.

Gulyaev V.G. Tourism: economics and social development. - M.: Finance and Statistics, - 2003.-304 p.: ill.

Law of the Russian Federation dated 02/05/2007 No. 12-FZ "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation".

Zdorov A.B. Economics of tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, - 2005. - 272 p.: ill.

Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, - 2003.

Lyapina I.Yu. Organization and technology of hotel services. M.: ProfObrIzdat, - 2004. - 187 p.

Medlik S. Hotel business/ S. Medlik. - M.: Unity, - 2007.

Chudnovsky A.D., Zhukova M.A. Management of the tourism industry in modern conditions: a textbook. - M.: KNORUS, - 2007.-416 p.

11. Yurlina N.A. Introduction to the specialty socio-cultural service and tourism. M.: GINFO, 2001.

Tourist infrastructure

In the economic literature there are various definitions of the concept of infrastructure. Thus, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia contains a detailed article in which the appearance of the term “infrastructure” (from Latin infra - below, under and structura - structure, location) in economic science dates back to the late 40s. 20th century This term was used to designate a complex of economic sectors serving industrial and agricultural production (construction of highways, canals, ports, bridges, airfields, warehouses, energy management, railway transport, communications, water supply and sewerage, general and vocational education, expenses for science, healthcare, etc.).

A more clearly serving, subordinated to a higher-level system, meaning of the analyzed concept follows from the definition given in the Economic Dictionary: “infrastructure is a set of industries, enterprises and organizations included in these industries, their types of activities designed to ensure, create conditions for normal functioning production and circulation, goods, as well as human life."

The infrastructure is interconnected and interacts based on the interests of the subjects of market relations, and at the same time forms the prerequisites for the reproduction process. The interaction of markets is carried out by a self-regulating mechanism of relations and regulatory intervention of the state. Infrastructure is formed as an open system that responds to internal and external social and political situations. All processes of market formation and the functioning of economic entities depend on the state of the economic space, which depends on the nature and structure of production, capacity and quality of consumption within the economic entity.

The infrastructure that ensures the holistic functioning of the economic system differs from the infrastructure that promotes economic development, which allows us to reach a “new quality” of economic growth in the reproductive aspect in modern conditions. A specific economic system may have a more or less developed infrastructure that ensures its functioning, but may not have an infrastructure that facilitates the development of the economic system itself.

The "Dictionary of Business Terms" defines infrastructure as a complex of economic sectors that provide conditions for the production of goods: energy, communications, transport, education, healthcare. In the dictionary-reference book “Tourism, Hospitality, Service”, infrastructure is defined “as a complex of economic sectors that serve and create conditions for the location and operation of the main production, as well as the life of the population.” That is, infrastructure in the economic sense is understood as a certain set of auxiliary industries (industries), although necessary for the functioning of the main production, but participating in this production only indirectly. The “auxiliary” nature of the use is also confirmed etymologically: the meaning of this term in Latin is derived from infra (below, under) and structure (structure, device). In full accordance with this approach, the “Reference Dictionary” defines tourism infrastructure as “a set of auxiliary industries and institutions that organize and serve tourism industry, tourism activities generally" .

At the same time, such phrases as “social infrastructure”, “production infrastructure”, “industrial infrastructure”, “urban infrastructure”, “ transport infrastructure", etc. Despite all the substantive differences in the concepts used, infrastructure is understood as a certain system of elements that allows the functioning of a certain holistic entity. In this sense, “market infrastructure” can be understood as a set of units of the national economy, the functioning of which is aimed at ensuring the normal functioning of the market, its development.The composition of a market economy includes various organizations and institutions (trade, banking, exchange, transport and others) that ensure the activities of various sectors of the economy.

But in the same dictionary-reference book "Tourism, Hospitality, Service" transport infrastructure is interpreted as a "network highways and railway communications, as well as airports and sea (river) ports. A qualitative characteristic of transport infrastructure is the presence of modern comfortable vehicles." Here we have a different approach to the definition. Transport is a completely independent sector of the economy, and in the interpretation of the above definition, transport infrastructure is no longer considered as something outside the scope of the main production, but as internal inherent in it, as something that, in fact, creates a transportation service.

So what characterizes the term “tourist infrastructure”: a complex of auxiliary industries that support the activities of the tourism industry, or the system of this industry itself? A general idea of ​​the composition of the tourism infrastructure can be drawn up on the basis of the definition of the tourism industry formulated in Federal Law No. 132-FZ “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation.” "The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, facilities for sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation, public catering facilities, facilities and means of entertainment, educational, business, medical and recreational, physical education, sports and other purposes, organizations providing tour operator and travel agency activities, operators of tourist information systems, as well as organizations providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides." Based on the first approach, the tourism infrastructure must include all those enterprises and organizations whose activities are not limited only to the tourism sector. Then the tourism sector will include organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides, as well as operators of tourism information systems, unless they specialize exclusively in tourism activities. But most of the listed organizations do not themselves provide the consumption of services necessary for tourists, and, thus, are represented in the consumption of the tourist product only indirectly.

Tourist infrastructure is understood as a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, intended for the functioning of the tourism sector, while considering tourism infrastructure as an integral part of the tourism industry.

Tourist infrastructure can be presented as the material basis for the production of a tourism product. The material basis of tourism in a broad sense is formed by a complex set of industries, sub-sectors and activities of material production and the socio-cultural sphere, which either directly satisfy the various needs of tourists or create the necessary conditions for this. Of all its constituent enterprises, only a relatively small part specializes in the production of goods and services intended exclusively for the personal consumption of tourists, while most of them also satisfy the needs of the local population and indirectly contribute to the growth of tourist consumption. Thus, to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists, goods and services of a large number of enterprises and industries that are not technologically interconnected are needed. Some serve mainly tourists, others serve tourists and the local population, and others ensure the functioning of the first and second. The mixed functions of these enterprises make their clear, formal organization within a single sector of the economy impossible. The list of main enterprises involved in the production of the tourism product can be presented in the following table.

Table 1 - List of enterprises contributing to the production of tourism products

Type of enterprises	Composition of enterprises
1. Enterprises providing accommodation services	- hotels, motels, campsites; - boarding houses, private apartments and houses; - tourist centers, rest houses, shelters; - other accommodation facilities.
2. Food establishments	- restaurants, canteens; - cafes, bars; - other food establishments.
3. Companies engaged in transport services	- automobile enterprises; - aviation enterprises; - railway departments; - enterprises of sea and river transport, etc.
4. Travel companies for the development, implementation and support of a tourism product	- tourist operators; - travel agencies; - excursion bureaus; - organizations providing guide-translator services, etc.
	- advertising agencies; - advertising bureaus; - news agencies.
6. Industrial tourism enterprises	- factories for the production of tourist and hotel furniture; - enterprises producing tourist equipment; - factories of tourist souvenirs, etc.
7. Trade enterprises	- shops selling tourist equipment; - shops selling tourist souvenirs; - rental points.
8. Leisure tourism enterprises	- cinema and concert halls; - night clubs, casinos; - slot machines; - theaters, museums, etc.
9. Institutions amateur tourism	- tourist clubs; - mountaineering clubs; - tourist cycling clubs; - amateur water tourism clubs, etc.
10. Scientific and design institutions	Research institutes and laboratories.
11. Educational tourist institutions	- higher and secondary specialized tourist institutions; - institutes for advanced training and retraining.
12. Tourism authorities	- committees and departments of tourism; - public tourist organizations and associations.

The list presented is not, and cannot be, complete. But it allows us to form the idea that the concept of “tourism infrastructure” characterizes the material component of the production of a tourism product. Tourism infrastructure must be distinguished from the material and technical base of tourism. "The material and technical base of tourism is the totality of all material elements used in the field of tourism. MTB includes industrial buildings and structures, vehicles, communications, equipment and equipment, all kinds of machines, mechanisms, apparatus, devices, etc." In contrast to this material component of the tourism sector, tourism infrastructure characterizes its organizational and production structure.

Development hotel industry directly related to the development of tourism: the era of mass tourism contributed to significant changes in the hotel infrastructure.