Special tourist areas. Tourist regions and zones
Tourist zoning- the process of dividing the territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special features in them and tourist areas are distinguished that differ from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. The WTO identifies five major tourist regions of the world: Europe, America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, the Near and Middle East.
Tourist zoning of the territory is a rather important task, since its solution allows with the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature, to use certain territories for recreation of people and the development of their culture. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new tourist resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in undeveloped areas; to allocate and create new tourist areas of various kinds; correctly determine their tourist specialization; transfer the experience of tourism development from one region to another with similar conditions; to treat differently tourist areas with diverse conditions.
Yu.A. Khudenkikh identifies seven principles of tourist zoning:
1. Integrity - the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.
2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.
3. Gravitation to the nuclei - the allocation of the organizing centers of the region.
4. The closed nature of tourist routes, which should run within the boundaries of the region.
5. Hierarchy of tourist areas.
6. Development level tourist infrastructure.
7. Historical community of economic and tourist development.
In the domestic practice of tourist division of the territory, the following system of taxonomic zoning units is used: zone, district, locality, microdistrict, center, object (enterprise). Under tourist area means: a part of the national territory on which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists for at least 5000 places of residence or the territory on which objects of display are concentrated that attract tourists, as well as other tourist facilities (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.) ... In geographical science, the concept of "tourist area" has a wider scope and represents the largest territorial accounting unit in the field of tourism.
At the next stage of zoning, attention was drawn to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of tourist enterprises: medical, health-improving, tourist, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under tourist area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural, historical and cultural resources favorable for tourism, with objects of tourist infrastructure and specialization.
Within the districts, there are tourist areas characterized by common geographical features, homogeneous tourism resources and a narrower scope for specialization of tourism institutions. Tourist areas can serve as a necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism zone will be formed. Under tourist microdistrict is understood as a set of tourist institutions and various related industries located on a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service units.
A separate group of taxonomic units of tourist zoning are tourist centers and objects, as well as their complexes. In modern science tourist center is defined as an area that, in addition to tourist resources, has the appropriate infrastructure (transport, accommodation, catering, service, entertainment) to serve significant tourist contingents, as well as attracts tourists due to the availability of specific tourist resources, the convenience of the transport and geographical location and information available to the tourist about him. Tourist object should be considered a special urban planning education, focused on providing tourists with a given volume of services and the implementation of specialized tourism programs.
Quite often, tourist zones are distinguished in tourist-developed countries rich in tourist resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, that is, most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that, having a great influence on the level and structure of the economy, both individual territories and entire countries, as well as on their landscape, life of the population, consumption and protection recreational resources etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories, often changes their specialization, changes their economic ties, and therefore acts as an important regional-forming factor.
The most unified requirements for a place of recreation, as well as directly affecting the development of this industry in any area of international tourism, are as follows: 1) natural and climatic attractiveness; 2) cultural and historical resources; 3) high-quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and the entire service sector, compliance with international standards of the existing tourist infrastructure in the area, the availability of cultural, entertainment and excursion programs; 4) operational transport and information accessibility; 5) political stability in the region and a guarantee of personal security; 6) international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).
Tourist region: concept, signs and development cycle.The territory where the complex of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be a part of the region, or a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material base for organizing recreation and accommodation of tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country and even a group of countries that the tourist chooses as the purpose of his trip.
According to Yu.P. Kovalev, among the main spatial features of tourism, projected onto the specifics of tourist regions, it is necessary first of all to highlight the following:
Ø The tourist space covers three main elements: the territory of the formation of demand and recruitment of tourists, the territory of the supply of services ("tourist destination", "tourist region", "tourist area") and the connecting territory between them, since the remoteness of the territories of supply and demand leads to the need use of means of transport.
Ø Tourism is a sector of the economy that produces mainly services that are carried out only in the relationship "client - seller of services" and only at the time of implementation of the agreement. This is of great spatial importance, since the tourist must be in a place where tourist values are offered in the form of tourist and recreational services.
Ø There is a strong change in the spatio-temporal and structural flows of travelers. The presence of simultaneously significant general, cultural, entertainment, health-improving, relaxation potential can lead to a variety of positive and negative changes in economic conditions, economic and social structure, technical equipment of attractive destinations.
Ø The role of tourism as a factor of change is the most important for areas attractive from the point of view of tourism development, which are defined as tourist regions. The genesis of territories of demand and connecting territories differs markedly from the genesis of tourist regions, despite the fact that they are a necessary component of the spatial tourist system. It is important to identify the differences between the external environment and the content of the tourist region, as well as the characteristics of the tourist space as a whole, in which the tourist region is only a constituent element.
Ø Tourist values are heterogeneous. Some of the original tourist values have a natural character, the other part is man-made. They have different "geography". In the first case, it is determined by a little changed natural environment, in the second - by an artificial environment. The border between these two groups of objects is not sharp, since there is a group of objects of attraction, which is created as a result of changes in the natural environment by human activity. The localization of the original tourist values determines the formation of territories with a tourist specialization.
Ø A characteristic feature of the functioning of the tourist region is a strong seasonality. This is explained by the uneven possibilities of using natural values throughout the year and strong fluctuations in the use of free time under the influence of natural factors and social organization.
Ø The tourist region is a sectoral and functional region. The presence of conditions that could possibly become tourist products (if there is a demand for them) does not mean an automatic transformation of the territory into a tourist region. In this case, we can talk about areas of potential tourism development.
Ø The tourist region is tangible, as some of its parameters and features can be measured. Creating an image of a region is impossible if it is impossible to show its differences from others. The smaller the unit used, the more important it will be used in spatial planning, marketing, etc. And vice versa, larger units have less practical value, but their informational role increases.
Ø One of the features of tourism is the existence of specialized tourist regions, which are of little importance in spatial planning, but are an important testing area for tourism entities. The tourist region as a form of ordering the ranks and spatial classification of tourism is of great informational and didactic importance. This is its main value for consumers of tourism services.
Let's review the main points of view on the concept of "tourist region" and define it conceptually. WTO defines tourist region as a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or health improvement. A tourist region, in order to be considered independent, must have all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it, that is, a tourist region is defined as a place that has tourist facilities and services that a tourist or a group of tourists chooses and that are sold by a manufacturer of services. Thus, the tourist region is the purpose of travel and tourist product simultaneously.
L. V. Kovyneva defines tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has physical-geographical, ecological-economic, ethnic-historical, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. A tourist region is an intra-national category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, the Saratov region, Primorsky Krai), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Kirov, Perm), or represent a territory located within several administrative - territorial units (Kuban, Russian North).
Under tourist region is often understood as a separate territorial unit based on a commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object. The tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the holidaymakers themselves. With such a model, four parameters are distinguished, based on which a vacationer, having arrived once at a vacation spot, wants to realize his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, the motive of the trip and the distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: accommodation, place, landscape and excursions.
Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of tourist territory, proposed the concept of "potential tourist area", which, having certain resources, becomes a real tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. Tourist region he defines as a territory with certain signs of attractiveness and provided with a tourist infrastructure and a system of tourism organization.
In turn, under tourist and recreational area, is understood as a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, having tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.
E.A.Kotlyarov, in the development of the views of V.S.Preobrazhensky, developed the concept recreational and tourist complexes, which he defined as a combination of recreational facilities and related infrastructure enterprises, united by close functional and economic ties, as well as the joint use of the geographical location, natural and economic resources of the territory occupied by the complex. In this interpretation, the tourist and recreational complex is considered as the basis for the formation of a special territorial and sectoral formation - a tourist and recreational area.
Tourist areas are distinguished by the following features: a) time of origin, historical features of formation; b) natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for the formation; c) the level of development of the tourist infrastructure; d) tourist specialization.
However, not every region can become a tourist region, but only one that has: a) high-quality services necessary for receiving tourists (transfer, accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service); b) attractions to attract tourists that generate people's interest in this region and creating competition with others; c) information systems, which are an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.
Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 7.5.). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then there is an interest in the natural and cultural attractions of the visited region. These needs are easily met by the existing service industry and visitors leave with good experiences.
Rice. 7.5. Development cycle of the tourist region
At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and their length of stay. But gradually information about quality services and attractions is spreading, contributing to an increase in the flow of tourists. Tourist companies immediately react to this by developing specialized service for visitors.
The region begins to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist: new accommodation facilities, catering, entertainment, etc. appear. Investments bring great profits and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise to attract tourists and serve them. Newcomers change the way of life local residents bringing their own traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to maintain a high level tourist business, as well as in the choice of tools to ensure the development of profitable from a financial point of view forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body makes decisions about what types of services to develop, how to satisfy the constantly changing tastes of visitors.
There is a constant influx of new labor into the region, as a result of which there is a gradual assimilation of local residents in their environment, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new one, which is no longer characteristic and not characteristic of the region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, profits are reduced. It is important to respond immediately to these changes by improving tourism development policies through the development of a new program.
E.V. Loginova divides the development cycle of the tourist region into four stages:
First step- discovery and initial development. This stage is characterized by a slow increase in the number of visitors, poor contact with the local population, lack of facilities and very low pressure on the environment and resources. The so-called "wild" and sports tourism can effectively develop here, but this requires the presence of beautiful landscapes, without significant changes by human activity and a minimum presence of socio-economic tourism resources.
Second phase- development. It is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of visitors, the emergence of special organizations and facilities for serving tourism and recreation (hotels, bars, parking lots, etc.), strengthening contacts with the local population, for which tourist services are becoming an important source of income. The impact on the environment increases dramatically and can become negative.
Stage Three- maturity or stagnation. Here the limit of the capacity of the territory is reached, the state environment becomes unsatisfactory, the local population begins to treat tourists negatively, the growth in the number of tourists slows down and then stops.
Fourth stage- decline or renewal. This stage arises depending on whether new resources for entertainment and tourism are discovered or not.
s What types of space do you know?
s What group of spaces does the tourist space belong to?
s What are the approaches to the definition of "tourist space"?
s List the most important features and elements of the tourist space.
s Concept and types of tourist areas.
s Describe the model of evolution of tourist territories of Yu. A. Vedenin.
s What is the essence of the doctrine of territorial recreational systems?
s Draw a schematic representation of the recreational system.
s Why in recent times the doctrine of TRS is criticized by many scientists?
s List and describe the main subsystems of the TPC.
s Give a definition of a tourist route.
s What kinds of hiking trails do you know? Give examples.
s List the main factors in the formation of tourist centers.
s What types of tourist centers do you know? Describe one of them.
s Give examples of different types of tourist centers.
s What is a “tourist destination” and what are its characteristics?
s What types of tourist destinations do you know?
s Identify and describe the main stages of the destination life cycle.
s List the features and principles of tourist zoning.
s Essence and characteristics of the tourist region.
s Identify and describe the main stages in the development of the tourist region.
Recreational areas are primarily intended for relaxation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.
Why do we need recreation areas?
Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what's left of wildlife, its last islets in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. This is nature, created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustle of foliage and the lapping of waves, admire the birds, breathe in the fresh air. In a word, to touch wildlife, which is so scarce in a modern city.
Often such areas are used for sports, usually there are areas specially designed for active rest... This is especially true for reservoirs. Well-equipped beaches are the basis safe rest on the water.
But the recreational zone exists not only for people to have a place to relax. This is how specialized recreation areas differ from natural ones.
In such areas, toilets may be located, points of the first medical care, local police stations. Often there are kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.
Conservation functions of recreational areas
However, these are not the only arguments in favor of creating such territories. The construction of a recreational area is necessary not only because people need a comfortable and safe place recreation. Nature also needs to take a break from people. The fact is that the townspeople will somehow find a place to rest, they will go to the forest or to the unsettled bank of the river. And the problem is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable level of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles remain on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no janitors there. And in the worst case, everything will end in a fire that broke out from an unquenched fire or a cigarette thrown into the dry grass.
We can say that the recreational areas of the city protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who wish to sit on the grass and fry a barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and may not keep track of the fire. But the recreational areas are equipped with safety equipment, and the firefighters are nearby, they will arrive on the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.
Often, the creation of a recreational zone on the site of a forest or water body absorbed by the city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled up, and the forest will be cut down to make room for building. The preservation of areas of wildlife in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices generate exceptional labor enthusiasm among developers.
Recreation and tourism areas - what are they?
Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.
The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas there was an increase in the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is assumed that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of the tourism business, the creation of new and the reconstruction of old health resorts.
Such zones can be created in certain areas of municipalities. There can be located private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership. Areas allocated for zones of this type can be part of specially protected areas. This is how the tourist and recreational zone differs from the usual economic zone.
The state offers companies intending to engage in tourism business to obtain the status of a resident of a tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the associated benefits. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods, which are 30% for other business entities, have been removed for residents. In addition, a lenient income tax rate may be established for them for a certain period.
The problem of protecting wildlife in the creation of tourist and recreational zones
On the territory of such tourist and recreational zones, metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic mud and other objects of balneological tourism. It is also impossible to process scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, the spill mineral waters or other use of the territory's balneological resources. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except for motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.
One of the reasons why conservationists are hesitant about the project is that entrepreneurs are getting the right to build tourism facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, ecologists believe that these works will be carried out in violation of existing norms and rules.
Similar experiments took place in the Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of facilities, which were planned as environmentally safe, led to the cutting down of unique relict forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With such a development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage will already be done, the damage is irreparable. These risks must also be reckoned with.
That is why environmental organizations demand to prohibit the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Moreover, they do not exist.
Estimated economic benefit from the project
The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without the economic support of entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent to finance such zones by 2026. Representatives of the tourism business, according to forecasts, will invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the formation of the country's GDP will reach 2%. This is not as little as it seems - after all, now the state revenues from this sphere of activity are tending to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business requiring government support.
The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts and their improvement. Now many say that it is more pleasant and profitable to rest on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings a lot of income to countries with attractive territories in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. It is necessary to apply all the conditions so that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not abroad.
What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?
V currently recreational areas of Russia are represented by the following list:
- recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
- in the Irkutsk region - the "Gate of Baikal";
- in Altai - "Altai Valley" and "Turquoise Katun";
- zone in the Itum-Kalinsky region of the Chechen Republic.
Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational areas in Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad region were liquidated by the decision of the government. Zone on Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement with residents was concluded and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.
The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of all well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been extremely touristy.
How could it happen that in the territories traditionally living at the expense of tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this item seemed to be the most promising.
It is obvious that the practical implementation of the project for the creation of tourist and recreational zones will be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are most likely overly optimistic. Since in Sochi and Tuapse there were no people willing to engage in the tourism business, it means that the projected revenues from the project need to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.
Time will show how economically sound other objects will be.
Tourist complex in the Stavropol Territory
The natural recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called "Caucasian Mineral Waters". It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsk regions. The potential of the zone is vast. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, the unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of tsarist Russia, and the Essentuki mineral water is one of the best mineral waters in the world.
Basic infrastructure elements are located next to the recreational area, and access to them is not difficult. In this it is supposed to develop, first of all, health-improving and balneological tourism; sports, educational and ecological tourism seem promising.
Tourist complexes "Turquoise Katun" and "Altai Valley"
The tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area resembles the classic landscapes of northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the height of the cover reaches 600 mm. It is planned to create routes for hiking, water, skiing and equestrian tourism. It will be interesting for fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of speleotourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.
Traditional crafts and crafts of Altai residents, a large number of archeological and cultural monuments, museums of the Altai Territory can also attract tourists to this area.
The project of the recreational zone "Altai Valley" should cover the territories of two state reserves and four sanctuaries, this will also include 5 objects from the list World heritage UNESCO.
The most attractive for tourism are the Nizhne-Uimonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, Bie-Telitsky districts. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object like Manzherokskoye Lake. Sinyukha Mountain is located nearby. it perfect place to create a mountain resort that meets international standards. There are no such people in the country at the moment. The government of the Altai Republic has repeatedly tried to start the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. Perhaps there will be funds within the framework of this project.
One of the significant disadvantages of this territory is the absence of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item "construction of the airport" is included in the project, but it is unlikely to be financed, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is questionable.
Tourist complex "Gates of Baikal"
The recreational zone "Gates of Baikal" in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is it that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything for the creation of a mountain sports and health resort of balneological direction: mountains, mountain rivers, warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.
A large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism... On the shore of Lake Kotokelskoe, it is planned to create a water tourism center with a yacht club and an indoor water park.
Ski resort in the Chechen Republic
The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from Grozny. It will be organized as a high class ski resort. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country ski trails, 19 ski slopes of varying difficulty, an equestrian arena and a stable. Nearby, they plan to create a system of artificial snowmaking and a reservoir to power it.
Tourist district formation process... The most fundamental reason for the formation of regions is the development of territories. These processes are long-term even in the case of determining tourist specialization, which, as a rule, does not play a significant role in the economy and does not dominate even in the recreational areas themselves. According to D. V. Nikolaenko, the process of tourist and recreational regional formation in an extremely general form can be described as follows 1.
First step. The existence of an undeveloped but strategically important territory with potential tourist and recreational resources .
Second phase. The rapid growth of the new district begins. In the mass consciousness, the attitude is affirmed that its tourist resources are unique. Recreation and tourism attract a large number of people who settle in a new area and remain to live there permanently. Powerful funds are being invested in the region, a specialized tourist and recreational infrastructure is being created, focused on serving the population of the entire territory.
Stage three. The region reaches a high level of socio-cultural development, a period of decline in its tourist popularity begins. A highly specialized tourist and recreational area is developing into a multifunctional one. Recreation begins to destroy the recreation in him. The region has enough other economic functions, and even the disappearance of recreation and tourism will not destroy its economy. The region is becoming self-sufficient.
Stage four. Stabilization and reorientation of the tourist area. Tourist areas very rarely completely lose their original functions, and the evolving multifunctionality never supplants recreation and tourism. The number of tourists in the region is decreasing, their flows are stabilizing. The preserved tourist specialization reaches a high level of development. The area is becoming a sustainable tourist destination.
The peculiarity of the tourist and recreational area formation is that it affects both natural and social phenomena and objects. In general, this is an integral process taking place at their junction: certain prerequisites in the form of favorable natural conditions superimposed on the corresponding social and economic development needs, which, under certain conditions, leads to the formation of a tourist and recreational area.
The main factor in this process is determined by the needs of the development of the territory. The development of tourist and recreational areas is significantly influenced by many other factors, for example, the level of economic development of the territory, transport accessibility, a sufficient amount of labor resources, the existence of a settlement system. These are the real factors of the specific development process of the tourist area.
Recreational zoning division of the territory according to the principle of uniformity of features, the nature of recreational use. Its main features are the level of recreational development of the territory and the structure of recreational functions (medical, health-improving, tourist, excursion). Recreational zoning is a type of private, sectoral zoning, reflecting only one aspect (recreation), which can be adequately described on a fundamental basis. Recreational zoning is an important scientific and practical procedure.
Consequently, regional formation, in its essence, is a process that often does not depend on the will and consciousness of a person. Zoning, in turn, is a procedure, the nature and predestination of which is determined by the subject from whose position it is carried out. Depending on the tasks set by the researchers, various characteristics can be adopted as regional-forming characteristics. Their choice also depends on the scale of the studied territory (region, republic, state). However, each of them reflects only the particulars that determine the development of tourism in a particular region.
At the same time, to assess the state of modern tourism and the prospects for its development, a comprehensive analysis of the recreational use of the territory is required, which forms the basis of recreational zoning. At the same time, general geographic principles of regionalization should be observed: objectivity, multidimensionality, hierarchy and constructiveness. Objectivity means that area-forming characteristics should reflect specific characteristics. The multidimensionality (complexity of the assessment) is due to the variety of types of tourism included in the tourism industry. Hierarchy allows dividing the territory into zones, sub-zones, districts and sub-districts, which are in clear mutual connection and subordination. Constructiveness is determined by the clarity of the tasks set during zoning.
In contrast to the traditional economic approach, which considers only one function of the region - serving tourists, in the recreational zoning, the region is defined as a territory that is homogeneous in terms of the nature of recreational use, therefore, it should differ in a set of features. In recreational zoning, the following were chosen as district-forming features: the structure of recreational functions depending on the prevailing use recreational resources ; the degree of recreational development of the territory (developed, medium and underdeveloped area); the level of openness of the area; prospects of development.
In the domestic practice of recreational division of the territory, a five-stage system of taxonomic units of recreational zoning is used: zone, region (territory, republic, district), district, locality, microdistrict. Recreational areas stand out depending on the density of concentration of long-term recreation enterprises and developed recreational resources. At the next stage of regionalization, attention was drawn to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of recreational enterprises: medical, health-improving, tourist, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under recreational area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural conditions favorable for recreation, with recreational facilities and specialization.
Within the districts, there are recreational areas characterized by common geographical features, homogeneous natural resources and a narrower scope for the specialization of recreational institutions. They can serve as a necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism zone will be formed. Under recreational neighborhood is understood as a set of recreational institutions and various related industries located on a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service units.
Tourist zoning the process of territorial division, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational features and tourist areas are distinguished that differ from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. UNWTO marks five major tourism regions in the world: Europe, America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, the Middle East.
Tourist zoning of the territory is a rather important task, since its solution allows with the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature, to use certain territories for recreation of people and the development of their culture. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new recreational resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in undeveloped areas; to allocate and create new tourist areas of various kinds; correctly determine their tourist specialization, transfer the experience of tourism development from one region to another with similar conditions; to treat differently tourist areas with diverse conditions.
Yu.A. Khudenkikh identifies seven basic principles of tourist zoning 2.
1. Integrity the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.
2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.
3. Gravitation towards the nuclei the selection of the organizing centers of the region.
4. Closedness of tourist routes the main routes should run within the boundaries of the district.
5. Hierarchy of tourist areas.
6. Levels of tourism infrastructure development.
7. Historical community of economic and recreational development.
These principles need some commentary. For example, the fourth point is quite difficult to implement in practice, since the most popular tourist routes Russia passes through the territory of several tourist areas river cruises along the Volga, the Golden Ring of Russia, etc. According to the authors, when identifying tourist areas, three fundamental principles should be followed in the first place.
Firstly, the tourist area must be integral in the administrative-territorial respect. If possible, you should strive to match the administrative boundaries with the boundaries of tourist areas. This facilitates statistics and comparison of areas with each other. The existence of two unconnected territories within the framework of one tourist region is completely excluded.
Secondly, tourist areas should have a certain specialization in specific types of tourist activities. It can be both pronounced, which leads to the formation of specialized single-industry areas, and scattered, which leads to the formation of multi-profile areas. Nevertheless, in any case, the area should have one or two priority areas of tourism. For example, the Central Region specializes in the development of educational and business tourism, the North Caucasian medical tourism, the Mountain Caucasian sports tourism, etc.
Thirdly, within the framework of a tourist area, a specific type of its territorial structure develops a combination of areal, linear and point elements. The functions of the organizing nuclei of the region should be performed by tourist centers, since they serve as the basis for planning tourist routes and forming hierarchical structures of a higher level.
Consequently, tourist zoning is not an easy task. Its complexity lies in two aspects: the territory of the whole world is considered, that is, very different, not similar areas to each other; zoning should cover such places where there is practically no tourism or it is underdeveloped, but there are certain prerequisites for it.
Among district-forming factors v international tourism relate:
the main features of the geographical location in terms of tourism (position in relation to tourist markets and host regions, politically unstable regions and "hot spots", relations with neighboring countries, as well as with those states through whose territory the communications used by the bulk of tourists pass);
the nature of nature, the level of comfort of climatic conditions, the richness and variety of recreational resources, the possibility and convenience of their use;
saturation of the territory with natural, cultural and historical attractions, their combination and position in relation to the main zones and centers of tourism;
the degree of attractiveness of natural and cultural-historical attractions for the main part of tourists and promising clientele;
the level of accessibility of the area in terms of communications;
the level of time required to arrive at the destination and return home;
the general level of expenditures of funds by tourists for travel;
the level of development of tourist infrastructure (equipment of the territory with accommodation facilities, communications, transport, catering, trade, etc.);
the level of service and qualifications of the personnel serving tourists;
capacity of the territory for receiving tourists;
stability of the internal political situation;
the level of safety of tourists from the point of view of the crime and environmental situation;
the level of general economic development, the availability of labor resources, material resources and financial capabilities for the creation and further development of the tourism and hospitality industry;
territory from the point of view of its place in the tourist market, i.e. the volume of tourist flows and preconditions for the formation of such flows in the future;
structure of foreign tourist clientele coming to the region;
the main features of tourism in the area (rhythms of seasonality, duration, prevailing types of tourism, main purposes of visiting, etc.);
the attitude of the authorities and local tourism authorities to the problems of tourism;
the economic role of tourism for a given region (the size of budget revenues from tourism, expenditures on the development of tourism infrastructure, the place of tourism among other sectors of the economy and the relationship with them, the impact of tourism on the employment of the local population, the overall economic effect of tourism);
prospects for the development of tourism in the area.
The significance of all these factors in the formation of tourist areas is different. Their action is manifested in a wide variety of combinations. It should be noted that the zoning of many countries from the point of view of domestic tourism usually does not coincide with that in terms of international tourism, since an interesting and accessible area for its citizens may be of little interest or difficult to access for foreign tourists. Or, conversely, places that are attractive for tourists do not always attract the interest of the local population due to their everyday life. Therefore, it is always necessary to specify what kind of tourism we are talking about - domestic or international.
Tourist zoning foreign world is based on the following systemic and structural approach the region is taken as the largest territorial unit, i.e. the following geographic development zones: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, Latin America, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central and East Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania. The next unit of tourist zoning is the country. It is necessary to consider each country separately, since we are talking about international tourism, that is, the exchange of tourists between countries. In addition, all statistical accounting is carried out in international tourism specifically by country. It should be noted that the impact of tourism on the economy is also considered by country. Due to these factors, the country acts as the most important taxonomic unit in zoning in international tourism.
Quite often, tourist zones are distinguished in tourist-developed countries rich in tourist resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, that is, most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that, having a great influence on the level and structure of the economy of both individual territories and entire countries, as well as their landscape, life of the population, consumption and protection of recreational resources, etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories, often changes their specialization, changes their economic ties, and therefore acts as an important regional-forming factor.
According to A. Yu. Aleksandrova, the most unified requirements for a vacation destination, as well as directly affecting the development of this industry in any area of international tourism, are as follows:
natural and climatic attractiveness;
cultural and historical resources;
high-quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and the entire service sector, compliance with international standards of the existing tourist infrastructure in the area, the availability of cultural and entertainment excursion programs ;
operational transport and information accessibility;
political stability in the region and a guarantee of personal security;
international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).
At present, when tourist zoning and assessing the degree of development of tourist territories, it is advisable to distinguish three types of them 3:
1) territories with the most valuable and diverse tourist resources, widely used for organizing recreation during the period of mass vacations;
2) territories with a variety of resources for vacations, vacations and holidays;
3) territories with limited resources, on the basis of which tourism and recreation can develop depending on the existing needs in the organization of recreation sites, including at the initiative of local authorities in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of regions.
Zoning, both recreational and tourist, reflects the essence and general patterns of spatial differentiation. V tourism the concept of "tourist space" is being actively discussed, as well as the issues of its structuring. Tourist space is the most general concept, which includes both the concept of a tourist region and tourist sites. His can be viewed from a geographical and economic point of view. According to the economic, tourist space is an economic space characterized by a multitude of objects and subjects of activity specializing in tourism and recreation.
From the point of view of tourism, the tourist space covers three main elements: the territory of the formation of the demand of consumers of tourist and recreational services; territory of service offer (" tourist destination "," Tourist region "," tourist area ") and the connecting territory between them. Thus, the tourist region is a part of the tourist space, its constituent element. Consequently, the tourist space in the broader sense is a set of regions in which the demand for tourist products is formed; the demand is satisfied; serves as a link between them.
So, any tourist space is formed by elements of three main types:
1) areal (areal) tourist zones and areas;
2) point (discrete) tourist centers and, in part, destinations;
3) linear (continuous) tourist routes.
Tourist region: concept , signs and development cycle.The territory where the complex of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be a part of the region, and a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material base for organizing recreation and accommodation of tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country and even a group of countries that the tourist chooses as the purpose of his trip. There are several approaches to defining a tourist region related to answering the following questions: how to determine the territory that a tourist has chosen for travel, and what size of the territory is perceived by different market segments as the purpose of travel?
UNWTO defines a tourist region as a territory with a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or health improvement. From this definition it follows that a tourist region can be considered independent if it has all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it. That is, it is defined as a place that has tourism facilities and services chosen by the tourist or group of tourists and sold by the manufacturer of the services. Thus, a tourist region is a purpose of travel and a tourist product at the same time.
L. V. Kovyneva defines a tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has certain physical-geographical, ethnic-historical, ecological-economic, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. Tourist region an intra-national category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Buryatia), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Khabarovsk), or represent a territory located within several administrative-territorial units (Zolotoe ring, Baikal region) 4.
A slightly different definition is given in the work "Planning at a tourism enterprise": "A tourist region is understood as a separate territorial unit based on the commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object" 5.
The tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the holidaymakers themselves. With this model, four parameters are distinguished, on the basis of which a vacationer, having arrived once at a vacation spot, wants to realize his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, the motive of the trip and the distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: housing, place, landscape, excursions.
Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of tourist territory, proposed the concept of “ potentially tourist area”, Which, having certain resources, becomes a real tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. He defines tourist area as a territory with certain characteristics attractiveness and provided with tourist infrastructure and tourism organization system.
A number of works use the concept “ tourist and recreational area", Which is a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.
In administrative and economic practice, tourist and recreational areas are usually called territorial (regional) tourist and recreational complexes (TTRK), based on the fact that tourism and recreation are based on the integrated use of the economic potential of many sectors of social production, such as trade, transport, health care, culture, education.
Under tourist area is understood:
part of the national territory where there are two or more tourist centers for at least 5 thousand places of residence;
territory with priority development of tourist infrastructure;
the territory on which the display objects are concentrated, attracting tourists, as well as other tourist objects (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.).
The lower level in the system of tourist territories is tourist center a city, a natural object, a site of an area where a complex of tourist and excursion services was created on the basis of concentrated tourist resources. It consists of accommodation facilities for tourists, catering establishments, sports facilities, trade and other service enterprises.
So, tourist area a territory with certain signs of attractiveness and provided with a tourist infrastructure and a system of tourism organization. Tourist areas are distinguished by the following features:
time of origin, historical features of formation;
natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for the formation;
level of development of tourist infrastructure;
tourist specialization.
However, not every region is capable of becoming a tourist, but only one in which there are:
high-quality services necessary for accepting tourists ( transfer , accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service);
attractions to attract tourists that generate people's interest in the region and create competition with others;
information systems an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.
Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 3.5). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then there is an interest in the natural and cultural attractions of this region. Such needs are easily met by the existing service industry and visitors leave with good experiences.
Rice. 3.5. Development cycle of the tourist region
At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and their timing. But gradually information about quality services and attractions is spreading, contributing to an increase in the flow of tourists. They immediately react to this tourist enterprises by developing specialized services for visitors.
Thus, the region begins to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist: new accommodation facilities, catering, entertainment, etc. appear. Investments bring great profits, and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise for attracting tourists and serving them. In turn, newcomers change the way of life of local residents, introducing their own traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to support the tourism business at a high level, as well as to select tools that ensure the development of financially beneficial forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body decides what types of services to develop, how to satisfy the constantly changing tastes of visitors.
In addition, there is a constant influx of new labor into the region, as a result of which there is a gradual assimilation of local residents, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new one, which is no longer typical for the region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, profits are reduced. It is important to react immediately to these changes: to improve the tourism development policy by developing a new program.
Also widely known is the model of development of tourist territories, developed by Yu. A. Vedenin and supplemented by Yu. A. Khudenkikh (Table 3.2).
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Tourist zones of Russia
Each country has its own, sometimes unique, tourist resources that are of great value to tourists. In their economic essence, they form the basis of tourist rent, making this or that country more or less attractive to tourists. So in Europe, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Greece, Switzerland are considered the richest countries in terms of tourist resources, which for many years have been leaders in the number of tourists received annually. However, in these countries, most of the tourist resources are concentrated in individual cities and localities, where the main flows of incoming tourists are concentrated. These cities and towns are commonly referred to as tourist centers.
The tourist vocabulary also uses such a concept as a tourist area. A tourist zone is a certain territory that does not have clear boundaries, but has general specific tourist resources that can generate sustained interest from a certain category of tourists. So, for example, the French and Italian Riviera, Turkish Antalya can be considered tourist areas on the Mediterranean coast.
Russia possesses an exceptionally huge number of diverse natural and climatic, ethnographic (traditions and customs of peoples) and anthropogenic (cultural and historical heritage) resources that can satisfy the tastes and interests of the most discerning tourists. In accordance with the methodology adopted by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there are 13 tourist zones of federal significance in the Russian Federation. Ismaev D.K. Organization of inbound tourism to the Russian Federation: Textbook. - M. MATGR, 2005.
Western tourist area
It includes the Kaliningrad region, where tourist resources are represented by historical monuments in Kaliningrad and a number of other cities, as well as opportunities for tourist recreation on the Baltic Sea coast, especially in the area of the Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.
Northwest tourist area.
It includes: Saint Petersburg; Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, the monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, the possibilities of cruise travel and ecological tours, treatment at the resort of marcial waters (Karelia), amateur hunting and fishing. Of particular interest among tourists are the possibilities of organizing in this area winter holiday and entertainment. State nature reserves "Kivach", "Kostomushkinskiy", "Nizhne-Svirskiy", as well as the Valdai National Natural Park have been created and operate in this zone.
Central tourist area
It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. This zone stands out for the largest number of a wide variety of tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values of Moscow, as the capital of the Russian state, historical monuments cities of the "Golden Ring", as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This area is also rich in natural resources that can satisfy the varied interests of nature lovers, hunting and fishing. As well as in the North-West zone in the Central tourist zone there are good opportunities for organizing winter types of tourism. This zone includes the Oksky (biosphere) and Prioksky-Terasny state reserves, national natural parks: "Meschera" and "Smolenskoye Poozerie". Romanov A.A., Saakyants R.G. Geography of Tourism: Textbook. - M .: Soviet sport, 2002.
South Russian tourist zone
It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In the past years, not enough attention has been paid to the development of tourism in this zone. Therefore, its historical monuments did not receive a great public response. Nevertheless, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Great Patriotic War. On the territory of the South Russian zone, there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state natural reserves as: "Bryansk Forest", "Voroninsky", "Forest on Vorskle", "Privolzhskaya forest-steppe", "Central Chernozem", as well as the national nature Park"Oryol Polesie".
Volga tourist zone
It includes: the Republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The main attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian Volga River, which is associated with many historical events in our country. There are many cultural and historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region. For Russian and foreign tourists, a visit to the hero-city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, travel according to specialized programs. In this zone there are such state natural as "Bolshaya Kokshaga" (Mari El), "Volzhsko-Kamsky" (Tatarstan), "Kerzhensky" (Nizhny Novgorod), "Nurgush" (Kirov region), as well as national natural parks " Mariy Chodra "," Nizhnyaya Kama "," Khvalynsky "and others.
Ural tourist zone
It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk region... The Ural mountain range passing through this zone, separating Europe and Asia, is itself an attractive tourist attraction. This zone is rich in a variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing ecological and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state natural reserves as Basegi (Perm), Visimsky and Denezhkin Kamen (Sverdlovsk Region), Orenburgsky, Shulgin-Tash (Bashkiria).
Azov-Black Sea tourist zone.
It includes: Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The main tourist resources of this zone are the Black Sea coast with the famous resort cities of Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler with the balneological center Matsesta, as well as resort places on the coast Sea of Azov... The mountainous region of this zone has unique natural resources to satisfy the most varied interests of nature lovers. The state biosphere reserve "Kavkazsky" and the national natural park "Sochinsky" are located in this zone.
Caucasian tourist area.
It includes: the Stavropol Territory and the republics of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkarian, Karachay-Cherkess, North Ossetian. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasian mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, folklore of local peoples, have attracted and attract large groups of Russian and foreign tourists. The resort centers of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which have valuable balneological resources, are of particular importance for this zone. Numerous mountaineering and mountain tourist routes pass through the territory of the North Caucasus. There are such state natural reserves as "Dagestansky", "Kabardino-Balkarsky", "North-Ossetian", "Teberdinsky", as well as national park"Elbrus".
Ob-Altai tourist zone.
This zone covers the Republic of Altai and Altai region, as well as Kemerovo, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone are located such state nature reserves as "Altaysky" and "Katunsky" (Altai), "Verkhne-Tazovsky", "Yugansky" and "Malaya Sosva" (Tyumen), "Kuznetsky Altau" and "Shorsky" (Kemerovo) ... The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone that can satisfy the interests of travelers in a variety of types of tourism.
Yenisei tourist zone.
The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of nature reserves and parks, including the reserves "Azas" (Tuva), "Chazy", "Maly Abakan" (Khakassia), "Taimyr", "Stolby", "Sayano-Shushensky", "Tsentralno -Siberian "(Krasnoyarsk).
Baikal tourist zone.
It includes the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk and Chita regions. The main tourist attraction in this area is the world's deepest lake Baikal with its exceptionally rich flora and fauna. The main natural and climatic attractions are concentrated in the nature reserves and parks created in this zone: Baikalsky, Barguzinsky, Vitimsky, Daursky, Dzherginsky, Sokhondinsky, Zabaikalsky, etc.
Far Eastern tourist area.
It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin regions, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural-climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories Russian Federation... The country's largest reserves and national parks have also been created and are actively operating here: Bolshekhekhtsirsky, Botchinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeisky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, "Khankaisky" (Primorye), "Poronaysky", "Kuril" (Sakhalin). Along with these reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for organizing sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, acquaintance with historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.
Russian North.
This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous okrugs of Chukotka, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansi, Evenk, Yamalo-Nenets, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan regions. The most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate in this zone: Big Arctic and Putoransky (Taimyr), Kandalakshsky, Laplandsky and Pasvik (Murmansk), Komandorsky and Kronotsky ( Kamchatka), "Magadansky" and "Wrangel Island" (Magadan), "Pinezhsky" (Arkhangelsk), "Pechora-Ilychsky" and "Yugyd Va" (Komi).
Characteristics of recreational areas according to the standard plan: geographical position zone and its constituent regions, the effect of the main factors of tourism development in a given territory (recreational needs of the local population, conditions for their satisfaction, recreational resources), characteristics of the recreational potential - natural recreational resources (landscapes, bioclimate, hydromineral resources), ecological state of the natural environment , historical and cultural potential (monuments cultural heritage and objects of social infrastructure), the degree of development of the tourist infrastructure and the material base of tourism, the functional structure of tourism and the dominant directions, problems and prospects of recreational development.
Tourist and recreational zones, tourist macro-regions, tourist meso-regions.
Tourist areas of Europe... I. East European zone. Tourist macro-regions: Baltic, Poland, Central region, Prichernomorsky region. II zone of Northern Europe. Tourist macro-regions: Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland. Finland. III. Western European zone. Tourist macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and Benelux countries, French region. IV. South European zone . Tourist macro-regions: Adriatic, Pyrenees, Apennine-Maltese, Southern France.
Tourist areas of Asia. I. Zone of Southwest Asia. Tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East. II. South Asia Zone . Tourist macro-regions: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. III. Southeast Asia Zone . Continental tourist macro-district. Mesoregions: Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore. Island tourist macrodistrict. Tourist meso-regions: Indonesia and the Philippines. IV. East Asia zone. Tourist macro-regions: Japan, the Korean region, North-East and East China, South China (with Taiwan). V. Zone of Central Asia . Tourist macro-regions: Western China, Tibet, Mongolia.
Tourist areas of Africa... I. North African tourist and recreational zone. Tourist macro-regions: Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Libya, Egypt. II. Sub-Saharan Africa. Tourist macro-regions: Western Priatlapticheskiy, Western Inner, Eastern, Verkhnenilskiy, Ostrovnoy, Southern (South Africa).
Tourist areas of Australia and Oceania. I. Australian tourist and recreational area. Tourist macro-districts :. 1. Southeast Australia. 2. Eastern australia... 3. Northern Australia. 4. Central and Western Australia. 5. South Australia. 6. Tasmania. II. New Zealand tourist and recreational area. III. Tourist and recreational zone of Oceania.
Tourist areas North America ... I. Tourist and recreational zone East of the USA. Tourist macro-regions: Lakeside, Ohio, New England, Priatlaptichesky, Appalachians. II. Tourist and recreational zone West of the USA. Tourist macro-regions: Rocky Mountains, Inner Plateaus, Western Ridges. III. Pacific tourist and recreational zone. Tourist macro-regions: North and South. IV. Tourist and Recreational Zone Center of the United States. Tourist macro-regions: Central-North and Central-South. V. Tourist and recreational zone Southeast coast... Tourist macro-regions: Florida Peninsula, Gulf of Mexico region. Vi. Tourist and recreational area of Alaska. Tourist macro-regions: Southern region (Aleutian Islands, Kodiak and Drew islands), Central region (Alaska ridge and the Yukon plateau descending from it to the north), Northern region. Vii. Tourist and recreational area of the Hawaiian Islands. Tourist macro-regions: South-East and North-West. VIII. Tourist and recreational area of Canada. Tourist macro-regions: Priozerny, Priatlaptichesky, Midwest, Pacific, North.
