What are the mountains, name and height. Medium mountains: altitude and examples

22.11.2019

The territory of Russia is truly unique, because the natural nature of this country contains many landscape reliefs with the highest mountains and the most beautiful valleys, beautiful lakes and forest groves. This article will focus on the main mountain ranges Russian Federation, all of which are located on the territory Greater Caucasus.

Elbrus

It is the highest mountain in our country, reaching a height of 5642 meters. Elbrus is located on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess republics. In each of them, the mountain has its own name Mingi Tau (eternal mountain) and Oshkhamaho (mountain of happiness), respectively. Elbrus has long been the subject of legends and myths about several giants and gods who lived on its peaks. And at the foot of Elbrus in a wonderful valley lies a lost sacred city Ruskolani, which in ancient times was a fabulous city-temple. Today you can see several ruins of the fortress walls, and nearby there is a mineral spring with healing water. Elbrus is popular today tourist spot for most climbers and hikers looking to conquer the difficult summit of a beautiful mountain. There is also a wonderful ski resort here, because the cone of the volcano is covered with snow caps of 77 glaciers.

This is the second largest and most important mountain in the Russian Federation, also located in the Caucasus, in Kabardino-Balkaria. Its height is 5204 meters, and only the most courageous climbers of the world, who want to show their skills and show the whole world the successful conquest of the steep mountain Dykhtau, can climb it. The image of the Dykhtau peak in 2011 became an adornment of the coin of the Republic of Palau with a denomination of 5 dollars. The difficult and dangerous climb that awaits the daredevils fully justifies its risks, because at the top of this beautiful mountain you will find stunning panoramas of the entire Caucasus, white clouds and a bright sun illuminating the snow covers of Dykhtau and dazzling tourists who ascended it.

Koshtantau

Mount Koshtanau, located in the Bezengi region of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, is considered one of the most picturesque peaks of the Greater Caucasus. Koshtanau occupies an honorable third place in height among its neighbors, which is 5152 meters. Its unique beauty with delightful marble glaciers attracts a huge number of experienced climbers, but not all of them cope with the difficult climbs and hazards that await them on the way. So in 1988, the life of two foreign climbers Fox and Donkin, who came here from Great Britain, ended, as well as two accompanying guides who attempted to conquer the cherished peak.

Beautiful name this mountain received in memory of the great Russian poet and writer Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in 1938, when exactly one hundred years have passed since his death. Pushkin Peak is located in the central part of the Greater Caucasus, on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. It ranks fourth in our ranking, and its height is equivalent to 5100 meters. The snowy peak of the mountain sparkling in the sun with such a beautiful name attracts thousands of travelers and climbers to conquer their heights and show them the unprecedented beauty of Russian nature.

Another of the highest mountains of the Russian Federation is Dzhangitau, which is part of the huge 12-kilometer-long Bezengi wall located in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria. The height of Dzhangitau Mountain is 5085 meters. It is for the conquest of this peak that climbers are awarded the honorary badge "Snow Leopard of Russia", which is a good incentive for many travelers and active tourists. The first climber to receive this title is a citizen of the city of Sochi Aleksey Bukinich.

The sixth place in our list is occupied by the beautiful Shkhara Mountain, which is part of the Main Caucasian Range. It is located on the border between Kabardino-Balkaria and Georgia. Its height reaches 5068 meters, which is the highest point of the Georgian Democratic Republic. The mountain slopes of granite rocks and crystalline slates, sparkling in the sun, will seem to you a fabulous phenomenon of enchanting beauty. Ice rivers and dangerous cliffs descend from the tops of the mountain, bewitching the eye. Today Shkhara is a popular destination for climbers who prefer extreme types of recreation.

Kazbek is a majestic dormant volcano, shrouded in legends and closely associated with the ancient myths about the titan Prometheus, who, according to ancient beliefs, was chained to this mountain for giving people fire in ancient times. Kazbek occupies the seventh position in our rating with a height of 5034 meters. Its location refers to North Ossetia Georgian Republic and is part of the Greater Caucasus. The first conqueror of its summit was an Englishman, after whom only a few decades later the Russian surveyor Andrei Pastukhov decided to climb. Six gorges were found on the slopes of Kazbek, several ancient caves with ancient monasteries and mountain settlements, where hiking trips for Russian and foreign tourists. The picturesque area and majestic snowy peaks of Kazbek attract a huge stream of travelers and explorers here.

Given the size of the territory of Russia, it is obvious that the country has many large and small mountain ranges. Most of them are located in the East Siberian region, usually in the southern and northern parts Asian territory of Russia.

There are two main mountain ranges in the European part of Russia - the Greater Caucasus, which marks the southwestern border between Asia and Europe, and Ural mountains located on the border of Asia and Europe. The highest mountain in Russia - Elbrus with a height of 5,642 meters, is located within the Caucasian ridge, and is the highest point in Europe. The Ural Mountains are much lower, and the highest peak, Narodnaya, has a height of 1,895 meters.

There are four main mountain ranges on the southern side of the map of Russia. The westernmost and highest of them is the Altai Range, shared by Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. The highest peak here is Mount Belukha with a height of about 4,500 meters. More high peaks, can only be found in Kamchatka and the Caucasus. If we move to the east of the country, then a downward trend is noticeable. The Sayan Mountains, lying to the west of Lake Baikal, have a maximum height of about 3,500 meters. On the eastern side of the lake there are two main ridges - Yablonovy and Stanovoy, the height of which does not exceed 2,500 meters above sea level. The most high peak Stanovoy ridge - Skalisty Loch has a height of 2,467 meters.

The highest mountain range in northern Russia is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. An active stratovolcano - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, with a constantly changing height from 4,750 to 4,850 meters, is the highest mountain peak in Russia outside the Caucasus. Unlike the south, the north mountain ranges Russia is getting smaller as we move westward. Near the Kamchatka region, the Kolyma Upland has a height 1 962 m meters, and the Chersky ridge rise to about 3,000 meters above sea level. The somewhat shorter Verkhoyansk ridge is located on eastern shores the Lena river. On the other hand, between the Yenisei and Lena rivers lies a not very high, but huge Central Siberian plateau, covering an area of more than 3.5 million km².

Below is a list with brief description and a photo, as well as a table of the ten highest mountain peaks on Russian territory.

Mountain Elbrus

Elbrus is the highest mountain both in Russia and in Europe, and reaches 5,642 m in height. Mount Elbrus is an inactive volcano, as well as one of the seven peaks in the world (the highest mountains in every part of the world). It is located 10 km from the Caucasian mountain range, on the border of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - the subjects of the Russian Federation. The mountain has twenty-three different glaciers on its slopes and is considered part of National park Elbrus region since 1986.

There are two peaks on Elbrus, the smaller of which was first conquered by Kilar Khashirov in July 1829, when he led a scientific expedition at the suggestion of General Emmanuel. The ascent to the high summit dates back to 1874. The expedition was led by the British, led by Florence Crawford (1838-1902), Horace Walker (1838-1908), Frederick Gardner, Swiss Peter Knubel (1832-1919) and their guide Akhiya Sotayev.

Dykhtau

Located at an altitude of 5,204 m, Dykhtau is the second highest mountain in Russia. Dykhtau is located in the Lateral Ridge of the Greater Caucasus, on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria - a subject of the Russian Federation. The mountain is located near the border with Georgia, and from it you can see the Bezengi wall. Dykhtau was first climbed in 1888 by Albert F. Mummery (1855-95) and H. Zarflukh.

Pushkin Peak

Pushkin Peak is 5,100 m high and is the third highest mountain in Russia. The mountain peak is located on the border between Georgia and Russia. The peak is located in the Dykhtau mountain range, in the Bezengi region in the central part of the Caucasian ridge. He was first conquered in 1961 by a Russian team from the Spartak club under the leadership of B. Kletsko.

Kazbek

With a height of 5,033 m, Kazbek is the fourth highest mountain in the Russian Federation. It is located in the Khokh Ridge, which is part of the Greater Caucasus Lateral Ridge and lies right on the border between the Kazbegi Municipality in Georgia and the Russian Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. There are several small glaciers on Kazbek. For the first time climbing the mountain took place in 1868, with the participation of three members of the London Alpine Club: Douglas Freshfield (1845-1934), Adrian Moore (1841-87) and S. Tucker, as well as their guide - the Frenchman François Dewoisoud (1831-1905) ...

Gestola

Gestola is the fifth highest mountain in Russia, with a peak height of 4,860 m. Gestola is located in the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, right on the border with Svaneti (Georgia) and Carbardino-Balkaria (RF). The slopes of the mountain are covered with huge amounts of ice and are also composed of glaciers, the most notable of which is the Adishi glacier.

Shota Rustaveli Peak

Shota Rustaveli Peak with a height of 4,859 m is the sixth highest point in Russia. The mountain belongs to the Greater Caucasus Range and has glacial slopes, as well as valleys in the vicinity of which there are glaciers. Despite the fact that the mountain was named after the famous Georgian poet and statesman Shota Rustaveli, it is in demand by both countries, as it expands the border in Carbardino-Balkaria (Russia) and the province of Svaneti (Georgia).

Jimara

Dzhimara has a height of 4,780 m and is the seventh highest mountain in Russia. The mountain is located on the Khokh ridge, which belongs to the Greater Caucasus Range. Dzhimara is located in the Russian republic of North Ossetia-Alania, right on the border with Georgia.

Wilpath

The top of Wilpat is located at an altitude of 4,649 m and is part of the Caucasus Range in North Ossetia-Alania. Little is known about this mountain, and its peak has never been conquered before.

Sauhokh

With a height of 4,636 m, Mount Sauhokh is ranked ninth in the list of "Highest Mountains of Russia". Mount Sauhokh is located on Caucasian ridge in North Ossetia-Alania. Little is known about this mountain, since it was not conquered.

Kukurtli-Sausages

Kukurtli-Kolbashi is the tenth highest mountain in Russia with a height of 4 624 m (according to other sources 4 978 m) above sea level. It is located in the Caucasian mountain range on the territory of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. There is very little information about this mountain, and until now its peak has not been conquered.

The table of the highest mountain peaks in Russia

Number	Most high mountains Of Russia	Height, m
1	Mountain Elbrus	5 642
2	Dykhtau	5 204
3	Pushkin Peak	5 100
4	Kazbek	5 033
5	Gestola	4 860
6	Shota Rustaveli Peak	4 859
7	Jimara	4 780
8	Wilpath	4 649
9	Sauhokh	4 636
10	Kukurtli-Sausages	4624 (according to other sources 4 978)

Goals:

To acquaint students with the concept of "mountains", their main types.
Continue to develop the ability to work with maps, paintings and other sources of geographic information.
To form social competences: love for nature, respect for it.

Equipment: physical map world, pictures of mountains, poems about mountains, recording of V. Vysotsky's songs about mountains, a fragment of the film "Vertical", presentation, screen, projector, laptop.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methods:

partial search,
explanatory and illustrative.

During the classes

In the last lesson, we finished studying one of the sections physical geography- "Geographic map".

Today we proceed to the next section - “The relief of the earth”.

Write down the topic of the lesson - “The relief of the Earth. The mountains". (slide number 1)

IN primary school you studied the subject “The World Around” and met the concept - “relief”. Remember please - what is relief?

The guys answer: "the relief is all the irregularities of the earth's surface." (slide number 2) Write this definition in a notebook.

BUT remember please, what are the main 2 landforms you know?

The guys answer - mountains and plains.

Quite right.

Write in a notebook: (slide number 3)

So our today's lesson is dedicated specifically to the Mountains. For each person, the mountains are presented differently, but for everyone it is an object of admiration.

Watch carefully the video fragment from the feature film "Vertical", listen to the song that sounds in the film, think- Why am I showing you this fragment, with the help of what phrases does the author convey his attitude to the mountains? (slide number 4)

Here's what the guys should answer: (slide number 5)

Below you will not find 10 shares of such miracles

The heart is ready for the top to run from the chest

The whole world is in the palm of your hand, you are happy and mute, and only a little envy of those who have peaks yet to come

Sometimes rock climbers, conquerors of the peaks, are asked why they are so drawn to the mountains, because on the peaks even in summer it is 20-30 degrees?

To which they answer - "Take a trip yourself at least once, then you will understand."

It is difficult to disagree with the statement “Mountains are the decoration of the Earth, it is worth for a minute to“ remove ”the mountains with the mind's eye, and the Earth will appear dull and meager, as if a solemn outfit had been torn from it”.

The purpose of our lesson

get to know the concept of "mountains"
learn the main types of mountains
find out what the meaning of the mountains is

So let's start in order.

Let's write down 2 definitions of mountains that you need to know well.

Mountains are large areas of land that rise high above sea level and where there are sharp fluctuations in altitude.

Mountains are a convex shape of the earth's surface with a well-defined peak, slope and bottom. (slide number 6)

Who can draw a picture of a mountain and sign all of its parts? The student goes out and draws.

(slide number 7)

And what other form of relief does the drawing look like? - The guys answer that it's up the hill.

And what is the difference between a mountain and a hill? - (slide number 8)

What do you think, is it possible to find out the height of the mountains from the map? - The guys answer that yes, you can. But as? - on a scale of heights and marks of heights. Let's open a map of the hemispheres. Tell me, looking at it - what conclusion can be drawn about the height of the mountains? - The height of the mountains is different.

Let's take a look at the types of mountains by height. Write it down in the middle of the page

Classification of mountains by height (slide number 9, 10)

Name the highest mountains in the world.

Himalayas

Caucasus - show them on the map! Who can?

What is the highest peak in the world? - Everest = Chomolungma = “mother of the gods” = 8848 m. Write it down in a notebook. Look at the photo. (slide number 11)

What is the highest peak in Russia? - Elbrus = “high mountain”, “sparkling, shiny”, “iron” = 5642 m. Write down and see the photo. (slide number 12)

And in what mountains is this peak? Who will show? - in the Caucasus.

We also live in the mountains. Who can show on the map? What type of height would you classify them to? - medium and low. Let's write it down in a notebook. What other examples can you give? - Scandinavian - low. Crimean - medium. Who will show?

There are many poems dedicated to the mountains. (slide number 13)

Lermontov writes -

In the distance I saw through the fog
In the snows burning like a diamond
Gray-haired, unshakable, Caucasus
And it was to my heart
Easy, I don't know why
Radkevich writes -
In every pine tree the heart is recognized
Tell me gray Ural
Where, in what heroic smithy
Have you forged your nature?

Tell me guys, who is right - Lermontov or Radkevich? They both call the mountains gray-haired -1 in their poems. - Caucasus. 2.-Ural. Who is right?

The guys talk, come to the conclusion that the Urals are older.

What does this mean? - That the mountains differ not only in height, but also in age. Let's write down

Mountain classification by age (slide number 14.15)

Let's take a look at the difference between old and young mountains. Open the tutorial - fig. 35-36 pp. 54- 55. Let's answer the questions of the table that you have on your tables looking at these figures.

Mountains are rarely solitary. They form mountainous countries. Let's write the definition

“Mountain countries - it is an alternation of mountains and intermountain depressions (valleys) ”. (slide number 16)

(slide number 17)

"Deep, narrow valleys with steep slopes - canyons, gorges" (slide number 18)

Lermontov - “Close and stuffy
In a wild gorge
The sun is not shining
The sky is barely visible ”(slide number 19)

And what is the difference between a canyon and a gorge? - the bottom of the gorge is wider. Although in Russia the term canyon is not used, we all call it gorges. And in the USA - a canyon.

We got acquainted with the concept of "mountains", their types, let's take a look - and what is the meaning of mountains? And we will write it down. (slide number 20)

Mining
Ski resorts
Construction of hydroelectric power plants on mountain rivers
Sheep pasture
A source of inspiration for poets, artists
Sacred territories (slide number 21-24)

So, today we have learned a lot about the mountains. What conclusions can be drawn on the topic of the lesson?

Mountains are the main form of relief

Mountains - varied

Mountains are of great importance

Tell me, what are “mountains”?
What are the mountains in height, give examples, show them on the map?
What are the age?

Lesson grades ... ..

Write down S / P - (slide number 25)

learn the synopsis.
apply to / to the mountains. Signed as in the atlas. The list is at the platoon lock.
be able to show mountains on the map.

I would like to finish our lesson with one more song by Vysotsky. Now I think you will perceive it differently.

So, by origin, the mountains are tectonic, volcanic and erosional (denudation):

Tectonic mountains are formed as a result of the collision of moving parts of the earth's crust - lithospheric plates. This collision causes folds to form on the surface of the earth. This is how folded mountains... When interacting with air, water and under the influence of glaciers, the layers of rocks that form folded mountains lose their plasticity, which leads to the formation of cracks and faults. At present, folded mountains in their original form have been preserved only in certain parts of the young mountains - the Himalayas, formed during the era of alpine folding.

With repeated movements of the earth's crust, the hardened folds of rock break into large blocks, which, under the influence of tectonic forces, rise or fall. This is how folded-block mountains arise. This type of mountains is typical for old (ancient) mountains. An example is the Altai mountains. The emergence of these mountains fell on the Baikal and Caledonian eras of mountain building, in the Hercynian and Mesozoic epochs they underwent repeated movements of the earth's crust. Finally, the type of folded-block mountains was adopted during the Alpine folding.

Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanic eruptions. They are located, as a rule, along the fault lines of the earth's crust or at the boundaries of lithospheric plates.

Volcanic mountains are of two types:

Volcanic cones. These mountains acquired a cone-shaped appearance as a result of the eruption of magma through long cylindrical vents. This type of mountain is widespread throughout the world. These are Fujiyama in Japan, Mayon mountains in the Philippines, Popocatepetl in Mexico, Misty in Peru, Shasta in California, etc.
Shield volcanoes. Formed by repeated outpouring of lava. They differ from volcanic cones in their asymmetrical shape and small size.

In areas of the world where active volcanic activity occurs, whole chains of volcanoes can form. The most famous is the Hawaiian island chain of volcanic origin with a length of more than 1600 km. These islands are the tops of underwater volcanoes, the height of which is more than 5500 meters from the surface of the ocean floor.

Erosional (denudation) mountains.

Erosional mountains arose as a result of intensive dissection of stratal plains, plateaus and plateaus by flowing waters. Most mountains of this type are characterized by a table form and the presence of valleys between them of a box-like and sometimes canyon-like type. The latter type of valleys occurs most often when the lava plateau is dissected.

Examples of erosion (denudation) mountains are the mountains of the Central Siberian Plateau (Vilyui, Tunguska, Ilimsk, etc.). Most often, erosional mountains can be found not in the form of separate mountain systems, but within mountain ranges, where they are formed by the dissection of rock layers by mountain rivers.

Mountains vary in height, shape, age, origin, geographic location etc. The article contains a description of the listed types of mountains.

Mountains in height

Low mountains

Low mountains or low mountains- the height of the mountains is up to 800 meters above sea level.

Peculiarities:

The tops of the mountains are rounded, flat,
The slopes are gentle, not steep, overgrown with forest,
The presence of river valleys between the mountains is characteristic.

Examples: Northern Urals, the Tien Shan spurs, some ranges of the Transcaucasus, the Khibiny on the Kola Peninsula, some mountains in Central Europe.

Middle mountains

Medium mountains (medium or medium-altitude mountains) - the height of these mountains is from 800 to 3000 meters above sea level.

For medium-altitude mountains high-altitude zonation is characteristic, i.e. change of landscape with a change in height.

Examples of middle mountains: Mountains of the Middle Urals, Polar Urals, mountains of the island New earth, mountains of Siberia and Of the Far East, the mountains of the Apennine and Iberian peninsulas, the Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe, the Appalachians in North America and etc.

Highlands

Highlands (high mountains) - the height of these mountains is more than 3000 meters above sea level. These are young mountains, the relief of which is intensively formed under the influence of external and internal processes.

Peculiarities:

The slopes of the mountains are steep, high,
The peaks of the mountains are sharp, peaked, have a specific name - "carling",
The ridges of the mountains are narrow, serrated,
Altitudinal zonation is characteristic, from forests at the foot of the mountains to icy deserts at the tops.

Examples: Pamir, Tien Shan, Caucasus, Himalayas, Cordillera, Andes, Alps, Karakorum, Rocky mountains, etc.

Mountains in shape

By the nature of the summit ends, the mountains are: peak-shaped, dome-shaped, plateau-like, etc.

Peaked mountain peaks

Peaky mountain peaks are peaked peaks of mountains that resemble peaks in shape, hence the name of this type of mountain peaks. They are inherent mainly in young mountains with steep rocky slopes, sharp ridges and deep crevices of river valleys.

Examples of mountains with peaked peaks:

Communism Peak (mountain system - Pamir, height 7495 meters)
Pobeda Peak (Tien Shan mountain system, height 7439 meters)
Mount Kazbek (mountain system - Pamir, height 7134 meters)
Pushkin Peak (mountain system - Caucasus, height 5100 meters)

Domed mountain peaks

Dome-shaped, that is, rounded, the shape of the top can take:

Laccoliths - unformed volcanoes in the form of a hill with a core of magma inside,
Extinct ancient heavily destroyed volcanoes,
Small areas of land that have undergone tectonic uplift of a domed nature and, under the influence of erosion processes, have taken on a mountainous image.

Examples of mountains with a domed top:

Black Hills (USA). This area has undergone a domed uplift, and most of the sedimentary cover has been removed by further denudation and erosion. The central core was exposed as a result. It consists of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Ai-Nikola (Ukrainian Ai-Nikola, Crimean Cat. Ay Nikola, Ai Nikola) is a domed mountain-reject, a southeastern spur of Mount Mogabi near the western outskirts of the village of Oreanda. It is composed of Upper Jurassic limestones. Height - 389 meters above sea level.
Kastel (Ukrainian Kastel, Crimean Cat. Qastel, Kastel) is a mountain 439 m high on the southern outskirts of Alushta, behind Professor's corner... The dome of the mountain is covered with a forest cap, and chaos has formed on the eastern slope - stone blocks, sometimes reaching 3-5 m in diameter.
Ayu-Dag or Medved-mountain (Ukrainian Ayu-Dag, Crimean cat. Ayuv Dağ, Ayuv Dag) - a mountain on South Bank Crimea, located on the border of Big Alushta and Big Yalta... The height of the mountain is 577 meters above sea level. This is a classic example of laccolith.
Kara-Dag (Ukrainian Kara-Dag, Crimean Cat. Qara dağ, Qara dag) is a mountain-volcanic massif, Crimea. Maximum height- 577 m (Holy Mountain). It is a highly eroded volcanic form with a domed summit.
Mashuk is a remnant magmatic mountain (mountain-laccolith) in the central part of Pyatigorye in the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody, in the northeastern part of the city of Pyatigorsk. Height 993.7 m. The top has a regular domed shape.

Plateau-like mountain peaks

Peaks of mountains that are flat are called plateau-like.

Front ridge (eng. Front range) Is a mountain range in the southern part of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, adjacent to the Great Plains in the west. The ridge stretches from south to north for 274 km. Highest point- Mount Grace Peak (4349 m). The ridge is composed mainly of granites. The peaks are plateau-like, the eastern slopes are gentle, the western ones are steep.
Khibiny (kild. Umptek) Is the largest mountain range on the Kola Peninsula. The geological age is about 350 million years. The peaks are plateau-like, the slopes are steep with individual snowfields. At the same time, not a single glacier was found in the Khibiny. The highest point is Mount Yudychvumchorr (1200.6 m above sea level).
Amby (translated from Amharic - Mountain Fortress) is the name of flat-topped hills and mesas in Ethiopia. They consist mainly of horizontally lying sandstones and basalt layers. This is what determines the flat-topped shape of the mountains. Ambas are located at an altitude of 4,500 m.

Mountains by age

By age, the mountains are divided into:

Young mountains,
Old (ancient) mountains.

Young mountains have formed over the past 50 million years. In these mountain systems, internal processes are very actively developing, accompanied by the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and sometimes even volcanic activity. The youngest mountains on Earth are the mountains belonging to the mainland and island ring The Pacific... The youngest mountains in Russia are recognized Caucasus mountains... Here is the highest mountain in Russia - Elbrus (5642 m). (In the picture on the left: Himalayas - young mountains, geological age approx. 38 million years)

Features of young mountains:

the growth process of young mountains is still ongoing,
the relief is sharp, strongly dissected,
the tops of the ridges are sharp,
the slopes of the mountains are steep and high,
high absolute heights,
significant amplitude of heights,
valleys of numerous rivers are presented in the form of gorges, gorges,
the development of glaciers is characteristic of young mountains.

Examples of young mountains are:

Alps,
Caucasus mountains,
Carpathians,
Kopet-Dag,
Pamir,
Mountains of Kamchatka.

The old (ancient) mountains are several hundred million years old. They differ in that the internal processes in them have long died down, and the external ones, affecting the destruction of the mountains, are still active. This will continue until the relief is completely equalized. On many modern plains there are areas where, by all indications, there were once ancient mountains. Only the roots, covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, remained in the depths of these mountains.

Features of old (ancient) mountains:

have undergone severe destruction,
have less contrasting relief,
elevation differences are small,
gentle slopes,
river valleys are well developed.

Examples of old (ancient) mountains are:

Ural mountains,
Timan,
Yenisei ridge,
Khibiny ( Kola Peninsula, geological age is about 350 million years).

By origin

Tectonic mountains are formed as a result of the collision of moving parts of the earth's crust - lithospheric plates. This collision causes folds to form on the surface of the earth. This is how folded mountains arise. When interacting with air, water and under the influence of glaciers, the layers of rocks that form folded mountains lose their plasticity, which leads to the formation of cracks and faults. Currently, folded mountains in their original form have been preserved only in certain parts of the young mountains - the Himalayas, formed during the era of Alpine folding.

Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanic eruptions. They are located, as a rule, along the fault lines of the earth's crust or at the boundaries of lithospheric plates.

Volcanic mountains are of two types:

Erosional (denudation) mountains

Erosional mountains have arisen as a result of intense dissection of stratal plains, plateaus and plateaus by flowing waters. Most mountains of this type are characterized by a table form and the presence of valleys between them of a box-like and sometimes canyon-like type. The latter type of valleys occurs most often when the lava plateau is dissected.

By geographic location

On this basis, it is customary to group mountains into mountain systems, ridges, mountain ranges and solitary mountains.

Mountain belts are the largest formations. Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt, stretching across Europe and Asia, and the Andean-Cordillera mountain belt, passing through North and South America.

Mountainous country - many mountain ranges.

Mountain system - mountain ranges and groups of mountains, similar in origin and having the same age (for example, Appalachians)

Mountain ranges are mountains that are interconnected, stretched out in a line. For example, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (North America).

Mountain groups are also interconnected mountains, but not elongated in a line, but forming a group of indefinite shape. For example, the Henry Mountains in Utah and Bare Poe in Montana.

Solitary mountains - mountains not connected with other mountains, often of volcanic origin. For example, Mount Hood in Oregon and Mount Rainier in Washington.