What to tell children about the mountains. Gutman L., Khodakevich S., Antonovich I
Guys! Today we will learn about another object that can be found in nature.
Guess the riddle.
She's tall, cool
There is snow on the top
Like a fur hat
And the eagle is circling over her. (Mountain.)
♦ Have you seen the mountains?
Mountains are large tracts of the earth's surface, elevated high above the adjacent plains. They make an impression on people that will be remembered for a lifetime. Each peak is unique, each turn of the gorge seems interesting and attracts. I would like to climb the mountains higher and higher, to where snow sparkles on the peaks, glaciers shimmer in the sun, the air is crystal clear and transparent, and from there, from a bird's eye view, to look at the world around us.
Mountains rarely stand alone, more often they go in a row one after another, forming ridges. Mountain valleys lie between them, where people live. On the globe, mountains occupy about 40% of the land.
Listen to the poem.
Mountain ranges
Mountains lined up
They stand like heroes.
They wear ice helmets,
The mountains are powerful, gray
They keep the secret of eternity.
The squall winds are fierce,
Snow avalanches are coming down
Yet the daredevils storm
Inaccessible peaks!
As correctly noted in the poem, climbers conquer the highest peaks of the mountains.
♦ What helps them in this?
First of all, the eternal desire of a person for new, vivid impressions, courage, appropriate equipment and endless training!
Beginners usually start climbing mountain peaks under the guidance of an experienced instructor and choose low peaks with well-known routes.
♦ Would you like to become mountain climbers? Why?
The most mountainous continent is Eurasia. Here are the highest mountains - the Himalayas, Pamir, Tien Shan. By the way, Tien Shan translated from Chinese means "heavenly mountains".
The mountains are different in appearance. There are young mountains, and there are old ones. The old mountains have rounded peaks, gentle slopes overgrown with greenery; the young have sharp, rocky, steep peaks, steep slopes. Snow and ice lie on the peaks.
An example of young mountains is the Alps, Caucasus, Pamir, Himalayas. On the slopes of the mountains, you can see giant boulders. Under the influence of wind, water, temperature difference - day and night - the rocks are destroyed and eroded. Weathering of rocks proceeds very slowly - for millions of years. As a result of destruction, the upper layer of the mountain is crushed and gradually becomes the basis for the formation of soil and the emergence of plants.
Scientists have established that the modern Donbass, now a rocky plain, was more than 300 million years ago a mountainous country with peaks reaching five kilometers!
People live at the foot of the mountains or in the valleys between mountain ranges. The proximity of majestic mountains, the purest air and melt water of mountain rivers and streams, the wonderful beauty of green mountainous meadows give their life a special meaning! The mountains are silent and solemn, they seem to think their age-old mysterious thought. There is no rush or fuss here. Life runs smoothly and calmly, in harmony with nature.
Perhaps that is why centenarians most often live in mountainous regions. They are wise and calm, like the mountains themselves.
Listen to the poem.
How silent nature is!
The fields are ripening in silence in the sun.
The black forest lakes are silent,
The mountains are silent, engulfed in deep thought.
But in the silence of nature, age-old
Everything is permeated with a thought alive.
Answer the questions
1. What are mountains?
2. What do they look like?
3. What is a mountain range?
4. Where are the mountain valleys located?
5. Do people live in the mountains? Where do they build their houses?
6. What is the most mountainous continent on Earth?
7. Which mountains are called young and which are old? What is the difference?
8. Name the highest mountains in the world.
9. Why are the mountains eroded?
10. What does this lead to?
To go to the mountains, you do not have to be a climber, even in the hard-to-reach mountains there is always a path that will be accessible to a person of any age and with any level of training. For a hill to be considered a mountain, it must have a height of more than 500 meters, there are many such places - the mountainous form of relief occupies about 40 percent of the land area. Here are some interesting facts about the mountains.
Bastei Bridge in Saxon Switzerland
Records
The highest mountain in the solar system is on Mars. The top of Olympus has a height of more than 21 kilometers from the foot, if you count from the conditional "level of the Martian sea", then the height of this mountain is 26 kilometers. The highest mountain from top to bottom is Rheasilvia, located on the asteroid Vesta.
The highest peak on earth is Chomolungma, 8848 meters. If we count not from sea level, but from the base to the top, then the highest mountain is the Hawaiian volcano Mauna Kea, it rises 4205 meters above sea level, but part of the mountain is hidden under water, the height from the base is 10203 meters.
On the mountain ranges there are about a hundred peaks over 7000 meters high. There are two peaks in the world that have not yet been conquered by climbers - Ganghar Puensum (Bhutan), 7570 meters and Sasser Kangri II (India), 7518 meters.
In the Himalayas, 30 peaks are higher than 7500 meters, 14 peaks are higher than 8000 meters.
Ama Dablam peak in Nepal
Mount Monadnock in the United States has a low height of 965 meters, but is known for being the most climbers to climb.
The highest camp, which looks like a village, is located at the foot of Everest, at an altitude of 6330 meters. Despite the fact that all buildings are tents, there is a hospital, a kitchen, and sleeping places. Smaller camps are located at an altitude of 5900, 6400, 7300, 7950 meters. In them, climbers stop for a while, so that the body gets used to the height.
The Sherpa people of the Himalayas are used to heights. They help tourists to climb. One of the Sherpas reached the summit of Mount Everest in 8 hours 56 minutes.
The most famous climber is Reinhold Messner. He conquered 14 peaks over 8 kilometers high. In 1978, he and Peter Habeler ascended Everest for the first time without oxygen tanks. In 1980 he first ascended Everest alone. In 1980 he conquered three eight-thousanders in one year.
Everest was first conquered in 1953 by New Zealander Edmund Hillary and his Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay.
The highest mountain in Africa is the volcano Kilimanjaro (5895 meters). Despite the fact that the mountain is located in a hot area, its top is always covered with snow.
The Alps occupy two-thirds of Switzerland's area.
The highest waterfall is Angel (Venezuelan state of Bolivar), its height is 979 meters, the height of the continuous fall is 807 meters.
The highest active volcano is the Chilean mountain Ojos del Salado, its height is almost 7 kilometers.
Alpine settlements
Fun facts about high altitude cities. La Paz is the highest mountain capital in the world, with an average height of 3,600 meters (buildings are located at an altitude of 3 to 4 kilometers). In fact, the capital of Bolivia is not La Paz, but Sucre, but La Paz is home to most of the government offices. El Alto Airport is located at an altitude of 4061 meters, it ranks second in height in the world (the highest airport is in China, the height is 4411 meters). The water in La Paz boils at 88 degrees Celsius. The local stadium is the highest certified by the international football federation, for the rest of the stadiums there is a rule that they should not be located at an altitude higher than 2.5 kilometers if they want to organize international matches. Interestingly, the central bus station of this city was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the architect of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
If we consider that La Paz is not the capital, then the highest capital in the world is Lhasa (Tibet), at an altitude of 3650 meters. Lhasa is the capital of the Chinese Autonomous Region, until 1951 the city was the capital of the independent state of Tibet.
The highest city in the world is located in Peru - La Riconada, the central part is located at an altitude of 5100 meters. The population is quite significant, about 30 thousand inhabitants.
The highest city in the world with a population of over 50 thousand people is Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The central part is located at an altitude of 4380 meters, the population is about 70 thousand people.
The highest metropolis is El Alto, with a population of over 1 million. The height of the central part is 4100 meters.
The highest city on the territory of the former USSR is Murghab, Tajikistan, the population is 6300 people, the height of the central part is 3612 meters.
The Dagestan settlement of Kurush is located at an altitude of 2600 meters. It is considered the highest in the Caucasus and Europe, with a population of 830 people.
Danger
The weather can be deceiving - it can be hot during the day and temperatures can drop dramatically at night. You need to be careful, as hypothermia, which can lead to serious health consequences and even death, can be obtained even at a temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. And this temperature can be in the usual summer season, so you should always take warm clothes with you to the mountains and take care of the possibility of making a fire and preparing warm food in advance.
It is easy to get frostbite in the mountains in winter. Contrary to popular belief, alcoholic beverages do not warm, but contribute to rapid hypothermia, and if it is severe frost outside, then frostbite of the limbs. Alcohol dilates blood vessels, and heat is released from the body faster. So in the cold it is better not to drink alcohol, but to keep warm with quick movements. In addition, alcoholic beverages dull vigilance; under their influence, a person can even fall asleep, which is very dangerous in the mountains, where frost can come suddenly even in summer.
Avalanches are a great danger. In order for a dangerous wave of snow to come down, it is not necessary that the slope be steep, under certain conditions, when a layer of melted water forms between the snow and the ground, an avalanche can descend on a slope of only 8 degrees. So a gentle mountain may seem completely harmless in appearance, but in fact conceal mortal danger. It is very difficult for a person stuck in an avalanche to get out, since the snow compacted by an avalanche has almost the same density as concrete, so you need to be very careful and try not to climb the snow-covered slopes. Sport climbing should have the most reliable insurance and outside observers who can help in case of problems.
Now a popular sport of wingsuit is flying, when an athlete plans in a special suit with small wings, this clothing is called a wing suit. Despite the spectacularity of this sport, it is very dangerous, according to statistics, about 2 jumps out of 1000 end in death, since athletes jump from rocks, most deaths occur due to impacts on a rock (about a third of tragic cases). When jumping from an airplane, the mortality rate is lower, but also significant - up to 30 tragic cases per 100,000 jumps.
Mountaineering is also dangerous, especially when it comes to the Himalayan peaks. Annapurna is considered the most dangerous mountain; every fourth climber dies during the ascent. The highest mountain in the world, Chomolungma (Everest), has similar statistics. Since it is very difficult and dangerous to lower the bodies of the dead from this mountain, the dead remain on the slopes, this is an eerie reminder that there is no need to take too much risk, even for the sake of significant sporting achievements. Here it is impossible to refer to the inexperience of athletes, since the most experienced climbers, the strongest and most courageous people, but probably the most reckless, climb eight-thousanders, because if it is possible to descend safely, then very often with frostbite, which can result in amputation of limbs ... Mountaineering is a great sport, but you need to be extremely careful when climbing difficult peaks.
In the Russian ski resort of Dombai in 2013, a large ball of zorb, in which there were two people, rolled into a deep mountain gorge. There were two people in the balloon - one tourist suffered a compression fracture of the spine and died on the way to the hospital, the other received a concussion. The cause of the tragedy was non-observance of safety rules - at the bottom of the long track, the ball was caught by one person, there were no obstacles on the side of the cliff. After the employee of the attraction didn’t catch the ball, he rolled for another 1.5 kilometers (in fact, flew) down the rocky slope and ended up in such an inaccessible place that it was difficult for even trained rescuers to get to it.
There are many "mountain" sports - mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, trekking, downhill skiing, snowboarding, sleigh rides, mountain biking, boarding on volcanic ash, zorbing (ball descent from a mountain), hang gliding , paragliding, kite (often combined with alpine skiing), wingsuit, bungee jumping, speleology, rafting (rafting and other floating facilities), canyoning (canyoning without equipment). All mountain sports are dangerous, but this does not mean that they should not be practiced. You need to observe safety precautions, be careful not to drink alcohol, then the entertainment associated with an increased content of adrenaline in the blood may not become completely safe, but at least they will be safer. Remember, unnecessary risk is always unacceptable, do not do anything that may threaten your health and life.
Mountaineering is a rewarding activity. An example of "folk mountaineering" is South Korea. In South Korea, the most common pastime among people of all ages is hiking. There is nothing surprising if after the holiday people do not sleep off, but get together and go to the mountains with a company. Perhaps this tradition exists due to the fact that vacations in this country are very small and can be only a few days a year. There are also few public holidays - about 10 days a year, and if they fall on Sunday, then they are not transferred to Monday. People use every possible minute to relax in nature. And mountains in South Korea are almost everywhere - this is a country with a difficult, but very picturesque relief.
Mountains occupy about 24% of the entire land area. Most of the mountains are in Asia - 64%, the least in Africa - 3%. 10% of the world's population lives in the mountains. And it is in the mountains that most of the rivers on our planet originate.
Characteristics of the mountains
Geographically, the mountains are grouped into different communities, which should be distinguished.
. Mountain belts- the largest formations, often stretching across several continents. For example, the Alpine-Himalayan belt passes through Europe and Asia or the Andean-Cordillera, stretching through North and South America.
. Mountain system- groups of mountains and ranges, similar in structure and age. For example, the Ural Mountains.
. Mountain ranges- a group of mountains, stretched out in a line (Sangre de Cristo in the USA).
. Mountain groups- also a group of mountains, but not stretched out in a line, but simply located nearby. For example, the Ber-Po mountains in Montana.
. Solitary mountains- not associated with others, often of volcanic origin (Table Mountain in South Africa).
Natural areas of the mountains
Natural areas in the mountains are arranged in layers and change depending on the height. At the foothills, most often there is a zone of meadows (in the highlands) and forests (in the middle and low mountains). The higher, the more severe the climate becomes.
The change of belts is influenced by the climate, altitude, relief of the mountains and their geographical position. For example, the continental mountains do not have a forest belt. From bottom to top, natural areas vary from deserts to meadows.
Types of mountains
There are several classifications of mountains according to various criteria: structure, shape, origin, age, geographic location. Let's consider the most basic types:
1. By age distinguish old and young mountains.
Old mountain systems are called, whose age is estimated at hundreds of millions of years. Internal processes in them have died down, and external (wind, water) continue to destroy, gradually comparing them with the plains. The old mountains include the Ural, Scandinavian, Khibiny (on the Kola Peninsula).
2. Height distinguish between low mountains, medium and high mountains.
Low mountains (up to 800 m) - with rounded or flat peaks and gentle slopes. There are many rivers in these mountains. Examples: Northern Urals, Khibiny, Tien Shan spurs.
Average mountains (800-3000 m). They are characterized by a change in landscape depending on the height. These are the Polar Urals, Appalachians, and the mountains of the Far East.
High mountains (over 3000 m). These are mainly young mountains with steep slopes, sharp peaks of peaks. Natural areas change from forests to icy deserts. Examples: Pamir, Caucasus, Andes, Himalayas, Alps, Rocky mountains.
3. By origin distinguish volcanic (Fujiyama), tectonic (Altai mountains) and denudation, or erosive (Vilyui, Ilimsk).
4. By the shape of the tops mountains are peaked (Communism Peak, Kazbek), plateau-like and canteens (Amba in Ethiopia or Monument Valley in the USA), domed (Ayu-Dag, Mashuk).
Climate in the mountains
The mountainous climate has a number of characteristic features that appear with altitude.
Lowering the temperature - the higher, the colder. It is no coincidence that the peaks of the highest mountains are covered with glaciers.
The atmospheric pressure drops. For example, at the summit of Mount Everest, the pressure is half that at sea level. That is why the water in the mountains boils faster - at 86-90ºC.
The intensity of solar radiation is increasing. In the mountains, sunlight contains more ultraviolet radiation.
The amount of precipitation is increasing.
High mountain ranges trap precipitation and affect the movement of cyclones. Therefore, the climate on different slopes of the same mountain may differ. On the windward side there is a lot of moisture and sun, on the leeward side it is always dry and cool. A striking example is the Alps, where subtropics are represented on one side of the slopes, and a temperate climate prevails on the other.
The tallest mountains in the world
(Click on the picture to enlarge the scheme in full size)
There are seven highest peaks in the world, which all climbers dream of conquering. Those who succeed become honorary members of the Seven Summits Club. These are mountains such as:
... Chomolungma, or Everest (8848 m). Located on the border of Nepal and Tibet. Refers to the Himalayan mountain system. Has the shape of a triangular pyramid. The first conquest of the mountain took place in 1953.
... Aconcagua(6962 m). It is the highest mountain in the southern hemisphere, located in Argentina. Refers to the Andes mountain system. The first ascent took place in 1897.
... McKinley- the highest peak in North America (6168 m). Located in Alaska. Conquered for the first time in 1913. It was considered the highest point in Russia until Alaska was sold to America.
... Kilimanjaro- the highest mark in Africa (5891.8 m). Located in Tanzania. Conquered for the first time in 1889. It is the only mountain where all types of the Earth's belts are represented.
... Elbrus- the highest peak in Europe and Russia (5642 m). Located in the Caucasus. The first ascent took place in 1829.
. Vinson Massif- the highest mountain in Antarctica (4897 m). It is part of the Ellsworth Mountains. Conquered for the first time in 1966.
... Mont Blanc- the highest point in Europe (many attribute Elbrus to Asia). Height - 4810 m. Located on the border of France and Italy, it belongs to the mountain system of the Alps. The first ascent was in 1786, and a century later, in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt conquered the top of Mont Blanc.
... Carstens pyramid- the highest mountain in Australia and Oceania (4884 m). Located on the island of New Guinea. The first conquest was in 1962.
The Ural mountains stretch for 2000 km from north to south, dividing our country into 2 parts: European and Asian. They begin at the Arctic Ocean, cross Russia and end in Kazakhstan. This can be clearly seen on the map. The highest mountain in the Urals is Narodnaya. It is located in the north, its height is 1894 meters. The width of the mountains throughout its length ranges from 40 to 150 km.
The ancient Greeks knew about the existence of the Ural Mountains. They believed that the legendary country of Hyperborea was located just beyond the mountains.
Geology of the Urals
The Ural Mountains were not always so low. Their formation began about 350 million years ago. During their youth, the mountains reached a height of about 6,000 meters. There was a time when here volcanoes were active, there were strong earthquakes, magma poured out, new rocks formed, future mineral deposits were laid. Hundreds of millions of years have passed since then. Volcanoes have aged, mountains have collapsed. But from time to time the Urals recalls their stormy youth, and then. The last of these happened in the fall of 2015.
Nature
For 2000 km the mountains pass several natural areas, starting with the tundra in the north, continuing with the taiga in the middle and ending with the steppe in the south. Naturally, both nature and the animal world are different everywhere. If in the north you can find, then in the south marmots and ground squirrels are common. When tulips are already blooming in the south, winter is still seen off in the north.
Although the mountain slopes are not steep, they create an obstacle to the winds, so the climate of the European part is different from that of the Asian part.
Minerals
It is located and mined in the bowels of the Urals. Some of them are very rare and are found only here. Among the most famous are:
- silver;
- copper ore;
- semi-precious stones;
Everyone knows crafts and jewelry made from a beautiful green Ural stone - malachite. Products made from it can be seen in the St. Petersburg Hermitage. Many folk tales about the extraction of fossil resources were processed by the storyteller P.P. Bazhov.
Population
The majority of the population lives in large industrial cities. In terms of ethnic composition, these are mainly Russians. Then there are Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, Kazakhs and other nationalities.
Industry
In the Ural region, the most common industries are metallurgy and mechanical engineering. Copper ore was mined here 5 thousand years ago. The modern period of development of metallurgy began under Peter I. The most famous industrial city is Chelyabinsk. If Yekaterinburg is called the capital of the Urals, then Chelyabinsk is the capital of the Southern Urals. There are good rail, road and air links between all cities in the region. A highly developed industry also has negative sides: the atmosphere in the cities of the region is very dirty.
Books have been written and feature films about the origin and development of industry in the Urals. During the Great Patriotic War, the Urals took over enterprises from the western part of the Soviet Union. Both old and young worked here, supplying the front with ammunition. In the cities, military hospitals were established in which wounded soldiers were treated.
The Ural Mountains still keep many unsolved mysteries that future historians, naturalists, geologists, and zoologists will be able to discover.
If this message is useful to you, it's good to see you.
Mountains occupy about 40% of the Earth's surface * They are on every continent and large island * Even along the bottom of the oceans, mountain ranges stretch, individual peaks of which rise above the water, forming islands or chains of islands * There are fewer mountains in Australia, and most of the mountains of Antarctica are hidden under ice.
The youngest mountain system on our planet is the Himalayas, the longest is the Andes (about 7560 km long), and the oldest mountains are the mountains belonging to the Nuvvuagittuq mountain formation, located in the vicinity of Hudson Bay (about 4.28 billion years old) ).
The mountains are very diverse. By the shape of the tops Peak-like, domed, plateau-like, and other mountains are distinguished. Mountains and by origin: tectonodenudation, volcanic, etc. In the Sayan Mountains, Transbaikalia and the Far East dominated by a special type of mountains - hills. The hills are characterized by a conical shape and a rocky or flattened top.
In rock formations, they often stand out individual peaks, towering high above the surrounding, even alpine, landscape. These peaks include the city of Chomolungma in the Himalayas, Elbrus in the Caucasus, Belukha in the Altai.
The relief of mountainous areas is characterized by the presence mountain ranges- elongated mountain formations with a clearly defined axis along which the highest mountains are located. This axis is often the watershed of the area.
In the case when the height of the mountain range is small, and the tops of the mountains are rounded, then such a chain of mountains is called mountain range... Mountain ridges, as a rule, are the remains of ancient destroyed mountains (in Russia - Timan ridge, Yenisei ridge, etc.)
The mountain range has two slope, often dissimilar to one another. While one slope is gentle, the other can be steep (Ural Mountains).
The summit of the mountain ranges is called mountain ridge... The crest of the ridge can be pointed (in young mountains) or rounded and plateau-like (in old mountains).
Wide depressions with gentle slopes are called mountain passes.
A mountain uplift that is approximately the same both in length and in width, which is characterized by weak dissection, is called mountain range... (Putorana plateau in Eastern Siberia, Russia).
The intersection of two mountain ranges was named mountain node... Mountain knots consist of high, inaccessible mountains (Tabyk-Bogdo-Ola mountain knot in Altai).
Mountain ranges of the same origin and located in the same order (linear or ray-like) are called mountain systems... The outskirts of mountain systems, characterized by low heights, are called foothills.
Africa is characterized by a special type of mountain called canteens... They are distinguished by flat tops and stepped slopes. The formation of these mountains is associated with the action of the water of the rivers that cut the stratal valley.
The presence of mountains is characteristic not only of land. The ocean floor is also replete with various kinds of rock formations. On the bottom of the oceans here and there are scattered solitary mountains of volcanic origin. Active volcanoes pour out lava, ash and rock fragments, have pointed peaks. The peaks of extinct volcanoes are smoothed out by waves and currents. The tops of many underwater volcanoes form islands. Iceland is an example of such an island.
There are mountain ranges at the bottom of the oceans. The most important discovery of recent years in oceanology was the discovery mid-ocean ridges. They run almost in the middle of each ocean, forming a huge single chain. You can read more about the mid-ocean ridges.
