Water resources of portugal. Portugal

02.11.2019

Portugal in the 15th and 16th centuries was a maritime superpower, but began to lose ground in 1755, when a powerful earthquake destroyed the city of Lissbon. The loss of superpower status was driven by the Napoleonic Wars and the declaration of independence by Brazil in 1822. In 1910 in Portugal, the revolution destroyed the monarchy. Until 1974, all governments were repressive, and only a military coup opened the door to democracy. Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a NATO member and joined the EC (now the EU) in 1986.

Geography of Portugal

Location:

Southwestern Europe, washed by the Atlantic Ocean, located west of Spain

Geographical coordinates:

39 30 N, 8 00 W

Territory:

Total area: 92,090 sq. km

Country's place in the world

land: 91,470 sq. km

water: 620 sq. km

note: includes Madeira Islands and Azores

Land boundaries:

Total: 1,214 km

Border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline:

1 793 km

Climate:

marine temperate; cool and rainy in the north, warmer and drier in the south

Landscape:

mountainous north, plains south

Critical points:

Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

the most high point: Mount Pico (port of Ponta do Pico) on Azores 2,351 m.

Natural resources:

fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use:

arable land: 17.29%

permanent crops: 7.84%

other: 74.87% (2005)

Irrigated land:

6,500 sq. km (2003)

Freshwater renewable resources:

73.6 km cube (2005)

Freshwater (domestic / industrial / agricultural) use:

total: 11.09 cbm km / respectively (10% / 12% / 78%)

per head: 1,056 cubic meters m / (1998)

Natural hazards:

Azores are hit by serious earthquakes

Geography - note:

The Azores and Madeira Islands are strategically located along the western maritime approaches to the Strait of Gibraltar

Demographics of Portugal

Population :

10,707,924 (July 2009 estimate)

Country comparison to the world: 76

Age structure:

0-14 years: 16.3% (male 912,147 / female 834,941)

15-64 years: 66.1% (male 3,525,717 / female 3,554,513)

65 years and over: 17.6% (male 772,413 / female 1,108,193) (2009 est.)

Average age:

Total: 39.4 years

male: 37.3 years

female: 41.6 years (2009 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.275% (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 178

Fertility rate:

10.29 births / 1,000 (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 191

Population migration:

3.14 migrants / 1,000 (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 28

Urbanization:

urban population: 59% of total population (2008)

increase in urbanization: 1.4% annual rate change (2005)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.07 male / female

under 15 years: 1.09 male / female

15-64 years: 0.99 male / female

65 years and over: 0.7 male / female

total population: 0.95 male) / female (2009 est.)

Life Expectancy:

From general population: 78.21 years

Country comparison to the world: 47

male: 74.95 years

female: 81.69 years (2009 est.)

HIV / AIDS - prevalence among adults:

0.5% (2007 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 74

HIV / AIDS - people living with HIV / AIDS:

34,000 (2007 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 69

HIV / AIDS - deaths:

less than 500 (2007 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 89

Religions:

Roman Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)

Languages:

Portuguese (official), Mirendese (official - but locally)

Education expenses:

4.4% of GDP (2008)

Country comparison to the world: 93

State structure of Portugal

The name of the country: Republic of Portugal

Government type:

republic; parliamentary democracy

Capital: Lisbon

geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W

Administrative districts :

18 counties

Aveiro,
Beja,
Braga,
Braganza,
Viseu,
Viana do Castelo,
Vila Real,
Guarda,
Castelo Branco,
Coimbra,
Leiria,
Lisbon,
Portalegre,
Porto,
Santarem,
Setubal,
Faro,
Evora

Independence:

1143 (Kingdom of Portugal formed); October 5, 1910 (republic formed)

National holiday:

Constitution:

note: the revision of the constitution declared that the military was under strict civilian control, curtailed the powers of the president, and laid the foundation for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; he took into account the privatization of nationalized firms and media, communications owned by the state

Executive power:

head of state: President Anibal KEVECO SILVA (since March 9, 2006)

head of the government : Prime Minister José SOCRATES Carvalho Pento de Susa (since 12 March 2005)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister

elections:the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held on January 22, 2006 (next in January 2011); after legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed by the prime minister by the president

Legislature:

unicameral Assembly of the Republic (230 seats; deputies elected by popular vote for four-year terms)

elections:last held on September 27, 2009 (next in 2013)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; judges are appointed for life

Portugal Economy

Economy - at a glance:

Portugal joined the EEC in 1986. It entered the euro area in 2002.

$ 21,800 (2009 estimate)

Country comparison to the world: 57

$ 22,500 (2008 estimate)

$ 22,600 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition of sectors:

agriculture: 2.9%

industry: 24.4%

services: 72.8% (2009 est.)

Work force :

5.58 million (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 67

Labor force - by sector:

agriculture: 10%

industry: 30%

services: 60% (2007 est.)

revenues: $ 91.89 billion

expenses: $ 106.8 billion (2009 est.)

State debt:

75.2% of GDP (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 19

66.4% of GDP (2008 est.)

Inflation growth (retail prices):

0.9% (2009 est.)

Country comparison to the world: 6

2.6% (2008 est.)

The lowest interest rate on a commercial bank loan:

Country comparison to the world: 116

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Federal Agency for Education

Autonomous state educational institution

higher professional education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Geology and Geography

Department of General Geography, Local History and Tourism

CourseworkWork

onspecialties"Tourism"

onsubject:

« Naturaltouristresourcesandcharacteristicnature-orientedspeciestourismvPortugal»

Rostov-on-Don 2012

annotation

The course work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. The introduction reveals the relevance of the topic, purpose, objectives, research methods and problems in writing a work.

The first chapter contains a description of the natural tourist resources of Portugal, including geographical position, geological structure and relief, climate, hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of the seas washing the region, characteristics of water resources, flora and fauna, and the use of these for tourism purposes.

The second chapter contains research material related to natural, historical and cultural tourist centers. Also considered are Russian tour operators that form tours to the region and their tourist programs.

In the conclusion, the final conclusions on the topic under consideration are formed.

The work is presented on 39 pages and contains 22 literary and other sources.

annotation

Introduction

1.1 Geological structure and relief as a condition of tourist activity

1.5 Exotic flora and fauna

2 Tourist centers and the formation of a tourist product

2.1 Geography and characteristics of tourist centers

Conclusion

Literature and other sources

tourist portugal sea product

Introduction

Portugal is amazing country, which is famous for its rich history, culture, traditions, beautiful sandy beaches and rugged coastal cliffs, gentle hills covered with greenery, an abundance of flowers, as well as a variety of mountains with snow-capped peaks. On the territory of Portugal, small in size, a huge number of monuments of the richest historical heritage are carefully preserved, including churches and cathedrals, fortresses and palaces, towers and chapels, which have no equal anywhere else.

Portugal is one of the most popular resort countries Europe. The country attracts tourists from all over the world with its cleanest ocean, various tourist centers, welcoming and friendly people, excellent cuisine, excellent wines and unique architectural monuments.

Today tourism in Portugal is one of the most important places. The country is gaining high rates in tourism, annually increasing investments in the tourism industry, gradually reaching a large international market and, already in many ways not inferior to the famous European resorts, surpasses them in its uniqueness and originality.

Purpose of the work: to characterize natural tourist resources, to identify the most significant tourist centers in the region.

The goal of the course work is revealed through the following tasks:

Consider the geological structure and relief as a condition for tourist activities.

Reveal the peculiarities of the climate and weather in the region

Analyze the hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of the seas washing the region

Consider rivers and lakes as a tourist resource

To characterize the main tourist centers of the country and identify their features.

Describe the leading Russian tour operators in this area (by the example of "Quinta-tour").

In this work, the following methods were used: system analysis, comparison and modeling.

When writing the work, there were problems associated with an insufficient amount of statistical and cartographic data.

1. Natural tourism resources of Portugal

1.1 Geological structure and relief as a condition of tourist activity

Portugal is a state located in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The territory occupies the western, lowered to the Atlantic Ocean, the outskirts of the Mezeta, from the lower reaches of the Minho River in the north to the mouth of the Guadiana River and the Gulf of Cadiz in the south (Fig. 1).

Fig 1. Physical and geographical map of Portugal

It is elongated in the meridional direction for 550 km, with an average width of 175 km. This peripheral area contains the most extensive low-lying area of the peninsula, with a predominance of flat and hilly relief. In the northeast, it is closed by the mountains of the western high edge of the northern part of the Mezeta and is entirely facing the ocean, being the most coastal country of the Iberian Peninsula.

The total area of the country is 92.3 thousand km, including the Azores (2335 km) and the Madeira Islands (794 km). Portugal also owns overseas territory- Macau in East Asia located near Hong Kong.

The coast of Portugal is characterized by an alternation of sections with the nature of vertical movements - ups and downs. These movements are often accompanied by seismic tremors; in particular, they caused the famous Lisbon earthquake of 1755. geological era in most of the coast, subsidence plays a predominant role, which in some places caused the penetration of the sea into the mouths of river valleys. Thanks to this, Portugal has a number of convenient natural harbors in estuary bays, among which the harbor of Lisbon is especially remarkable.

According to the complex of physical and geographical conditions in the country, two main ones are clearly distinguished. natural areas- northern, mountain-forest, and southern, mainly flat, with a predominance of Mediterranean evergreen shrubs.

The shores of Portugal are characterized by weak dissection, straightness, which is broken only by the estuaries of the Minho, Tagus, Sado and Setubal Gulf. In the estuary of the river. The Tagus, 45 km long, is the harbor of Lisbon, one of the most convenient Atlantic coast... Low-lying sandy shores prevail, along which dunes stretch for many kilometers, only in the north of the country mountains rise close to the coast. The underwater river valleys (Douro, Tagus, etc.), traced several tens of kilometers west of their modern estuaries, testify to the recent advance of the sea on land. Relatively small area south coast has an almost latitudinal direction, it is characterized by lagoons.

By the nature of the relief, the northern and southern parts of the country are very different from each other. North of the river. The Tagus is dominated by mountains, to the south - hilly plains and lowlands. The mountains of northern Portugal are the western extension of the Spanish Meseta. They were formed during the period of the Hercynian folding in the Paleozoic and are composed mainly of crystalline rocks. They are dissected by deep river valleys into many ridges and plateaus.

South of the r. Tagus surface is more monotonous. The vast Portuguese lowland is spread here, to which plateau-like hills with a height of 300-500 m adjoin from the east. Among the plains and plateaus covered with sedimentary rocks, only occasionally there are low limestone massifs, sometimes with karst relief forms. In the very south of the country, the surface is rising again. The mountains here are often of volcanic origin, and the most high peak- Mount Foya (902 m) is a domed uplift - laccolith. It is interesting to note that 2 underwater volcanoes have been discovered at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean approximately 150 km west of the coast.

Portugal is located in an active seismic zone. Earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more are recorded in the country on average once every two years. The epicenters of earthquakes usually coincide with the zones of tectonic faults, the most significant of which extends from the mouth of the river. Douro south to r. I tag along. It is well expressed in relief, forming a clear boundary between mountainous regions and coastal lowlands. However, the most dangerous earthquakes are associated with underwater faults, since they are often accompanied by the appearance of huge waves that destroy coastal areas.

In the extreme south, in the Algarve region, the area is entirely composed of coal shale and sandstones and is raised shield-like, making up the western end of the Spanish Sierra Morena zone. Here the Serra de Monchique ridge stretches in the latitudinal direction from the same rocks, with the main peaks Foya (902 m) and Picota (774 m), which are laccoliths. The southern slope of the Sera is limited by a fault, passing into a hilly strip of the southern coast of the country - Barrocal, composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones, marls and sandstones. At the foot of the hills stretches a strip of raised sandy ancient beach with dunes and lagoons. At present, the shore shows signs of subsidence here as well.

In Portugal, all beaches are municipal. On the Lisbon Riviera, in the Algarve, on the island of Porto Santo - shallow White sand, on the island of Madeira, the beaches are pebbly and artificial. In the Azores, there are not many sandy beaches(mainly on the islands of Santa Maria, Faial and San Miguel), in other areas the beaches are covered with solidified lava.

1.2 Climate and weather features in the region

Portugal is known for its subtropical, Mediterranean and mountainous climate. The north of the country, especially the mountainous region, is characterized by high humidity, with average annual precipitation from 1 to 2 m and more. To the south of the country, humidity gradually decreases, the climate becomes much drier, with long, clear and hot summers; in the south, the average annual precipitation in some places is less than 500 mm.

The climate changes with changing relief - from north to south and from east to west. The cooling effect is exerted by the cold Canary Current, passing from north to south along west coast country.

There are several climatic regions in Portugal: the southern region with a sedimentary deficit; northeastern, it is characterized by long, cold winters and hot summers; northwestern, with short summers, mild winters and heavy rains. Snow is common throughout Portugal, but it does not form stable snow covers.

The coldest month is January. His average temperature varies from +3 in the north-east of the country to +11.9 in the south. At the same time, the characteristic temperatures for night and day are +0.5 and +8 for the northern regions and +8 and +16 for the most southern.

Consider the annual variation of air temperature and precipitation in the north, south and center of the country:

The climate in the north of the country in the city of Porto is no different from the climate in the entire territory of Portugal. Winters are mild here, summers are warm and slightly humid. Most of the rainfall occurs, of course, during the winter months. The air temperature in winter is about + 13 + 15 ° C, in the summer months the air warms up to + 23 + 24 ° C, and July is considered to be the warmest month (Fig. 2a). The minimum amount of precipitation will fall in the summer 20-26 mm, and the maximum in the winter months 159-168 mm (Fig. 2b).

Figure 2a Annual variation of air temperatures in the city of Porto

Figure 2b Annual variation of precipitation in the city of Porto

Lisbon's climate is one of the warmest in Portugal, in winter the air temperature rarely drops below + 14 ° C, and in summer the air temperature rises to + 25 + 28 ° C (Figure 3a). Precipitation on the territory of the city falls to a greater extent in the winter months 107.6-109.6 mm, and in summer the weather is warm and dry without precipitation (Fig. 3b).

Figure 3a Annual variation of air temperatures in Lisbon

Figure 3b Annual course of precipitation in Lisbon

Within the territory of southern province The Algarve has a firmly established subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. So, for example, in the winter months in the territory of the province, air temperatures dominate with values of + 12 + 16 ° C, and in the summer season in the Algarve, the air temperature is about + 25 + 28 ° C (Fig. 4a). Precipitation, as a rule, falls, to a greater extent, in the winter months 80 - 90mm than in the summer, so nothing threatens the comfort of tourists (Fig. 4b).

Figure 4a Annual variation of air temperatures in the province of Algarve

Fig4b Annual course of precipitation in the Algarve province

Portugal is the country with the most sunny days in Europe. In the southern regions, the number of hours of sunshine per year reaches 3000. In northern Portugal, high-altitude climatic zoning is clearly manifested, mountainous areas have cool climate, in winter there is snow cover here for several months. The greatest amount of precipitation is observed on the slopes of Serrada Estrela, the summit of which is covered with snow in November and May.

The swimming season on the west coast lasts only three months, but even during this period, swimming is for everybody - the water temperature is about +18. The water warms up more near the southern coast (up to +21), where the bulk of the resort towns is concentrated.

Very strong climatic changes in winter and summer are not observed. In summer in Portugal, the air temperature ranges from nineteen degrees to twenty-five with a plus in the plains, and only a few degrees less in the mountains. In winter, the temperature does not drop below five degrees in the mountains, and in the plains it does not fall below eight degrees. Therefore, we can say that the climate in Portugal is warm, but not hot.

There is more precipitation in the autumn-winter season, so it is better to spend your vacation starting in July and ending in September. During this period, the least amount of precipitation falls, and the temperature of the water and air is optimal for relaxation. In addition, there are significant differences between the northern and southern parts of the country. If there is little rainfall in the south, then the north is almost never thirsty for moisture. It rains and snows here, and Mountain peaks constantly covered with snow. The situation is completely different in the valleys. Here precipitation is much less frequent. And in the hot season they are completely absent. The landscapes of the coast are pleasing to the eye with their rich greenery, while the landscapes of the valleys rather resemble a constant drought. In the east of Portugal, it rarely rains, and the air masses that come to these valleys are already completely devastated. There is practically no moisture left in them. As a result, the amount of precipitation in the mountains averages 1000 mm, on the slopes of the Serra da Estrela - 2500 mm per year, and in the east of the country - 600 mm per year. Central and southern Portugal is characterized by the following indicators - 400-800 mm per year, and on the coast - 300 mm per year.

In general, we can say that the climate in Portugal is pleasant. The absence of sweltering heat and freezing cold makes it comfortable for rest and life in general. Thanks to the mild climate, the nature of Portugal is unique and beautiful at any time of the year.

1.3 Hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of the seas washing the region

From the south, Portugal is washed by the Strait of Gibraltar, to the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and from the north and east Portugal borders on Spain.

The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, separating the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) and the northwestern coast of Africa (Morocco).

The length of the Strait of Gibraltar is 65 km, and the width is from 14 to 44 km. The average depth is 338 m, and the greatest is 1181 m. The strait is interesting in that at different depths the currents are directed in different directions. On the surface, the current directed from the Atlantic has a temperature of 13.5 ° C and a salinity of 38 ‰. The current at depth, on the contrary, carries water to the Atlantic. Its average temperature is 17 ° C and salinity is about 36 ‰.

The Azores archipelago, consisting of 9 islands, is located in the very center of the Atlantic. Due to its position in the middle of the Atlantic and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the Azores have a temperate maritime climate with small average annual temperature drops (from 13-14C in winter to 22-23C in summer). The water temperature in the ocean ranges from 14-15C to 22-23C, respectively (Fig. 5). Characterized by high humidity (77%) and frequent precipitation against the backdrop of sunny weather, which locals figuratively called " four days seasons "lasting from October to April.

The mild climate and rich natural resources provide excellent conditions for golfing, tennis, hunting, lake fishing, surfing, windsurfing, yachting, rowing, sailing and swimming. And of course, one of the unique attractions of the Azores is the more than 20 species of whales that come here to breed from May to June.

Figure 5 Annual variation of water temperatures in Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Madeira Island is located in the Atlantic Ocean, 500 km from the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1000 km from Lisbon.

The climate of the island is subtropical, but Madeira does not experience such sweltering heat as the neighboring ones. Canary Islands: The Atlantic softens the air coming from Africa. Thanks to the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, the average annual temperature of sea water is kept in the range from 17 to 22 ° С (Fig. 6), the average air temperature in summer is 23 ° С, and in winter - 19 ° С. Here you can go hiking, scuba diving, tuna fishing, dolphin and whale watching, golf and tennis.

Figure 6 Annual variation of water temperatures in Funchal (Madeira)

The Algarve is the southernmost and warmest province on the Atlantic coast. The resort area is a narrow strip of land along the coast - the widest point is only 36 km. There are about 100 sandy beaches on the Atlantic coast. Thanks to the shelf and warm ocean currents, the air and water are warm even during the winter months.

The subtropical climate is firmly established on the territory of the province, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation falls mostly in the winter months than in the summer, so nothing threatens the comfort of tourists. The average annual water temperature ranges from 16-22 ° C, the maximum temperature is observed in the summer from 20-22 ° C, the minimum in winter from 16-19 ° C (Fig. 7).

Figure 7 Annual variation of water temperatures in Faro (Algarve)

1.4 Rivers, lakes, reservoirs as a tourist resource

The rivers of Portugal form a relatively dense network. The main rivers of the Iberian Peninsula are located on the territory of the country - the Douro (Duero), Tagus (Tajo) and Guadiana flow through its territory only in their lower reaches, and most of their upper and middle reaches belong to Spain. The rivers are fed mainly by rain, only in the mountains in the north of the country - in places by snow and rain. Rivers are characterized by a rise in water level in winter and spring, and a decrease in water level in summer. In mountainous areas, rivers flow in narrow deep valleys, have a steep dip and have large reserves of hydropower. In flat areas, they are widely used for irrigation.

The most long river on the territory of Portugal it is Douro. This is the most abundant river in the country, the average flow rate of which near the mouth is 700 cubic meters. m / sec.

Floods occur mainly in winter, when most of the precipitation falls. The height of flood waters in the gorges of the mountains of Portugal sometimes reaches 10 meters. And quite often, streams rolling down at great speed onto the coastal plains cause floods. Many rivers have sharp changes in water level depending on the seasons, rapid currents and rapids, which attracts lovers of rafting tourism.

The Tagus River is the largest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It originates in Spain. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean, into a bay called Marda Paglia, near the capital of Portugal - Lisbon.

Guadiana is a river in Spain and Portugal. Forms the border between these countries. It originates from the La Mancha plateau. It flows into the Gulf of Cadiz of the Atlantic Ocean. There are almost 2 thousand dams on the river, the largest of which is Algueva in Portugal.

List of the largest rivers by length

Table 1

[Access mode: http://www.rusemp.ru]

River name	Portuguese name	total length


Guadiana

The famous volcanic lake Caldeira das Seti Sidadis is one of the most beautiful and majestic lakes on the island of San Miguel. It is located in the crater of an extinct volcano with a circumference of 12 km and consists of two lakes, green (Lagoa Verdi) and blue (Lagoa Azul), framed by steep slopes covered with trees and flowers.

Nearby are small but beautiful lakes Kongru and Nenufarish.

The Azores, which are of volcanic origin, amaze with the beauty of magnificent lakes located in the craters of extinct volcanoes, hot springs erupting from the ground, black rocks of solidified lava, and caves.

1.5 Exotic flora and fauna

Flora

Portugal has a very rich nature. The vegetation is dominated by shrubs and evergreen Mediterranean forests. Deciduous and deciduous forests also grow in the north of the country. A few hundred years ago, almost the entire territory of the country was covered with forests, but now they are actively being cut down. Wood is used for industrial purposes, as well as for the construction of real estate in Portugal .

High zoning is characteristic of the north of the country, coniferous and broad-leaved forests rise at a distance of 1000 meters along the mountain slopes, the main trees of this forest are beech, oak, seaside pine, common pine. Alpine meadows are located at an altitude of 1500 meters.

Cork and stone oak forests grow in the South of Portugal. Kermes, evergreen oaks and maquis are less common here. Macvis is a thicket of thorny evergreen shrubs and small trees. The maquis of Portugal are characterized by wild olives, strawberry trees, pistachios, cistus. The western coast of the country is covered with plantations of coastal long-coniferous fir, which helps to anchor the dunes. There are also plantations of eucalyptus here. For the southern regions of Portugal, trees such as heather, drog, carob are typical. In the river valleys, there are floodplain green meadows. Olive trees grow throughout the country, their total number exceeds 55 million.

Cork forests are of prime value for Portugal, among other trees. The cork oak grows up to 20 meters, and its cover serves as a protection against evaporation.

Most of the slopes of the Azores are cultivated. Shrubs and subtropical forests are located here. A lot of chestnut, laurel, juniper grows. At an altitude of 900 meters, forests give way to tall grasses. The active development of the islands leads to the reduction of vegetation, which previously covered their entire territory.

Portugal's reserves include one national park(Nacional Park), 12 natural parks (Natural Park), 9 nature reserves (Natural Reserva), 5 natural sites (Natural Monumento), and 7 protected landscapes (Paisagem Protegida), ranging from the Parque Nacional da Peneda Jeres theParque Natural da Serre yes Estrele Paul de Arzile. The climate and geographic diversity have shaped the Portuguese Flora.

The fauna of Portugal is very diverse. The mammalian fauna is diverse and includes fox, badger, Iberian lynx, Iberian Wolf, wild goat ( Capra pyrenaica), wild cat ( Fyalis silvestris), hare, weasel, ferret, chameleon, mongoose, civetin, brown bear (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerks) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape Saint Vicenta or Mount Monchique, where thousands of birds that fly from Europe to Africa in Autumn or in the opposite direction can be seen in Spring. They gather there because the Iberian Peninsula is the closest place in Europe to Africa. Portugal has about 600 bird species and there are new reports almost every year. The islands have some species of American, European, and African origin, while the mainland shares European and African bird species.

Portugal has over 100 freshwater fish species and varies from the giant European catfish (Tejo International Natural Park) to some small and indigenous species that live only in small and located lakes (Western Zone, for example). The marine fish species number is on the thousands of mark and includes sardine ( Sardina pilchardus), tuna andAtlantic mackerel. Marine bioluminescence is very well represented (in various color spectra and shapes), with interesting phenomena like the flaming plankton that can be seen on some shores. In Portugal, it is also possible to observe skyrocketing phenomena, especially on the west coast, which makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and biodiversity. Portuguese sea waters- one of the richest in biodiversity in the world.

2. Tourist centers and the formation of a tourist product

2.1 Geography and characteristics of tourist centers

The most important motivation for committing tourist travel is the desire to see outstanding creations of nature or human genius in their natural state.

While visiting Portugal, you can get acquainted with a huge number of monuments, both nature and art.

Historical and cultural centers .

Lisbon- the capital of Portugal, as well as the largest city in the country, nestled on the right bank of the picturesque Tagus River. Located just 17 km from the Atlantic Ocean, this wonderful city is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.

There are not many historical sights in Lisbon - in 1755 the city was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake and the tsunami and fires caused by it, but very soon it was reborn from the ruins according to the project of the Marquis de Pombal. Nevertheless, in Lisbon, at every step, you can find reminders of the city's imperial past: majestic cathedrals, elegant palaces, pompous monuments to kings and marquises.

Belém Tower (Torre de Belen), one of the most unique monuments in Lisbon, is a 16th century fortified tower built as a symbolic gateway to the city to commemorate Vasco da Gama's expedition to India. In 2007, Belém Tower was included in the list of the seven wonders of the world and is open to tourists (Fig. 8).

The magnificent Castle of St. George is one of the symbols of Portugal. The castle is over a thousand years old, and many historical events are associated with it. The castle is very ancient and has a long history. More than once he was a witness and participant in many historical events. The castle played the role of not only an important fortress, but also a port, due to its advantageous location.

The famous Queluz National Palace is located in the picturesque area of Lisbon. This amazing Rococo building was built in the 18th century as a luxurious summer residence for the future king, Don Pedro Braganza. Currently, the Queluz Palace is the main attraction in Portugal. The luxurious pavilion of Dona Maria, located in the Palace, is today a presentable hotel for heads of other states arriving in Portugal (Fig. 9).

One of the main attractions of Lisbon is rightfully considered big square Commerce. The square occupies a vast area of a quadrangular shape, which is surrounded by amazing arcades and beautiful buildings. In the very center of the Portuguese square, on a high plinth, is the royal equestrian statue of Jose I, whose minister was the famous Marquis de Pombal. Two picturesque old towers rise on the south side of the square, and the Arc de Triomphe is located directly opposite them.

An interesting place to visit unique art monuments is the city Braga, which is famous for its temples, cathedrals and churches. This city is considered the center of Catholicism in Portugal, since 1505 it has been the seat of the archbishop. The most important among them - the Cathedral in the central part of the Old Town was built in the Romanesque style in the 11th century. Also in Braga, you should visit the Archbishop's palace, the Church of Christ on Calvary.

Evora- unique, one of the most beautiful cities in Portugal. The city is famous for various historical monuments that attract tourists from all over the world. The most ancient of the monuments is the Roman temple, erected in honor of the goddess Diana.

This invaluable landmark is the only Roman temple in the whole of great Portugal and has a fairly interesting story... Millions of travelers from all over the world strive to get acquainted with the amazing monument of the ancient era. Guests of Évora who visit the main attraction of the Portuguese city will experience a unique experience.

One of the largest and most outstanding monuments in Évora is the reconstructed 18 km long Aqueduct, designed by the 16th century architect Francisco de Arrudi. The city of Evora was declared a World Cultural Monument by UNESCO in 1986.

Coimbra is a beautiful city that is a cultural and historical center. A special attraction is the Baroque library, which houses the richest collection of books. The Machado di Castro Museum, named after the legendary Portuguese sculptor, is the most important in the city, located in the former Bishop's Palace. The museum's art collection includes sculptures, archaeological exhibits, jewelry, paintings and drawings. The collection covers a wide variety of eras from the 1st to the 18th century.

The Portugal in Miniature Museum-Park is a small village that conveys all the charm and flavor of Portugal. The park was created in 1940. The park contains reduced copies of the most significant monuments of architecture, sculpture and history. The ensemble is complemented by houses in typical Portuguese style. it unique place decorated with an abundance of greenery and flowers.

Resort centers in Portugal

V Different tourists come to Portugal: someone is looking for solitude, someone for adventure, someone for fun, someone for new knowledge, someone for the beach and the sun, and someone wants to enjoy sports, and Portugal has all this to offer you.

LisbonRiviera- whole strip fashionable resorts stretching from the mouth of the Tagus River in the north along the Atlantic coast. This resort area combines rest on the shore with sightseeing of historical and cultural monuments. It is best to rest here from May to the end of September.

Let's take a look at which cities in Portugal are especially popular with tourists:

Estoril is a popular resort not only in Portugal, but throughout Europe. It is from Estoril that the resort industry of Portugal begins.

The city has an amazing Atlantic climate. Estoril is called the sunniest city in the world. The Gulf Stream washing the Portuguese coast provides the resort with a warm climate, so the beach season in Estoril lasts all year round. The most popular season for visiting the resort is the summer months. The air temperature during this period can rise to +30 degrees, and water up to +20 degrees. In winter, the influx of tourists in Estoril is less active, since the water temperature is quite low (about +12 degrees). That, however, does not prevent the local beaches from working at this time of the year. In January, the air temperature in Estoril is +23 degrees, sometimes it rains.

The resort infrastructure is very well developed here, with a broad base of facilities. The city has one of the largest casinos in Europe with a large entertainment program, as well as an autodrome where races of the European level take place. Lovers active rest will find here a variety of water sports, golf courses, excellent opportunities for horse riding and fishing, as well as eight water parks at once.

The resort area of Cascais, located a few kilometers from Estoril, has in recent years turned into a real youth center with a large number of discos and nightclubs. Those who like to enjoy come here nightlife... Cascais Tourist Center includes Old city with a rich historical and architectural ensemble and a lively pedestrian zone, numerous cafes and restaurants.

The moderate temperature in Cascais creates a long beach season. This allows you to enjoy the beach from May to October. However, the largest influx of tourists occurs in July and August. The air temperature here in the summer months is kept around +27 degrees. But the water temperature at the resort is quite low. In summer, it is most optimal, about +20 degrees.

There are many places in Cascais where you can have a great vacation. The most popular places to spend time in the resort of Cascais are undoubtedly the wonderful local beaches that stretch for kilometers along the Atlantic coast, and attract thousands of tourists every year. The largest and most popular beach in the resort is Guigno. In this place, the largest and most extreme waves on the entire local coast. And therefore, Guigno Beach is a paradise for those who go surfing, kitesurfing or windsurfing. The beaches of Torre and Riberia are equally popular.

Carcavelos - resort town 15 km from Lisbon. There are good conditions for beach holidays, windsurfing and golf. The undoubted plus of the resort is its proximity to famous historical monuments country. Therefore, those who want to combine rest on the shore with sightseeing tours rest here.

30 km. west of Lisbon and 8 km. to the north of the coast is the old Moorish city of Sintra - the "pearl" of the Lisbon Reviera and the whole country.

Sintra is a beautiful city with fabulous scenery and romantic landscapes that will not leave you indifferent.

The city has everything for relaxation: golden sand beaches, clear waters of the Atlantic, and a majestic coastline, abundant opportunities for surfing and fishing, as well as many historical attractions.

Algarve- one of the most beautiful and wonderful corners of Europe. One of best places Portugal is an almost continuous strip of beaches stretching from east to west from Monte Gordo to Lagos (about 150 km) and protected from northern winds by mountain ranges. The western part of the coast is famous for its unusual rocky beaches, and the eastern part is rather gentle, with sandy coasts. Due to the peculiarities of the location and relief, the climate in the Algarve is Mediterranean, with an abundance of sunny days throughout the year and moderate rainfall in winter.

Tours in the Algarve foresee yachting trips, visits to the water park, shark hunting, and also very interesting excursions... Fans of various sports can go surfing, windsurfing or scuba diving almost anywhere. For sports lovers in the Algarve there is a network of tennis schools and academies, as well as a riding school.

Vilamoura is the main and most developed tourist center of the Algarve, located 29 km from international airport Faro. There is everything for a wonderful holiday - hotels of world chains, apartments, golf courses, numerous tennis courts. There are three water parks near Vilamoura, and the city itself is surrounded by private villas, gardens and beaches. The resort is also home to Europe's largest yacht club.

Portimão is one of the main cities of the Algarve, located 66 km from Faro at the mouth of the Aradou River. Gourmets will find good and inexpensive seafood restaurants here, and lovers boat trips can go on a trip along the coast. Other activities include golf, diving, ocean fishing. In the suburbs of Portimão, there is the famous Praia da Rocha beach with the fortress of Santa Catarina de Ribamar, as well as monuments of ancient architecture - the ruins of the Roman villa Abicada (IV century), the ancient necropolis of Alcalar, dating back to the II century BC ...

Carvoeiro, one of the most picturesque and quiet places in the Algarve, 60 km from Faro and 13 km from the lively town of Portimão. Every year thousands of tourists come here to watch the Portuguese bullfight. For lovers of active recreation there is a golf club, horse riding, water sports, a water park, and fishing.

Ski centers.

Despite Despite the fact that Portugal is associated primarily with beaches, surfing and the endless shores of the Atlantic Ocean, there is where to go skiing and snowboarding. The north of the country is occupied by the outskirts of the Mezet plateau, where the highest point of the mainland is located countries - mountain Estrela - 1993m. The granite massif 60 km long and 30 km wide, cut by river valleys, was formed by glaciers of the Ice Age. This is the only place in Portugal where you can practice alpine skiing... So far, the only ski resort in Portugal, Serra da Estrela, is located on its slopes. Winters are mild here, and the rainfall reaches 2500 mm per year. The resort offers tourists 9 comfortable trails with a total length of more than 6 km, and 5 lifts will take everyone to the peaks. More than half of the slopes are designed for intermediate and professional skiers, and there are small training slopes for beginners and children. The resort of Serra da Estrela invites the smallest tourists to children's park with a trampoline, slides, swings and sledding.

2.2 Russian tour operators forming tours to the region and tourist programs

Let's consider tourist programs, using the example of the tour operator "Kvinta-tour".

Travel company "Quinta-tour" - is a tour operator in Portugal since 1996. Quinta Tour offers a high level of service for tourists at all stages of organizing and implementing a trip - from preparing a route, choosing flights and hotels, booking excursions to direct service in Portugal by highly professional guides and representatives.

The leading tour operator in Portugal "Quinta Tour" offers tours at low prices: individual and group, family and business, medical and entertainment, health and excursion.

Rest in Portugal is a great opportunity to spend time comfortably. The tour refers to the following regions: Lisbon, Lisbon Coast, about. Madeira, Algarve, Center of Portugal, Azores.

The site presents tourist programs that are carried out by "Kvinta-tour": excursion tours, excursions + rest, rest on the islands, beach vacation, wedding tours for newlyweds, individual rest, wellness and SPA tours.

As for prices, the offers on the market are multidirectional and with different pricing policies, which allows satisfying the needs of any customers.

Tour operator "Quinta Tour" offers branded excursion tours in Portugal in 2012:

1) Legends of Portugal - Suite (up to 22 people) - 7,8,9 days

2) All Portugal Classic - 7,8,9 days

3) Masterpieces of Portugal - architecture and nature - 7, 8 days

4) Portuguese holidays - sea + excursions

5) big Adventure in Portugal - from Lisbon to Santiago - 13 days.

6) Group tours around the Azov Islands

7) The best in Portugal - Lisbon - 7, 8 days.

Let's take a closer look at one of the most popular among tourists tour "All Portugal":

Classical excursion tour"All Portugal", offered by the tour operator "Quinta Tour", is designed for 8 days / 7 nights with a flight to Lisbon regular flight Portuguese air carrier "Tap Portugal" and enjoys well-deserved popularity.

The program includes the minimum number of transfers from hotel to hotel. Accommodation in three cities - 3 nights in Lisbon, 1 night in Coimbra and 3 nights in Porto. In the summer season, it is possible to combine an excursion program with a vacation on the Lisbon Riviera or the island of Madeira.

1 day. Departure from Domodedovo at 06:00, arrival in Lisbon at 08:35. Transfer to the hotel, check-in at the Acores Lisboa 4 * hotel (subject to availability of rooms until 14:00). Free time in Lisbon for shopping and walking. We advise you to visit the modern district of Lisbon - the Park of Nations, where the largest Oceanarium in Europe is located, cable car, shopping center Vasco de Gama.

2 day. Breakfast in the hotel. 12:00 Sightseeing tour of Lisbon - Edward VII Park, the main Cathedral, the Castle of St. George, the Alfama quarter, Rossio and Commerce square, a tour of the Beleni district, where the presidential palace is located, the Monument to the Discoverers, a visit to the Beleni tower and the Jeronimos monastery. Free time in the afternoon.

3 day. Breakfast. Full-Day Tour: Visit the Quinta de Regaleira Masonic Estate and the famous royal palace Foam in Sintra. Further, a visit to the west point Europe - Cape Roca. Dinner at a national restaurant with fado and folklore.

4 day. Breakfast. Departure to Quimbra (180 km), on the way visiting the medieval town of Obidos, where the Portuguese kings loved to spend their honeymoon, the fishing village of Nazare, located on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Lunch at a typical fish restaurant with the famous green wine. Visiting the monasteries of Alcobasa and Batalha - architectural monuments of the 16-17th century, Fatima - a place of pilgrimage for Catholics. Arrival in Quimbra and accommodation at the Tryp Coimbra 4 * hotel.

5 day. Breakfast. Sightseeing tour of Cuimbra, visiting the University, S. Cruz Church and the “Portugal in Miniature” Park. Lunch at Mealada - a place famous for suckling pig, served with a special white sparkling wine produced in the area. Visit to the Bussaco Palace and Park, Luzo resort. Departure to Porto (120 km); accommodation at the Mercure Porto Centro 4 * hotel

6 day. Breakfast. Excursion to the ancient districts of the city of Porto - the Cathedral, the Church of St. Francis, the Bishop's Palace, Santa Catarina street. River cruise Douro. Lunch at a typical restaurant in the Matosinos area with dry wines produced in the Douro Valley. Free time in Porto.

7 day. Breakfast. Excursion to Braga - visiting the famous Bom Jesus Basilica and the Cathedral. Inspection Guimaraes - the cradle of the Portuguese state - a visit to the castle of the city, the church of the village of Miguel. Return to Porto, lunch, visit to wine cellars with port wine tasting.

8 day. Breakfast. Departure from Porto to Lisbon (320 km). On the way, visit the city of Tomara (the residence of the Templars since 1159). Dinner. Arrival in Lisbon, flight to Moscow at 19:30, arrival at 04:00 (or continuing your holiday on Madeira Island, Lisbon Riviera, Algarve, Azores).

The price per person includes:

Direct flight Moscow - Lisbon - Moscow Portuguese airlines BLOCK SEATS

Accommodation in 4 * hotels in the city center

Two meals a day with drinks, dinner with fado (national folklore), wine tasting according to the program.

Transfers and excursions according to the program with a Russian-speaking guide

Medical insurance

Additionally paid:

Visa - 50 euros

Entrance fees for the program (about 70 euros for the entire program)

According to Rosstat, about 23,000 Russians visited Portugal last year; in comparison with 2010 (20 thousand) tourist flow increased slightly. However, in general, with a population of 10.5 million people, more than 12 million foreign tourists visit Portugal annually for tourism purposes, Interfax reports.

Conclusion

In accordance with the set goal and objectives, the following conclusions were made:

Having analyzed the possibilities of the tourism industry in Portugal, we can say that almost all natural resources of the country have tourist and recreational potential and the degree of its use is different.

By the nature of the relief, the northern and southern parts are very different from each other. To the north, mountains dominate, contributing to development ski resorts(Sierra da Estrela). To the south, the area is covered with hilly plains and lowlands, which provides tremendous opportunities for various types of tourism, such as cycling, hiking, equestrian, golf, ecological and beach tourism.

In general, the country's climate is warm, but not hot. Warm winters and hot summers prevail throughout the country. Comfortable weather contributes to the development of both winter and summer types of tourism, which attracts large flows of tourists to the country all year round.

On the coast of the Atlantic Ocean is the Algarve province, which is the most popular resort in Europe. The water temperature in summer is from 20-22 ° С, which makes it possible for tourists to swim in warm and clean waters ocean. The Azores archipelago, which is located in the center of the Atlantic, has a warm maritime climate with water temperatures ranging from 14-23 ° C. Thanks to natural resources, excellent conditions have been created for all types of water tourism. The best time for the trip is the period from August to December. Madeira Island is located in Atlantic Ocean with a predominance of a subtropical climate. The water temperature ranges from 17-22 ° С. Madeira is a year-round resort.

Based on the characteristics of the water system, it can be concluded that Portugal is rich in water resources. Rivers and lakes have great potential for tourism. Tourists can commit river cruises on calm rivers or extreme descents on mountain rivers. You can also go rafting, fishing and your favorite species water sports.

The country is rich in historical and cultural tourist centers such as Lisbon, Braga, Evora and Coimbra. The huge cultural and historical heritage plays an important role in the development of tourism. All sights of the country serve as a source for cultural and educational tourism (Belém Tower, St. George's Castle, Queluz Palace, a large square of Commerce, the Roman temple of the goddess Diana, the miniature Portugal museum-park, etc.).

The country has wonderful resort areas where you can relax with the whole family and make a trip of any direction and complexity. The most famous recreation areas are Lisbon riviera and the Algarve. Each of them is distinguished by the originality of recreation and developed resort infrastructure. Resort areas are rich in endless clean beaches, healing air and a host of entertainment events. All kinds of water sports, golf courses, surfing, kitesurfing, windsurfing, scuba diving, yachting, rafting, diving, golf and water skiing are developed for lovers of active recreation.

The promotion and implementation of the tourist product is carried out by the tourist company "Quinta Tour", which is a tour operator in Portugal, which makes travel to this country more accessible. Among the tours to Portugal stand out: excursion, sightseeing, educational, combined with a pleasant rest and acquaintance with the countries of Western Europe, where it is possible to compare them with each other. Standard travel packages are based on the main types of tourism in Portugal (beach holidays, cultural and educational and ecological tourism) and are intended for a wide range of consumers.

Literature and other sources

1. Alexandrova A.Yu. International tourism. M .: Aspect Press, 2001, 461 p.

2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry. SPb., 2003.399 p.

3. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius - 2004 version.

4. Goncharenko A.V., Zayonchkovsky Yu.V. Geography: Textbook // Kharkov: Parus, 2005.

5. Geography of Portugal encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.yestour.ru/countries/portugal/map/

6. Goncharenko A.V., Zayonchkovsky Yu.V. Geography: Textbook // Kharkov: Parus, 2005.

7. Attractions of Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.nashy-in-portugal.com.

8. Emelyanov BV Excursions. 220 s.

9. Animal and vegetable world Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.zdes.com.ua.

10. Magazine "Around the world" for May, 2002

11. Journal "Tree of Knowledge" for 2005-2006.

12. Tourism Industry [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.vfmgiu-tourism.ru.

13. Information about the country [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.quinta.ru/.

14. Resort centers of Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.saga.ua/44_archives_news.

15. Material from Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_douro.jpg.

16. News of tourism [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://travel.mail.ru/news/part14/.

17. Lakes of the Azores [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.visitportugal.com.

18. Prokhorov A.M. Great Soviet Encyclopedia // Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977.

19. Subtleties of tourism, article Azores [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://tonkosti.ru/Azor_islands.

20. Travel Atlas of the World. 97 M., 1998.

21. Tourist regional studies. Europe and Asia: Study guide. 2nd edition // Moscow: Knorus, 2006.

22. Forum Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://gorod-algarve.turmir.com/.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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Change in egp in time

The favorable position of Portugal at the crossroads of the most important sea routes, played a particularly important role in the development of the country in the era of the great geographical discoveries... Portugal's borders have remained unchanged for over eight centuries. Among European countries this is an absolute record. Today Portugal is a developed maritime state, known for its resorts and beaches.

Slide 6

Form of government - republic Form of administrative and territorial structure: Portugal is divided into 22 districts Population - 10 707 924 people. Official language- Portuguese

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Population

90% are Portuguese. Per 1000 inhabitants, the birth rate is about 11 and the mortality rate is 10. Natural population growth is partially compensated by emigration Type of reproduction modern

Slide 8

Lisbon and Porto are the largest metropolitan areas of Portugal

Slide 9

About 70% of the country's population is concentrated in the coastal zone. The urban population predominates. Small towns with a population of no more than 10 thousand people are most typical for Portugal.

Slide 10

The main flow of immigrants from Brazil, from the Cape Verde Islands, Ukraine, etc. The flow of emigrants to European countries (France, Germany, etc.), USA, Canada Sex composition: per 1000 men 924 women

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Natural resources

Uranium, pyrite, copper, tungsten and cork oak are the main natural resources of Portugal

Slide 12

Iron ore tungsten

Slide 13

Forest resources

play a significant role in the Portuguese economy. Pine and cork oak are valuable species. Portugal annually produces more raw materials from cork oak than the rest of the world. Eucalyptus, imported from Australia, are the main source of raw materials for the production of pulp.

Slide 14

Natural conditions

Portugal is located in the subtropical zone. However, since it occupies the westernmost edge of the Iberian Peninsula, its Mediterranean climate is noticeably mitigated by the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.

Slide 15

Water resources

The hydropower potential is not very large. Extensive coastline. Fishing is very developed

Slide 16

Agroclimatic conditions

Portugal is located in the subtropical zone. Portugal's soils are mostly sandy acidic, formed on volcanic rocks.

Slide 17

Recreational resources

Tourism is developed. The main tourism regions are Lisbon, Algarve and Madeira

Slide 18

Slide 19

Industry

The manufacturing industry is the backbone of the Portuguese industry. Most are concentrated in the mountainous regions of Northern Portugal. Tin ores are processed in the north-east of the country. The main uranium mining area is concentrated near the city of Viseu.

Slide 20

mechanical engineering textiles

PORTUGAL (Portugal), Portuguese Republic (Republica Portuguese), - a state in the extreme south-west of Europe, Located in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, as well as on the Azores and Madeira islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The area is about 92 thousand km 2, incl. islands over 3 thousand km 2. Population 10.2 million (1984). The state language is Portuguese. The capital is Lisbon. Administratively, it is divided into 22 districts, including 4 island districts. The monetary unit is the Portuguese escudo. Member of the EEC (since 1986).

General characteristics of the economy... Portugal is an industrial and agricultural country. According to the level of economic development (GNP, industrial production, national income per capita), it occupies one of the last places in overseas Europe... Industry is dominated by large enterprises of transnational and national monopolies, although the share of small-scale commodity production and handicrafts is still high. About 2/3 of the industrial potential is concentrated on the Atlantic coast of the country. The share of industry in the structure of GNP reached 35%, while the share of agriculture decreased to 13% (1984). Portugal's GNP in 1985 was 38.5 billion escudos. The country's economy is highly dependent on foreign capital and world market conditions. The dominant positions are occupied by the imperialist monopolies, Great Britain, which own more than 75% of the total volume of capital investment in the economy.

Manufacturing (including textiles), petrochemical and mining are relatively more developed sectors of the national economy. The share of the latter in the structure of GNP is small (about 1%).

In the fuel and energy balance of the country, the main place is occupied by hydro resources; HPPs satisfy more than 90% of the country's energy needs. The construction of nuclear power plants is being designed. The main mode of transport is automobile. The length of highways is 51.9 thousand km. The length of the railways is about 4 thousand km. Marine merchant marine tonnage 1.4 million gross register tons (1980); the main ports are Lisbon and Porto.

Nature... Portugal is located in the subtropical zone. Northern part The country is mainly occupied by the deeply dissected outskirts of the Meset plateau, over which separate crystalline massifs rise. The heights of 1000-1200 m prevail, the highest is 1991 (in the Ceppa da Estrela ridge). In the west, the mountains drop abruptly to the coastal plain. South of the Tagus River, most of the Portuguese lowland is located, in which the plains alternate with low hilly ridges; in the east, the lowland is bordered by a plateau with individual ridges 600-1000 meters high. In the extreme south are the Ceppa da Algarve lowlands (up to 902 m high), the southern slopes of which abruptly drop off to the coastal lowland. The climate is mild. Due to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Average temperatures in January are 8-11 ° С, in July 20-27 ° С. The amount of precipitation is from 800 mm in the plains to 2500 mm in the mountains. The river network is dense. The lower reaches of large rivers are located within Portugal - the Tagus (Taxo), Douro (Duero), Guadiana. Only the first two are navigable in the lower reaches at a distance of no more than 200 km from the mouth. They have large reserves of hydropower.

Geological structure... Most of the territory of Portugal is located within the so-called. Iberian Meseta, representing the protrusion of the Hercynian folded region of Central and Western Europe, at the base of the section of which formations lie. They are represented by metamorphic schists and gneisses with interlayers of marbles, quartzites and effusive rocks. The lower and (up to the Middle Carboniferous inclusive) formations, mainly terrigenous (with the participation of volcanics), lie higher. They are crumpled into folds and cut through by intrusions of Upper Paleozoic granitoids. A strip of weakly dislocated Mesozoic-Cenozoic rocks stretches along the western and southern coasts of Portugal. Ring intrusions of late-early alkaline rocks are also known here. Precambrian carbonate rocks are associated with stratal deposits of iron ores of sedimentary-volcanogenic genesis (the Evora crystalline massif in southern Portugal), as well as insignificant deposits of manganese ores. The intrusive massifs of the tonalite series are associated with the formation of skarn deposits of iron ores. The maximum intensity of mineralization is noted in the post-Stephanian time (Late Carboniferous - Early Permian). The final stages of the formation of intrusions are represented by small bodies of granites and granite-porphyries, with which the tin-tungsten mineralization is associated. Deposits of uranium ores of the epithermal type associated with veins of chalcedony-like quartz also tend to these areas, but their formation is due to Alpine orogeny (about 100 Ma) and is associated with dikes of basic rocks. Ores are localized in crushing zones. Alpine age in Portugal also includes polymetallic deposits and some ore occurrences of antimony and barite. These deposits are usually confined to zones of young faults in granites and Precambrian metamorphic shales.

Seismicity... Portugal is located in an active seismic zone. Earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more are recorded in the country on average once every 2 years. The seismic hazard coefficient, ranging from 0 to 2, for Portugal is 0.7. The epicenters, as a rule, coincide with the zones of regional tectonic faults. The strongest earthquakes (8.5 points) are associated with underwater, the most active tectonic structures.

Hydrogeology... On the territory of Portugal, 3 hydrogeological structures are distinguished: the artesian basins of the West Portuguese and Algarve and the Meseta hydrogeological massif. The main aquifers, developed mainly in artesian basins, are complexes of Quaternary alluvial, Neogene-Paleogene sediments and Mesozoic predominantly carbonate rocks. Quaternary sands, gravel and pebbles contain pore water, mostly groundwater, occurring at a depth of 1-30 meters. Pressure waters (with a pressure of 6-81 m) lie at depths of the first tens of meters. The flow rates of wells in small river valleys are not more than 1 l / s, in large ones and on the ocean coast up to 10-34 l / s. The waters are mostly fresh (HCO 3 and HCO 3 - Cl, Ca = Na).

About 30 resorts operate on the basis of thermal mineral waters in the country. The total amount of groundwater used in the country is 1.8 km 3 / year.

Portugal has significant reserves of non-metallic minerals: limestone, granite, gabbro, nepheline syenite, etc., dolomite, gypsum, kaolin, marble. The main deposits are located in the region of Vila-Visosa, Borba, Eshtremos. Granite deposits - Braga Porto, Portalegre, Evora; nepheline syenites - Faro, serpentinites - Braganza.

History of the development of mineral resources... The earliest evidence of the use of stone (pebble flint) for the manufacture of tools dates back to the ancient Paleolithic (early Acheulean, approximately 700-500 thousand years ago). The finds of this time were made mainly in the basin of the Tagus River (Taxo). Until the Neolithic era, flint served as the main material for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Since the Neolithic (approximately 5-4 millennium BC), various types of clays have been widely mined, mainly for the manufacture of dishes. From the 4th-3rd millennium BC (Copper and Bronze Ages), mining begins to develop on the basis of local deposits of copper ore. Large-scale mining of copper ores was carried out in various regions of Portugal. In southern Portugal (province of Algarve, Baixo Alentejo), several dozen deposits and ore occurrences with traces of ancient workings are known, presumably dated from the 3rd to 2nd millennium BC. (deposits Alti, Mesinish, Almodovar, Castro Verdi, Aljustrel, Mina di San Domingos, etc.). Mostly oxidized copper minerals were mined - malachite and azurite; chalcopyrite - probably only from the end of the 2nd or 1st millennium BC. The ancient large center for the extraction of copper ore was in the provinces of Extremadura and Beira Litoral (deposits of Rio Mayor, Caldas da Rainha, Alcobasa). In some ancient mines, bronze axes have been discovered that are believed to have been used for driving mine workings; there are also a few ancient cassiterite mines (Viana do Castelo district, etc.). In the Bronze Age, metallurgical production developed in the north of Portugal, the products of which were exported outside the country. Iron comes into use around the 8th-6th centuries. BC. Apparently local iron ores were used. From the 1st century. BC. 3 c. n. BC, when the Iberian Peninsula became one of the provinces of the Roman Empire, the level of mining and the scale of extraction of various minerals increased immeasurably; The Iberian Peninsula and the territory of Portugal, in particular, became one of the main mining and metallurgical regions of the Roman Empire. The extraction of copper ores has become especially widespread. In addition, limestone and other types of nonmetallic building materials were mined in large quantities. Later 4-6 centuries. AD mining is in decline.

In the 8-11 centuries. the extraction of precious metals was carried out by the Arabs, and from the 12th century it was continued by the Europeans who conquered these lands. Gold-bearing placers were concentrated in the lower reaches of the Tagus, in the town of Adisa, near Almada. In 1210, King Sanshu I bestowed a tenth of the proceeds from them to the Order of Santiago. Development was carried out here intermittently until the middle of the 17th century. Gold mines were located in the province of Traz-ush-Montis, silver and copper - in Alto Alentejo, tin - in the Algarve. The development was carried out by the concessionaires or the treasury itself, which owned all the minerals. Portuguese kings in the 14-15th centuries contributed to the development of the iron-making industry, raw materials for which were extracted from the deposit of the Torri di Moncorvo region, as well as the extraction of lead and copper ores; entrepreneurs were exempted for the first 5 years from paying taxes, which amounted to 1/5 of the production. In 1300, King Dinis I issued concessions for the extraction of sulfur, as well as alum (Vila Nova de Gaia). The production of alum became especially significant in the second half of the 15th and 16th centuries, when the development of a deposit began in the Azores (San Miguel Island). In the 16-17 centuries. mining of precious metals and lead ores is declining due to the influx of these metals from Brazil; at the same time, the iron-making industry is developing. In the 18th century, English entrepreneurs developed deposits of lead and copper-pyrite ores on the Kaima River, gold, iron ore, and a small amount of alum were mined. In 1850, the state privilege for minerals was abolished, the right to the extraction of which was transferred to the landowners. The development of Portugal in the 19th century is mainly carried out by foreign concessionaires, in the 80s. the British receive concessions for a number of deposits of lead, copper-pyrite ores and pyrites in the Aljushtrel-Beja region (Baixu-Alentejo province). In particular, the mine "Mina di São Domingos", which was operated for the purpose of copper mining by the Phoenicians, in 1859-66 produced about 700 thousand tons of copper-containing pyrites.

Mining... Most of the large mining enterprises are state-owned. State capital is represented: in the uranium mining industry by Empresa Macional de Uranio (ENU), in the iron ore industry - by Ferrominas S.A., in the coal mining - by Empresa Carbonifera do Douro SARL, in the extraction of non-metallic minerals - by the company Pirites Alentejanas SARL ".

The equipment of mining enterprises is obsolete. It is envisaged to intensify prospecting and exploration work, strengthen research in the field of field development technology, inventory of mineral resources, and improve mining equipment. These plans are aimed at reducing imports of mineral raw materials and increasing employment of the population.

The main branch of the mining industry is the extraction of tungsten ores and other non-ferrous metals, pyrites, and iron ores (Table 2). By 1980, Portugal operated: 3 mines for the extraction of magnetite, 35 mines for the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, incl. tin and titanium - 5, tin, titanium and tantalum - 4, tin and tungsten - 6, tungsten and copper - 1, tungsten, tin, copper - 1, gold and silver - 10, as well as about 170 quarries for the extraction of nonmetallic minerals (piece stone, clay, sand). In general, there were no significant changes in the volume of production of the mining industry in 1980. However, production of tin and tungsten increased by 18%, copper - by 40% compared to 1979.

In the structure of the mining industry (1981), the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores accounts for about 34% of the value of the industry's production, non-metallic minerals - about 61%, coal - about 4%, and ferrous metal ores - about 1%. Extraction of mineral raw materials in value terms increased more than 2 times in 1975-84.

Coal mining in Portugal began shortly before the 1st World War. Both coal (anthracite) and lignite deposits were developed. Before World War II, the total production did not exceed 0.33 million tons. . t, and in the 70s. production has been temporarily stopped. In the north-west of the country, there is the Pezhan mine, which was reconstructed in the early 1980s (shaft deepening). This mine is developing two steeply dipping seams. In the area of São Pedro da Cova, near the town of Oporto, old dumps are being developed; the issue of building a quarry here with an annual capacity of up to 100 thousand tons of coal is being considered. It is planned to resume brown coal mining at the Rio Mayor deposit to supply power plants. Portugal imports coal (about 2 million tons in 1986) mainly from the USA (1.6 million tons). It is envisaged to increase the consumption of coal from 1.4 million tons of standard fuel in 1980 to 4 million tons in 1990 and 12 million tons in 2000, while domestic production should only increase to 0.6 million tons of standard fuel, and the demand will be covered through imports.

Uranium ore has been mined in Portugal for over 75 years. Uranium is mined in two ore nodes: Urjeiris and Guarda. All ore goes to the mining and processing plant in Urjeiris with a daily capacity of 155 tons of ore. The production of uranium concentrates is fully controlled by ENU. It is planned to put into operation the Niza plant on the basis of deposits in the Altu-Alentejo region with a design capacity of 120-144 t U per year. Mining is carried out both open (Niza) and underground (Cunha Baixa, Pinel do Sotu) methods. The production of uranium concentrates in Portugal averages 106 t U per year (1983). In 1980 Portugal exported 120 tons of uranium concentrates, of which 106 tons were delivered to Iraq, the rest to Germany. In 1981-84, supplies of uranium concentrates to foreign markets averaged 104 tons per year. Taking into account the construction of nuclear power plants (7-8 million kW by 2000), as well as the needs of importing countries, a significant (2-3 times) increase in U production is expected in the next 20 years.

Iron ore mining... Iron ore deposits have been exploited in Portugal since ancient times, but production was small. The most intensive development dates back to 1938-60. Until 1970, iron ore was mined at 4 deposits: Torri di Moncorvo, Orada, Cercal and Maraun; from 1974 - only at the Torri di Moncorvo field. The maximum production was reached in 1950 (0.3 million tons). The extremely low level of production persisted in the 1980s. In total, for the entire period of operation of iron ore deposits (1884-1984), about 5 million tons of iron ore were mined in Portugal. Ferrominas, with the participation of the Swedish company Lkab, is completing a feasibility study for the development of the Torri di Monkorvo deposit with a projected mine capacity of 2.8 million tonnes of ore per year, which corresponds to 1.5 million tonnes of concentrates with a Fe content of 64% ... In the Lisbon area, it is planned to commission a plant for the production of 2.3 million tons of iron ore pellets per year. In addition to the modernization of the existing mines, the country is looking for and exploring new deposits of iron ores.

Mining of tungsten ores... Portugal is the leading producer of tungsten concentrates in Western Europe; it occupies one of the first places in Europe and the world (without the socialist countries). Tungsten ores are developed by the Anglo-Portuguese company Beralt Tin and Wolfram (Portugal) SARL (BTWP), mainly at the Panashqueira mines, and the Franco-Portuguese company Minas da Vorralha SARL at the Borralha mine. Copper and silver are extracted along the way. Mechanization of mining operations at the Panashkeira mine; it is equipped with an underground crusher and a 1.3 km long conveyor that brings crushed ore to the surface. After the completion of the reconstruction of the Panashkeira mine, the annual production of ore is to increase to 700-800 thousand tons. Mining is carried out underground. Continuous (80%) and chamber-and-pillar (20%) systems are used for the development of ore bodies with partial and, with especially rich ore, with complete extraction of pillars. The average ore recovery in the mine is 75%. Tungsten ore concentrates are exported mainly to the Common Market (EEC) countries, the USA and Japan. In 1980, 704 tons (46% of production and production) were exported to the EEC countries, 248 tons (17%) to the USA and 247 tons (17%) to Japan.

Extraction of ores of other non-ferrous metals... Portugal is the largest exporter of pyrite. When obtaining pyrite cinders, copper, zinc, lead, tin, silver, and gold are extracted from pyrites. The state plan provides for the modernization and expansion of the existing mines (Alzhushtrel, Sines) and the development of new deposits (Nevish-Korvo). As a result of the reconstruction of the Alzhushtrel mine, it is planned to produce 1.2 million tons of pyrite per year, which will ensure the production of sulfur and sulfuric acid. It is planned to extract a number of metals along the way, for which a mining and metallurgical complex will be created. For the development of the large sulfide polymetallic deposit of Nevis-Corvo, the Somincor company was established, 51% of the capital of which is controlled by the state, the rest of the capital is distributed among French companies (24.5% each). Opening of the ore body is carried out by a vertical shaft with a diameter of 5 m, a design depth of 700 m, as well as an inclined shaft with a section of 17 m 2 and a length of about 5 km. With the commissioning of the first stage of the mine (1986), production amounted to about 1 million tons of copper ore, the second stage (1990) - will reach 1 million tons of complex ores per year. On the basis of the mine, it is planned to build a copper smelter with a capacity of 50 thousand tons of copper per year. In addition to copper, it is planned to extract zinc, silver, and lead from ores. in the country, pyrite is exported to the EEC countries - Belgium, the Netherlands, and is also used for the production of sulfuric acid and sulfur.

In 1980, 352 mining enterprises were involved in the development of non-metallic minerals. The total value of non-metallic minerals mined in Portugal (1980) exceeded 3.6 billion escudos. 406 million tons of piece stone (crystalline limestone, marble, granite, acid porphyry, gabbro, nepheline syenite) were mined for the production of decorative slabs and blocks, 1.2 thousand tons of barite, 1200 tons of waste lepidolite in hollows and ravines with tiers not high more than 25 m, with berms 10 m wide, slope angles no more than 30 ° (these measures contribute to the biological stage of reclamation); protection of rivers from pollution and siltation as a result of water discharge from quarries and processing plants by creating sedimentation tanks; dust control (the use of watering machines and the creation of water curtains on the roads); fight against noise and soil vibrations during drilling and blasting operations. Constant monitoring of the level of radiation, chemical reagents, purity of drinking water, fauna and flora of adjacent forests is also carried out.

It is planned to create a special department to control environment for quarries with an annual capacity of more than 700 thousand tons.

Geological Survey... Scientific institutions. Personnel training. Seal. Geological works in Portugal are carried out by: Geological Survey of Portugal - geological mapping, methodological development; Mining Development Service - study of the country's mineral resources, incl. prospecting and exploration of new deposits. The exploration, exploitation and processing of minerals are under the jurisdiction of district offices, such as the District Mining Office of the Northern Areas.

There is no single scientific coordination center in Portugal. The state finances research through ministries and special research centers. In addition, scientific research is carried out by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences (founded in 1779), the Portuguese Association for the Development of Science, scientific societies and private firms.

The main periodicals in the field of geology and mining are: "Publicacgo da Direccgo geral de Minas e" Servicos geologicos "(1948-52)," Voletin de Minas "(since 1963).

The content of the article

PORTUGAL, Portuguese Republic, a state in the west of the Iberian Peninsula. The capital is the city of Lisbon. The area together with the islands is 92.3 thousand square meters. km. From the south and west, the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the north and east it borders on Spain. In addition, Portugal includes the Azores, located in the Atlantic Ocean about 1,450 km west of Lisbon, and the Madeira Archipelago, 970 km south-west of Lisbon.

Three Philip.

Philip II, recognized in Portugal as King Philip I (1580-1598), promised that Portuguese national institutions would be preserved. He attended meetings of the Portuguese Cortes, and it was customary to use his native language in all higher government institutions. However, the unification of the two states deprived Portugal of its own foreign policy, and the enemies of Spain became the enemies of Portugal. Due to the war between Spain and Holland and England, the port of Lisbon had to be closed to Portugal's former trading partners. Then the Dutch launched attacks on Portuguese settlements in Brazil, as well as in Africa and Asia.

During the reign of Philip's son, Philip III (1598-1621), Spain entered into a truce with the Dutch. Dutch and English merchants again became frequent visitors to Lisbon, trade with Brazil expanded, but Portuguese autonomy suffered as a result. During the reign of Philip IV (1621-1640), his favorite, the Duke of Olivares, renewed the war with the Dutch, who attacked Bahia in 1624, and in 1630 occupied Pernambuco (Recife) and the neighboring plantations. Meanwhile, Portuguese possessions in Asia were lost due to the invasion of the Dutch and the British. The Portuguese were now reluctant to deal with Olivares, who was trying to destroy their independent institutions and impose new taxes in order to increase Spanish influence in Portugal and use its resources in the war with France. In 1640, after Catalonia revolted and turned to France for help, a general uprising broke out in Portugal. The Spaniards were driven out almost without bloodshed, and the Duke João of Bragança was proclaimed king of Portugal under the name of João IV (1640–1656).

Restoration.

João IV was Sebastian's closest Portuguese descendant on the sideline and the largest landowner in Portugal, but he had no army and the treasury was empty. Since Spain at that time was embroiled in a war with France and was busy with an uprising in Catalonia, he managed to organize the country's defense and find allies. Portugal's alliance with England was restored in 1642. The French, pushing Portugal to regain independence, refused to enter an official union. The Dutch, despite their hostile attitude towards Spain, continued to occupy the Portuguese possessions in Brazil until the Brazilians raised an armed uprising against them. Brazilian governor Salvador Correa de Sa organized an expedition to Africa to expel the Dutch from Angola. The Holy See, under the influence of Spain, refused to recognize João IV. In this challenging environment, efforts have been made to expand Brazilian trade. After significant concessions to the Dutch, peace was concluded with them. In 1654, an agreement was signed with England, according to which the privileges in Lisbon were returned to the English merchants, the trading post located there was recognized and freedom of religion was granted.

After the death of João IV, his eldest son Alphonse VI (1656–1683) was still a minor, and João IV's widow Louise exercised the regency. She fought in vain to conclude a treaty with France, but made an alliance with England, according to which Charles II married her daughter Catherine of Braganza, receiving as a dowry not only a large sum of money, but also Tangier and Bombay. In return, he pledged to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Charles II sent soldiers to strengthen the protection of Portugal's borders, and English diplomats in 1668 got Spain to recognize the independence of Portugal.

Meanwhile, it turned out that Alfonso VI was not able to rule the country, and on his behalf, Count Kastelu Melur was doing this. He organized the marriage of Alphonse to the French princess Marie-Françoise-Isabelle of Savoy, who provoked the resignation of Castelo Meliur and achieved a divorce due to Alphonse's impotence. Then she married his younger brother Pedro, who in 1667 was appointed regent, and after the death of Alphonse became King Pedro II (1683-1706). Portugal established good relations with England and France to disrupt Spain's plans. However, Spain is now less dangerous. The marriage to Marie-Françoise-Isabella was regarded as a success of French politics, but after her death, Pedro II married an Austrian. When it became clear that the Spanish king Charles II would not have an heir, the French king Louis XIV began to make claims against Spain and, after Charles's death in 1700, placed his grandson, titled Philip V, on the Spanish throne. This caused alarm in others. European states, and when England and the Netherlands supported the claims of the Austrian Archduke Charles, Portugal joined the large alliance formed to expel the Bourbons from Spain. The Archduke arrived in Portugal, but although the Anglo-Portuguese troops entered Madrid twice, they could neither hold the city nor inspire the Spaniards to fight the French. In accordance with the Peace of Utrecht of 1713, the Bourbons remained on the Spanish throne, and the Portuguese strengthened their alliance with England and Austria.

18 century.

The period of poverty in the first years of the restoration is over. Although at the end of the 17th century. much of the once-vast Portuguese colonial empire in the East was lost, and gold deposits were discovered in central Brazil. The Minas Gerais area was seized by a gold rush: prospectors from other parts of Brazil and from Portugal itself flocked here, and the administration of the colony had to be transferred from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. In 1728, diamonds were discovered in the Minas Gerais area. With such wealth, João V (1706-1750) patronized the arts, established academies and libraries, and organized public works. Architecture received a great stimulus for its development. Political treaties with the Grand Alliance ended with the conclusion of the Treaty of Methuen of 1703, according to which England gave preference to Portuguese wines and woolen fabrics. The wars with France opened up a vast market in England for port and other wines, and the influx of jewelry from Brazil led to the rapid expansion of English trade in Lisbon. The Cortes, which met regularly after the restoration, now lost their meaning, and the king exercised absolute power through his ministers.

After the death of João V, his son José (1750–1777) showed little interest in government and appointed Sebastian José di Carvalho (later Marquis of Pombal), a talented administrator and representative of the Enlightenment in Portugal, as minister. His abilities were manifested when on November 1, 1755, Lisbon was badly damaged by an earthquake. Thousands were killed and palaces, churches and homes were destroyed. Carvalho, having received emergency powers, provided housing for the homeless and rebuilt the center of the capital. His power aroused jealousy among hereditary nobles, but he executed the Duke of Aveiro and the Marquis of Tavoru, who tried to kill King Jose. Carvalho also campaigned against the Jesuits, removing them from their posts as royal confessors, and eventually expelling the Jesuit order from Portugal and its colonies. Pombal reformed the University of Coimbra, established a noble college, and tried to spread the secular education system throughout Portugal. He also tried to support the country's merchants, established a port wine company, maintained prices and introduced standards for growing grapes. Meanwhile, the flow of gold from Brazil began to dry up, and attempts to revive trade at the expense of other goods through the organization of monopoly companies were unsuccessful.

The fall of Pombal after the death of the king led to a change in political course, although many of his supporters remained in their posts. Jose's daughter, Maria I (1777–1816), refused to accuse him of abuse of power, but felt remorse, torn between loyalty to her father and the complaints of the victims of Pombal. Her fears increased after receiving news of the revolution in France, and in 1792 she went insane. Her son, later King João VI, became regent.

Napoleonic Wars.

At the very beginning of the unrest in France, the Portuguese police took measures to suppress revolutionary propaganda. The Spanish Bourbons, trying to save their French cousins (which they failed), were embroiled in a war with French Republic and were defeated. The French captured Madrid and sought to destroy the alliance of Portugal with England, as well as to close Portuguese ports to English ships. An ultimatum from France to grant advantages in trade and pay tribute was rejected by Portugal in 1797. In 1801 Napoleon prompted Spain to attack Portugal, but the two countries reached a peace agreement. The French demanded a change in power in Lisbon, and in 1807 Napoleon, who now dominated Europe, decided to deal with this issue himself and ordered General Andos Junot to march on Lisbon. As the French were already approaching the city, the Portuguese royal court sailed on ships to Brazil, leaving the regency council in its place. Its chairman, the Duke of Abrantes, recognized the de facto authority of France.

In 1808, Portugal was gripped by an uprising. General Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington, landed with a large English army and forced Junot to leave Portugal under the terms of an armistice at Sintra. The Regency Council was restored. When Marshal Nicola Soult marched from Galicia to Porto in 1809, Wellesley stopped him and pushed him back. Another French army advanced along the Tagus valley, but was defeated at Talavera. In 1810, Marshal André Masena was put in charge of a large French army, which Wellesley held near Busacu until it withdrew to the fortifications at Torres Vedras north of Lisbon. The French were forced to retreat to Santarem, and in March 1811 left Portugal altogether.

Liberalism.

In subsequent years, the Portuguese royal family lived in Brazil, which by this time became part of the united kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve. João VI (1816-1826) inherited the throne after the death of his mother. In Lisbon, a liberal movement arose against the regency council, organized by the Masonic lodge, which demanded the removal of the English general William Bersford, who commanded the Portuguese army. Eventually, the garrison uprising in Porto on 24 August 1820 marked the beginning of the Portuguese Revolution. The Regency Council first compromised and then capitulated. The military obstructed the return of Bersford, which was in Brazil at the time, and civilian revolutionaries pushed for a constitution. These events forced João VI to return, agreeing in advance to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. He left his eldest son Pedro to rule Brazil. The Brazilians opposed the king's departure and, when the Lisbon liberals ignored Brazil's constitutional demands, in 1822 declared the country's independence under the leadership of Pedro.

The first Portuguese constitution, which asserted that the supreme power belongs to the people, was adopted in 1822 by the Constituent Cortes. However, she turned out to be unworkable, and her absolutist enemies rallied around the wife of João VI, Carlota-Juacina, a Spanish woman, and their youngest son Miguel. In Lisbon, Miguel tried to lead the movement for the restoration of absolutism, but failed and was expelled from the country. Meanwhile, João VI agreed to negotiate with Brazil and in 1825 recognized its independence, retaining the title of emperor.

After his death in 1826, the crowns of Portugal and Brazil passed to Pedro IV, who remained in Brazil. Pedro handed over the Portuguese throne to his young daughter Maria on condition that she marry his brother Miguel, and Miguel accepts the constitution prepared by Pedro in 1826. This constitution, known as the Charter of Government, affirmed the monarch's limited power. Miguel returned to Portugal in 1828 only to prevent Maria from disembarking, reject the Charter, and declare himself absolute monarch. When he called the Cortes and revoked the Charter, the Liberals revolted but were defeated. However, in 1831, Pedro fell out with Brazilian leaders, abdicated the throne in Brazil in favor of his son, and headed to Europe to return his daughter to the throne of Portugal. Pedro hired people, raised money in England and France, and set up a residence in the Azores. In 1832 he landed near Porto and entered the city after a three-month siege. He then landed troops in the Algarve and entered Lisbon in 1833. England and France formed an alliance with the liberals of Portugal and Spain, and Miguel abdicated the throne at Evora Monti. Pedro died in 1834 shortly after his daughter was declared queen by the Cortes.

Mary II (1833-1853) inherited the throne at the age of 15, and a constitutional monarchy was established in the country. Liberals in the cities received support from political clubs and newspapers. The rural population remained loyal to the old system and took almost no part in public life. The civil war that followed the Napoleonic campaigns and the loss of Brazil drove Portugal into poverty and burdened with heavy debts. The liberals proposed to overcome these difficulties by confiscating the property of the church, but as a result, large estates were transferred to wealthy liberals or companies.

In September 1836, a more radical faction of the so-called. Sentyabrists. She recognized the constitution of 1822 and made attempts to cut government spending. In 1837, the marshals (the dukes of Saldanha and Terceira) revolted to oust the Sentyabrists. However, it was defeated, although in subsequent years the Sentyabrists lost the support of the population. The elections of 1842 showed a clear tendency towards Charterism, a more conservative doctrine by the champions of the Charter, which gave the king wide powers and provided for the appointment (rather than election) of an upper house. The transition of the former radical Antonio Bernardo Costa Cabral to the side of the Conservatives led to the restoration of the Charter by the Duke of Terceira. The Chartist government purged the national guard of political influence, censored the press, and took control of radical clubs. The local government was reformed, the administrative code was approved. Costa Cabral provoked an opposition movement in the countryside. In 1845, a law was passed prohibiting burial in churches. In response to these actions, a peasant uprising, led by the innkeeper Maria da Fonti, arose in the north of the country, which was brutally suppressed.

Discontent grew in the country, and in 1846 the queen dismissed Costa Cabral. The Septemberists tried to take advantage of the favorable situation and published a manifesto against the royal power. Then Maria II postponed the elections and turned to the Duke of Saldanha with a request to form a government. The Septemberists reacted to this by creating a revolutionary junta in Porto. Both groups were armed, although they took almost no military action. After negotiations in Gramida, an armistice was reached in 1847 thanks to the intervention of England and Spain. This made it possible for Saldanha and Costa Cabral to return to power, but two years later they quarreled, and Costa Cabral fired the duke. In 1851, Saldanha led the putsch, and Costa Cabral was forced to emigrate.

Restoration of the monarchy.

Thirty years have passed since the introduction of the first constitutional regime. Although liberalism attracted many prominent personalities, including Almeida Garrett, the romantic poet and playwright, and Alexandri Erculana, the founder of Portuguese historical literature, it enjoyed little political influence. There were no stable political parties in the country, and conservatives and radicals had opposing views about the constitution itself. Saldanha was now creating a movement of national solidarity that championed a conservative revival and prepared a program of economic reform. The Sentyabrists, who were radically inclined in the past, gradually transformed into an opposition party of historians, or Progressists. The charter, as amended in 1852, was in effect until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910.

The government consolidated debts from the first half of the century and made new loans to pay for public works. The country has been paved railways and telegraph lines, ports were modernized, highways and bridges were built. To please the urban electorate, liberals kept prices low, which in turn held back economic activity in rural areas. Industrialization developed slowly. The import was paid mainly by the export of port and cork bark. The only way for the development of the country was the development of Portuguese Africa, but for this there was not enough capital. The abolition of the slave trade in 1836 forced the search for new forms of economic activity; a way out was found in increasing the profitability of enterprises in Angola. When the Scottish traveler David Livingston visited Luanda, the capital of Angola in 1853, he found European-style houses and boulevards there.

Maria's eldest son, Pedro V (1853–1861), a serious and charming man, died at the age of 20. His brother Luis (1861–1889) had little interest in politics. The parties of the Renaissance (former Chartists) and Progressists were swapped, the former headed by the economist Fontis Pereira de Melo, the latter by the Duke of Terceira and the Bishop of Viseu. The aged Saldanha came back to power in 1870, but retired shortly after France was embroiled in a war with Germany.

The governments of Portugal were formed by the "Renaissance" or through coalitions until 1879, when the "Progressives" came to power, instituting 26 titles of peers in order to obtain a majority in the upper house of parliament. Britain's claims against Guinea and Mozambique were ultimately reviewed by an arbitration panel composed of representatives from the United States and France, who decided the issue in Portugal's favor. The Portuguese mastered the region of Central Africa, located between Angola and Mozambique, and in 1886 began to claim territory stretching from the west coast of Africa to the east. However, in 1890 the expansion of the sphere of interests of the British South African Company (led by Cecil Rhodes) to the north led to a crisis, and England issued an ultimatum forbidding Portuguese occupation of this intermediate territory. This provoked outrage in Portugal and greatly weakened the regime. At the same time, Portugal's financial problems worsened. In this situation, Germany saw the opportunity to get Portuguese Africa and entered into an agreement with England, which noted the claims to these territories in the event of Portugal's bankruptcy. However, when Germany tried to impose loans on Portugal in order to provoke its bankruptcy, the British government opposed and the Anglo-Portuguese alliance was restored.

Carlos I (1889–1908) did much to enhance the international prestige of Portugal. During the years of his reign, there was a revival national culture... The greatest figure of that time was the realist writer Esa de Queiroz (1845-1900). The Republican Party was formed in 1876. The two monarchist parties split and a critical situation arose. In 1906, Carlos I granted dictatorial powers to João Franco, who ruled the country without convening the Cortes. In 1908, Carlos and his eldest son (heir to the throne) were killed in Lisbon by a bomb thrown into the royal carriage. Franco was removed from power. The youngest son of Carlos Manuel II (1908-1910) did not have political experience, and seven governments changed in a year and a half. In October 1910, an uprising broke out in the country, the monarchy was overthrown and a republic was established.

Republic.

The Republican leaders were teachers, lawyers, doctors and officers. In the Republican Cortes, at first there was only one Republican Party, but soon the radicals, or democrats, came to power.

The formation of the first republic in Portugal was enshrined in the constitution of 1911, which contained a wide range of rights and freedoms of citizens. Portugal was declared a parliamentary republic headed by a president. The president was elected by Congress (parliament) for a four-year term. A bicameral parliament was created, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies (for a three-year term) and a Senate (for a six-year term).

In 1914, by the beginning of the First World War, Portugal remained a neutral country. But in February 1916, German ships were requisitioned in Portuguese ports, and Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal sent an expeditionary force to the Western Front. In the meantime, more moderate Republicans formed the United and Evolutionist Parties, but neither of them could control the Left-wing Democrats. In 1917 Major Sidoniu Pais tried to establish a more conservative regime. He fought for the creation of a stable state by appeasing the conflicting clerical and monarchist groups. Pais's "presidential" regime ended the following year with his assassination. The war exacerbated financial problems and inflation skyrocketed. The society was constantly agitated by strikes, political demonstrations and changes of ministers. In 1921, the prime minister and a number of leading politicians were kidnapped and killed. There have been several attempts at a coup d'état. Of the eight presidents of the republic, only one served the entire term allotted to him by law. The first parliamentary republic in Portugal was the most turbulent and volatile in Western Europe. In less than 16 years, 45 governments have changed there.

In May 1926, General Gomes da Costa managed to carry out a military coup, he entered Lisbon, almost without encountering resistance, and the president resigned.

A few weeks later, with the participation of England, Costa was overthrown, a military dictatorship was established, and the leadership of the country passed to General Antonio Oscar de Fragos Carmona. Carmona became interim president, then was elected president in 1928, 1935, 1942 and 1949, and died in this post in 1951. In 1928 Carmona invited Dr. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, professor of economics at the University of Coimbra, to the government. Salazar requested and received authority. Salazar's tax reforms have increased the fiscal surplus. The public debt was consolidated and reduced, and the savings were used for economic development, public works, defense and the social sphere. In 1932 Salazar became prime minister and, together with a group of scientists from the University of Coimbra, prepared a draft constitution of 1933, which established an authoritarian regime, called the "new state."

New state.

Under the 1933 constitution, Portugal and its overseas provinces were proclaimed a unitary corporate republic led by a directly elected president for a seven-year term. The Cortes consisted of an elected National Assembly and an advisory body, the Corporate Chamber, organized according to the functional divisions of society: economic, social, intellectual and spiritual. Employers organized in guilds, workers in trade unions. Collective agreements were overseen by the government. This system was aimed at suppressing opposition in society, and political parties were replaced by the National Union.

At the beginning of World War II, Portugal remained neutral by agreement with Great Britain. In 1940, when German troops approached the Pyrenees, Salazar helped Great Britain keep Spain neutral. In 1943, the British used the alliance with Portugal to gain a base in the Azores.

Portugal withdrew from the war with almost no casualties. Having received loans from the UK, it accumulated foreign exchange reserves in pounds sterling, which made it possible to modernize communications, expand the merchant fleet and develop irrigated agriculture, hydropower and industry. Portugal joined NATO in 1949.

Serious opposition to Salazar first emerged in the 1958 presidential elections. Admiral America Tomas, supported by the National Union, received a large majority, but General Humberto Delgado, who led the opposition, received a quarter of all votes. In 1959, in accordance with a constitutional amendment, the right to elect the president was transferred to the electoral college.

The Portuguese territories of Goa, Diu and Daman in Hindustan were occupied by Indian forces in 1961 after Portugal rejected Indian claims to these territories. An even more serious threat to Portugal's overseas possessions emerged in the 1960s with the growth of national liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea. Portugal sent a significant part of the army and large funds to fight the rebels in Africa.

In September 1968, Salazar handed over power to his assistant Marcel Caetan, who retained his main political course. Wars continued in Africa, which sucked almost 40% of the state budget and impeded economic development. One of the consequences of these wars was the emigration of 1.6 million Portuguese, who in search of work went to different countries of the world.

The revolution.

On April 25, 1974, a group of left-wing officers, part of the Armed Forces Movement (ICM), in an effort to end the wars in Africa, overthrew the Caetana regime. The junta, led by General Antonio de Spinola, called for an end to military operations in Africa, restored many democratic freedoms, including tolerance for political beliefs.

On May 15, a provisional government was formed, headed by Spinola; the socialists and communists entered the cabinet. However, Spinola himself opposed the ICE's plans to destroy the colonial empire and implement radical reforms, and in September he was replaced by General Francisco da Costa Gomish. The colonial system in Africa disintegrated by the end of 1975.

In March 1975, after an attempt to organize a coup d'etat by a group of right-wing officers, a new organ of the ICE, the Supreme Revolutionary Council with a predominance of pro-communist elements, headed by Prime Minister Vashku Gonsalves, began to pursue a new state policy. Gonsalves nationalized most of the banks and many industries and made the unions, led by the communists, the sole representatives of the interests of the working people.

In April 1975, elections to the Constituent Assembly took place. The Socialists received 38% of the vote, the People's Democrats 26%, and the Communists 12%. After the elections, the struggle between socialists, communists and left-wing extremists continued in trade unions, the media and local government. The communists relied on the support of the landless agricultural workers in the south and received aid from the USSR; the socialists were helped by the United States and the countries of Western Europe. In July, the socialists withdrew from the Gonsalves government after he authorized the transfer of the socialist organ - the newspaper Republika - into the hands of the left. In August, after a wave of anti-communist demonstrations in the north, Gonsalves was removed from his post. A new cabinet was formed, dominated by the socialists and their allies. Repayment of Western loans resumed, which Portugal was denied during the reign of the pro-communist ICE. The communists suffered another setback in November when left-wing military officers attempted a coup d'état unsuccessfully.

In April 1976, the country's new constitution came into effect. Political parties were allowed to participate in the "revolutionary" process of creating a classless society. The nationalization of enterprises and the expropriation of land, carried out in 1974-1975, were declared irreversible. The constitution established the rights to assembly and strike, as well as to reasoned refusal to military service. Censorship, torture and the death penalty have been abolished. In the elections, the Socialists won the majority of the seats in the new assembly. In June, following the election of General António Ramalho Eanish as president, Socialist leader Mario Soares became prime minister.

After 1976, the Portuguese governments pursued a cautious and moderate policy aimed at restoring stability to the economy. There were few supporters in the Soares government for two years, and ministers from the coalition parties predominated. In the elections in December 1979 and October 1980, the alliance of the moderate Social Democratic (former People's Democratic) Party and the Social Democratic Center received a narrow majority of the votes. In 1982, the Revolutionary Council of Officers, which had served as an advisory body to the president since 1976, was disbanded and replaced by a civil council. The severe economic crisis necessitated new elections in April 1983, which were won by the Socialists, who formed a coalition government with the Social Democrats. Mario Soares retained his post as prime minister.

In 1985, the Social Democrats refused to support the Soares government and won the majority of the vote in the elections. Anibal Kawasu Silva became prime minister of a coalition government supported by Christian Democrats. Mario Soares won the presidential elections in 1986 and became the first civilian president of Portugal in 60 years.

In 1986 Portugal joined the European Community and began to carry out reforms in its economy in accordance with the charter of this organization. In 1987, the Social Democrats received the overwhelming majority of votes in the parliamentary elections. With the support of the socialists, they amended the Constitution in 1989, changing the Marxist phraseology of 1976. In 1991, Soares was re-elected as president. The government, elected in 1987, completed the four-year plan in 1991.

Assessment of the results of the transition period.

The “Pink Revolution” in Portugal led to a rapid and effective transformation of the political system - from traditional quasi-corporate authoritarian rule to modern parliamentary democracy. The country freed itself from the shackles that hindered it; civil liberties and free and fair elections were restored; the parliamentary system is functioning normally.

However, economic transformation has been very slow. All governments, including socialist ones, saw the main task of solving the problem of the external balance of payments, paying less attention to such internal problems as unemployment, inflation and slow economic growth. As a result, during the first decade after the revolution, per capita income fell below pre-revolutionary levels.

The second decade of the transition period was characterized by an impressive growth in all indicators of economic development. The country's accession to the EU and the encouraging investment policy of the social democratic government led to an increase in foreign investment in the late 1980s. In the period 1986-1991, the growth in production annually ranged from 3 to 5%, and the unemployment rate fell from 8% to 4%.

Some of the costs of politics in the late 1980s began to emerge in the early 1990s. True, inflation, which fluctuated between 9% and 14% in the second half of the 1980s, fell to almost 3% in the first half of the 1990s, but the unemployment rate increased. The country also suffered from an imbalanced trade balance, a balance of payments deficit and a burden of external debt. Meanwhile, the economic downturn, with periodic currency depreciation and resistance to the government's privatization program, led in early 1993 to a crisis in industry, where there was a significant reduction in production.

Amendments to the Constitution in 1988 and 1989, and later to legislation (for example, the 1990 privatization law) erased the socio-economic traces of the Rose Revolution. As a result, reforms in land tenure and the relationship between employers and workers changed direction, state ownership was limited to public utilities and manufacturing equipment, and government regulation of investment activities was abolished. Economic policy in the mid-1990s was aimed at reducing inflation, as well as eliminating the budget deficit.

Portugal in the 1990s and 2000s.

The government of Kawaku Silva has taken a series of steps that the left opposition has seen as restricting civil liberties and human rights. In September 1992, a law was enacted that limited the right to strike.From now on, in the event of a strike in vital industries such as passenger transport, energy and health care, the government could force strikers to go to work. immigrants from the country without a court order. President Soares tried to resist its adoption, and although parliament overcame the presidential veto, the government amended it to give the expelled an opportunity to appeal. The measures taken by the Social Democratic Party cabinet to reduce social spending drew protests from workers in the affected industries. So, in December 1993, 80% of Portuguese doctors went on strike against the government's health policy and for higher wages. In 1994, Kavaku Silva's cabinet ordered higher tolls on the most important bridge over the Tagus River, linking the capital of Lisbon with the south of the country, prompting numerous protests from transport drivers. They continued for several weeks. The opposition accused the government of imposing a "hidden tax" and submitted to the Assembly of the Republic a motion to express a vote of no confidence in it, but this was rejected in October 1994. The conflict between the ruling SDP and President Mario Soares escalated. In February 1995, the Social Democrats ostentatiously elected their future leader, Joaquin Fernando Nogueira, whom the president refused to approve as deputy prime minister.

In the general elections on October 1, 1995, the SDP suffered a heavy defeat. The number of votes cast for her fell from 51% to 34%, she was able to get only 88 out of 230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic. The victory was won by the socialists, who received 44% of the vote and received 112 seats in parliament. The Coalition for Democratic Unity, led by the PKP and the People's Party (formerly SDC), which opposed the strengthening of European integration, won 15 seats each. The new government, consisting of socialists and non-partisans, was headed by the leader of the PSP, Antonio Guterres. In January 1996, the socialist Jorge Sampaio was elected president of the country, receiving about 54% of the vote. Sampaio, a lawyer by training, one of the leaders of the student opposition against the Salazar regime, who acted as a lawyer for the opponents of the dictatorship. After the 1974 revolution he was a member of the Left Socialist Movement, in 1978 he joined the PSP and the next year he was elected to the Assembly of the Republic. In 1988 he became General Secretary of the Socialist Party, in 1989-1995 he served as mayor of Lisbon. In January 2001, Sampaio was re-elected President for another term. He won 55.8% of the vote, ahead of candidates from the SDP and the People's Party of Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral (34.5%), the PCP Antonio de Abreu (5.1%), the Left Bloc Fernando Rosas (3%) and the Maoist Portuguese Communist Party workers Antonio García Pereiro (1.5%).

In May 1996, the parliament adopted a decision on the decentralization of the country's government. Instead of 18 administrative districts in mainland Portugal, whose governors were appointed by the central government, 9 regions with extended powers were formed. The government called this plan "the reform of the century", the right-wing opposition - "the split of the nation." On November 8, 1998, a referendum was held on the issue of administrative reform; less than 50% of the voters took part in it. The plan was rejected by 63.6% of the vote.

The socialists also tried to implement a number of reforms in the political system, including the introduction of a quota for the representation of women in parliament, a decrease in the number of deputies, the admission of independent candidates to elections, and the holding of referendums. In 1997, some of the proposed measures were approved by Parliament, but the introduction of a quota for women was rejected by the Assembly on March 5, 1999.

The economic policy of the Guterres government was focused on Maastricht criteria determined by the European Union and providing for the reduction of the budget deficit. A course was pursued for austerity in most industries, and for improving tax collection. The government, entrepreneurs and part of the trade unions signed a "social pact" that limited the upper bar for wage increases.

In October 1999, the SP strengthened its position in the general parliamentary elections, winning 115 out of 230 seats. The SDP won 81 seats, the coalition led by the PKP - 17, the NP - 15, the Left bloc - 2. There were no significant changes in the new cabinet, but the ministries of finance and economy were merged under the leadership of Pina Moura. The collapse of the system of social services (health care, education, social insurance) continued, which caused growing discontent among the population. As a result, the ruling SP was defeated in the early parliamentary elections in March 2002. The right-wing parties - the SDP and the NP - returned to power. The post of Prime Minister was taken by the leader of the SDP Jose Manuel Duran Barroso. A lawyer and political scientist by training, he was first elected to parliament from the SDP in 1985, the next year he was appointed Secretary of State in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in 1987 - Secretary of State for Cooperation and Foreign Affairs in the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (mainly engaged in relations with former colonies in Africa). In 1992-1995 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

The new government has announced its intention to carry out neoliberal reforms in the education system, increase taxes by reducing their progressiveness, privatize state television, strengthen police and security measures, limit immigration, freeze public sector wages and cut public spending. The proposed changes to the country's labor law led to general strikes in November and December 2002. In foreign policy, Duran Barroso leaned towards the pro-American stance of Spain and Britain.

Portugal in the 21st century.

In July 2004, Duran Barroso resigned as prime minister to take over the presidency of the European Commission. He also resigned as party leader.

A general election was held in February 2005. The Socialist Party won 120 of 230 seats. Party leader José Socrates was appointed as the new prime minister. After a second term as president, Sampaia was succeeded by Anibal Kawaku Silva, former prime minister (1985-1995). Kawako won over 50 percent of the vote, avoiding a second round of voting.

The presidential elections were held on January 23, 2011. In the first round, incumbent President Anibal Kawaku Silva won. He received 53.1% of the vote.

On June 5, 2011, early parliamentary elections were held. The Social Democratic Party (SDP) won the majority of the votes. Its leader, Pedro Passos-Coelho, headed the new cabinet. The new Portuguese government was sworn in on June 21. Pedro Passos-Coelho said that to confront the crisis in the country, his cabinet will take all possible measures, including fulfilling promises to reduce public debt.

Water resources of portugal. Portugal

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tourist portugal sea product

Introduction

Portugal is one of the most popular resort countries Europe. The country attracts tourists from all over the world with its cleanest ocean, various tourist centers, welcoming and friendly people, excellent cuisine, excellent wines and unique architectural monuments.

Purpose of the work: to characterize natural tourist resources, to identify the most significant tourist centers in the region.

1. Natural tourism resources of Portugal

1.1 Geological structure and relief as a condition of tourist activity

1.2 Climate and weather features in the region

1.3 Hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of the seas washing the region

From the south, Portugal is washed by the Strait of Gibraltar, to the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and from the north and east Portugal borders on Spain.

The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, separating the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) and the northwestern coast of Africa (Morocco).

Figure 5 Annual variation of water temperatures in Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Madeira Island is located in the Atlantic Ocean, 500 km from the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1000 km from Lisbon.

Figure 6 Annual variation of water temperatures in Funchal (Madeira)

Figure 7 Annual variation of water temperatures in Faro (Algarve)

1.4 Rivers, lakes, reservoirs as a tourist resource

1.5 Exotic flora and fauna

Flora

2. Tourist centers and the formation of a tourist product

2.1 Geography and characteristics of tourist centers

Historical and cultural centers .

Resort centers in Portugal

Ski centers.

2.2 Russian tour operators forming tours to the region and tourist programs

Conclusion

Literature and other sources

1. Alexandrova A.Yu. International tourism. M .: Aspect Press, 2001, 461 p.

2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry. SPb., 2003.399 p.

3. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius - 2004 version.

4. Goncharenko A.V., Zayonchkovsky Yu.V. Geography: Textbook // Kharkov: Parus, 2005.

5. Geography of Portugal encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.yestour.ru/countries/portugal/map/

6. Goncharenko A.V., Zayonchkovsky Yu.V. Geography: Textbook // Kharkov: Parus, 2005.

7. Attractions of Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.nashy-in-portugal.com.

8. Emelyanov BV Excursions. 220 s.

9. Animal and vegetable world Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.zdes.com.ua.

10. Magazine "Around the world" for May, 2002

11. Journal "Tree of Knowledge" for 2005-2006.

12. Tourism Industry [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.vfmgiu-tourism.ru.

13. Information about the country [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.quinta.ru/.

14. Resort centers of Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.saga.ua/44_archives_news.

15. Material from Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_douro.jpg.

16. News of tourism [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://travel.mail.ru/news/part14/.

17. Lakes of the Azores [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.visitportugal.com.

18. Prokhorov A.M. Great Soviet Encyclopedia // Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977.

19. Subtleties of tourism, article Azores [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://tonkosti.ru/Azor_islands.

20. Travel Atlas of the World. 97 M., 1998.

21. Tourist regional studies. Europe and Asia: Study guide. 2nd edition // Moscow: Knorus, 2006.

22. Forum Portugal [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://gorod-algarve.turmir.com/.

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