What city is the capital of Micronesia. Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia are a country area of \u200b\u200b702 square meters. km and which occupies Caroline Islands in the Western Part Pacific Ocean. The capital is the city of Palikir, located on Pontai Island. The territorial sea of \u200b\u200bMicronesia borders in the south with the territorial waters of Papua - New Guinea, in the East - with the territorial waters of the Marshall Islands, in the south-east - with Kiribati, in the West - with Palau. The major islands due to volcanic origin have mountainous landscape, the highest point reaches 798 m (Nana-Loud Mountain).
Population of Micronesia
About 130 thousand people live in the country. The majority of the population is the pebble pebble - 41%, ponay - 26%.
Nature Micronesia
Wet tropical forests grow on the islands, separate parts are covered with a savannah pallet. Large mammals in the country there are no. Rats, bats, crocodiles, some types of snakes and lizards live here.
Climatic conditions of Micronesia
The equatorial climate is dominated in the country. The average annual temperature is +27 ... 28 ° C. During the whole year, it rains, precipitation falls up to 5000 mm, on Poipei Island - up to 9000 mm. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe islands, cyclones and hurricane winds are often formed.
Language
The state language is English, but in addition to him, the population in everyday life uses another 8 local dialects.
Kitchen
A feature of traditional Micronesia cuisine is the use of fruits of breadwinner and yams. Seafood is much more popular than any meat, and pork, for example, prepare only for tourists. Coconuts and coconut milk are often used in recipes for cooking fish dishes. The favorite casual drink of Micronesians is water with lemon juice.
Religion
Most believing population professes Christianity: Catholics - 50%, Protestants - 47%.
Holidays
Independence Day is celebrated in different states at different times: March 1 in the state of Yap, September 8 - in Kosyari, September 11 - in Pontai, September 23 - in the state of Chuch. At different times in the states of the country, the day of the Constitution is celebrated. On November 11, all veterans who fought outside Micronesia were honored.
Currency Micronesia
The monetary unit in the country is the US dollar (USD code).
Time
By time, the states of Yap and Chuch for 6 o'clock ahead of Moscow, Poipei and Kosyroi states - by 7.
The main resorts of Micronesia
IN territorial waters Micronesia during World War I was sank several hundreds of aircraft and ships, to explore which divers come out. 50 of them is located in the area of \u200b\u200bChuk Island, which is why these places are called the "underwater museum". Those who wish to watch gigantic skates (mantams), sharks, acne, flocks of bright fish ride to Par. Lovers beach holidays And night entertainment is waiting for Ponai Island, on which is located large hotels, restaurants, casinos and shops. MAP, Nutonito and Atoll Nukuro are ideally suitable for a quiet secluded rest, especially since you can stay in a small bungalow right on the shore.
Attractions Micronesia
On Poipei Island, the main attraction is the waterfalls Saievarian and Caprochi Lidudunlap. Nearby are bungalows, so that you can stay and gain strength, because the high humidity, which local residents do not notice, makes the movement of foreigners.
Near southeast coast Pontai Islands, on one of the atolls, you can see the ruins of the ancient stone city of Nan-Madol, called the Pacific Venice.
Another one amazing place The islands is almost a two-stage basalt Rock Save-Rock, in which the features of the human face are guessed.
In the state of Yap, still in the course of stone money - disks of various diameters with a hole in the middle. Since no one more is produced, they are very valuable and stored in a special bank.
The main attraction of Nukoro Atoll is a pearl farm.
The island atoll is famous for its caves and tunnels in Lelu's hill. The underwater cave "Blue Hole" is interesting for divers. There are not only very beautiful corals, but even the rods and barracudes are found. The underwater world of manitis not only reefs, but also remains of sunken ships and aircraft.
Federated States of Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia) - the state in Oceania, located on the Caroline Islands, north of New Guinea.
Formally independent of November 3, 1986, the country remains closely related to the United States (the status of the "Free Association with the United States") and strongly depends on American economic assistance. Under the Association Agreement - the United States is obliged to ensure defense and financially subscribe to FSM.
Geography
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) State in the Pacific, is located in the north-western part of Oceania in the Archipelago of the Caroline Islands. between 0 and 14 ° S.Sh. and 136 and 166 ° V.D. About 2500 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands lying right above the equator. It is a state consisting of 607 small islands of only 40 of which significant sizes. Of the 607 islands 65 are inhabited. FSM consists of four states: Yap, Chuha (Truk), Ponai (former. Ponap) and cospace (formerly Kusay). The capital is the city of Palikir on about. Poipei. Although the total land area in the country is only 270.8 square kilometers, it takes more than 1 million square kilometers in the Pacific Ocean. Each of the four states consist of one or higher islands as a rule of volcanic origin, and all other than KOSPEA include numerous atolls. Chuha - the total area is 49.2 square kilometers and includes seven major groups of the islands. Poipei employs an area of \u200b\u200b133.4 square kilometers from which 130 falls on Poipei Island, the largest in FSM. PP PM consists of 4 big Islands, seven small islands and 134 atolls, with a total land area of \u200b\u200b45.6 square kilometers. Staff of Kosaraa one highland 42.3 square kilometers.
Everything large islands Volcanic origin, Horists covered with forest, surrounded coral reefs. Others are atolls - the coral islands of the ring-shaped form, inside the concluding shallow lagoon. The highest point is Mount Nana-Loud (for about. Ponpei, height is 798 m). Basic languages: English (official), Yapan, Trooksky, Ponei, Kosya. Islands are interconnected by sea and air transport. There is marines with western coast USA, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Guam and the Air Communications Guam, Hawaii, Nauru, Japan.
Climate
Climate Equatorial and subequatorial, commercially monsoon type. Seasonal temperature fluctuations are insignificant. The average monthly temperatures - 26-33 °. There are often abundant rains here, the most wet month - April. The precipitation falls from 2250 mm to 3000-6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusape) per year. Part of the Pacific Ocean, where Micronesia is located, is the area of \u200b\u200bthe origin of typhoons (terrible seasonal cyclones) on average, up to 25 typhoons per year. Typhoon season - from August to December. For typhoons, a destructive hurricane wind is characterized, the speed of which reaches 240 kilometers per hour.
Evergreen tropical forests, savanna; Coconut palm trees and pandanus are dominated on large coral islands.
Population
The population is 107.2 thousand people. (Evaluation for July 2010).
Annual decrease - 0.28% (high level of emigration from the country).
Birth rate - 22.6 people. for 1000 people. (fertility - 2.8 births per woman)
Mortality - 4.4 people. for 1000 people.
Emigration - 21 people. for 1000 people.
The average life expectancy is 69 years old in men and 73 years old in women.
Ethnic Composition: Chuk - 48.8%, Ponap - 24.2%, Karaea - 6.2%, Yap - 5.2%, Yaps of external islands - 4.5%, Asians - 1.8%, Polynesian - 1 , 5%, others are about 8% (according to the 2000 census).
Languages: English (official and inter-ethnic communication), 8 local languages.
Religions: Catholics - 50%, Protestants - 47%, Other - 3%.
Literacy of the population is 89%.
History
In all likelihood, Micronesians began to arrive at these islands from Asia in the second millennium BC. e. The monument of the pre-colonial period of history is the complex of Nan-Madol, located on the island of Ponap.
By the time of the beginning of the colonization of the islands by Europeans, the local population was at the stage of decomposition of the primitive community. The Company was divided into a number of non-equivance in their position of social groups. Some island groups have large territorial associations, although states were not yet created.
Caroline Islands were opened by the Spaniards in 1527. In the XVII century, Spain declared Carolins with their own ownership, but there was no actual control over the archipelago. In 1885, Germany declared about his claims to the Caroline Islands, the German flag was hoisted on one of the islands. Spain appealed to international arbitration, and the elected Pope Leo XIII was awarded the islands of Spain.
In 1899, Germany bought the Caroline Islands in Spain.
During World War I, in 1914, the islands were captured by Japan, after the end of the war, Japan was given to the Versailles Agreement as a "mandatory territory". The Japanese created large sugar plantations there, the policy of resettlement of the Japanese on Carolina was actively carried out. Local residents were subjected to Japanese forced assimilation.
During the 2nd World War, Carolins were occupied by the United States, which since 1947 managed them on the UN mandate as part of the Pacific O-Wa.
In 1978, the Caroline Islands received the status of the territory freely associated with the United States (the agreement was signed in 1982).
From November 3, 1986, the Federated States of Micronesia is a sovereign state in the Free Association with the United States. This status means that the United States is responsible for the defense of FSM and undertake to financially subscribe to FSM.
Micronesia is a federal state consisting of 4 states with its own governments: Chuhak (former. Truck), cospace, Ponepai (Ponap) and Yap. The states have a high degree of independence in almost all spheres of public life.
There is a constitution of 1979, compiled according to the US Constitution.
Under the form of the Board of FSM - the republic of a special type. Political regime democratic. Political parties No missing.
The legislative power belongs to the Federal Single Parliament - the National Congress of FSM, consisting of 14 senators (4 senators are elected one by one of each state for a period of 4 years, 10 in single-member districts with approximately equal number of voters for a period of 2 years).
The head of state and government - the president elected by members of the National Congress of FSM from among the 4 senators from the state for a period of 4 years. At the same time, the vice president is elected. The state structure of the states is established by their own constitutions and in general is similar to the federal.
Armed Forces not.
Administrative-territorial division
FSM consists of 4 states.
Economy
GDP per capita in 2008 - 2.2 thousand dollars (183rd in the world).
Economic activity is mainly agriculture and fishing. Coconut palm trees, vegetables and fruits, bananas, tapioca, black pepper are cultivated. Pigs, goats, dogs (on meat), chickens are bred.
Industry - Processing of agricultural products, soaps, sawmills, boat manufacturing.
Export goods ($ 14 million) - fish, copra, black pepper, bananas, souvenirs (mainly in Japan and the USA).
Imported ($ 133 million) - food, industrial goods (mainly from the USA and Japan).
There are no mineral resources on the islands, except phosphates. There is a potential for a tourist business, however, its development is hampered by the remoteness of the islands, the insufficiency of the respective structures and the undevelopment of the air report with the outside world.
According to the terms of the Association Treaty, the United States allocated FSM from 1986 to 2001, 1.3 billion dollars. Then the amount of annual aid was reduced, but permanent multi-million dollars from the United States are promised up to 2023.
Included in the international organization of the acts of the act.
general information
The largest islands of micronesia of volcanic origin (height up to 791 m), surrounded by coral reefs. Climate Equatorial and subequatorial. The precipitation falls from 2250 mm to 3000-4500 and 6000 mm (in the mountains on the island of Kusape) per year. Part of the Pacific Ocean, where Micronesia is located is the area of \u200b\u200bthe origin of Typhins (there are 25 typhoon per year on average). Islands are covered by evergreen tropical forests and savannah; Coconut palm trees and Pandanus predominate on the coral islands.
From the seventeenth century, Caroline Islands belonged to Spain. In 1898, Spain sold them in Germany. In 1914, the islands were captured by Japan, and during World War II, were engaged in US troops who began to manage them on the UN mandate. In 1978, the Caroline Islands received the status of "freely associated territory". In 1979, the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia was adopted.
The basis of the economy of Micronesia is fishing, the production of copers, vegetable growing. On the islands are breeding cattle, pigs, goats. To master your fishing zone, Micronesia cooperates with the United States, Australia, Japan, South Korea. Every year, Micronesia is visited by 25 thousand tourists mainly from Australia and Japan. Asphalt length road roads It is 226 km. Exports half consists of a copra, pepper, fish, craft products, coconut oil are also exported. The main foreign trade partners are USA, Japan. Micronesia receives significant cash subsidies from the United States and the American dollar uses as a monetary unit.
Culture
The traditional culture of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia is the glorious (with the exception of the culture of the two Polynesian atolls of Nukoro and Kapingamaranga). However, she has undergone significant changes in a few centuries of foreign domination. But at present, at many islands there are houses of the local pillars without walls, the function of which is performed by double roofs that reach the ground, covered with palm leaves or mats. Micronesians still own the art of making wooden boats without a single metal nail. In public life, FSM is a prominent role to play leaders. Perhaps the most conservative remained the culture of the Japanery (folklore, dances, houses on stone foundations under the palm leaves, loose bandages in men and lush skirts from plant fibers in women).
Intensive contacts in recent decades with Western world changed the mentality of the young generation of Micronesia citizens, which are no longer focused on traditional values, and strive to join the achievements of Western civilization.
History
The ancestors of Micronesians settled the Caroline Islands more than 4 thousand years ago. Over the course of centuries, two social groups - "noble" and "simple" were developed in the Micronesian Society; The first were not physically practiced and differed from the second special tattooing and decorations. The head of territorial associations stood leaders (Tol), but their power was unequal in various islands. On about. Dumank (PPEI) detected residues ancient civilization - Stone city of Nan-Madol. It consisted of monumental structures erected on the reefs - platforms isolated from coral rubble and lined with basalt plates. On platforms were erected by residential and temple complexes, buried the dead and committed various rituals. According to legends, the city was the center of the extensive power of the Safeners and was destroyed by the conquerors, after which PPEI broke up into five territorial entities. Similar monuments were found on about. Lelu (cosmier state). On the O.YAP in later times, there was apparently centralized state education that had economic and religious functions. With the conquered tribes collected tribute. The first Europeans caught the same single and bunk platforms with temples and male houses, as well as peculiar money in the form of large stone disks with a hole in the center.
Caroline Islands were open to European navigators in 16-17 centuries. In 1526, Di Menezigi opened the O-Va PJ, and in 1528 Alvaro Saoveovenov first saw O-Va Trak (Sovuk. Chuch). In 1685, Captain Francisco Lazeano recently discovered O.Yap and called Carolinsky Island (named King Spain Karl Second). Later, this name was postponed to the entire archipelago, which was declared the possession of the Spanish crown. However, the opening of its islands continued in subsequent years. The first Spanish Catholic missionaries arrived in 1710 on the O-Va Sonzorol and in 1731 to the Slutni Atoll, were killed by the islanders, and the Spaniards left attempts to colive the Caroline Islands until the 1870s.
From the end of the 18th century The archipelago began to attend trade and scientific British, French and even russian courts. So, in 1828, the Russian navigator F. P. Litke opened the islands of Ponap (Poipei), Ant and Pakin and called them in honor of Admiral D.N. Senavin. Since 1830, American kitobi often came here. In 1820-1830, British sailors lived on Poipei, victims shipwreckWhen they were brought to the cospace of the English missionary. In 1852, the American evangelists founded the Protestant mission on O-Wah and Kospace. German and English traders began to penetrate the archipelago.
In 1869, Germany founded a trading station on the Yap, which became the center of the German trading network in Micronesia and Samoa. In 1885, the German authorities announced their claims to the Caroline O-Wa, which Spain considered them. Thanks to the mediation of the Roman Pope, the German-Spanish agreement was concluded, which recognized the Spanish archipelago, but granted German traders to create factory and plantations on them. Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived on the island, but they met fierce resistance on Ponei. The islanders raised the uprisings and destroyed plantations.
After the defeat in the war from the United States, Spain in 1898 agreed to give way to Caroline and Mariana, Germany. Since 1906, they were managed from German New Guinea. The German colonial authorities introduced an universal labor service for adults islanders and began to widely build roads. In response, the residents of Poipei rebelled and killed the governor of the hip. The uprising was suppressed by the German fleet only in 1911. In the fall of 1914, Micronesia was occupied by Japanese troops.
Officially, Japan received the mandate of the League of Nations for the Office of Micronesia only in 1921. The territory of Caroline O-GWOs was used for economic purposes (fishing, the production of flour from manica and sugar cane alcohol), to create naval and air bases. In relation to the indigenous population, Japan conducted a policy of violent assimilation. Tens of thousands of Japanese were resettled to the islands, which were transferred to the best lands. There were Japanese settlements. Traces of Japanese domination have been preserved in the appearance of Carolinsev, in their language and names.
Since 1944, bloody battles between American and Japanese troops began on the islands. By 1945, the Japanese forces were expelled from Micronesia, the archipelago passed under the control of the US military authorities, and in 1947, the Carolinsky O-Wa (together with Mariansk and Marshall) became the UNIP, managed by the United States, the Pacific Islands (PTTO). In 1947-1951 The territory was under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Navy, then was transferred to the Office of the Civil Administration of the US Department of Internal Affairs. In 1962, the administrative authorities were transferred from O.Gam to O. Sippan (Mariana O-VA). In 1961, the Council of Micronesia was created, but all the power remained in the hands of the American High Commissioner. In 1965, the first elections took place in the Micronesia Congress. In 1967, Congress created a commission for the future political status, which recommended to achieve independence or establish the relations of the "Free Association" with the United States with full internal self-government. Since 1969, negotiations were conducted between representatives of the Congress of Micronesia and the United States.
On July 12, 1978, the population of Truk (Chuch), Ponap (Poipei), Yap and Kusayan (cospace) expressed a referendum for creating federal states of Micronesia. Mariana, Marshall Islands and Palau refused to enter a new state. On May 10, 1979, the Constitution of FSM was adopted, and the first elections were held in the National Congress, as well as the governors of four states. The president of the country was the former President of the Congress of Micronesia Tosiva Nakaima, who began the execution of duties in January 1980
Throughout 1979-1986. The United States consistently transferred management functions to the new chapter of the state and government. Issues of foreign policy and defense FSM remained prerogative. In 1983, the population at the referendum approved the status of the "Free Association" with the United States. On November 3, 1985, PTTO was officially dissolved and the US guardianship regime was stopped. On December 22, 1990, the UN Security Council approved the cancellation of the guardianship and FSM became an officially independent state.
In 1991, President Micronesia John Haglelagam (1987-1991), losing elections to parliament, resigned from the post of head of state. In 1991-1996 The presidential post was occupied by Bailey Alter (PPEI), in 1996-1999. - Jackoba (cosmier), in 1999-2003. - Leo Ami Falke, and since 2003 - Joseph John Urushemal. The draft amendment to the Constitution, which provided for direct elections of the President and Vice President, was rejected.
The main problems of the country remain a high level of unemployment, cutting fish catches and a high degree of dependence on American assistance.
Micronesia inhabited Micronesians, only on the outskirts of the state - Polynesians dominate the atoll of Kapingamarangi. Micronesians were formed as a result of the mixing of representatives of Austaloid and Mongoloid races. They are characterized by medium height, relatively dark, brownish, skin color, hair can be wavy, straight or curly.
The population density is quite high - 155 people / km2. The age composition of the population indicates the youth of a significant part of the country's residents: 37-60-3. The average life expectancy of the islanders is growing and now is about 70 years.
In Micronesia, high fertility, reaching 25 people per 1000 inhabitants, and very low mortality - 5 people per 1000 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the population of the country decreases somewhat. The negative balance of migration, which is 21 people per 1000 inhabitants.
The difficult economic situation of Micronesia, a rather high level of unemployment and limited opportunities in obtaining higher education are forced local residents Leave the islands. They change their exotic calm corner of the Pacific Ocean on the bustle and wide possibilities of developed states.
The population of Micronesia professes Christianity, 50% of the islanders consider Catholics, 47% of the population belong to Protestants. About 1% of the population remain adherents of local traditional beliefs.
In the cities of Micronesia live 29% of Micronesians. The capital of the Federated States of Micronesia - Palikir - is located on Pontai Island. For a long time, very few residents lived here, but after the US government financed the design and construction of the capital, the population of the city has grown and is now 7 thousand people. The Government and the National Congress of the State meets here, a modern airport and seaport are located.
The main part of the city make up small two-storey houses, the architecture of which resembles local traditions. It is noteworthy that they are built taking into account the direction of the Passops and the fall of the sun's rays.
