Mountain is the highest point of Altai. Altai Mountains - Description and Beautiful photos

Altai (from the Turkic-Mongolian Altan - Golden), the mining system in Asia, in the south of Siberia and Central Asia, in Russia (the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Tyva, the Altai Territory), Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China. Extracted with latitude from 81 to 106 ° East longitude, in longitude - from 42 to 52 ° Northern latitude. It extends from the North-West to the southeast of more than 2000 km. It consists of high-altitude (the highest point is the Beluha Mountain, 4506 m) and the medium-road ridges and the separating them of the intermountable kitelin. In the north and northwest borders from the West Siberian Plain, in the northeast - with Western Sayan And the mountains of South Tuva, in the East - with the valley of large lakes, in the south-east - with the desert Gobi, in the south - with the Jungar Plain, in the west of the Valley of the Irtysh River are separated from the Kazakh Melkosopechnik. Altai is a watershed between the Northern Ocean Pool and the Best Region of Central Asia. Orographically allocate Gobi Altai, Mongolian Altai and Altai actually, or Russian Altai. The latter is often identified with the concept of "Altai" and is part of the subskurid mountain country in Southern Siberia Mountain, forming the Western ending with a length of latitude over 400 km, from north to south - about 300 km (see map).

Relief . The relief of the Russian Altai was formed as a result of the long-term effects of exogenous processes on a growing raising and is characterized by a large variety of forms. Most of the ridges of the northwestern or subshir strike form a fan, consisting in the west direction. The exclusion is the ridges of the northern submeridional orientation and the southern periphery. A number of extensive flatbed (dock and others) are distinguished, Nagrai (Chulyshmanskoye, etc.) and mountain ranges (mongun-taiga, etc.), as well as large intertwine kotlovin, occupied by the steppes (Chui, Kurayskaya, Uimon, Abay, Kanskaya, and others .). Alpine ridges and arrays are located mainly in the east and south-east. Above 4000 m ridges: Katunsky (height up to 4506 m), slyguhem (up to 3499 m), north-chuy (up to 4177 m). Significant in the height of the ridge: South Chuy (height up to 3936 m), South Altai (up to 3483 m), Chihachev (up to 4029 m), Tsagan-Shibeth (up to 3496 m) and Shapshalsky (up to 3608 m). A separate array of mongun-taiga is distinguished by a high relief (3970 m). The highlands is characterized by islean crests, steep (20-50 ° and more) slopes and wide bottoms of the valleys made by moraine or engaged glaciers. The rational-feloning slopes formed by the intensively flowing gravitational processes are widely developed. Relief ice mills are common: punogi, glacial circus, rogs, kallengi, moraine trees and ridges. The median and low-bearing ridges are mainly in the West and the North of Altai. Among them are most significant: Terektinsky (height up to 2926 m), Aigulaksky (up to 2752 m), IOLO (up to 2618 m), foliage (up to 2577 m), Narymsky (up to 2533 m) and Baschelaki (up to 2423 m) ridges. In the middle mountain, alpine features of the relief are fragmentary. Wide massive interfluve with flattened and plain vertices are predominant, where cryogenic processes are developed leading to the formation of churums and altiplanation. There are karst form relief. River valleys are often a narrow sharp gorge and canyons in a depth of 500-1000 meters. The peripheral lowland of Altai is characterized by a relatively small depth of dismembrance (up to 500 m) and gentle slopes. Valleys are wide, flat-bottom, with a well-pronounced terrace complex. Flat vertices survived fragments of ancient leveling surfaces. The bottoms of Kotlovin are occupied by inclined plain planes of proluavial origin and moraine amphitheraraths, which focusing the end of the trigger valleys. In the east of the Altai bottom, Kotlovin is complicated by thermocarbon forms.

Geological structure and minerals. Altai is located within the Paleozoic Altai-Sayan folded area of \u200b\u200bthe Ural-Okhotsk moving belt; It is a complexly constructed folded system formed by Precambrian and Paleozoic strata, intensively deployed in the Caledonian era of tectogenesis and the Hercinic era of tectogenesis. In the post -aleozoic time, the mining and folded structures were destroyed and turned into a denudation plain (Penenlen). According to features geological structure And the age of final folding is distinguished by Caledonian mountain altai in the north-west (takes about 4/5 of the entire territory) and the Hercinous ore altai in the south-west and south. Anticlinories Mountain Altai (Holzunsko-Chuy, Talitsky, etc.) Mainly composed of a flishoid terrigenous series of the Upper Cambrian - Lower Ordovka, overlapping Wend-Nizhnekhembriani doomed, silicon-shale education and presumably, Precambrian metamorphites, sitting on the surface. Called depressions and rabes (the largest - korgon) are made by Melassams of the Middle Ords - the lower silicon and the beginning of Devon. The deposits are broken by Latevonian granites. Within the limits of the ore altai possessing the Caledonian foundation, the breeds of the Vulcanocho-Bultonic Association of the Middle Devon - early carbon and late -aleozoic Granitoids are widespread. In the oligocene-quaternary time, Altai experienced a lift associated with the regional compression of the earth's crust caused by the rapprochement of the limiting lithospheric microplite (Dzhungarian, Tuvinian-Mongolian). The formation of a mountain structure occurred by the type of a large arch, which in the last stages of development was deformed by the system of gaps, as a result of which a series of block morphostructures was formed in the central and southern parts. Instrumental observations fix the vertical movement of the earth's crust, the speed of which reaches several centimeters per year. Raising occurs unevenly, accompanied by sugges, which causes asymmetry of the ridges.

Altai is one of the most seismic internal inginerate regions of the world. One of the largest seismic catastrophes (9-10 points) occurred in the high-altitude Kosh Agach region 27.9.2003. Known traces of ancient catastrophe (paleosexamodislocations).

The main wealth of the bowels of Altai is the deposits of noble metals and the crockeled lead-zinc-copper-barite ores (Korbalikhinskoye, Zyryanovskoye, etc.), forming the polymetallic belt of ore altai. At the Mountain Altai - mercury, gold, iron, tungsten-molybdenum ores. Frequently known deposits of the oscillation stones, marble. There are thermal mineral springs: Abakan Argen, Belokurikhinsky and others. Altai continental climate in the foothills, sharply continental in the internal and eastern parts, which is determined by the position in moderate latitudes and a significant removal from the oceans. Winter is harsh and long (from 5 months in the foothills of up to 10 months in highlands), which contributes to the influence of the Asian anticyclone. average temperature January is (in the foothills) from -15 to -20 ° C; In the northeast, somewhat higher and on the shores of Teletsk Lake reaches -9.2 ° C; In the basins, where the temperature inversion is common, it is reduced to -31.7 ° C. Fixed at least temperatures -60 ° C (in Chui steppe). The widespread development of multi-neuropuse breeds is associated with strong intake, the power of which is places up to several hundred meters. Summer is relatively short (up to 4 months), but warm. The average temperature of July ranges from 22 ° C (in the foothills) to 6 ° C in highlands; In the face and southern foothills, it is possible to rise to 35-40 ° C or more. For the middle mountain and lowland characteristic of 14-18 ° C. The smoke-free period at an altitude of up to 1000 meters does not exceed 90 days, above 2000 m is practically absent. The sediments are connected mainly with Western moisture-free threads and are distributed extremely unevenly in the territory and by seasons. Exposurely expressed exposure asymmetry, in which the viscosions of the ridges, especially Western periphery, receive significantly more precipitation than the internal basins. Thus, in the highlands of Katun and South Chui ridges per year to 2,000 mm of precipitation and more, while the Kurayaya and Chui steppes are one of the most arid places in Russia (up to 100 mm of precipitation per year). The moisture deficit in the basins is also explained by the seeming impact of the mountain-valley winds - Finov, especially in winter and autumn. The lowland and the middle house falls on average 700-900 mm of precipitation per year. Maximum precipitation falls for the summer. The thickness of the snow cover in the northern and western regions and in the highlands reaches 60-90 cm and more, in the hollows - less than 10 cm, and in low-snow years, the steady cover is practically not formed. In the mountains of Altai, there are more than 1,500 glaciers with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 910 km 2. Maximum distributed in Katuan, South and North-Chui ridges. To the most large glaciers Taldurinsky, Aktra (ACTUD) and Maasha (Masha), whose length is 7-12 km.

Altai. River Katun.

Rivers and lakes. Altai is dismembered by a thick network (several tens of thousands of thousands) of mountain rivers, according to the supply regime related to the Altai type: feed on with thawed snow waters and summer rains; Different with long spring floors. Most of the rivers belong to the Obi basin, both of its source - Katun and Biya are located in Altai and are its main water arteries. Western spurs drained with the right lifestyles of the Irtysh River, among which the Country River is distinguished. The rivers of the north-eastern part of Altai (Abakan et al.) Have a flow to the Valley of the River Yenisei, southeast outskirts belong to the Tableless region of Central Asia. The total number of lakes in Altai over 7000, with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1000 km 2; The largest - Markakol and Teletsk Lake. Many small (usually 1-3 km 2 or less) The leisurels of the lakes often fill the picturesque deep-threatening valleys. In the north of Altai there are karst lakes.

Types of landscapes. Altai is well expressed high-rise lower landscapes. In the lower landscape belt - the steppes, in the north, mostly meadow, with the sections of the forest-steppe. In the south of the steppe form a wide belt, rising to the height of 1000 meters or more, and the places have the features of deserted, moving in semi-deserts. From the mountains of the mountains are common, hollows, hamsters, badger; From birds - steppe eagle, Copchik, Kestrel. Similar to the appearance of the steppes in the intergigurgy basins. There is an antilope dazenen, Mongolian brown, cat manhal, etc. In the steppe lowland, the leached and apodoline black windows are developed, in the basins - peculiar dry-ahead brown and dark-chestnut soils. A minor forest-steppe belt is associated with an exposure asymmetry of moisturizes and lighting, when larch (less often of birch, aspen or pine) grow on the northern slopes of lowland, and in the southern - meadow steppes. The forest belt in the mountains of Altai prevails. The mountain-caustic forests are dominated here: Darkness, so-called black taiga from fir, spruce and pines of Siberian cedar cedar (or "cedar"), and light-screw from larch and pine ordinary. Among the inhabitants of mountain forests are typical of the taped animals - a bear, lynx, columns, protein, cabg, maral, etc.; From birds - a deaf, a ripper, a cedigrovka, a dyatlah, Klezti. The black taiga on the rich humus of deep-proclaimy or brown forest soils is widespread in Western foothills and in the northeast. Filters are on the middle part of the mountainside, cedar taiga - to the upper parts. In the dark forests, the herbal tier makes up large and high-threatened types; The undergrowth is often absent or consists of imposed cover (mosses, lichen), to which shrub and shrub tiers are added. Larchs occupy considerable spaces in the medium-sized river Katun River, on Terektinsky and Kuraysky ridges. Pine forests, often park-type, are commonly common in the valleys of the rivers Katun and Chulyshman. In Svetochkoy Forests, a herbal-shrub tier is diverse. Gray forest soils above 1700 m are transferred to wood tundra and mountain-tundra. The upper border of the forest in height ranges from 1600 to 2400 m, a rare-resistant taiga grows with well-developed high-tech, shrub and herbian-shrub tiers. Above - cedar and larch edging, alternating with thickets of shrubs (henniks) and subalpiy meadows. Among shrubs are dominated by birch round, willow, juniper, Kuril tea. As part of highly harvested meadows, many valuable species: Marali Root, Chederitsa Lobel, Bilberry, Badan, and others. Alpine meadows, common in the highlands of the Western and Central Altai districts, alternate with stains of moss-lichen covering or rocky stamps. The formations of large-scale, small, cereal-dies and kobrezyy meadows are distinguished. The highlands also presents landscapes of subalpine meadows, mountain tundras, rocks, rocky placers, glaciers and eternal snow. Most of the highlands occupy mountain tundra, not distinguished by a wide variety of species. Meadow, moss-lichen, shrub and rocky tundra are found. Above 3000 meters is located a nival-glycial belt. Animal of the alpine belt is characterized by Altai food, a mountain goat, a snow leopard, reindeer. The special type of Altai intrazonal landscapes are swamps common to almost everywhere on flat interferes and plateaus.

Especially protected natural territories. 5 Altai Objects (Altai Reserve, Security Strip around Teletskoy Lake, Katun Reserve, Beluha Natural Park and Rock Okay Zone), called Altai Golden Mountains, included in 1998 World Heritage. Natural landscapes and individual nature monuments are also protected in the Marcaskol Reserve. Created a number of reserves. About the economy of Altai Look in articles Altai Territory, Altai (Altai Republic) and Tuva.

History of opening and research. The first scientific studies of the nature of Altai belong to the 1st half of the 18th century, when ore deposits were opened in the West and the first copper smelters were built. Russian immigrants, mostly runaway factory and state peasants, appeared in the north of Altai in the middle of the 18th century. The first Russian settlements, including Old Believers, began to occur in the 1750-70s, mainly on the valleys of the average flow of rivers. In the 19th century, the upperwear of rivers began to settle, mainly by nomads-Kazakhs from China and Kazakhstan. In 1826, the study of Flora Altai was engaged in K. F. Leparour. In 1828, the marginal deposits of gold were discovered. In the 1st half of the 19th century, geological studies were conducted by P. A. Chihachev (1842), E. Shchurovsky (1844) and engineers of the mining department. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, numerous expeditions worked in Altai, including Russian Geographical Societies, Academy of Sciences, as part of which V. A. Obruchev, V. V. Sapozhnikov, who studied the modern glaciation and vegetation cover of Altai for a number of years . Starting from the 1920s, a systematic study of the nature of Altai was conducted: large-scale topography, and geological shooting, as well as a diverse study natural resources In connection with the development of the mining industry, hydropower and agriculture.

Lit.: Kuminova A. V. Herbal Pokrov Altai. Novosib., 1960; Mikhailov N.I. Mountains of Southern Siberia. M., 1961; N.N. N.A., Glushchiki Yu. N. Mountains. M., 1987.

: 48 ° 45 'p. sh. 89 ° 36 'in. d. /  48.750 ° С. sh. 89.600 ° C. d. / 48.750; 89.600 (G) (I)

CountriesRussia, Russia
PRC PRC

Area741 569 km² Length1847 km Width1282 km Highest topBeluha Highest point4509 M.

Etymology

Name Altai Ancient, hypothesis about its origin is different. According to one of them, the name is formed by the Mongolian conversational word "Altai", which means "a mountainous country with alpine meadows; nomads in high mountains. " But it is also likely that this term is secondary, that is, on the contrary, comes from the name of the mountains. According to Ramsmadt, name Altai comes from the Mongolian word alt. - "Gold" and locomotive formant -Thetaithat is, from the word Altta "Golden", "a place where there is gold." This version is confirmed by the fact that the Chinese were previously called the Altai "Jinshan" - "Golden Mountains", obviously, it's tracing with Mongolian. There is also an explanation of origin from the Turkic alatau. - "Pinsy Mountains", which is associated with the color of Highland Altai, where there are places with white snow, black rocky stamps and green vegetation. Radlov was put forward by a hypothesis of origin from the Turkic words al. - "tall", tai - "Mountain", which is rejected with modern data.

Geological structure

Geologists believe that the mountains were formed in the Caledonian era, but they experienced a secondary rise in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic era.

According to the modern concept of tectonics of lithospheric plates, the beginning of the formation of the Altai mining and folded system could be associated with the collision of the oceanic islands and lifts (Kurayskoye, Biysco-Katunskoe) with tectonic blocks of Paleo-Building Arc (Uymen-Lebedskaya, Gorno-Shorsky, Teletsk, Chulyshmansky). In Cambrian, the blocks of the mountain altai were a mature island system. Starting from the Middle Cambrian, the collision of the Gorno-Altai bloc with the adjacent structures of Salair, Kuznetsky Alatau, Western Sayan, accompanied by intense shear deformations. In the areas of the eastern part of the mountain altai, these deformation events are expressed by interruptions in sedimentation and volcanism, as well as local manifestations of adkitis, subnormal granitoid and syenite intrusual magmatism. In the southwest, at this time there was also the sea. In the Caledonian era (late Cambrian - Ordovik), a structure that enlisters mountain altai was hazarded to Siberia, but this deformation stage is practically not reflected in the geology of the region, except for a break in sedimentation and the ubiquitous cessation of volcanism. In the Ordovic and early silver, the region was flooded with a shallow water pool. Apparently there was a disclosure of the ocean pool to the west of the Altai mountain altai. In the Hercino time (Devon-Perm), the ocean located to the south and west of the mountain altai began to close. In the Mountain Altai, the process was accompanied by the investment of subducts zones, intense volcanism, such as modern Andiya active continental outskirts. Starting from Late Devon, there were numerous accretionary-collisional events: the harassment of the island of ore altai, oblique collision of Altai-Mongolian microcontinent, and a re-collision with the Kazakhstani composite terrane. In the Mesozoic Era, the Altai Mountains gradually collapsed under the action of the sun, wind and other natural forces, nonetheless the manifestations of Jurassic intraple magmatism are known in the region, and the associated deposits. For millions of years, the former mountain country has become plain with elevated areas. In the Cenozoic Era, in Altai, the tectonic processes of alpine skills appear again, which formed modern relief.

Altai minor formation continues at present: evidence of this is the 2003 earthquake and the underground shocks continuing after it.

Relief

Three main types of relief are distinguished in Altai: the surface of the residual ancient paraphelelen, the alpine glacial alpine relief and the middle-growing relief.

Ancient Penetheln is high mountain ranges with a wide development of leveling surfaces and steep, stepped, modified regressive erosion slopes. Separate vertices and small ridges folded above the leveling surfaces and small ridges folded with more solid rocks with relative exceeds 200-400 m. The remaining sections of Penethelen with heights of more than 2000 m are modified by the activities of the ancient glaciers - are rolled with edges, replete with moraine hills and lake basins.

The aligned surfaces of ancient Penethelen occupy about 1/3 of the entire territory of Altai. It is mainly southern and southeastern regions mountain area - Locking plate, Chulyshmanskoye Highlands, Ulagan Plateau. Separations of Penpetlen and in the middle mountain (Korgonsky, Tigretic, Terektinsky ridges, etc.) and in the lowland.

Alpine relief in Altai rises above the surface of ancient Penethelen and occupies higher areas of ridges of Katunsky, Chui, Kurai, Saylyugema, Chihachev, Shapshalsky, South Altai, Sarymsakty. Alpine relief is less common than the surface of an ancient parapower. The ridges with the Alpine Forms of Relief are the most raised axial parts (up to 4000-4500 m), strongly dissected by erosion and frosty weathera. The main form of relief here are islandine peaks and kallets, karas, housing valleys with lake bars, moraine hills and ridges, ribs, screaming, frost-solid formations. The general pattern of the high-mountain alpine relief in Altai is the alignment of the interfluve and reduce the depth of the valleys as the ridges are removed from the axial parts to their periphery.

The middle high relief has a height from 800 to 1800-2000 m and occupies more than half of the territory of Altai. The upper limit of the propagation of the mediteralous relief is limited to the plane of ancient paraphelelen, but this boundary is not sharp. The relief here is characterized by smoothed, rounded units of low ridges and their spurs separated by river valleys. An extensive, thick hydrographic network contributed to the strong erosion dismemberment of the middle mountain. The depth of river valleys reaches 300-800 m. The middle house erosion relief is distributed mainly in the northern, northwestern and western parts of Altai. In the interval of heights from 1000 to 2000 m, it is characterized by massive rocky ridges, with the predominance of steep slopes and narrow V-shaped or terraced valleys (Katun, Biya). In the interval of heights 500-1200 M, the tops of the slopes of the ridges are softer, aligned. Valleys are wider with well-developed floats and with messenger channels.

Eliminated in Altai and plain relief, which covers the peripheral part of the mountain area and occupies the space between the foothill plains and the medium grief. Absolute heights range from 400 to 800 m, and in separate vertices reach 1000 m. The relief of the lowland is characterized by flattened or dome-like interfluids and gentle deluvial slopes. Near the major valleys and the Northern Faca, the altai dismemberment of the lowland relief is especially fractional. In some places, it has the appearance of the Rocky "Bedlend" - a small staple.

A characteristic feature of the relief of Altai is the widespread use of intricultural bottling kitelins. They occupy latitudinal valleys-rabes and belong to areas of tectonic lowering. This is Chui, Kurayskaya, Julukulskaya, Bertecsk, Samokhinskaya, Uymonskaya, Abay, Kanska in-house basins. Some of them are located at a considerable altitude and therefore were exposed to the ancient glaciers who have formed their relief of their bottoms, others are located on low (medieval) levels and more exposed to accumulative activities, being spacing ancient lake pools.

Russian Altai is divided into South Altai (South-West), Southeast Altai and East Altai, Central Altai, North and Northeast Altai, North-West Altai.

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Notes

Sources

• Altai Mountains // Big Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 tons] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - m. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (Verified October 30, 2009)
• in the book: N. A. Govnietsky, N. I. Mikhailov. physical geography THE USSR. M., 1978.
• Online

Literature

• Murzaev E. M. Dictionary of popular geographic terms. 1st ed. - M., Thought, 1984.
• Murzaev E. M. Turkic geographical names. - M., Vost. lit., 1996.
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons. (82 t. And 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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Mountain systems of Asia

An excerpt characterizing Altai Mountains

"I am very glad that you came," the beginning of the princess Marya, not raising her eyes and feeling how quickly her heart beat. "Dronushka said me that war ruined you." This is ours general MountainAnd I will not regret anything to help you. I myself go, because it's already dangerous here and the enemy is close ... Because ... I give you all my friends, and I ask you to take everything, our whole bread so that you have no need. And if you were told that I gave you bread so that you stay here, then this is not true. I, on the contrary, I ask you to leave with all your property in our Moscow region, and there I take on myself and promise you that you will not need. You will be given houses and bread. - Princess stopped. In the crowd just heard sighs.
"I don't do it from myself," Knazhna continued, "I do it with the name of the late father, who was a good Barin to you, and his brother, and his son."
She stopped again. No one interrupted her silence.
- Mount Our general, and we will share everything in half. All that mine, then yours, she said, looking around faces that stood before her.
All the eyes looked at her with the same expression, the meanings of which she could not understand. Whether it was curiosity, devotion, gratitude, or fright and distrust, but the expression on all the faces was the same.
"Many are satisfied with your grace, only we take the Lord's bread," the voice said at the back.
- Yes, why? - said Princess.
Nobody answered, and Princess Marya, looking around the crowd, noticed that now all the eyes with which she met, immediately descended.
- Why don't you want? She asked again.
No one answered.
Princess Marya grew hard from this silence; She tried to catch whose look.
- Why don't you say? - turned princess to the old old man, who, leaning on a stick, stood in front of her. - Tell me, if you think you need something else. I will do everything, "she said, catching his eyes. But he, as if angry for it, lowered his head completely and said:
- What to agree that, do not need bread.
- Well, we all throw it? Do not agree. Do not agree ... There is no our consent. We regret you, but our consent is not. Go myself, one ... - he was heard in the crowd from different sides. And again on all the faces of this crowd, the same expression seemed, and now it was probably not an expression of curiosity and gratitude, but an expression of embittered determination.
"Yes, you didn't understand, right," Princess Mary said with a sad smile. - Why don't you want to go? I promise to settle you, feed. And here the enemy will ruin you ...
But the voice of the crowds drove her voice.
- There is no our consent, let it ruin! Do not take your bread, there is no consent of ours!
Princess Marya tried to catch again someone's opinion from the crowd, but no glance was directed at her; The eyes obviously avoided it. She became strange and embarrassed.
- Vish, taught deftly, go to the fortress go! Houses are reversed and go to Kabalu and go. How! I am bread, they say, I will give! - Voices were heard in the crowd.
Princess Marya, lowering his head, left the circle and went to the house. Repeating Dron's order that tomorrow there were horses for departure, she went to his room and was left alone with her thoughts.

For a long time, the princess of Marya sat at the open window in his room, listening to the sounds of the peasants who came from the village, but she did not think about them. She felt that, no matter how much she was thinking about them, she could not understand them. She thought all about one thing - about his grief, which now, after a break made by concerns about the present, has already passed for her. She now could remember, could cry and could pray. With the sunset wind fence. The night was quiet and fresh. In the twelfth hour, the voice began to sink, the cock was missing, the full moon began to go out of Lip, the fresh, white fog dew, and silence reigned over the village and above the house.
One of the other pictures of the past - the sickness and the last minutes of the Father were presented at one another. And with sad joy, she now stayed on these images, distinguishing from himself with horror only one last representation of his death, which she felt - she was unable to contemplate even in his imagination in this quiet and mysterious hour of the night. And these pictures appeared to her with such clarity and with such details that they seemed to her to reality, then in the future.
She was brought to her that moment when he was with a blow and his garden in the bald mountains under his arms and he mumbled something powerless tongue, he pulled out gray eyebrows and restlessly and timidly looked at her.
"He and then wanted to tell me what he told me on his death," she thought. "He always thought what he told me." And here she was with all the details I remembered that night in the Bald Mountains on the eve of the impact with him when Princess Marya, the prefabricating misfortune, against his will remains with him. She did not sleep at night on tiptoe down and, approaching the door to the floral, in which her father spent the night, listened to his voice. He is exhausted, tired voice said something with a tyon. He can see, wanted to talk. "And why didn't he call me? Why did he not allow me to be here on the site of Tikhon? - I thought then and now the princess of Marya. "He will never express anyone who has been in his soul now." It will never return for him and for me this minute, when he said everything he wanted to express, and I, and not Tikhon, listened and understood him. Why did I not go into the room then? - she thought. "Maybe he would then tell me what he said on the day of death." He and then in a conversation with Tikhon asked about me. He wanted to see me, and I stood here behind the door. He was sad, heavily talk to a tyon that did not understand him. I remember how he spoke to him about Lisa, like a living, - he forgot that she died, and Tikhon reminded him that she was no longer, and he shouted: "Fool". It was hard for him. I heard from the door, like him, groachty, lay down on the bed and shouted loudly: "My God! Why did I not go then? What would he do to me? What would I lose? Or maybe then he would comfort himself, he would tell me this word. " And Princess Marya said out loud, then the affectionate word he told her on the day of death. "Du SE NA! - Repeated Princess Marya, this word and buried with facilitating soul with tears. She saw now in front of his face. And the face she knew since he remembered, and which she always saw from afar; And then the face is a timid and weak, which she is on the last day, bending to his mouth to hear what he spoke, for the first time he considered closer to all his wrinkles and details.
"Drain", "she repeated.
"What did he think when said this word? What does he think now? He suddenly came to her the question, and in response to this she saw him in front of him with the expression of his face that he had in the coffin on the luxury white handker. And the horror that covered it when she touched him and made sure that it was not only he was not, but something mysterious and repulsive, embraced it and now. She wanted to think about a friend, she wanted to pray and could not do anything. She looked at the Moonlight and Shadows with big eyes, it was waiting for every second to see his dead face and felt that silence, standing over the house and in the house, slapped her.
- Dunya! She whispered. - Dunya! She screamed with a wild voice and, breaking out of silence, ran to the maiden, towards the nanny and girls running towards her.

August 17, Rostov and Ilyin, accompanying just returned from captivity with a laurel and West Gusar, from their parking Yankovo, fifteen versts from Bogucharova, went to ride with tops - try a new horse purchased by Ilyin and find out whether there is no village in the villages.
Bogucharovo was the last three days between two enemy armies, so it could also easily go there with Russian Ariergard, like the French avant-garde, and therefore Rostov, like a caring squadron commander, wanted before the French to take advantage of those quantities that remained in Boguchars.
Rostov and Ilyin were in the very fun arrangement of the Spirit. Dear in Bogucharsovo, in the princely imbey with the estate, where they hoped to find a big palanche and pretty girls, they asked the laurel about Napoleon and laughed at his stories, they were distilled, trying to Ilyin's horse.
Rostov and did not know and did not think that this village, in which he was driving, was the imbey of the Bolkonsky himself, who was the fiance of his sister.
Rostov with Ilyin was the last time released to the distillation of horses in the rags before Bogucharov, and Rostov, who was overtaken Ilina, the first rippled into the street of Boguchary village.
"You took ahead," said painted Ilyin, said.
"Yes, everything forward, and in the meadow ahead, and here," Rostov answered, stroking his arms of his silent Donets.
"And I'm in French, your fortification," Lavrushka said at the back, calling his harness his harness, "it would not want to stop it, but I didn't want to shat.
They drove up to Ambaru, who had a large crowd of men.
Some men removed the caps, some, without removing the hats, looked at the arrogant. Two old long peasants, with crustaceous faces and rare beards, came out of the Kabak and with smiles, swinging and chatting some kind of incisive song, approached officers.
- Well done! - said, laughing, Rostov. - What, hay is?
"And what are the same ..." said Ilyin.
- Rail ... oo ... ooo ... Laya coffee ... Demon ... - Hanging men with happy smiles.
One man came out of the crowd and approached Rostov.
- What will you be? - he asked.
"French," answered, dumbfounded, Ilyin. "So Napoleon himself," he said, pointing to the laurel.
- Would you be Russian? - asked the man.
- Is there a lot of your power here? - asked another little man, going to them.
"Much, a lot," Rostov answered. - Yes, what are you going here? - he added. - Holiday, what?
"The old people gathered, in a worldly cause," the man answered, leaving him.
At this time, two women and a man in a white hat seemed on the road from the Barsky House, which were sown to officers.
- My pink, Chur does not beat! - said Ilyin, noting the donjash resolutely fortunate to him.
- Our will! - Winking, said Ilyina Lavrushka.
- What, my beauty, you need? - said Ilyin, smiling.
- Princess ordered to find out what the regiment you and your last names?
- This is a graph of Rostov, a squadron commander, and I am your humble servant.
- Be ... here ... e ... do ... scale! - sowed a drunken man, smiling happily and looking at Ilyin, talking to a girl. Following the Dunny, the Rostov Alpatych approached Rostov, and removed his hat.
"I dare to concern your wellness," he said with respect, but with the relative disregard to the youth of this officer and laid his hand for the sinus. - My Mistress, the daughter of the past one of the fifteenth number, General Anhafa Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, being in difficulty on the occasion of the ignorance of these persons, - he pointed out the men, - asks you to come to please ... it will not want, "Alpathić said with a sad smile Several, otherwise it is not so comfortable at ... - Alpatych pointed to two men, who were so worried about him near him, as blindfall near the horse.
- A! .. Alpatych ... and? Jacob Alpatych! .. Important! Forgive me for the sake of Christ. Important! And? .. - said men, happily smiling to him. Rostov looked at drunken old people and smiled.
- Or maybe it consoaes your clay? - said Yakov Alpatych with a power species, not laid out for her sinus pointing to old people.
"No, there is a little comforted here," Rostov said and drove away. - What's the matter? - he asked.
- I dare to report to your presence that the coarse people do not want to release Mrs. from the estate and threatens to show off the horses, so in the morning everything is laid and its begging cannot leave.
- Can not be! Rostov cried out.
- I have the honor to report to you by the truth, I repeated Alpatych.
Rostov tears from a horse and, having passed its wisp, went with Alpathy to the house, asking him about the details of the case. Indeed, yesterday's proposal of the Princed men's men, her explanation with Dron and with a gathering so ruined the case that Dron finally passed the keys, joined the men and was not at the request of Alpathić and that in the morning, when Princess ordered to put in order to go, men came out To the barn and sent to say that they will not release the princesses from the village that there is an order to not export, and they will straighten the horses. Alpatych went to them, joining them, but he was answered (Karp said more; Drone was not shown from the crowd) that the princess could not be released, that there is an order; And that let the princess remains, and they will serve it by the old one and obey everyone.

There are many corners of nature in the world that simply amazing the imagination with their beauty. One of these places is it located in the southeastern part in the east of the edge of the Salair Kage - mostly flat territory, destroyed by numerous low hills. As it moves to the southeast, the terrain is gradually changing. The endless plains come close to majestic to say that they are beautiful - it means not to say anything.

Altai Mountains are the pride of the world. Translated from the ancienturk "Altai" as the "Golden Mountain" or "Gold Mountain". Looking at these giants, I want to believe that this is true. In Siberia, this is the largest mountain range. It is harmoniously combined by snow-covered vertices and picturesque green slopes, silent hills and raging mountain rivers with crystal clean water. The height of the area fluctuates from 500 to 2000 meters above sea level. Fabulous subsoil Altai Region rich in various minerals. Copper, zinc, gold, lead, silver is just a small part of what keeps the local land in itself. There are many building decorative, as well as rare diverse materials on the territory of the region. The rich fields of Jasper and Quartzites are known for the whole world. And the stocks of soda are the largest in the world. This emphasizes the importance of the edge for the whole of our country.

Altai mountains are cut with small robes, which, smoothly going down to the plain, form lakes. One of them (Teletskoy) is even under the protection of the UNESCO World Organization. Along It eastern coast Located a reserve where many lives among them - the famous

There is a legend that Altai Mountains have formed more than 400 million years ago. Then, under the influence of the forces of nature, they were completely destroyed, and only after 350 million years have appeared what we see now. Ancient giggles, shrouded in a snowy bedspread, are majestically towers over the green hilly plain. Altai mountains attract the attention of many height lovers. Numerous climbers seek here to test themselves on strength, climbing the sheer rocky areas. Those who are lucky will be happy to admire the wonderful scenery from a bird's eye view.

Despite the fact that the Altai Territory is a two-pointed Beluha, which rises above sea level by 4.5 thousand meters, most climbers seek at all here. They attract a completely different vertex - Mount Sinauha. Altai Territory is famous thanks to her. The height of this beauty is only 1210 meters. On the territory of the Kolyvan Range located here is the highest point. But she is not interesting. If you look at the hill, it seems blue. This is due to thick vegetation. Maybe therefore it was called - "Sinauha". In the nearby surroundings of this mountain there are two most famous lakes in Altai: moss and white. A birch grove begins at the foot of the array. Tourists climb up the trail. The road gradually becomes more difficult. Sunny birch fishing wood gradually changing on the harsh taiga thickets of fir. A few hours of lifting - and the long-awaited vertex opens, which is surrounded by granite rocks. One of them has an iron cross. In the very center of the vertex there is a lump of granite with a deepening in the form of a bowl that is filled with water. People have long been long ago, it was believed that if you climb on the top of the blue, wash the water from the bowl and pray at the iron cross, then the whole year all the problems will bypass you and the soul will be calm. Mountain has long been a places of pilgrimage Christians. And now many believe in an ancient legend.

The capital of the Altai Territory is the city of Barnaul. His story has a little over 200 years. It's not so much, but the city is developing rapidly and gaining strength. During the existence, he has undergone earthquakes and floods, war and ruin. Residents are holy than the memory of the past, which is stored in numerous museums. Modern Barnaul is a city of contrasts. Against the background of wide avenues and multi-storey buildings, ancient buildings are preserved, which remind of the old years.

The road to Altai lies through Barnaul. Crowds of people seek with their own eyes to see the indescribable beauty of the endless expanses of mountains and forests, swim in the purest lakes and breathe fresh air of Altai meadows.

Before you detailed map Altai Mountains with the names of cities and settlements in Russian. Move the map by holding it with the left mouse button. You can move around the map by clicking on one of the four arrows in the upper left corner. Scale allows the scale on the right side of the map or turn the wheel of the mouse.

In which country is Altai Mountain

Altai Mountain is located in Russia. It's wonderful beautiful place, with its own history and traditions. The coordinates of the Altai Mountains: northern latitude and east longitude (show on the big map).

Virtual Walk

The "man" figure above the scale scale will help to make a virtual walk through the cities of Altai Mountains. By pressing and holding the left mouse button, drag it to any place on the map and you will go for a walk, while in the upper left corner will appear inscriptions with the approximate address of the area. Motion direction Select by clicking on the arrows in the center of the screen. Option "Satellite" at the top of the left allows you to see a relief image of the surface. In Map mode, you will get the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with road road Altai mountains and major attractions.

Altai mountains are a complex ridge system, separated by extensive ribs and deep rivers. They simultaneously cross the boundaries of several countries: Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China. Their total area is about 742 thousand km2.

A bit of history

There is a legend that the World Flood Altai Mountains were mighty heroes. But after the land lost her hardness and was not able to keep giants, so they turned into the mountains in which their spirit still lives.

For many centuries, this territory was a "corridor" between Central Asia, Mongolia and Siberia.

There are many traces of human stay: scythian mounds, Stone sculptures of Turkic peoples, mysterious writing and other rock paintings. People lived in Altai since ancient times. Initially, it was a caveman, later the Europeanoids appeared, then (middle I thousand BC) - Scythian tribes.

After a millennium, Turks came to the Altai Mountains and lived here until the domination over the territory had passed to the Mongolian tribes. In the 17th century, they were changed by Jugar. After the defeat during the attacks of the Chinese troops, the local population began to look for protection from Russia, which at that time largely expanded its borders.

Relief

On the territory of Russia, the mountains are located in the Republic of Altai and the Altai Territory. This is the most high part Siberia.

They were formed in different epochs, so they have all sorts of reliefs, namely:

Flat terrain;

Lowland (up to 500 m);

Mediterranean (up to 2000 m);

Highlands (up to 4000-4500 m);

Intergorenticed pit.

Caras, islandish peaks, collaps, ridges, screaming - these are already the form of reliefs that are Altai Mountains. Are here and rivers that flow into the valleys and form pure lakes. The water level in them is changing depending on the time of the year, since the power is only snow.

Under the action of various weather phenomena (wind, snow, rain, frost and heat) Altai mountains are constantly destroyed. WATER CLEAN SURFACE WATER CONTACT SURFACE, VERCHES CONSTRUCTION, Why is it possible to observe a scree. About 300 caves are located here.

Vershins

Katun ridge is the highest in Altai, about 15 km long, and a height of 3200-4000 meters. His vertices are always white - the snow does not melt here, only ice blocks of different sizes are constantly falling down. Katun ridge is one of the most visited by tourists. He opens a great overview for the highest mountain - Beluhu. Its peak is equal to 4509 meters above sea level.

Known interesting fact - Beluha removed to the same distance from three oceans: a quiet, Indian and Atlantic. Glaciers surrounded from all sides, thanks to this she got its name.

A lot of legends are connected with the local population with Belukha, they believe that the Mountain is sacred, that in our time there are evil spirits. They can punish anyone who distorts her peace. Buddhists believe that Beluha hides the entrance to the legendary country (Shambalu).

The Colban is another peak of Katunsky ridge. From a height of 3022 meters, it opens beautiful circular panoramas.

It is impossible to leave another ridge of Altai - Chuy. In magnitude, he rightfully takes second place. It is customary to divide into two: North-Chuy and South Chuy.

The first is very popular among tourists thanks to its landscape. Many come here to look at Alpine meadows, beautiful mountain lakes and eternally covered with snow highlands.

The South Chuy Range because of its relief, it is difficult for it, it practically consists of glaciers.

The mountains of the Altai Territory are not as high as Altai Mountains. But they attract a lot of tourists. Mountain Blue (height is 1210 meters) is very popular. Here on one of the slopes there is a holy source, the Orthodox Cross was installed next to him in 1997.

Lake

Altai mountains, whose photos can be found in this article are also rich in lakes. Here are about 20 thousand.

The biggest is Teletskoy, it ranks second in depth after Baikal. Until now, there are many disputes about its origin.

The lake is stretched by a length of 80 km long. It has its own special climate, so the day the weather may change several times. The wind dominates here. In the lake there is very transparent water, even in winter through the ice you can see the bottom. Love here both tourists and fishermen.

Samoa large river Altai Mountains is Katun, 688 km long. Its origin is the height Glacier at an altitude of 2 km above sea level. The water of this river is cold, it turns out not to swim in it.

Another thing is lake, in the summer it warms up to +25 ° C. Surprisingly, no river falls into it, but the water level is always the same.

It is impossible to leave the Karakol lakes without attention. There are only seven them. They are born by glaciers, so even summer water is heated only to + 11 ° C. The border of larch forests, cedar and alpine meadows, striking their beauty passes here.

Altai Mountains (Pictures): Plant World

Local flora is rich in its diversity. Here you can see the vegetation of the European part of Russia, Eastern Kazakhstan, as well as Central and North Asia.

The main part of the Altai Territory is covered with forests. The peculiarity of this territory is ribbon pine bors.

On the mountain part of Altai, trees such as larch, cedar, fir, birch are growing. A lot here and shrubs: a lingonberry, honeysuckle, blueberries, raspberries, blackberry, lamelter, Tollga, Phalch, Juniper.

In the spring and at the beginning of the summer, the slopes of the mountains and the plains turn into bright carpets from a variety of colors. There are many medicinal plants here, some grow only in Altai.

Animal world

The forests and steppes provided the Altai Mountains a variety of fauna. About 250 species of birds and 90 species of mammals live here. Some of them are even listed in the Red Book.

The feature of the animal world is the presence of endemic species. They can live both on the plain and in the mountainous area. Bright representatives are Altai Mole, tundra partridge and mining turkey.

Taiga prefers brown bear and elk. The first during the summer can migrate from forests to alpine meadows in search of delicious plant roots, herbs, mushrooms, fish. However, by autumn, it always returns to Taiga arrays.

From one zone of Altai mountains to another, seasonal moves of universal animals (roeloy, elk, cabg, maral) are committing.

In the forests you can see Wolverine, lynx, the chipmunk, the ermine. Among the fur animals, sable and fox stands out.

Where the Altai Mountains go into the steppe, the birds are inhabit the predatory birds (Kobchik, Kobchik, Kanyuk-Sarych), the eagle-Berkut prevails on tops, and in the forests - Hawk, Owl and Filin.