Kazan Kremlin: Quick description and main sights of the Kremlin. Kazan: Kremlin, description and photos of the Kremlin, history and architecture, excursions to the Kazan Kremlin, Tower of Syumbik and Mosque Kul Sharif - Travel Agencies Other Measurement Message on the topic Cas

29.04.2021

One of the most important and visited attractions of Kazan is the Kazan Kremlin. This is the most ancient attraction of Kazan, the construction of which began in the tenth century! OUR, TRUE, ERA. Documents, as well as in many objects of the Kremlin, has not been preserved, therefore the officially recognized age - on the first mention. Of course, the Kremlin, which is now in a multifaceted hill, and the entire territory of the Kazan Kremlin has already repeatedly converted and rebuilt. This is primarily due to wars, assaults, attempts to coup.

If you do not have time to read the article, we suggest looking at our video about the Kazan Kremlin, together with us you walk through the Kremlin's territory, look at the beauty of the Ku-Sharif Mosque from different angles, you will see all the main sights and an incredible view of the Volga.

Video about Kazan Kremlin

The history of the Kazan Kremlin

From the twelfth to the fourteenth century - it was a fortification that was the Bulgar fortress. Naturally, only the results of archaeological excavations resemble its existence.

Kazan included in the composition of the Golden Horde, after her decay, the Kazan Kremlin became the center of Kazan Khanate, which existed until the middle of the 16th century, namely until 1552.

And then, in 1552, the whole fortress was thoroughly destroyed after taking it by Ivan Grozny. His architects, truth, and 200 workers, the Kremlin was rebuilt again. It was then that the first Orthodox churches were erected, including the Annunciation Cathedral, which, unlike many, was preserved at our day.

A part of the Kremlin's towers were erected from stone, and some are wooden. In general, the Kazan Kremlin became completely stone in the second half of the seventeenth century. And then, solely because of the fire.

And already in the eighteenth century, the fortress stopped performing defensive functions (for a while) and, it was then that the Kremlin became an administrative object, the cultural center of the Volga region.

There was time, the troubled times of the Pugachev uprising came, when the Kremlin turned into a defensive structure - it was fired as a two days from guns.

But it was not a fundamental damage to the Kremlin, and the Soviet power, which at the beginning of the twentieth century massively destroyed the temples and chapels erected in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, when, in addition to spiritual and architectural heritage, important church values \u200b\u200bwere destroyed.

Kul-Sharif Mosque (Schedule and Rules of Visit)

Rules of visits and work schedule of the mosque (photos increase when clicking the mouse)

Main Hall inside the mosque

The Kul Sharif mosque was built quite recently - the construction of the Kul Sharif mosque began in 1996 in the framework of the recovery of a multimen mosque destroyed in 1552.

However, she was very harmonious fit into the architecture of the Kremlin. The mosque is open to visiting everyone wishing.

Kul-Sharif - the mosque operating, so you need to visit it, respectively. However, the rules of visits do not differ from the rules of visiting Orthodox churches.

For women, it is covered with head, covered shoulders, skirt below the knees, or long pants. For men - uncovered head, and still forbidden the entrance to shorts.

If for some reason you forgot about these rules - scarves and capes will give you at a reason for a rencination for free.

Schedule of the mosque:

Kul Sharif's mosque is open to visit from 9 to 19 hours. Break from 11:30 to 13:15 on Fridays to make Friday Namaz.

Towers of the Kazan Kremlin

Spasskaya Tower

As in the Moscow Kremlin is a clock tower. It was erected by Pskov architects, which were attracted by Ivan Grozny to restore the Kremlin after the siege, Ivan the worship of Yakovlev.

Now this tower is the main entrance to the Kremlin. Not far from She is a monument to Musa Jalille (Tatar poet, the Hero of the Soviet Union) and the stop of the two-story excursion bus.

Southwestern tower

The tower was erected simultaneously with the Spasskoy the same architects in the Pskov defensive style. The tower is located to the left of Spasskaya at the corner.

Transfiguration Travel Tower

Right - Preobrazhenskaya Tower, Left - Mosque Kul Sharif

This tower is named so in honor of the Savior-Preobrazhensky monastery, which she once closed. At the moment, the entrance through this tower in the Kremlin is closed. The Transfiguration Tower was erected in its original form was Pskov architects, but later it was quite significantly rebuilt.

Multifaceted (five-marked) tower

This tower, unfortunately, did not live to the present day. Only the core remained from her.

Unnamed Round Tower

Apparently, not enough fantasy in the architects that were erected. The tower is built of bricks. All the same architect Ivan turning around Yakovlev's stay.

Northwestern tower

Like a multifaceted tower, unfortunately, not preserved.

Tainitskaya Tower

Established on the site of the destroyed Tower of Nur Ali or in the Russian version - Muralaev. It is believed that it was through this tower who went into the departed fortress Ivan Grozny. And it is called Tynitsky from the word "mystery" - there was a secret source of water, which allowed to defend the fortress much longer during her siege.

Northern Round Tower

Rebuilded in the seventeenth century, but here the Pugacheva rebellion made their contribution. Apparently, the guns were a great tower that it was easier to disassemble it than to restore. What was done.

Resurrection Tower

... or what remains from her. The fact is that initially the tower was higher, and in the upper tier was the temple of the Resurrection of the Lord (hence the name of the tower). Then, in the 20s of the twentieth century, when the temples were massively destroyed throughout the country, it was demolished, so only the first tier remained.

The observation deck of the Kazan Kremlin on the River Kazanka (located behind the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral)

Northeast Round Tower

Again, the fact that it remained - suffered as a result of the Pugachev uprising.

Dmitrievskaya Tower

Unfortunately, did not live to the present days because of the Pugachev uprising. The church of the Holy Great Martyr Dmitry Solunsky, in honor of which the tower was named, was also destroyed ... Well, you already know who and when.

Constorm Tower

Built in the sixteenth century in a tree and rebuilt in the seventeenth century in stone, this tower was very important in terms of defense defense. Named the tower in honor of the spiritual consistory, next to which was erected.

Southeast Round Tower

Also also in the sixteenth century ... and this is the last tower of the Kazan Kremlin from all existing and once existed.

Blagoveshchensky Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin

Near the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral there is a monument to the Zodkima Kazan Kremlin

The Blagoveshchensky Cathedral in the Kazan Kremlin was erected by order of Ivan the Terrible after the siege of the fortress in 1552, when the fortress lay in ruins, and she had to rebuild it.

Annunciation Cathedral is a Cathedral, which was first less than two less pristine. The current dimensions were resulting from numerous superficials.

And this is one of the few shrines of the Kazan Kremlin, which was not destroyed with all the other chapels, temples and bell tower. Destroyed the porch and bell tower that, of course, is also a huge loss.

And in the cathedral there is a museum of the history of the Annunciation Cathedral.

Tower Syuyumbike

Unfortunately, it is not known anyone who is unknown, by whom and when this semilation tower was built, since in Moscow the documents burned down as a result of a fire, and in Kazan were lost as a result of the uprisings. Therefore, there is a lot of legends around the tower.

According to one of them, the tower built Ivan the Terrible, and for 7 days (by the number of tiers), since it was the condition of Queen Syumubik, where Ivan Grozny wanted to marry.

True, this legend has a sad end, since as a result of Queen, Syubika dropped from 7 tiers of this tower.

It is known why this tower "Fading". Due to the sidelines of the soil the tower leaned. At the moment, the deviation of the spire from the central axis is about two meters. However, its fall managed to stop and is currently reliably fixed.

It looks true, the tower is still quite unusual, especially next to other buildings - the towers of the Kremlin and the Kul Sharif mosque, which is in close proximity.

Museums of the Kazan Kremlin

There are many museums in the Kazan Kremlin.

From constantly acting, it is:

Museum-Memorial of the Great Patriotic War

The museum in which you need to go and reduce the children there, to the younger generation learns that not Betman or Superman defeated fascist Germany in this long and bloody war. There is a museum in the building of Kazan Hermitage.

The museum quite often changes and exposure is renewed, dedicated to the participation of inhabitants of Tatarstan. But constantly one thing - all the expositions are devoted to the Great Patriotic War.

Museum of the Natural History of the Republic of Tatarstan

This is a museum dedicated to the wrong story, which is determined by historians and politicians, but the history of the emergence of land and processes in it occurring during its existence time.

Interesting museum with a large number of interactive exhibits. For example, you can weigh on the scales that will show how much you weigh on other planets, based on data on their gravity. View the inhabitants of the glacial period and feed the ancient fish. Way to heavenly bodies.

In general, those who are interested in science or just wants to know more about the device in which we live - you just need to visit this museum.

The museum is quite fresh - 2005.

Cost:

Adults - 200 r. (weekdays) and 250 r. (weekends, holidays)
Students, pensioners - 100 r. (on any days)
Schoolchildren - 80 p. (on any days)

Museum of the history of statehood of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Tatar people

This museum is divided into two parts. One is a permanent exposure that describes the stages of the life of the Tatar people for the period of two thousand years. There is this exposure on the second floor. It can be updated and change, but it is dedicated exclusively to the Tatar people.

The first floor of the museum is just the exhibition halls, the exposition in which is regularly (about two to three months) changes, so what is there - you need to specify immediately before the trip, if there is a desire to visit this museum.

Ticket price depending on the visits to the halls and floors of the museum:

Adults - from 80 p. up to 200 r.
Students, pensioners - from 80 p. up to 150 r.
Schoolchildren - from 80 p. up to 120 r.
Excursion - from 300 r. up to 600 r.

Center "Hermitage-Kazan" - Branch of the State Museum of Hermitage (St. Petersburg)

This branch of the Hermitage Museum was opened in the building of the former Junker School in 1997. Since then, large exhibitions of various cultural values, painting, etc. are held on an area of \u200b\u200b1000 square meters.

In addition, there are computer classes in Kazan Hermitage, lecture ... In general, everything that is customary to be placed in modern major museums. Naturally, it is better to learn about running exhibitions in advance, since the exposition may change.

Ticket price:

Adults - 200 r.
Students, pensioners - 100 r.
Schoolchildren - 80 p.

Museum of Islamic Culture

Located in the lowest tier of the Kul Sharif mosque. Museum created exactly there, because Initially, the mosque, in the place of which Kul-Sharif was built, was created as a religious scientific and educational center of the Volga region. Therefore, it was decided to restore it in the form of a museum too.

Cost:

Adults - 200 r.
Students, pensioners, schoolchildren - 80 p.

Opening hours of the Kazan Kremlin, Mosque and Museums of the Kremlin

Entrance to the Kazan Kremlin through the Spasskaya Tower is carried out around the clock and free.

Fixed work hours have only museums located in the territory of the Kazan Kremlin, as well as the passage through the Tainytsky Tower is carried out on schedule:

The Kul Sharif Mosque and the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral are open to visit from 9:00 to 19:30. When ordering an evening excursion (only accompanied by a guide), you can visit until 20:30.

Museum of Natural History of Tatarstan, Center "Hermitage-Kazan", Showroom "Manege", Museum of the history of the statehood of Tatarstan, Museum of the Cannon Court and the Museum of the History of the Annunchensky Cathedral are open:

monday-Thursday, Saturday-Sunday from 10.00 to 18.00 (Kassa - until 17:30);

friday - from 11:00 to 20:00 (Cassa - until 19:30)

The Islamic Culture Museum works daily from 9.00 to 19.30 (Kassa until 19.00).

! Tip: If you decide to visit several Museums of the Kazan Kremlin, it is more profitable to buy a unified ticket for all museums, the cost of such a ticket is 700 p.

Address of Kazan Kremlin

The official address of the Kazan Kremlin: 420111, Kazan, Kremlin, A / I 522.

How to get to the Kazan Kremlin

If you arrived in Kazan by train, then from the Kazan-Passenger station you can walk to the Kremlin about 15-20 minutes, as we did.

If you stopped far from the center of Kazan, then you can take advantage buses: 6, 15, 29, 35, 37, 37, 47, 74, 74a, 75 to the central stadium stops, "Palace of Sports", "Tsum"

Metro: To the station "Kremlin". In Kazan, only one metro line, so the main thing is to just look at the information shield hanging over the platform. The only thing that confuses a little, the names of the stations were written immediately on three languages \u200b\u200band at first eyes spread out.

And in conclusion, some more photos of the Kazan Kremlin.

Photo of the Kazan Kremlin

View of the mosque Kul Sharif from the walls of the Kremlin

Inside the Kazan Kremlin (building in the center - the showroom of the Manege)

Monument to Musa Jalile

Inside the Kul Sharif Mosque (photographing and removing allowed on the phone and camera without flash)

On working days in the Kremlin and in the people's mosque, very little

On the territory of the Kazan Kremlin can be photographed in ancient national costumes

Gate to the presidential palace (for visits always closed)

Right to the presidential palace adjoins the "falling" tower of Syumubik

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The stone Kremlin appeared in this place in the XII century. In 1552, the troops of Ivan the Terrible captured Kazan: the old fortress, including the mosque in its territory, was destroyed. The construction of new fortifications that have survived to our time began in 1556. The works were led by the builders of the Moscow Cathedral of Vasily Blessed - the Johnnial Postnim on Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryay.

In 2000, the architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin entered the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Photo of the Kazan Kremlin

Historical and architectural complex

The modern complex of the Kazan Kremlin occupies a territory of 150 thousand square meters, the length of the Kremlin walls is almost two kilometers, the width reaches three meters, and the height is more than six meters. The walls of the Kazan Kremlin are located many interesting objects - both historical monuments and modern attractions. - Symbol of the Kazan Kremlin. According to the official version, it was built at the end of the XVII - early XVIII century as a sentigious tower and entry into the Ober Commandant courtyard. However, about the age of the tower there are different opinions. One thing says that it was built at the end of the 15th century and survived the ruin of Kazan Ivan Grozny.

The tower has five tiers. The first three are tetrahedrals, the last - octarans. The height of the structure is about 58 meters, it is crowned with a spire. Syunibik tower is tilted aside. Deviation from the vertical axis is almost 2 meters. - The youngest and most gorgeous structure of the Kazan Kremlin. It was erected in 1996-2005 by the Millennium Kazan. Part of the building performs religious functions, part of the museum - it has a museum of Islamic culture.

Mosque Kul Sharif has five floors. The plan is two crossed squares. The building is lined with white marble and covered with a blue dome. There are four minarets around 55 meters high with the same blue completes. Stained-glass windows are inserted into the windows of the mosque, partially covered with an ornament.

The monument has its own prehistory. Until the XVI century, when Kazan was taken by the troops of Ivan the Terrible, there was a mosque of the same name, named after her last imam. So the construction of a new building is not only a symbol of equality of religions in the republic, but also tribute to history.

Also on the Kremlin (in the south-eastern part of it) is located complex of the Transfiguration Monasterywho has its own buildings. The monastery today does not work.

The main temple of the monastery was Transfiguration Cathedral, built at the end of the XVI - early XVII century. The cathedral was blown in the 1920s. Now only the basement remained from him. The Wall of the Cathedral has a small cave in which the wonderworkers were buried.

Also included here church of St. Nicholas Wonderworker. This church, built in the second half of the XVI century and was touched several times later, survived in Soviet times. Restoration is currently being restored. The last building is included in the complex of the monastery - bratsky corps, built in the second half of the XVII century.

In addition, in the Kazan Kremlin are located:

Presidential palace (Former Governor Palace)
Bishops' house
Cannon
Junker school (in the building placed museums and art gallery)
Manezh

The Pearl of the Kazan Kremlin is, built in the middle of the XVI century - the main Orthodox construction of the Kazan Kremlin. He began to build in 1556 and was completed by 1562. The reason for the construction was the capture of Kazan Ivan Grozny. The legend states that the king even chose a place to bookmark the cathedral. Until 1922, the temple had a bell tower, which was then blown up.

Spasskaya Tower

The Spasskaya Tower of the Kazan Kremlin was erected in the XVI century, it is located on the side of the area on May 1. This is the main tower of the Kremlin with the entrance gate, the church of the Savior of the Unclean is adjacent to it, because of which the tower got his name. The tower has not been completed, rebuilt and repeatedly burned. In the XVIII century, the clock was installed on it. After the revolution of the two-headed eagle, the walked bath, replaced the Golden Star - it remains on the tower to this day.

Tainitskaya Tower

The Tainytsky tower was built in the XVI century on the site of the destroyed Tower of Nur-Ali, from which Ivan Grozny entered the captured Kremlin. The tower got its name later: everything is because of the secret move, which came from here to a clean source. Here it was possible to take water, even when the Kremlin kept the siege. Until our days, the source is not preserved.

Spasskaya and the Tainytsky tower were built at one time, initially they were very similar. However, over time, due to numerous rearrangements, their appearance began to differ.

Museum-Reserve

Museum The Kazan Kremlin Reserve was established in 1994, all historical buildings in the Kremlin are in his jurisdiction. They contain exposures of several museums, as well as exhibition halls.

Among them, the Museum of Natural History of Tatarstan is allocated, in which you can see the skeletons of prehistoric animals and finds from that era when the ancient sea was located on the territory of Kazan.

It is also interesting to the Museum of Islamic Culture Located in the mosque.

The museum of the statehood of the Tatar people and the Republic of Tatarstan is located on the territory of the Khan courtyard. Here you can see a coin, which about 1000 years old, ancient jewelry and other items telling about the material culture of the people and his life.

Cannon

A melting courtyard complex consisting of four buildings leads its history since the XVII century, various restructuring was carried out up to the middle of the XIX century. A cannonry worker worked here, one of the largest in the empire. After a major fire, it stops the weapons here, the school of battalions of military cantonists opens in the buildings of a cannon court, in 1866, it replaces it to a Juncher infantry school.

In 2014, the restoration of a cannonian yard was completed, temporary exhibitions are held in the buildings and a permanent exposition is prepared.

Monument to Zodchim

The monument to the Zodkima Kazan Kremlin was opened in 2003, it is located in front of the building of the bishop house. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition is as follows: Mark the merit of both Russian architects, the creation of the hands of which they reached our days and the talent of Tatar architects, who built the Kremlin destroyed by Ivan the Terrible. Evaluate the greatness of this initial construction today, they help the fragments excavated by archaeologists - they are specifically open for Furnishing.

The embodiment of the friendship of peoples, sculptures created the figures of two men - one Slavic appearance with the drawing of the Spasskaya Tower, and the second - Tatar, with the drawing of the Khan Palace. PRESENT RUSSIAN RUSSIAN AND TATAR NATIONAL EQUIPMENT.

Excursions

A number of fascinating excursions can be ordered in the Kremlin, which are held not only on the territory of the Kremlin itself, but also in its surroundings - Kremlin street, for example. The duration of the Kremlin's sightseeing tour is about 1.5 hours, it also includes a visit to the Kul Sharif mosque and the Annunciation Cathedral.

Scheme and map of the Kremlin

Operating mode

The architectural monument from which the history of Kazan began, the main attraction and the heart of the capital of Tatarstan, telling his history to tourists. All this is the Kazan Kremlin - a huge complex, combining the history and traditions of two different peoples.

The history of the Kazan Kremlin

The historical and architectural complex was built over several centuries. The first buildings are dated by the 12th century, when it turned into the outpost of the Volga Bulgaria. In the 13th century, the Golden Horde squeezed here, which made this place the residence of the entire Kazan Principality.

Ivan Grozny, together with his army, took Kazan, as a result of which the majority of structures were damaged, and the mosques were completely collapsed. Grozny called on the city of Pskov architects, which have proven its cleverness in Moscow, designed. Before them was tasked with the development and structure of the Belocameamy Kremlin.

In the 17th century, the material of defensive structures was completely replaced - the tree was changed by a stone. After a hundred years, the Kremlin stopped performing the role of a military facility and turned into a major administrative center of the region. In the next two centuries, new structures were actively built on the territory: the Annunciation Cathedral was reconstructed, a Junker school, a consistory and the governor's palace were erected.

The revolution of the seventeenth year led to new destruction, this time the Spassky Monastery was subjected to them. In the nineties of the twentieth century, the President of Tatarstan made the Kremlin by the residence for the presidents. 1995 became the beginning of the construction of one of the biggest mosques of Europe - Kul Sharif.

Description of the main facilities

Kazan Kremlin extends 150 thousand square meters, and its total length of the walls is more than two kilometers. Width of the walls - three meters, and in a height - 6 meters. A distinctive feature of the complex is a unique combination of Orthodox and Muslim characters.

Erected in the 16th century and was originally a much less than the operating temple, because he was often expansion. In 1922, many vintage things were disappeared from the temple: icons, manuscripts, books.

Built in the forties of the nineteenth century in style, which is called Pseudozantine. It is located in the northern part of the complex. Here at the 13-14 centuries stood the Palace of Kazan Khan.

- The most famous and large mosque of the republic, erected in honor of the Millennium Kazan. The goal was to recreate the appearance of the ancient mosque of Khanate, which is here many centuries ago. Especially beautiful Kul-Sharif looks in the evening when the backlight gives it a fabulous look.

The Kremlin is also famous for its famous authentic towers. Initially, there were 13 pieces, to our time, only 8 were preserved. The Spasskaya and Tainitskaya, built in the 16th century and speakers as a gate, were preserved. Facial part Spasskaya Tower Directed to the main street of the complex. She was burning several times and restored, she was extended and reconstructed until she acquired the current appearance.

It has such a name due to the presence of a secret course, which led to the water source and was useful during the SIDA and hostilities. It is through her that Russian king Ivan Grozny drove into the Kremlin after his victory.

Another famous tower, the people often compared with their Italian "sister" -. The reason for this is the almost two-meter slope from the main axis, which occurred due to the satellite of the foundation. It is rumored that the tower was designed the same builders who were erected, so it is so similar to the Borovitsky Tower. It is built of brick and consists of seven tiers, constituting a length of 58 meters. There is a tradition to make a desire, touching her walls.

Not far from the Kremlin is located in which the two Kazan Khan is buried. It was discovered completely by chance when they tried to spend the sewer. After some time, it was covered on top of a glass dome.

- This is one of the largest places manufacturing and repairing an artillery tool. Production went to the decline in 1815, when the fire happened, and after 35 years, the complex had ceased to exist at all.

- Another interesting Kremlin object, which in the 18th century served as Arsenal, in the 19th gun plant, and in our time it serves for exhibitions. There is a branch of the St. Petersburg "Hermitage" and the Gallery "Hazin".

Value represents monument to Zodchimwhich is in the area surrounded by the colors.

Museums of the Kazan Kremlin

In addition to historical structures, many museums accommodated on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin. Among the most exciting can be allocated:

, clarifying the geological history of the planet and Tatarstan in particular. Here you can find out your weight on space scales, take part in the excavations, chat with prehistoric animals and feed the ancient fish.
Demonstrates the cultural features of the Tatar people living in the Volga region and their contribution to Islam.
It tells about the formation of traditions and culture of Tatarstan, the development and change from antiquity to the present day. Exhibitions are held here, replacing each other every two or three months.
"Hermitage" - a branch of a well-known museum that exhibits the objects of painting, historical and cultural collections, regularly holds graphic exhibitions.

Excursions

Excursions to the Kazan Kremlin - the opportunity to get closer to the history, culture and customs of all Tatarstan. The complex keeps a lot of interesting facts, mysteries and secrets, so do not miss the chance to solve them and make memorable photos.

Each museum located on the territory of the complex has its own cashier. For 2018, there is an opportunity to purchase a single ticket for 700 rubles, which will open the doors to all museum reserves. Prices for schoolchildren and students below.

Operating hours of sights will be born for several reasons. You can go to the territory for free year-round through the Spass Gate. A visit to the Tainytsky tower is possible from 8:00 to 18:00 from October to April, and from 8:00 to 22:00 from May to August. Please note that in the temples of the Kazan Kremlin, a photo and video shooting is prohibited.

How to get to Kazan Kremlin?

The attraction is located on the left bank of the River Kazanka, the influx of Volga. You can get to the main raisin of Kazan in different ways. This walks here (№ 6, 15, 29, 35, 37, 47) and trolleybuses (No. 1, 4, 10, 17 and 18), you need to go out at the central stadium stops, the "Sports Palace" or "Tsum". Near the Kazan Kremlin is the Metro Station "Kremlin", to which runs from different parts of the city. The exact address of the historical complex in Kazan - ul. Kremlin, 2.

This is the heart of Kazan, the central and the oldest part of it. In addition, the place is unusually interested in its history, there is good and just walk, relax, to be alone with your thoughts.

Kazan is a city with more than a thousand-year history, and he received his own from the Kremlin buildings. The emergence of the Kremlin, and together with him and the most Kazan itself it is customary to consider the appearance of the first Bulgarian defensive buildings on a high hilly area between the tenth and eleventh century. The conditions for the location of the hill on which the Kremlin stood was successful in terms of nature and geography. This place was surrounded from different sides: the river is the Kazan, the system of lakes, swampy meadows and impassable forests and a damp.

Until that time when Russia was conquered by Mongols, Kazan was a military settlement with a developed trade, and the new stone structures were replenished, and when the Golden Horde had already established his own ownership, the Kremlin began to fulfill the role of a peculiar capital of the Kazan Principality. An important role for the development of Kazan at the time was to find it on the Volga, the location of the intersection of large transit routes, as a result of which the city rummaged significantly. In the fifteenth century, after the collapse of the Horde, Kazan and nearby territories were formed by the Kazan Khanate independent of the state, the center of which was the Kremlin. It was at this time that the flourishing of various types of production took place in Kazan. Modern archaeologists have discovered mountains on the Kremlin area for metal smelting, the simplest equipment for leather business. Construction and architecture, science and art crafts have been actively developed. In 1552, the army took place by the army of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible Kazan, and the Kremlin became an administrative core and the Volga region conquered by Russia, and from 1708 - the main settlement of the Kazan province. After the joining of Kazan, the Kremlin has changed significantly, many buildings, defensive structures and towers were rebuilt, the construction of Russian architecture began to appear along with the preserved objects of the Bulgarian and Tatar-Mongolian culture. From about the middle of the nineteenth century, the Kremlin and took his appearance, preserved and for the real day. Under the USSR, the Kremlin was the management core of the Tatar People's Republic, and since the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is the state center of the Republic of Tatarstan, the artistic and architectural and historical museum-reserve included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List.

Well, let's start our walk through the Kremlin. And the first thing they meet the white-named Kremlin walls. The length of them around the perimeter is almost two kilometers. Entrance to the territory of the Millennium Square, to which, among others, the famous "Flying Plate" - the State Circus of the city of Kazan and the Metro Station "Kremlin" is carried out through the Gate of the Preobrazhenskaya Tower. During the time of the Kazan Khanate, there was a Temen Tower in her place, but it was not preserved to this day and was rebuilt. Through the large wooden gates of the tower tourists and get into the ancient and beautiful corner of Kazan - the Kremlin. Over the gates there is a small niche for a commercial icon, but now there is empty. White tower itself, and her top wooden. On the second floor in the warm season for tourists there is a cafe. Entering through the gate, we rose in a slide on a blocking, we go up the Kremlin hill.

Next, we are found an angular round southwest tower, which in the troubled old times was one of the most important defensive objects in the Kremlin. And finally, we see the main tower - Spasskaya, snow-white, statutory, friendly meeting of his guests.

Now the large arch in the wall adjacent to the tower is the main entrance to the Kremlin. The Spasskaya Tower was built in the sixteenth century by Russian architects, but for their history it was repeatedly rebuilt and restored. Initially, the church was built on the site of the tower in which the Savior Savior Savior was kept, it was a kind of symbol of the conquest of Kazan Ivan Grozny. A little later, the church was prescribed, and it turned out that it became, as if concluded in the arms of the tower, received the name Spasskaya. From the time of its construction, the tower was burning several times, after which it was restored. For a long time, there was a Nabat Bell, whose strikes notified people about the fire. And in the eighteenth century, the clocks were installed on the tower, which were originally with fixed arrows, but with a rotary dial, and today they are replaced with modern, which in the evening during the battle are shining with crimson. Also in the twentieth century, the tower was crowned with a big five-pointed star, which completed the modern appearance of a kind "Hostess" of the Kremlin.

From the main gates of the Kremlin there is a wide pavement from the paving, on both sides of which beautiful lights are placed on the sidewalks. On the right of the entrance arch originates the long two-storey (and in some way and the three-story) building of yellow color is a complex of present places. Here was the provincial office, in which there were premises for lawyers, secretaries, small employees, as well as the residential rooms of the Governor's General Governor's family, appointed to Kazan from the capital, banquet halls for festive techniques. The office was connected to the consistory - one of the management bodies of the Orthodox Church. Local bishop and his closest surroundings from the number of higher priests led the church affairs. At the time of the Soviet Union, the Ministry of Health was located in the Consistory, the Ministry of Health of the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan.

The complex of the present places also attribute to the Office of the Mr.-shaped building, which is closest to the wall near the Spasskaya Tower, is the building of the Gauptweakhta, in which the military bosses were presented to the twentieth century. During the Civil War, it received another purpose: after the capture of Kazan, White Guards, Gauptwahta became the last place for the conclusion of party leaders who were later shot from the Kremlin walls. For the Gaupwahta in the very corner of the Kremlin territory there is a small southeastern tower, which was included in the complex of defensive structures. By the way, similar to the structure of small round towers on the territory of the Kremlin, several, except for the southeastern, there is still a south-western, the nameless round tower, the conservistorskaya, and only fragments remained from the north-eastern tower.

On the left side of the Spasskaya Tower is the complex of the Transfiguration Monastery. From the Preobrazhensky Cathedral, which was destroyed by the Bolsheviks at the beginning in the first half of the twentieth century, only some parts are preserved now. Now the building is restored. It is planned to place the Archaeological Museum in the future. The Church of Nikola Ratnaya is accustomed to the cat, which has been preserved in Soviet times due to the fact that she became a tea in a military unit, located at the time in the territory of the Kremlin. To a fence, which delimits the territory of the monastery complex and the pedestrian walkway, adjoins the brotherly corps who served housing for monks. On the territory of the monastery, the burials of the servants of the Church and noble people were organized in different epochs, that is, in more simply, there was a cemetery here.

The next building after the fraternal corps is a playpen, which in our days is included in the Hazin Museum Complex along with the UNCER school. Manege was built in 1880 and served as a place of teachings of the Kazan Military School. Now the building is transferred to the Museum of Ancient Books and Manuscripts. The Junker School itself is an elongated three-story building, which operates the National Picture Gallery, the branch of the St. Petersburg Museum "Hermitage", the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, and the Museum of Nature of Tatarstan is also formed. So the museums are a very rich building.

Because of the building, the schools already peered, shining with their magnificence, the minarets of the Kul Sharif mosque, the modern pearl of the Kazan Kremlin. The beautiful Muslim temple, built to the anniversary of the capital of Tatarstan in 2005, was perfect in the architecture of the ancient buildings. Without exaggeration, the mosque is beautiful! Her sparkling blue towers against the background of the whiteness of the walls of the Kremlin has already become a kind of business card of Kazan. The mosque makes a certain balance of Orthodox and Muslim culture in the walls of the Kremlin, and together with Orthodox churches personifies the friendship of the Tatar and Russian people - major nationalities in Tatarstan.

The beginning of his mosque was received in 1996, when a stone was laid on the territory of the UNCER school with a memorable sign, on which the text of the declaration of the mosque, who had once been in the sixteenth century in the Kremlin. Stone and now is located near the already rebuilt mosque. Kul-Sharif's mosque is richly decorated as outside - trim with granite and marble, and inside - on the floors there are Persian carpets, a decoration made of carved stone and wood, gilding, beautiful stained glass windows on the windows.

The entrances to the Mosque of Men and Women separately, like the challenges themselves. Women give handkers to cover the head, and men tubets. It is undesirable to appear in a mosque in shorts and shirts, short skirts. This, however, refers to any temple. You can also visit the Museum of Islam, which tells about the development of Muslim in the Volga region. The entrance to the museum is paid separately, visiting the mosque itself is free.

On the territory of the Kul-Sharif complex there is also a small, similar color and decoration with a mosque building, called "Tubeta". It contains a fire unit. Nowadays, large Muslim events are held in the mosque and on the site near the complex, the main shrine of Islam is able to accommodate about 1.5 thousand people.

The next large complex of buildings along the course of the Junker School and the mosque is a cannonor. For its history, since the end of the seventeenth century, the complex was rebuilt many times, and now it consists of the main (oriental), northern, southern and western buildings. At different times, weapon plants were here, foundry shops for the production of guns, hostels for officers, military warehouses and cellars for food. The ruins of the ancient walls and buildings are also located on the territory of the complex, which in contrast with a strict view of the renovated buildings and the glitter of the Kul Sharif mosque as it would be sent to us mentally in the past.

The main building is currently located the dining room, a stamp hall, a museum of a cannon court. From afar, the long spire on the guard tower is visible, with the inscription "Warm yard" and the Golden Dragon - Ziland, which is one of the cult characters of Kazan.

The northern corps with a green roof and fluttering on it the flags of Tatarstan and Russia is assigned to the office of the President of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan. Behind the cannon yard is already opening a beautiful view of the Kazanka River, shining in the rays of the Sun in good weather.

And "Enthek" Kremlin borders on this section of the Tinitskaya tower, rectangular, white, with a wooden roof. It was built on the site of the tower, the blown army of Ivan the Terrible, and since it was a cache - an underground move to a spherian, which allowed to extract the water precipitated, the new tower and acquired a name due to this secret passage.

In the highest northern corner of the Kremlin there is a complex of the Governor's Palace, which includes the Palace himself, the Palace Church, the Syunibic Tower and the ruins of the ancient mausoleums and towers. The governor's palace-residence of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, is a valid management institution and is a beautiful two-story building of a pleasant gentle green color, a very beloved Tatars in architecture. Near the Palace Territory is fenced with a fence with fragments of elegant forging, large openwork gates for entry and two arches also with wrought-iron doors for the passage of people. On the roof of the palace fluttering the presidential standard. It looks all very elegant, but without any extra pompousness, it seems that at any time of the year there can be in the summer. From the west side of the Palace there is a palace church, the entrance to which is carried out as well as from the second floor of the Palace on the transition. Lost with the Church of the Syunibik Tower, made of red brick, and is the architectural emblem of Kazan, I consider the Kremlin's most remarkable structures. This is the so-called "falling tower", it slightly deviates from its axis. In the course of numerous restorations at the moment, the further movement of the tower is discontinued.

The name of his tower was named after the first tsaritsa woman in the history of the Muslim world. Syunibika was the wife of the last two Kazan Khanov, and after the death of the second her husband, she became the reserve in the infancy of her son, who was supposed to be the heir to the throne. In the arch of the tower there are beautiful wrought-iron gates with the image of the sun, the moon and the signs of the zodiac.

From the governor's palace go to the beautiful temple - the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral. This is the most ancient building, which has been preserved in almost the original form in the Kremlin, as well as the largest size. Erected in the sixteenth century, the cathedral was experiencing fires, reconstructions, completion of individual parts. In the formation of Soviet power, a wonderful bell tower was destroyed. The cathedral was plundered, a rich interior decoration, icons, dishes, vintage books were rendered. Only a little of it managed to save. In the nineties of the last century, a thorough restoration of inside the temple began, he painted the best icon painters of the country, recovering from the barbaris of the Bolsheviks. By the celebration of the Millennium Kazan, a great job was completed, and the cathedral, as if to deal with the shoulders after many years of humiliation, proudly shone, giving the surrounding heat and light. Now the Annunciation Cathedral is like the Senior Orthodox Brother of the Kul Sharif Mosque. The same statutory, snow-white, with the extraordinary beauty of heavenly color domes with gold stars, only keeping a centuries-old history.

The territory near the cathedral is harmonious with the temple itself, there is a lot of greenery, small Christmas trees, flower beds, located benches for recreation, hung up with a shrub arbor.

Immediately, a monument to the Zodkima Kazan Kremlin can be seen, one of which is the Tatar architect, and the second is Russian. This is a collective image of many well-known and nameless creators of the Kremlin's appearance. The architects united friendship and love for their native land, they came side by side, built and restored.

The cathedral opens a beautiful panoramic top view on the Volga, the vicinity of the Kremlin, as well as the view of the modern Kazan on the opposite bank of the river.

Near the small building of the bishop house located at the Cathedral, and the role of the residence of the head of the Orthodox Church of Kazan, the historical fragments of the oldest Kremlin buildings remained. Everything here has a time to spend time in a pacification, think and enjoy the beauty of the hands of human hands, mentally give tribute to those people who created all this magnificence, which we can enjoy currently. It is only worth come or come here once, and then come back again and again, in a disturbing corner called the Kazan Kremlin.

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The territory of the Kremlin is in terms of the wrong polygon, repeating the outlines of the Kremlin hill, elongated from the North-West, from the River Kazanka, southeast, to the area of \u200b\u200bMay 1. It is located on the mass of the high terrace of the left bank of the Volga and the left shore of the Kazan.

Hanskaya Citadel ( ARK) It was obscured by oaks (possibly places stone) walls, thickness up to 9 meters with 4 travel towers: Nur-Ali, Elabuga, Big and Tyumen Gate. Or boulack (from tat. "sleeve", a duct connected to the Kazanku River and Lake Caban) defended the fortress from the West; And with the least protected southeastern side, the fortress was fenced with deep Rips.

Andrei Kurbsky left such a description of Kazan: "And from Kazan-River Mountain is so high, the ilitis of the objitivity of COPER; On it, Grad stands and the chambers of the Tsarist and the Mosques of Great High, Mushed, the earliest king, the dead king, the number of them, five of them ... " ("Muned" - stone).

The Cathedral Mosque had to legend 8 minarets, in the mosques were Madrasa and Mausoleums (Durbe). There is every reason to believe that the appearance of mosques was similar to the stone buildings of the same time in Casimov and Bulgar, where the smooth planes of the walls contrast with elegant carved and ceramic inserts of decor elements.

The tower consists of 7 tiers: the first three tiers in terms of square and have open Gulbecian galleries, the other four are octagonal. The tower completes the 6-graded brick tent (height of 58 meters or 34 of the soot of 6 feet), which until 1917 was crowned with a double-headed eagle, who restored on the gilded "apple" (important documents related to history and culture were concluded in the ball. Tatars). The faces of all tiers are decorated with blades or thin brick rollers. In the lower tier tower - through passage. In the Western and Eastern facades, the pylons of the Lower Yarusa have 2 of the corresponding columns of the Corinthian warrant, crossed in the middle of the height "typically Russian horizontal rollers". Brick walls, a lime solution, the foundation is resting on oak piles. From 1917 to 1930 - the Russian coat of arms were replaced by a crescent, in the 1930s, the crescents were removed, in the 1990s, the crescents were watered on the tower. The tower is listed in the list of forty falling towers of the world. Its deviation from the vertical is 2 meters. The deviation occurred due to the sister of the foundation in one part. To date, the fall of the tower is stopped.

Palace (introduced) church

In the authoritative work "Kazan in monuments of history and culture. Ed. S. S. Idarova, A. H. Khalikova, M. Kh. Khasanova, I. N. Aleeva "The authors tend to the version that the Palace Church" is put on the spot where the Nur-Ali Mosque was standing during the Kazan Khanate This version relies on the late sources (explication to the plan of the city of 1768, where the temple is indicated as "the church addressed from the mosque") and is one of the hypotheses of the Introducted History (consecrated in the 19th century in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit) of the Church.

The introduction of the church was very damaged by the 1815 fire and stood for a long time in the ruins. By order of Nicholas I, who visited Kazan in 1836, the church was restored on the "High" approved in 1852 as a palace at the Governor's Palace. In 1859, the church was consecrated in honor of the Descent of the Holy Spirit. The new temple accurately reproduced the structural scheme and the stylistic features of the former introduction of the church, the architectural analogues of which in Kazan can be considered the destroyed introduced Cathedral of the Kizic Monastery, and the Resurrection Cathedral of the Novojerusalem Monastery ("The Bishop Dacha"), also had indoor arched gallery and a stepped volume scheme. The Palace Temple of the Descent of St. Spirit with the face of St. The martyrs of the queen Alexandra took only the second floor, on the ground floor there was a chapel in the name of Nikolai Wonderworker, the temple icon in which was donated in the middle of the XIX century Anna Davydovna Bratan.

Alternation of 4 and 8-graded volumes, the stepped structure of the church, consonant with a stepped architecture of the Syubik Tower, surpassing a sentigious tower on the wealth of decor's decoration.

Now there is a museum of the history of the statehood of the Tatar people and the Republic of Tatarstan.

Presidential palace

The Palace of the Kazan Governor is located in the northern part of the Kremlin, on the place where the Palace of Kazan Khan was located in ancient times, and in the XVIII century - an Ober-Commandant house. The building was built in the 40s. XIX century in t. N pseudovizante style. The project "House of the Military Governor with Premises for Imperial Apartments" was the famous Moscow architect K. A. Ton, the author of the project of the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Church of Christ the Savior in Moscow. The palace consists of the main building and the Circumference of services adjacent from the courtyard. The building of the palace was led by the architect A. I. Sadek, who touched Kazan after the urban fire of 1842. The interior decoration was held under the leadership of the architect M. P. Corinthsky, one of the architects of the Kazan Imperial Complex. The center of the main facade - Rizalit, completed by the front with three cylindic arches, possibly similar to the architecture of the Khan Palace. The building has two porches on 2 warrant columns with arched doorways. The first and second floors are broken by a number of orders of the pilaster and arched window openings. The facade in the plan represents the semicircle and has a passage to the patient's patient. In the eclectic decoration of the building, elements of Russian classicism (the membership of the Corinthian Order, Rusta 1 of the floor, general symmetry), Baroque (Locking of the antablemer above the bunches of the head risal columns, the nature of the portico frontones) and the ancient Russian architecture (hanging outlets of the paired arch of windows 2 floors 2 floors, Central Casairs Risalita, character of the curly supports arched suspension transition to the palace church).

In the Soviet period in the building was the Presidium of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of the Tatar ASSR. Currently, the residence of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Kul Sharif Mosque

Preserved the fraternal case in the northern part of the monastery; Brick fence from the eastern side of the monastery, reconstructed in the forms of the XIX century, the Temple of Nikola Ratnaya (served by the teahouse here in Soviet times); Sweet blown in the 1930s of the Preobrazhensky Cathedral; The foundation was destroyed after 1917 monastic bell tower with the temple of St. Barbarians in the Nizhny Yarusa, the foundation of the church of St. Cyprian and Austinia.

The building of the present places (provincial office)

The 2-storey building of the Governor Board - Presentations - is located on the right side of the main Kremlin street and the Spasskaya Tower. The project was compiled by V. I. Kaftyrev, which was sent to the Senate in Kazan in 1767 to detail the General Plan of the city, developed by the Commission of St. Petersburg and Moscow after a large fire in Kazan in 1765. The main floor was the second floor where the highest officials and important visitors climbed the front staircase, and where the "Audience" hall was located before the "Judicial Chamber" - a central hall with 4 windows. "Secret" and "Secretarian" were adjacent to it, in the rest of the rooms were "ordered ministers." The building has a basement floor with vaulted rooms. For traveling to the extended courtyard between the building of the present places and the eastern spicy of the Kremlin Wall, the building has two through driving of the building for 3 sections. From the northern side, the building of the former consistory is adjacent to the building.

Complex of a cannonian courtyard

The ensemble of a cannon court consists of four buildings. It was located one of the largest factories in Russia for the manufacture and repair of artillery guns. Kazan Cannon Plant made its contribution to the victory of Russian weapons in the war of 1812. After the fire of 1815, the plant ceased to exist. Recently, the Weapons Museum - the Warrior Spirit.

Consistor building

The building of the spiritual department in the XIX century. In Soviet times, the Department of Health of the TASSR was posted in the building.

Bishops' house

Manezh

Building Manege for the exercises of the Kazan Military School was built in the 1880s on the project 1881, made in St. Petersburg. The engineering solution of the roof of the building made it possible to overlap a significant area (18 x 56 meters) with one-year rapid structures. After spent in 2003-2006. Restoration in the building is expected to arrange a repository and the reading room of the Museum of Ancient Books and Manuscripts.

Building Gauptavakhta

Located in the southeast corner, right from the main entry of the Spasskaya Tower. The building was built in the 19th century in place, where from the 18th century there was a stone Tsehghauses - a warehouse of military property under the provincial office standing nearby. The architecture of the building is extremely ascetic.

Lost buildings and facilities of the Kazan Kremlin

The bell tower of the XVII century of the Annunciation Cathedral (destroyed in 1928, had 5 tiers and served as the place of storage of the largest bell of pre-revolutionary Kazan),
Preobrazhensky Cathedral (blown in the 1930s);
Bell tower with the temple of St. Barbarians in the Nizhny Yarusa (destroyed after 1917),
Church of St. Cyprian and Austinia.

Archaeological research of the Kazan Kremlin

The basis of archaeological research was put in the XIX century Kazan stationery Professor KSU (now KFU) N. P. Zagoskin and P. Ponomarev, who studied the pit on the site of the building of the Junkers School of Corps. Significant archaeological excavations were carried out in the 1920s. N. F. Kalinin and N. A. Bashkirov. Systematic studies conducted from 1971 under the leadership of L. S. Shavokhin and A. Kh. Khalikov allowed to determine stratigraphy of cultural deposits. In the 1990s, a number of archaeological studies were conducted, in particular, did not confirm the version that the Annunciation Cathedral was allegedly built on the site of the main mosque of Khanate: there were no archaeological foundations of the period of the Kazan Khanate under the cathedral.