Volcanoes of Kamchatka. Vulcan Kamchatka - the most interesting natural phenomenon

03.11.2020

Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula is an amazing spectacle. They are employed about 40% of the entire territory. These giggles, like nearby surroundings around them, are constantly in a state of change. The eruptions themselves produce a stunning effect. Powerful fire elements, hot red lava rivers, explosive volleys and fireworks from stones. Of course, the person who happened to see this kind of natural phenomena, completely changes the attitude towards them.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka and Russia

Vulcanism is an essential geological process that promotes the development of land relief. At the stage of the origin of the planet, the volcanoes covered the entire surface. Later, the formation of buildings began to form along the largest faults in the earth's crust.

The origin of vulcanism is dated to the chalk period. The activity of the Earth on the territory was manifested by the last 2.5 million years.

Giants located on the territory of Kamchatka are part of the Pacific Fiery Ring. The latter is a kind of area within the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean, in which most of all on the planet is located. This zone has 328 active terrestrial buildings from 540 famous humanity.

The volcano in its structure is a geological formation on the surface of the earth's crust, through which the liquid melt goes to the surface, forming volcanic rocks in the form of lava. The classification of them occurs both in the form of education: Starovulkan, thyroid, slag cone, and so on; According to their activity: acting, sleeping, extinct; So find in nature: ground or underwater.

Extluous volcanoes Kamchatka

The buildings of the Kamchatka are characterized by a large variety of forms and sizes. Their formation occurred in different epochs, so today activity is manifested with varying degrees. Some of the gigids relating to extinct, or having small sizes, are called mountains, regardless of their volcanic origin.

Now the whole territory has 29 active centers. The title of the acting volcano was assigned to these hills depending on the historical period of their eruptions. Some of them were erused more than 1000 and even 2,000 years ago. Active does not mean "working" constantly. In most cases, fumurol activity presented by pillars of water vapor and gas emissions is observed between eruptions.

The area of \u200b\u200bactivity has changed over time, moving from the west to the east. This contributed to the formation of two main volcanic belts: the median volcanic belt and the East Kamchatka belt. In the latter's belt today, the main group of the current buildings of Kamchatka is formed.

Since 1996, thanks to the actions of the organization Greenpeace Russia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcakes" has arose in Kamchatka Territory. This nomination includes, the South Kamchatka reserve and.

Also, these fireworming mountains have their own annual celebrated holiday -.

History - Kamchatka volcanic description

Grand volcanic phenomena and their consequences attracted the attention of people from ancient times. The first residents saw in them the shelters of gods and local spirits, connected many legends with them.

Studies and descriptions began approximately from the beginning of the 18th century and formed the basis of many works and popular books. The first described the Camchatka volcanoes researcher S. P. Krasheninnikov in 1756. His book "Description of the Earth Kamchatka" contains information both about the high gigates of this edge and hot springs.

Systematic information about the firewood mountains began to appear in the works of P. T. Novograblenova, B. I. Piyp and A. E. Svolylovsky. The latter was released by the "Atlas of Volcanoes of the USSR", compiled by aerial photography, performed in 1946-47. One of the main works of our time was the book "The current volcanoes of Kamchatka", published in 1991, containing 700 pages of descriptions accompanied by hundreds of color illustrations.

The first card with the designations of buildings on the peninsula was compiled in 1926 by scientists N. Kelle, the participant of the expedition of the Russian geographical community.

The biggest giant of the Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as the highest in Eurasia. Sopgia varies from 4750 to 4850 meters. During the eruptions, the part of the dome demolishes, and in the state of rest, he again increases. The construction belongs to the formations of the Starovochik type, which reaches 7,000 years. The last eruption is dated August 2013. One of the strongest was the eruption of 1994, which lasted for almost a month. The gas-ash-ash fountain rose to a height of 13 km, and the size of the fragments reached 2 meters in diameter. Mud streams came up 30 km and reached the river Kamchatka.

Medium volcanic belt includes 65 objects. The highest point and the highest object of this belt is the Iichy Nacca. Sopka height 3621 m and it is the only active median belt. The rest are classified as a row of extinct or sleeping. Alley, Big and Hangar, are also among the middle ridge.

The most active East Kamchatka belt has in turn division into several groups, such as Central Kamchatka Depression, Harchinskaya Group, Klyuchevskaya Group, East Kamchatka Comb, Uzonsko-Geyser Depression, Tolmachev Dol, East Range, Avachinsky-Koryak Group, Zhevanovsko - Dzendzur group, etc. Some groups of volcanoes are stretched for hundreds of kilometers along the peninsula. Some of the groups are characterized by very large volumes of volcanic rocks, up to 5000 cu., Which can be compared with the volume of all Japan volcanic rocks.

Kamchatka - home volcanoes

The most famous objects of this belt, Kamchatka and Russia are generally discussed: Klyuchevskaya Nightsome, stone, Kizenimen, Komarov, Kraschiennikova, Kikhpinich, Large and Small Semyon, Zhepanovsky, Zenzur, Tolmachev, Opan, Khutovka, Xudach, Ilinsky, Yolovskaya Sopka.

A separate group stands out a group of domestic volcanoes. Related to the East Kamchatka belt, it includes :, AAAG and ARIR. Sometimes Vilyuchinsky is attributed to this group. This group of gigids on the Kamchatka Peninsula has long become a platform, leisure and competition.

The strongest catastrophe of the XX century

Despite the fact that some of the buildings are extinct, they can surprise eruptions at least active. It often happened so that the extremely large catastrophes were sources. So, for example, an explosion of extinct nameless in Kamchatka in 1956 is as one of the strongest eruptions of the last century. White smoke clubs were noticed in the fall of 1955. For a few days, the height of volcanic emissions has reached 8 kilometers, and bright zippers sparkled among the gray huge clouds. Strong explosions continued all November. Sometimes the cloud of smoke was so thick that he stopped skipping the sun's rays.

At that time, the crater volcano expanded 800 meters. A month later, the formation of a dome from a viscous lava was noticed, which closed the passage of gas emissions. The pressure inside the volcano was so great that the neighboring dome, who had once a frozen stone rose at 100 meters, and moved in the southeast direction. March 30, 1956 there was a huge explosion. Fiery pillar, accompanied by black smoke clubs, closing everything around, rushed at 40 km. In the settlement of Ust-Kamchatsk, 120 km from the Unnamed, there was no horizon. A little time followed a huge jet of gas with a height of 45 km. Behind him is the peplopad. He was so strong that it was impossible to see the thing in his hands. The area covered with ash was about 400 km in length, and the ash volume was 0.5 billion cubic meters. Its ash emissions were seen on the territory of Great Britain. After a strong eruption of March 30, the last stage began, which lasted until the end of November. Unnamed changed. Fortunately, this catastrophe did not take one life. Nearby territories were free from the population.

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Almost all tourists visiting Kamchatka make ascent at least one volcano. In each Russian national tour there is such a program, but you can conquer the greatest number of volcanoes in this

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Volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula on the Kamchatka Territory are part of the Pacific Fiery Ring. Currently, among the Kamchatka volcanoes, there are about 29 acting.

1. (PHOTO VLADIMIR VOYCHUK):

2. Some volcanoes are surrounded by lenticular clouds that are formed in the troposphere. A characteristic feature of these clouds is that they are not moving, there would be a strong wind. And in general, they look like UFOs.

Also see the article "Rare Types of Clouds". (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

3. Strictly define the exact number of volcanoes located on the Kamchatka Peninsula is difficult. In various sources mentioned from a few hundred, to more than a thousand volcanoes. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

4. For Kamchatka volcanoes, a wide variety of forms and sizes are characterized, they were formed into various geological epochs and now show activity to varying degrees. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

5. Most of them relate to ancient volcanoes that do not show activity at present, but some volcanoes are valid. For some of the peninsula volcanoes, the word "Napka" often use instead of the word "volcano". (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

6. Also some volcanoes, especially extinct and low, are often called just mountains, origin. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

7. The concept of the acting volcano is quite relative. In force, it is customary to the volcano, erupted in the historical period of time. Part of the volcanoes were last erupted about 1000 or even 4,000 years ago and these volcanoes for different classifications have different status. Thus, the active volcano does not have to continuously be in the eruption stage. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

8. Most of the active volcanoes in "free time" are produced into the atmosphere of water vapor and other gases, that is, there is so-called fumaroid activity. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

9. The area of \u200b\u200bactive volcanism in the Kamchatka Peninsula historically moved from the West to the East, forming two main imposed volcanic belts - the middle volcanic belt and a younger East Kamchatka volcanic belt. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

10. The East Kamchatka volcanic belt stretches from the north to south along the whole Kamchatka, from the lake peninsula in the north to Cape the blade in the south. (Photo Vladimir Voychuk):

11. In 1996, thanks to the Greenpeace of Russia, the UNESCO World Heritage Site appeared in Kamchatka (in 2001 expanded) "Camchatka volcanoes". It is worth noting that the Kolotsky Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Federal Reserve "Yuzhno-Kamchatsky", the Natural Park of Kamchatka Volcanic Park, which are characterized by a unique variety of biological species and picturesque landscapes are included in the nomination "Camchatka Volccans". (Photo Vladimir Voychuk).

Among the volcanoes there are a lot of acting, the eruption of which causes admiration and fear at the same time. Every year volcanoes collect hundreds of thousands of tourists. Kamchatka volcanoes are not so bloodthie as some describe them. The eruptions here practically does not happen. And those that are still happening, do not carry any danger to local residents. If the volcano in the morning has a dark shade, it does not mean that the trouble will soon come, on the contrary, it is a sign of good weather throughout the day. It is clear that almost every tourist who is about them is in a state of anxiety, although in fact no danger they represent. Volcanoes are an amazing spectacle, it seems as if you are in a completely different world with your laws and the worldship.

Which volcano can be called the most beautiful on Kamchatka

No one can give objective assessments, since they are all special and beautiful in their own way. But the Volcanoes of Klyuchevskaya, Koryaksky and Kronotsky will all be allocated, pretending to the title of symbols of the Kamchatka Peninsula. All three stand out by their sizes and an unusual form of cone. In general, all Camchatka volcanoes are unique and have their own special history.

Caldera Uzon.

In such an unusual name, ring-shaped failure on the territory of the Vyon volcano were dyed. It was formed 40 years ago on the place of a huge volcano destroyed by a terrible eruption. The last natural disaster created a funnel in the caldera with a diameter of one kilometer. Finally, for several decades, an amazing natural education was formed, which was recently attributed to the protected zone.

The diameter of the entire caldera is 10 kilometers. The whole of its territory is simply sleeping with numerous riches of Kamchatka: mineral springs, mud baths, lakes, tundra and beautiful birch forest. Many scientists and researchers want to get to the von. Hot springs are rich in minerals that have become a favorable medium for amazing algae and microorganisms. In the forests on the territory of the volcano, the terrible bears are roaming, and swans swim in the lakes. Amazing landscape, you do not find?

I doubt that there is another similar place in the world. The autumn landscape on the volcano is an amazing spectacle. Birch and the whole tundra is painted in unusual shades of gold, red and other autumn colors. Each morning in a birch grove, the music of nature, created by the rusty of leaves and singing birds, is heard.

Vulcan Klyuchevsky

Vulcan Klyuchevskaya Sopka is considered the most famous natural education in Russia. It was formed about 7 thousand years ago in Holocene. The volcano is a huge cone created with the layering of basalt lava. All tourists amazed precisely this clarity of the lines and the correct form created by nature. If you look at it from the outside, it seems that the Klyuchevskaya Sopka is towers in proud loneliness. However, this is not so. When approaching, you can see the smallest stone, flat, close and flat long-distance struck with a great formation.

The volcano has a Barrancossos - small furrows, which focusing the whole cone Klyuchevsky. Its feature is considered to be constantly rising from the stump of smoke. It is connected with numerous explosions within the volcano.

Scientists have established that its height is 4750 meters. But it can vary depending on the power of explosions. The foot of the Klyuchevsk Sopka is covered with coniferous forests, in which it grows in the main fir tree and the Okhotsk larch.

The first residents here appeared during the Stone Age. These were koreas and conferences. According to some data, the first people appeared in the era of Neolith. For many centuries, the main way to survive was a fishing and hunting.

The 17th century was marked by the beginning of the development of Kamchatka. It all started with the detection of springs with clean water. Then the researchers created the settlement of the keys here and called the same name volcano.

The first to mention the volcano Russian traveler Vladimir Atlas in 1697. The first conqueror of the top was Military Daniel Gauss, who arrived on the territory of Kamchatka as part of the Russian expedition. According to historical data, he and two of his comrades (the names are unknown) climbed to his peak without special equipment. The idea was very risky, but everything went well. Some time after the climb, the National Park together with the Klyuchevskaya Sopa was brought to UNESCO World Heritage Site.

To date, this is one of the few volcanoes operating in Russia. His foot is located station of the Institute of Wolcanology. The local population is called the volcano of the dwelling of the dead. In their opinion, when he is erupting, it means that the dead whale whales caught in the underground sea.

Scientists have long investigated the volcano and found out that he erupts about once every 6 years. More large-scale and destructive eruptions happen every 25 years. For three millennia, 50 lava emissions were recorded. At this point, huge pillars of dust and smoke are dissipated throughout the surrounding area, and the flame is kept during the week. There is a case when the week turned into three years.

Near the volcano and remained one settlement of the keys. Local residents are engaged in agriculture, breed cattle and catch fish. The most common life, despite the proximity to the huge existing volcano. Every year, he collects thousands of tourists who attracts an unusual phenomenon in addition to his history: Sometimes a strange cloud is formed over the volcano, fully covered with a crater like a mushroom hat.

Volcano Karymsky

This volcano is the most active among all others. In a century, more than twenty eruptions occurred. Moreover, many of them continued, replacing one by one. The eruptions here have explosive. In 1962, the strongest one of them occurred, which are lasting for three years. For one explosion, more than 3000 cube crashed. Meters of dust and gases. In just a day, about nine hundred such emissions could occur. Before climbing the top, it is worth staying on the ridge a small seed, since it offers a delightful view of the surrounding area.

Unusually looks like an eruption at night. Glowing smoke clubs, fire and ash rip up, illuminating everything around. With particularly strong explosions, the spectacle looks even more exciting.

The history of its occurrence is quite complex, but it should be understood in order to understand the entire specificity of mining education. Karymsky here was a volcano yard. He stopped developing after the strongest eruption that destroyed it almost completely. In Calder, which appeared immediately after the explosion, a Carym volcano eventually formed over time. But he has been comprehended by a sad outcome. Because of the similar eruption, the central part of the volcano was destroyed. Over time, a new cone has been raised on the new caldera, which has been preserved so far. At his foot, a volcanic station was rebuilt to preserve the security.

Volcano small seedychik

This volcano stretches for three kilometers and is famous for its three crater. In one of them, the acidic lake was formed over time. Its temperature ranges from 27 to 45 degrees. A large number of salts and other minerals made its composition similar to sulfuric acid. The lakes are also surprised by a marker in almost a kilometer. For assumptions, the lake was formed relatively recently during one of the eruptions.

To date, the volcano is considered one of the wonders of Kamchatka. If you still got to him, they simply must climb to the top. There you will see a huge acid green lake. In sunny weather, you can go straight into the crater to the beach and already more carefully examine the water of the lake. But soon you will have to go back, as it will begin to spit out its waters.

Vulcan Gorely

It is more appropriate to call the volcano burner ridge. This name most accurately describes its structure. It is pulled out in the western direction, and is considered a typical volcano formed from the caldera. Gorely towers at 1829 meters and has 11 crater. They are so interesting intersect, which is created a fun picture. Those crater in which the eruption ever have ever have a rings shape and filled with acidic lakes. In one of his parts, the caldera fell due to faults and formed on his walls like a gate. In these places, Lava flowed freely beyond the limits of the volcano. Later, these holes were closed by Loo.

Avachinsky volcano

It has a complex structure similar to Vesuvi's volcano. He rises at an altitude of 2751 meters. The Avachinsky crater has a diameter of 350 meters and a depth of 220. But at the end of the 20th century, during a strong eruption, the crater funnel was filled with almost completely lava with the formation of fumarols deploying sulfur.

Volcano Koryaksky

It is stratovolcan with an amazingly right level cone, towering 3256 meters. Numerous glaciers descend from his top. Furollas are formed near the vertices, warming the inner part of the crater. Amazing volcano with an abundance of numerous mountain and volcanic rocks.

Vulcan Zenzur

Vulcan Zenzur has long been destroyed. A glacier formed in his crater. In the south-east of Zenzur is a fumarol focus with an area of \u200b\u200b100 square meters. meters. Due to it, the temperature of the inland water is almost 100 degrees.

Vilyuchsky volcano

It is located near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The volcano is considered to be extinct. Its peak as it were cut, forming small areas filled with ice. Lava, which flowed from the volcano, in favor of Fumarol became multicolored. Volcanic slopes are completely covered with Barrancos filled with ice and firms.

Volcano sharp Tolbachik

It has an acute roof formed by the glacier. Its height is 3682 meters. The foot of the tobach is covered with glaciers. The most outstanding of them is considered the Schmidt glacier. From here, the Barrancossies Cutting the protrusions of the Tobach are clearly seen. In the West, they have unusual dikes of basalt origin. They are of interest both researchers and ordinary tourists. Dipes from the side very much resemble the gears and rods.

Vulcan Xudach

The volcano is a cropped cone, the craters of which are filled with acidic lakes. They have a small height constituting only 1000 meters. The volcano formed during Pleistocene and had the then height of 2000 meters. Volcanic activity continued with some stops. In this regard, numerous caldera of different ages and size were formed.

Xudach is considered the most unusual volcano on Kamchatka. And all because there are lakes with clean water on its territory, Olkhovy forests grow, and from the caldera takes their origins of the waterfall.

Volcano Mutnovsky

This is a complicated volcanic array of 2323 meters high, surrounded by fumarole zones. It has several crater, next to which the hot mineral source is located, which is famous for its boiling boilers and warm reservoirs. There is also a Vulcannaya River, which forms a huge waterfall.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are an unforgettable spectacle. On the Kamchatka There are approximately 30 acting and about 1000 extinct volcanoes (numbers in different sources differ), which employs about 40% of the territory of the peninsula. Under the current volcanoes, not only active emitting magbeans are meant, but also showing fumaroid activity. In general, for the historic period there were not so many eruptions dangerous to the life of people. Volcanoes and territories around them are constantly changing.

In total, about 600 and many thousands of extinct volcanoes are currently on Earth. No one can call the exact number.

The Kamchatka Peninsula is part of the Pacific Volcanic Ring. East of him passes the subduction area - the dive of the Pacific Plate under continental. In Kamchatka, seem to be transferred to the geological past of our planet - similar processes went everywhere millions, billions of years ago. However, the subsoil of the geologically young peninsula.

During the geological history, volcanic activities in Kamchatka shifted from the west to the east, as a result of which two volcanic belts were formed, reaching almost each other: more ancient median and young East Kamchatsky. The middle volcanic belt was formed in Pleistocene (2.5 million - 11.7 thousand years ago), and East-Kamchatsky - in Pleistocene and Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago - to the present). Most volcanoes are concentrated in the East Kamchatka belt. In Kamchatka, volcanoes are called "hills", and sometimes - just the mountains.

In 1996, Kamchatka volcanoes were included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 2001 he was supplemented. The "Kamchatka volcanoes" are attributed not only directly volcanoes, but also the territories adjacent to them, as well as more than 150 mineral and thermal sources. "Camchatka volcanoes" are divided into 6 sections with a total area of \u200b\u200b3.7 million hectares.

Small seed - Volcanic ridge, which stretches for 3 thousand meters. It contains three crater. The southern (trinitsky crater) is filled with sour lake - sulfur and hydrochloric acid solution. The temperature of the solution from + 27 ° C to + 42 ° C.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, view of "home" volcanoes

Volcano Koryaksky (Koryak Sopka) - One of the most beautiful stratovulkanov, the height of which is 3456 m above sea level. Its slopes cut through Barrancos, and even in the summer glaciers do not melt. It is just 35 kilometers from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The last eruption occurred at the end of December 2008.

Avachinsky Volcano, Avacha - Symbol of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The height of this acting volcano is 2751 m. Previously, it was crater, which after the eruption of 1991 was filled with Loo. Active processes continue: fumarols, deprunching sulfur.

Kamchatka, Nalychevo, Travertines on the hot river

Along the vilyuchi goes the road to the Mutnov geothermal station. Then there are two interesting volcanoes -. Vulcan Gorely It is a chain of 11 crater. There are lakes, fumarols, side cones.

Kamchatka, Vulcan Gorely and Caldera in front of him

Mutnovsky volcano Called the "small valley of geysers", because fumurol fields, deposits from sulfur focused in it. When I was on Kamchatka, the volcano showed activity, the top covered the cloud of steam.

At the foot of Mutnovka - dangerous canyonwhere the waterfall is lowered from a height of 100 meters.

I told about the small part of Kamchatka volcanoes - only those that I personally happened to see, and then, not all. Each of them has its own nest. Volcanoes give us the opportunity to look at our planet's depths, understand which processes go into the mantle, under the thin layer of the earth's crust. Volcanoes We are obliged to appear life on Earth: they are the creators of the continents and the ocean, the creators of the air. Volcanic gases containing carbon are the starting material for the formation of coal, oil and combustible gas. The basis of all living organisms - carbon, the initial source of which volcanoes are on the surface of the earth. Ultimately, we are children of volcanoes.

I would like to complete my story about Kamchatka volcanoes, I would like a quotation from the book E.K. Makhinin "Pluton Chain" (Moscow, 1973. p.324):

... We cannot but come to the following conclusion: the entire geochemical evolution of the current land lips - lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, as well as the emergence and development of life, there are ultimately transforming of primary volcanic products.
Mighty Pluto - the Lord of the Underground Kingdom - appears before us as a great creator. And they receive a new sound of the word of the great philosopher of ancient Greece Heraclit Efesse, spoken by him almost 2500 years ago: "Initially, the entire existing - fire."

If you have the opportunity, be sure to go to Kamchatka. On how to save on flight, I told in the article "".