Osipova Transport services for tourists. Transport service

,
informative and low cost compared to other types of transport.
A distinctive feature of road transport is that they are used not only for mass movements of tourists when implementing excursion, cognitive, entertainment and shop tours, but also for the transfer of passengers using air, rail and water transport services.
Chapter
22
Legal
Basics
Transportation
Passengers
BY CAR
In the field of road transport there are a number of legal documents that regulate the activities of the BN transport in the domestic and international communication.
Under international transportation understand transport, during
which the vehicle crosses the territory of at least two
states.
International road haulage is a specific area of \u200b\u200bactivity of vehicles, as they are carried out on the basis of international regulations, taking into account the national legislation of those states, a route runs on whose territories. Wherein
international Legal Documents
encompass the following range of issues:
- infrastructure;
- traffic;
- Requirements for motor vehicles;
- conditions for the crews of vehicles;

Taxation;
- transportation of passengers and goods, customs procedures;
- Transportation of specific categories of goods.
At the heart of international passenger traffic
there are multilateral and bilateral treaties concluded between several or two states at the government level. One of the most important
multilateral contracts
in this area is
"Convention on the Agreement of International Automotive Transportation of Passengers and Baggage" (KAPP), which was developed by the Committee on Inland Transport of the United Nations European Economic Commission in 1973
g. In the Convention, the definition of such basic concepts as
"carrier",
"passenger",
"vehicle"; Transport documents applied in the international road haulage are listed
(individual or collective ticket, baggage receipt); The responsibility of the carrier for damage caused to life, the health of the passenger or his baggage as a result of the incident associated with transportation is determined.
According to KAPP the total amount of compensation,which must be paid
victim
in connection with the harm of his physical or mental health, is limited to the amount of 250,000 Swiss francs. However, any Contracting State can establish in this case a higher limit. The liability of the carrier for the loss or luggage damage is determined by the payment of the amount equal to the size of the damage caused, but this amount should not be more than 500
swiss francs per unit baggage and no more than 2000 Swiss francs on the passenger. For damage to things under the passenger
the carrier is responsible in the amount of no more than 1000 Swiss francs on the passenger. The carrier is exempt from liability in whole or in part if the damage arose due to the fault of the passenger or as a result of its behavior contrary to the rules of people's behavior on

transport.
In the Convention are provided articles on complaints and lawsuits.
Claims for baggage may be placed by a passenger serving within 7 days from the date of baggage. Lawsuit
associated with physical or mental damage to the health or death of the passenger can be presented for 3 years. It should be noted that the Russian Federation did not sign this convention,
however, many of its provisions were reflected in bilateral agreements on international automotive reports concluded by Ros Siai with a number of states.
In October 1997, in Bishkek was the adoption of the Convention on International Automotive Transportation of Passengers and Baggage State Partners of the CIS
(KMAP). A distinctive feature of the campack compared with KAPP
is that it is stipulated by insurance issues; The order of customs, border and sanitary types of control. All these aspects should be regulated by international conventions, multilateral and bilateral government agreements, as well as internal legislation of countries that have signed this document. The Convention provides for the responsibility of the carrier for damage caused by the health of the passenger or its baggage, as well as the procedure and timing of the presentation of claims and lawsuits. At the same time, the amount of compensation is established by the courts of the parties in accordance with their national legislation. Appendix K.
Convention "Rules for the transport of passengers and baggage by road in the international communication of the CIS member states"
regulates the transportation processes of passengers and baggage and vtobus in regular and irregular messages.
Under regular transportation it is understood by the carriage that is carried out with a certain frequency according to the designated route, and the landing and landing of passengers can only occur at predetermined places ah

stops. Regular transportation is performed on previously established schedules and approved tariffs.
Irregular transportation
it is a carriage with closed doors,
exercised by one vehicle carrying the same group of passengers throughout the trip starting and ending in the place of departure or ending at the destination if the vehicle returns back to empty.
In order to liberalize passenger traffic by road transport, the EU in 1982 concluded in Dublin "Agreement on international irregular passenger transport by buses" (Aso).
Subsequently, a similar agreement (IN -TERBUS), intended to join the int, was developed by the United Nations European Commission Committee. Currently, the Regulations on irregular transportation applies to most Western countries
Eastern
Europe I.
Turkey.
It should be borne in mind that in addition to regular and irregular transport, still so-called
shuttle shipments
repeating transportation of pre-formed passenger groups from the point of departure to the destination and back. These carriages are also carried out with closed doors (i.e., none of the passengers can go out or take a bus on the route). As a rule, during shuttle transport, the bus is going on empty at the first reverse flight when he took the first group, and the last direct flight, whose purpose to pick up the remaining group of passengers transported.
When carrying out irregular and shuttle shipments on board the vehicle must be lists of passengers, certified by the print and signatures of the carrier and driver. If the bus is going on the passengers empty, the list of passengers can be drawn up at the time of their landing.
Affiliation of international road transport to this or

in any kind
(regular, irregular, shuttle) determines the need to obtain permits to enter the territory of one of the Contracting Parties or transit through third countries. Mostly permission is required when implementing regular and shuttle shipments.
To perform irregular traffic associated with servicing organized tourist groups, such permissions are not required. The permits are negotiated by the state in the opinion of bilateral and multilateral contracts for international road transport.
The Russian Federation, as a rule, carries out a car message based on bilateral agreements. Russia has such agreements with
Azerbaijan, Austria, Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia,
Denmark, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, China,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova,
Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Finland,
France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia. IN
accordance with these agreements by the competent authorities of the Contracting Parties
in advance are transferred to each other
proposals for the organization of regular traffic.Proposals should contain data on the name of the carrier (firm), the route of the following, the schedule of movement, stopping points on which the carrier will land and disembark passengers, as well as the scheduled time and regularity of transportation. The competent authorities of the Contracting Parties should issue permits in writing to the implementation of regular transportation of passengers to that section of the path that passes through the territory of their state. IN
appendix 5 as an example is an agreement between the Russian
Federation and Lithuania.

When performing irregular transport, permission is not required in
caseif a group of passengers in the same composition is transported on the same bus throughout the trip, and at the same time: 1) the trip begins and ends in the territory of the state of the Contracting Party, where the bus is registered; 2) The trip begins on the territory of the Contracting Party, where the bus is registered, and ends on the territory of another Contracting Party, provided that the bus leaves this territory to empty or if the bus enters empty to the reverse transportation of the same company of the Passenger Group from the territory of the state of another Contracting The parties to which this group was delivered. Permission to perform irregular transportation is not required when replacing a faulty bus to another bus. When performing irregular shipments, as already noted, the bus driver must have a list of passengers compiled in a special form,
approved by the competent authorities of the Contracting Parties.
TO international documents regulating infrastructurein the field of automotive
transportation,
belong
"European
Agreement O.
international highways "(dated November 15, 1975) and" European Agreement on the most important lines of international combined transport and relevant facilities "(from 01.02.1991). The first document provides the definition of the plan of the international network "E", the list of roads of the international network, the conditions that international road highways must be configured; The second summarizes the list of international terminals, border points and railway ferry and ports and ports that are important for international combined transport; The technical characteristics of freight vehicles for transportation on railway platforms are determined, etc.
Among the most important
international Documents OS dedicated to

road trafficshould be called "Convention on Road Motion"
(from 08.11.1968); "Convention on Road Signs and Signals" (from 08.11.1968
g.);
"Protocol on road marking to
European
Agreement,
supplementing the Convention on Road Signs and Signals "(from 03/01/1973
g.). These normative acts have established uniform main rules of the road; Requirements for motor vehicles and drivers; Uniform systems of road signs and signals are approved, road marking rules and other prescriptions in the implementation of international road transport. Five categories of vehicles are installed (A, B, C, D, E), which are given a definite sample certificate. Each vehicle should have a certificate of registration and a distinguishing sign of the country of registration (in Appendix 6 shows the distinctive signs of vehicles of various countries). In addition, there are a number of documents with the presentation of the requirements for external and internal equipment, ur a fusion of noise and gas supply, external light instruments, brakes and other technical and environmental characteristics of vehicles. It should be borne in mind that these requirements are changing and therefore countries that have signed such documents (including the Russian Federation) must follow the changes and take measures to bring motor vehicles in line with innovations.
In the field of working conditions on motor vehicles
there is an international "European Agreement concerning the work of the crews of vehicles producing international road transport" (from 07/01/1970). In this agreement, the basic requirements for drivers carrying out international transportation, their age, qualifications, weekly duration of the car, the maximum continuous management time, as well as to monitor the observance of the regime and recreation of drivers on the route. To fulfill the last requirement

motor vehicles performing the international transportation of passengers and cargoes must be equipped with tachograph controlling devices. The tachograph is a control device, which is continuously registering the traveled path, the speed of movement on it, the mode of labor and recreation of drivers.
In addition, there are a number of documents regarding aspects tax
coverand customs regime during road haulage.These documents are developed taking into account the "International Convention on Customs Benefits for Tourists" (1959) and the existing internal law of the adoption of countries,
on the territory or through the territory of which the road haulage is carried out.
The content of all the above agreements and conventions should be taken into account when implementing trips to foreign countries. In Russia, the organization of the Association of International Road Raving
(ASMAP), which, being a member of the International Union of Automobile Transport, assists in practical issues related to the organization of the road haulage abroad.
In particular, it issues information directories, and information on the regulatory framework and practical conditions for transportation in a territory of a particular country are provided. (As an example in Appendix 7
information about the conditions for the implementation of international road transport in the territory
China.)
Authoritative international organizations involved in road transport issues are the International Union of Automobile Transport, the European Economic Commission of the United Nations, the European Commission of Transport Ministers, the Coordination Transportation Meeting of the State Partners
CIS and others.
All these organizations in one way or another are engaged in security issues; customs formalities; unification of rules
regulating road transport; harmonization of national and international requirements in the field of road transport and

other issues related to this field of activity.
IN The Russian Federation adopted a number of regulatory acts,one side,
within the national legislative base in the field of vehicles, and on the other hand, determining legal norms in the international automotive report. These documents include federal
The law "On state control for the implementation of international road transport and responsibility for violation of the procedure for their implementation" (dated 09.07.1998). This document regulates a number of rules
which should be carried out by Russian and foreign carriers
international report.
In particular, foreign carriers should:
- have permits for transportation issued by the Competition authorities;
- to have lists of passengers transported;
- observe the mode of labor and recreation of drivers;
- not to use the vehicles belonging to them for the transport of passengers between points located in Russia (the so-called ban on motor transportation coat);
- Have the distinctive signs of those states where the vehicle is registered, etc.
Control over the implementation of these rules is carried out by the transport inspection bodies on the control -propusk border points,
located on the territory
Russian
Federation.
For domestic carriers, a violation of a number of requirements set forth in this document entails the imposition of fines, up to the suspension of the license for international transport.
In order to strengthen the demands on the safety of movement by the Government of the Russian Federation
08/03/1996, a resolution was adopted "On improving the safety of long-distance and international transportation of passengers and cargo by road".
According to the decree, all newly manufactured buses from January 1998 with the number of places more than 20 and

trucks vehicles with a complete mass of more than 15 tons,
designed for long-distance and international transport, should be equipped with tachographs. For violation of the rules for using T Akhographers, as well as for exceeding the permissible time for managing motor vehicles on officials and drivers, administrative responsibility is imposed. This document was adopted in accordance with European
Agreement that concerns the slave of carriages of vehicles
producing international road transport. (Due to the fact that the fatigue of professional drivers is a frequent reason for many road traffic accidents with severe consequences, decision
The European Transport Commission introduced a requirement to compulsory equipping all tourist buses with the number of seats 9 and more special control devices.)
Law of the Russian Federation "On Road Funds in the Russian Federation" is provided
introduction of fees for travel in the roads of Russiain the case of the introduction of foreign banks for travel for their territory. The amount of fees was determined by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 06.24.1998. "On
collection for the fare of motor vehicles registered in the territory of foreign countries, on the roads of the Russian
Federation ", which depends on the type of vehicle and the duration of his stay in Russia. Table 8.
the sizes of such fees for buses and passenger cars Iley are given.
Under exercise
transportation
automotive
transport
in
internal post
there are also a number of documents,
regulating the conditions for passenger and freight traffic. The main regulatory act here is Automobile transport charter
RSFSR(from January 8, 1969, with subsequent changes in the editors of the Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR 1969, 1974, 1980, 1988 and 1991).
By the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation No. 4604 -1 of 03.03.1993, this document is considered to be currently currently at T. Yerritia

Of the Russian Federation, although many of its provisions are currently outdated, do not meet the market relations developing in the country, and in some cases contradict modern national legislation.
It is assumed that a new nor-mapping document, which is planned to take in the near future, will take into account the current state in the field of road transport.
One of the important legal instruments relating to internal road transport is RF Law "On Road Safety".
The law pursues the purpose of protecting the life, health and property of citizens,
the interests of society and the state by preventing road traffic accidents or reduce the severity of the consequences,
arising from their result. For this The law introduced mandatory
licensing of activities related to the provision
trucking,
namely:
- automobile enterprises that organize passenger and freight transport;
- repair and maintenance of motor vehicles;
- institutions engaged in the preparation of drivers and an increase in their professional level;
- enterprises engaged in the manufacture of production documentation (driver's licenses, certificates, blanks, etc.),
license plates, trade in motor vehicles and so on.
According to the law, all motor vehicles manufactured in the territory of the Russian Federation or imported from the lines for a period of more than 6 months should have certificates of conformity issued by authorized bodies.
In addition, in order to ensure the safeness of the movement, the law provides for the introduction of a compulsory medical examination of drivers and candidates for drivers, as well as conducting pre-trip,
postureo and current medical examinations.

The single order of road traffic on the territory of the Po of the Psi Federation is introduced "Road traffic rules"(from 10/23/1993) approved
The Government of the Russian Federation. This act on the territory of Russia is legalized by the right-hand movement.
In order to increase the safety of road transport 01/08/1997
the order of the Ministry of Transport was issued "Provision
safety of passenger transport by buses.The document shows the definitions of such concepts as "bus", "bus route", "bus transportation"; Dana Classification of the road haulage on the rates of rapid signs; The main tasks of individuals and legal entities to ensure the safety of passenger transport by buses, including in the implementation of tourist -Excursion trips, during the transport of children,
as well as during the realization of the road haulage on mountain routes.
To regulate road transport on road transport instead of obsolete rules operating in
9
Osipova.
257
RSFSR, in 1997, the order of the Ministry of Transport was approved
"Temporary rules for the transport of passengers and baggage by road
transport in the Russian Federation. "The rules are given to the definition of the concepts of "passenger", "driver", "carrier", "Bagg", "hand-made",
"Bus station", "bus station", etc.; The procedure for the transportation of passengers with various autotra with associated means (including buses provided to organizations and citizens under contracts or individual orders); The basic rights and obligations of the carrier and passengers are indicated. These issues will be paid to deeper attention in the chapter dedicated to the maintenance of passengers using road transport, on internal routes.

higher professional education

bachelor.

about. Ya. Osipova

transport

UMO educational institutions of the Russian Federation

by education in the field of service and tourism

as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,

training in the preparation of 100400 "Tourism"

and 101100 "Hotel case"

6th edition recycled

UDC 744.4 / .5 (075.8)

BBK 75.81Y73.

R E C E N Z E N T s:

candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State Trade Economic University A. S.obullova;

head of the Department of Operational Optimization of the Schedule Department of the Route Department of OJSC Aeroflot E. B. Shabashova Osipova O. Ya.

Transport service in tourism: textbook for stud.

U-institutions are high. prof. Education / O. Ya. Osipova. - 6th ed., Pererab. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 400 p. - (Ser. Undergraduate).

ISBN 978-5-7695-8514- The textbook was established in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the areas of training "Tourism", "Hotel Business" (Bachelor's qualifications).

The legal foundations that regulate the transport of tourists on the lines of international and internal communication are considered. Set out the procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual links transport systemAs well as the main rules for the transport of passengers and baggage in accordance with the modern codes and the charters of various types of transport. Information about the services provided during the transportation of tourists, including reflecting the latest technological innovations. Lighted security issues related to tourist transport services.

This publication was prepared using the materials of the 5th edition:

Osipova O. Ya. "Transport service of tourists."

For students of higher education institutions.

UDC 744.4 / .5 (075.8) BBC 75.81A-layout of this publication is the property of the Academy Publishing Center, and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Osipova O. Ya., © Educational and Publishing Center "Academy", ISBN 978-5-7695-8514-2 © Registration. The Publishing Center "Academy", the introduction is well known to the fact that in recent years one of the main places in the economy of most countries began to occupy the tourism industry. Tourist product (TourProduct) produced by it includes a large and diverse complex of services and goods that may be consumed by people when traveling, as well as during recreation, entertainment, treatment, enhancement of the educational and professional level carried out in tourism.

At the same time, transport services, which are included in the component of the tourist enterprise, have a significant impact on its quality.

Transportation of passengers, including tourists, are carried out by various types of transport - air, terrestrial, water.

Popularity or relevance of different types of transportation for tourist transport depends on the geographical position and climatic conditions of the country, its economic Development, national traditions, social status and living standards of people and from other factors. Each type of transport has its advantages and disadvantages due to historical development, technical, economic and environmental characteristics, but all types of transport systems have been pursued by one main goal - the most complete satisfaction of the needs of travelers in the implementation of transportation services. In this regard, it makes sense to talk about tourist transport services as a totality of services intended for transportation of tourists and their baggage from one point in another with sufficient speed and maximum level of comfort.

Transport service is based on a legal basis enshrined in legislative documents developed by various international transport organizations, national legislation of countries, internal carriers. Special attention is paid to various parties to transport services in the implementation of international tourism. The expansion of the borders of international cooperation in the field of travel causes the need to continuously improve the norms and rules for the implementation of customs, border and sanitary control.

Scientific and technological progress led to the emergence of vehicles capable of rapidly to deliver a person anywhere in the globe (supersonic aircraft, highly speed \u200b\u200btrains, SUV cars, icebreaking and deep-water transport, etc.), as well as to introduce new technologies in the area of \u200b\u200btransport services. This is reflected in the creation of global booking and non-traditional ways to sell tickets, the emergence and development of carrier charter programs, the development of various information systems, the use of electronic devices for controlling technical and technological modes of transportation, in improving their safety.

Competitive struggle for the client both between the individual transport structures and between carriers within each type of transport gave a powerful impetus to the process of improving the service for passengers. Increasing the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of the rolling stock, creating comfortable travel conditions, the organization of passenger leisure on board vehicles, providing them to special education, developing promotional programs for regular customers of transport companies. Special events are carried out by carriers when servicing in the transport of children and disabled people, as well as other categories of passengers, which makes it possible to more fully satisfy their needs.

An important direction in the field of transport services is the close cooperation of various transport systems.

This contributes to the creation of multimodal stations, coordination of schedules, harmonization of transport services and their integrated passengers.

A very important issue in the exercise of transport is the security that implies compliance with the rules of operation of rolling stock, professional and well-coordinated work of various services that ensure the movement of vehicles, compliance with the rules of behavior by the passengers themselves, the use of environmentally friendly vehicles.

Since the transportation of organized groups of tourists has a number of features related to the development of routes, tickets, tickets, placement on transport, implementation of tours programs, travel agencies have to establish reliable contact with transport companies.

The material set forth in this textbook shows that many problems related to tourist transport services can and should be solved by travel agencies, others have deeper roots leaving the sphere of carriers. Understanding these problems should help future travel industry experts correctly and competently organize their work when creating and promoting the tourist product.

transport as a component of a part of tourism worldwide Transport takes one of the leading places in the development of the economy, since it ensures the territorial integrity of the state and its unified economic space. The value of transport and in the development of international relations, which is most pronounced in the field of tourism. The share of transport services in the turbines is accounted for 40 to 60% of all services provided by travelers by various enterprises involved in the sale of tourism.

The word "transport" comes from Latin "Transportare" - to transfer, move, transport. In encyclopedic dictionaries, transport is characterized as a branch of material production, which carries out the transport of passengers and cargo, as well as the transport means themselves. For this purpose, various adaptations created by the person themselves during the development of technical progress, and animals (horses, elephants, dogs, camels, etc.) can be used.

If you approach the concept of "transport" only from the standpoint of the interpretation of it in encyclopedic dictionaries, then the main role of vehicles in tourism is precisely in the transportation (movement) of the traveler from one point to another. However, tourism is a specific area of \u200b\u200bpublic activity, which allows you to abstract from the stereotypical concept "vehicle" and consider means moving people in a broader sense of the word.

the role and place of transport services in tourism The movement of people in space may have different motivation: not only the achievement of a certain point of destination, but also obtaining visual information, pleasure from the process of movement and "acute sensations" associated with certain conditions of movement. In the last two cases, not only vehicles are often used in the generally accepted sense of the word, but also other devices: sleigh, skiing, skates, scooters, rollers, quad bikes, surfing boards, parachutes, etc. Some of them can be driven by muscular power The person, others, due to natural factors: Delta of the levels of terrain, the flow of the river, the forces of the surge waves, wind, etc. Some means of movement can be used in attractions (ferris wheel, "American slides", Zorba, etc.).

Therefore, it can be said that the role of transport services in tourism is determined by the function they should perform in the travel program. From this point of view, when implementing tourism, the means of displacement can provide various directions:

transportation of tourists from one point to another (delivery to dtsenation);

Transfer (meetings and vents of tourists);

excursion service (carrying out transport or transport and pedestrian excursions);

form the basis of route tours (bus, rail, equestrian, cruises);

form the basis of software tours (sports, adventure, business, space, spectacular);

Apply as elements of entertainment in places of mass vacation (water skiing, quad bikes, attractions);

used in rolling business (car rental, bicycle, water bikes, booes, etc.);

To form an urban transport structure (a set of vehicles for organized and self-movement of tourists within the visited settlement);

Used as auxiliary technical equipment when moving tourists (elevators, lifts, continuous vehicles);

Be an object of tourist interest (transport museums, engineering transport facilities and architectural stationery complexes, children's railways, monorail roads);

Used as stationary and mobile placement.

Delivery of tourists to Destination. Delivery of tourists to Destination can be carried out by various types of transport - WHO with stuffy, rail, automotive, water. The choice of one or another type of transport depends on the following factors:

remote point of destination; delivery speeds; carriage cost; comfort of vehicle; the desired degree of informative travel; opportunities to stop in the way at their own request; Provided benefits; possibilities for a certain amount of baggage; seasons (time) of the year;

safety transportation, etc.

tourists prefer to enjoy air transport. At the same time, the disadvantages of comfort (especially when flying in the economy class) and enough of the transportation are compensated by the B s T R O T O Y D O C T A V to and to the destination.

However, it should be borne in mind that in some cases (namely, at a certain interval of distances), the competition of air transport can be a railway communication. For example, a trip from Moscow to St. Petersburg by plane can sometimes be longer than by train, although the flight itself takes only about 50 minutes. This is due to the fact that major airports are located, as a rule, away from the city, so first need to be reached by bus, car or electric train. In the first two cases, the time in the way can significantly increase due to the "traffic jams" on roads. In addition, according to the rules of air transportation to the airport, it is necessary to arrive in 2 - 2.5 hours before the start of the flight (this time goes to the passage of all pre-flight formalities and baggage design). If you consider the fact that air transportation depends on meteorological conditions, the flight can be postponed for several hours due to poor weather. Upon arrival at the destination airport, a certain time is spent on expectation and baggage. Transfer from the airport to the city will also affect the duration of the journey.

If you take advantage of high-speed rail, then, having left the center of Moscow from the Leningrad Station (where you can go to the subway without any problems), in five hours you can find yourself in the center of St. Petersburg at the Moscow Railway Station. And even in the absence of weather problems and at the same duration of the trip, in this case, the train looks like a less troublesome and more comfortable.

Similar routes exist in other countries, as well as in international reports. For example, many residents of England and France by air transport prefer high-speed trains, cruising along the railway tunnel laid under the strait of La Mans.

To the mdem, and I am a comprehensive indicator, depending on both the type of transport, which used the traveler and from a particular vehicle and the conditions of transportation on it. Multipalupy sea and river vessels, equipped with cabins with all amenities having a variety of premises and leisure equipment, as well as sufficient territory to move inside the vehicle, are most comfortable. As for trains and aircraft, the "living space" is more restricted on them, however, multiple and sleeping checkpoints are still more comfortable compared to airliners chairs. The comfort of a long journey on the bus or car looks even less attractive, but is compensated by a large and n f o r m and in n about with t y, m about b and l n o s t o for tourists with children and people Senior and old age, as well as for youth, essential importance with K and D to and, provided by the passengers with various transport companies. The magnitude of discounts may depend on the season, the direction of the route, the quantitative composition of the group of traveling, etc.

Sometimes a tourist needs to take a rather significant to about l and h c t l a d and and b a g a d and and. In this regard, this factor may be decisive in the choice of vehicle. For example, on rail transport, you can carry with you to a second-class car 36 kg of free hand-made bags, and by plane when flying in economy class - only 20 kg.

Of course, one of the most important factors affecting the attractiveness of this or that type of transport is its b e q. And although only vehicles having certificates of conformity are allowed to operate the passenger (as well as freight) transport, but there are other reasons that can lead to serious and even disastrous consequences during transportation. Such reasons include errors of drivers of vehicles and dispatchers serving movement (the so-called "human factor"), a sudden breakage of the mechanical parts of the transportation means, in some cases - natural (weather) factor: ice, heat, flood, collapse in the mountains and t . P. According to statistics, the most dangerous type of transport is considered automotive. In this regard, with the possibility of choosing a transport method, preference should be given to safer vehicles (for example, railway). This is especially important when implementing child tourism.

It should be noted that the delivery of tourists in Destination can be carried out both regular and irregular flights (the features of these flights will be discussed in the chapter dedicated to the classification of transportation).

Transfer. Under the transfer (lat. Transferre - tolerate, transport) means any transportation of a tourist within the tourist center, i.e., delivery from the station (railway, bus) or from the port (air, marine, river) to the hotel and back, from one station On the other, from one port to another, from the hotel in the theater or the museum and back, etc.

Transfer can carry out various vehicles.

Most often for this use road transport. For groups of tourists, buses and comfortable buses are offered, for VIP-person - cars of prestigious brands (the so-called limousine service). Many tourists use the Rent-A-Car service (car rental), which can be booked in advance when forming a tour, and also get in major cities Upon arrival at the railway station or to the airport.

Convenient transfer tools are electric trains running between the city and its air harbors. For example, at present, all major airports in Moscow are connected to the city center of railway branches for which Aeroexpress. They deliver passengers from railway stations to Domodedovo airports, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo. In "Vnukovo", the railway terminal is located under the ground, from where the exit to the building of the airport. In St. Petersburg, a railway transfer between the city and Pulkovo airport was organized.

Trains can carry out the transfer function and to visit tourist facilities near large tourist centers. For example, for a trip to a clear Polyana, where the Museum-Manor L. N. Tolstoy is located, you can use a special tourist-sightseeing train, which brings tourists to Kozlov's station, from where the bus delivers them directly to the Manor Museum.

In the Dallas Airport (USA), the transfer role of the transfer is carried out by a monorail transport system by the bandwidth of 9 thousand people per hour and serving several routes. Such systems are found in other countries - in Japan, France.

Recently, air vehicles have increased in carrying out transfer traffic. The most suitable for these purposes are helicopters, as they have a sufficiently high speed, capable of sitting on small platforms, possess a vertical takeoff, can work in complex meteors. A shuttle service with a helicopter is particularly effective in large megalopolis, because it makes it possible to avoid automotive traffic jams on the roads leading to airports. Despite the fact that such aerotaxes cost passengers quite expensive, in many countries of the world they find their client (Japan, Canada, USA, etc.). It should be noted that currently from the airport "Bykovo" (Moscow region), transportations are organized on aircate helicopters within the region; In addition, there is a project for creating a circle of Moscow Ring Road (Moscow Ring Road) of several helicopters for the delivery of passengers from the city to the surrounding areas.

In the states werehed by seas and oceans, the transfer is organized by ferries and boats that run between the mainland and the islands.

In the field of tourism, it is often for the purpose of transfer, there is a non-path of traffic. For example, in Egypt in the city of Ethfa, located on the Nile, for tourists arriving on cruise ships, from the pier to one of ancient monuments Egyptian civilization - the temple of the king of chorus - the carriage is organized at the same time, the carriage is organized on the hi x n o p r i n n y x l o sh and d m and. In many seaside resort cities of Tunisia and Thailand, unusual vehicles are used to deliver tourists to the beach - "Tuk Tuki". They are peculiar motorcycles with half-open passenger salons by 6 - 8 people.

In China, Nepal, India wealthy tourists for delivering to attractions are offered R & W and. Some Rickshaw (Porters) carry their customers on special stretchers, others are imputed in light two-wheeled carts intended for the transport of passengers. In Japan, South Africa and other countries for the transfer, foreigners often use velaiks, which are two-wheeled carts connected to a bicycle managed by a person.

In Finland, for example, for the transfer, a village of Santa Claus with a tourist thematic park is located two kilometers from Rovaniemi Airport (large cultural and economic center of Lapland). You can get to it from the airport not only on the motorcycle, but also on dog or deer sledding.

We should not forget that often for arrival in the hotel, visits to theaters, museums, exhibitions, as well as for the purpose of shopping, tourists use both traditional public urban transport Tom - Metropolitan, tram, bus, trolleybus, taxis.

Transport and excursion service. As you know, under the excursion (from Lat. Echcursio - a trip) understand the collective or individual visits to any places that are certain for tourists: historical and architectural monuments, museums, exhibitions, specialized facilities, etc.

A distinctive feature of such an event is that a group (or one person) accompanies a guide-specialist who tells about events, monuments or exhibits reflecting the content of the excursion.

Familiarization with attractions can occur without use or using vehicles. Buses are most often used as the latter, as they are indispensable when conducting multi-kilometer sightseeing excursions in the city, as well as thematic urban and country trips.

The vast majority of organized tourist travel Contains in its programs at least one (review) bus tour, which gives a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe main attractions of the Destination. Thematic excursions using buses can be held both within the city (for example, the bus excursions "Pushkin Places of Moscow", "Around the Boulevard Ring"), and with departure beyond its limits (for example, bus and pedestrian excursions from Moscow to Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Zvenigorod, from St. Petersburg to the Tsarskoye Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, etc.).

In cities where shipping rivers are available, excursions can be carried out on small worships or boats. So, high popularity in Moscow enjoy the boat tours of the Moscow River (from the new bridge at the Central Exhibition Complex (Expocentre) on Red Presnya to the Assembly of the Kolomenskoye estate), in the northern capital - "on small rivers and channels of St. Petersburg, "in Paris -" Evening Paris "in Seine and others. In the capital of the Netherlands Amsterdam, the inspection of most memorable places is carried out from boats and pleasure boats from numerous channels that cut the city in all directions.

Special open, as well as panoramic trains are widely used for excursion trips. In the first case, the train is formed from open wagons, which allows tourists not only to overlook the neighborhood, but also enjoy the fresh air. Such trains often run in national and thematic parks.

Panoramic trains are popular with excursion trips to review beautiful picturesque areas: mountain ranges, rocks, fjords, lakes, etc. The wagons of these trains have huge windows, a transparent roof, rotating armchairs. The most famous panoramic trains include: "Ice Express" and "Chocolate Train" in Switzerland; "Express Mont Blanc" in France;

two-storey train with a glass roof, specially designed for traveling in Alaska; The train exercising one of the most highly mountain rail routes in Mexico and others.

In Russia, on the most beautiful and famous area of \u200b\u200bthe Trans-Siberian Railway - the Retro Train of the Baikal Cruise, which realizes excursion programs in the vicinity of Baikal. In Moscow, excursors are offered a two-hour journey on a locomotive in a small railway ring.

In Hungary for sightseeing excursions, it is used to be used since a scenic view of the Landscape of the Buday Mountains. In the thematic parks of Australia, Italy and the United States, at sightseeing services are applied by m and n o e z o v o n o e z d a.

Air transport can also be used on excursion purposes: for sightseeing excursions over the city and its surroundings, reserves, for the ferris of architectural palace-plating ensembles and unusual natural landscapes. In many countries, such excursions are performed on helicopters, small aircraft, balloons, Aerostats, Deltaplans. For example, panoramic views of Dubai (UAE) can be admired from a balloon raised to a height of 160 m; in Bavaria in German resort town Bad Birnbach vacationers offer to climb the balloon to an even greater height - 350 - 500 m, with which vintage German cities are visible, medieval fortresses And castles. In Russia, flights on a balloon are carried out in the vicinity of Dmitrov and Triangle Istra - Zvenigorod - Ruza.

For sightseeing services can be used non-traditional vehicles for such events: F (Egypt tourists who arrive in Hurghada are offered a trip to camels to the Arab village), in E L O S and P E D S ( In Finland, a cycling tour of Helsinki is provided), C and G in E and (in the capital of Ukraine Kiev with their help, inspecting the most beautiful metropolitan parks - Mariinsky and Khreshchaty), etc.

Transport as the basis of route tours. A distinctive feature of the route tours is that the tourist during their implementation is not in stationary living conditions, but in conditions of movement - permanent or with minor stops. These include traveling tourist-sightseeing trains, sea and river cruises, bus, equestrian, caravanningtures, etc. To carry out such trips, used vehicles that can be the property of tourist firms or to be purchased from carriers on rental terms, as well as personal vehicles.

One of the basic requirements for the organization of route tours is the creation of comfortable conditions for transportation and the possibility of long-term life support in the way. Thus, when conducting multi-day auto tours, buses having a high category of grades (3-5 stars for international classification) are used, equipped with comfortable seats capable of changing the angle of the head of the chair, air conditioning, refrigerator, toilet, water heater, video system, microphone, radio, magnetic, Equipment for sharing information, dedicated place for guide, etc.

A variety of automotive tours are to a r and n and n GTA, which are carried out on vehicles in the form of a mobile house or equipped with special trailers adapted for long-term accommodation. Such cars (or trailers) are equipped with a bedroom, kitchen, toilet, refrigerator and other amenities. Caravaning tours are widespread in Western European countries, where special parking (campgrounds) are organized for such travelers with various sets of services:

sale of food, replacement of gas cylinders for kitchen, shift toilet tanks, etc.

If the tour is organized on the railway transport, then, as a rule, trains are formed from double jigging cars equipped with ergonomic bedrooms, air conditioning, toilette; There are several restaurant wagons in trains. Recently, cars-bars, wagons with shower cabins, washing machines and ironing boards, game compartment for children, internet coupe, began to be included in the tourist socket trains.

With the implementation of railway retro tours, a rolling stock is often used, the interior of which is stylized under a certain era ("Eastern Express" in Europe, Asia, USA, Australia; Trans-European Express, which runs on the roads of Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia; " Palace on wheels »

in India, decorated in the style of Maharaja; Tourist train of the Victorian era, the route of which goes through the territory of the United States and Canada; Luxury train "Blue Train", carrying out several tourist routes in South Africa, etc.). Retro-tours with steam locomotives are organized for fans of locomotive traction, however, in this case, travelers are provided with a high level of service in the process of transportation.

The most comfortable vehicles in the implementation of route tours, of course, are cruise shirts and river liners. On them travelers are provided not only nutrition and cabins for accommodation (various categories - from "standard" to kait category "Suite" with a balcony, sauna, mini-pool, etc.), but also various leisure premises - libraries, cinemas, Fitness clubs, bars, gyms, ice rollers, pools, etc.

Currently, the "Voyager of Seas" and "Freedom of the Seas" and "Queen Mary II" company CUNARD LINE, COSTA LUMINOSA company COSTA Cruises and others are capable of receiving On board from 2,2 to 3,500 tourists at the same time (not counting team members).

Sea cruises can be carried out not only on cruise marine ships, but also n and p and r about m and x, l d o k o l a x and p and r y s n y. For example, on the Baltic Sea, the ships of the ferry companies "Silja Line", "Viking Line", Baltic Line, which serve five main directions - Helsinki - Stockholm, Helsinki - Tallinn, Helsinki - Travenda, Helsinki - St. Petersburg, Turku - Stockholm. Ferries have cinemas, bars, discos, restaurants, comfortable cabins, boutiques, duty-free shops.

While the only tourist icebreaker is the Finnish "Sampo". From December to the end of April, he offers a tour "Ice Adventure in the Arctic", which can take advantage of individual, group and corporate clients. This journey includes walking on dog sledding, snowmobiles, helicopters, as well as stop in a special tourist camp. In summer, the icebreaker works as a restaurant, and also used for conferences.

In ice cruises, participate and russian courts. In particular, the Russian icebreaker "Captain Khlebnikov" for several years made a swim in Antarctica and the North Pole. Despite the fact that the original icebreaker was not intended for tourist transport, after the reconstruction was carried out, all the amenities for 70 passengers were created. In addition, there were two helicopters on board, which allowed tourists to disembark on the ice, attend polar attractions, parking famous travelers and penguins colonies. Since the cruise casino, discos, during the transitions, was not provided on the icebreaker, during transitions, passengers were asked to listen to a variety of lectures.

Cruises on sailing ships are distributed in the Caribbean, on the Mediterranean Sea, the Far East. One of the most famous companies offering such travel is Star Clipper, which operates the Luxury Sailboats "Royal Clipper" and "Star Clipper and Star Flyer".

River cruise ships in their size and set of possible entertainment are inferior to sea, but the living conditions for them (especially in foreign) are also distinguished by a high level.

In addition, as you know, river cruises are more informative.

Among the new directions of route tours, which is based on the use of vehicles, you can call air tours and combined tours.

Of course, it is impractical to specially develop avoidance, as they are not only roads, but also tedious. Nevertheless, thanks to some carriers that began to include in the process of long flights, elements of excursion activities for their passengers, such travel has become actually in aircraft. For example, carrying out flights from Russia to Australia, the Japanese airline JAL when landing in Tokyo offers passengers a mini-tour in the Japanese capital; At the same time, tourists are issued 72-hour transit visa. A similar option of the flight to Australia has both Vietnam Airline airlines - during a long docking in Hanoi tourists are offered accommodation in a hotel, food and two sightseeing excursions. The Dutch company KLM in its long-lasting air flights includes a stop with overnight stay and excursion in Amsterdam.

It should be noted that in the foreseeable future, travel, based on the use of aircraft, will become full route tours. This is due to a fairly rapid development to about with m and ch e s k o t u r and z m a. In particular, the aerospace company Xcor Aerospace is currently actively developing and building susvorbital ships for space tourists.

K o m b and n and r o v a n y e Route tours combine the use of several vehicles - "train plus bus", "bus plus ferry", "plane plus a rental car", "icebreaker plus helicopter" . In fact, with this option, one of the vehicles is mainly used to deliver tourists to Destination, and the other provides moving along the installed route inside it. As a rule, the consumption of several travel services on the journey makes it more expensive, but at the same time more diverse, fascinating, and sometimes more comfortable.

A peculiar route tours are also traveled to animals. For this, horses, driving dogs, deer, mules, elephants, etc. can be used.

Equestrian tourism uses the greatest popularity. In addition to traveling on horseback, people are available to people of different ages, they have a health effect on the human psyche (scientists have long been proven that chatting with animals relieves stress well). In Russia, for example, riding horseback routes operate in Bashkiria, Southern Urals, in Karachay-Cherkessia, Chuvashia, Kemerovo Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory and in other areas.

Travels on dogs are organized in Kamchatka and the Far North.

Methods of movement as an element of software tourism.

It is known that the basis of software tourism is a comprehensive maintenance of tourists, which allows us to take into account their interests in accordance with the purpose of traveling, the composition tourist group, age, social affiliation of tourists, etc. There is a sufficiently large variety of service programs that are implemented in a resort and wellness, educational, business, sports, environmental, entertainment, family and other types of tourism. At the same time, vehicles can be an important element in a particular service program.

For example, vehicles such as bicycles (cycling), boats and rafts are used in sports and training tourism (cycling), boats and rafts (rafting - alloy on mountain rivers), deltaplans (deltalanenism), yachts (yachting), sailboats, boaers, and auxiliary Methods of movement: Mountain skiing, water skiing, sleigh, snowboards, etc. Some travel agencies specializing in luxury holidays and incentive tours, together with the AGS team (France) offer their customers even an internship on Formula 1 crashes (piloting of the car occasion , in particular, in the Var Department).

An adventure character is, for example, a rapidly developing "jeep". It is a trip on the machine-tore-robes for complex rough terrain, often with overcoming water, mountain, sandy and other obstacles. Currently, the jeep tours are offered not only in foreign countries with suitable natural conditions, but also in Russia (in Altai, Baikal, Kamchatka, in the Krasnodar Territory, Karelia).

Vehicles are an object of attracting tourists to participate in spectacular events, as well as in business tours.

Among spectacular tours, tourists can be distinguished in the venue of the aircraft, as well as on motor and auto racing, regatta with the participation of sailboats, rowing and motor vessels.

Famous airlines (for example, in Le Bourget, Hamburg, Zhukovsky) and car dealerships (in New York, London, Brussels) contribute to the development of business trips and incentive tours bringing substantial income into the tourism industry.

Travel tools as an element of entertainment. In places of mass recreation of tourists, services are often used for their entertainment, which are based on the use of various vehicles, as well as other additional means of movement. The latter in this case fulfill the role of the C N O. A T T R A to C and it is about in.

Thus, underwater boats with transparent walls, a boat with a transparent bottom and Batiskof are used at the popular seaside resorts of the Mediterranean, Red and Other Seas.

For active leisure, resting water skiing and water bikes, scooter, catamarans, surfing boards, quad bikes, rollers, etc.

In the United Arab Emirates for entertainment purposes, skis are used by special designs that allow them to roll on them from high sandy mountains.

IN national Parks and leisure parks visitors have fun on attractions as "American slides", ferris wheel, swing, carousels, balloons, etc.

One of the new extreme functions of entertainment is Zorbing. It is the movement of a person inside a bowl made from durable synthetic material (polyvinyl chloride), on any surface. There are four types of Zorbing: Holmova (rolling from elevations); aqueous (moving along the water surface); hydrosorbing (riding in zerb filled with water); Snowy (skating in zorb with snow hills).

You can ride in Zorb in winter and summer both on natural inclined surfaces and built in closed premises of special facilities (ramps).

Transport service as part of rolling business used in tourism. Under the rental, they understand the rental of the movable property for various purposes in the temporary use of the tenant for a specific fee. In tourism, among the hire of equipment in the organization of hiking, scuba diving, skiing and sowing, rafting is widely used by the rental of additional means of movement (bicycles, skis, sled, snowboards) and motorized vehicles (motorcycles, yachts, cars, etc.). At the same time, car rental due to the large demand is highlighted in an independent industry, which is called Rent-A-Car. Tourists usually book cars to carry out a transfer or for self-journey to Destination. Typically, large car robbing businesses offer customers cars of different classes and capacity - from prestigious "Mercedes", "Cadillac" to SUVs and minivans.

City public transport as a service for servicing tourists. Often urban public transport serves as tourists for self-movement inside the visited points with various purposes: business, entertainment, cognitive, for shopping, etc. In this case, tourists may in many megacities a significant role in the city transport system belongs to M E T R O P O L And t e n y.

In a number of cities, tourists are invited to use for travel m and d o r o g a m and. Most of all monorails are developed in Japan, where in eight cities it has 102 km of roads. The longest monorail system is located in Osaka (its length is 23.8 km). In Europe, in addition to Moscow, Monorail is in the two cities of Germany (Dortmund and Wupperthal).

Monorail transport is present in the transport infrastructure of some cities of the United States, Canada, Australia, China, Malaysia.

In some cases, urban vehicles can also appear in the r about l and n p and t and n and me. For example, in Helsinki (Finland) from May to August in the city runs the tourist tram-pub Sparakoff. The tram personnel consists of a driver and a waitress that serves about 30 seating And offers passengers beer, cider and non-alcoholic beverages.

In Melbourne (Australia), you can ride and dine in the tramway, which serves branded dishes - fillets kangaroo in lemon juice, chicken breast with grilled walnut Mcadamia, Tasmanian oceanic trout under ginger sauce. True, food is preparing in advance, in the tram it is heated immediately before serving on the table. Total route runs three such trams, each by 36 seats; The following route time is about two hours.

You can also dine in the tram in Zurich (Switzerland), where for tourists and locals walks fonda-tram, and in Moscow (Russia) in the trash-tavern "Annushka".

In addition, in Moscow, you can ride in the garden ring on the "blue trolleybus", which every Saturday turns from the usual flight to "singing". This is a musical and excursion route, which is mainly associated with the songs of Bulat Okudzhava. Songs in trolleybus perform musicians. Trolleybus drives places associated with the life and creativity of famous bards - B. Okudzhava, Yu. Adeland, N. Matveyeva, V. Luferova, V. Egorova, G. Schapalikova, Y. Victor, A. Yakusheva, M. Ancharov.

Auxiliary vehicles. Tourists enjoy the auxiliary vehicles using technical devices to facilitate their lifting in mountainous areas, hilly areas, as well as a certain height in buildings and structures.

Such devices, first of all, include ft and n and k u l e r s, which are a railroad with a cable car for moving passengers (and cargo) in a steep rifle of a short distance. The first funicular appeared in Italy (in Genoa) and in Austria (in Zommerin) in the middle of the XIX century. Currently, they can be seen in Budapest, Prague, Kiev, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Sochi, Vladivostok and other cities.

The ski resorts for lifting skiers and snowboarders are used by special in the city of n and, designed to deliver holidaymakers to the place of start of the descent.

In the air lifts, people are raised in chairs or cabins constantly attached to the cable, with a separation from the earth's surface. At the same time, on the chair lifts, the landing and disembarkation is made without stopping the movement of the chairs.

Gondola lifts most often have a pendulum type.

In them, two cabins were constantly on the direct and reverse branch of the cable, which, when moving on the main carrying cable, move towards each other. Approaching the mooring platform, the cabin slows down and stop for disembarking and planting passengers.

Ground lifts lift people without separation from the earth's surface. In this case, the movement of the skier is made on the Bugel, which is attached to the cable.

When servicing passengers at airports, on auto and railway stations, metro are used continuous auxiliary vehicles - e s to a l and t o ("moving sidewalks"). The latter are both inclined and horizontal. Inclining often equip large shopping centers - they connect the stores of stores among themselves, as well as with underground parking and bus terminals.

Horizontal travolors serve as connecting gallery between the terminals at airports, are used in transitions between the hulls in large exhibition complexes.

For vertical movement, such types of vehicles are used as l and ft. They are installed in multi-storey hotels, on multipallable sea liners, they are equipped with viewing platforms. Recently, panoramic elevators have received widespread. They do not have their own mines, passengers can override the external space from their cabin. The transparency of the elevator walls eliminates some people from a sense of discomfort while in a limited space, turns the trip in it from the functional necessity in a peculiar attraction. In addition, panoramic elevators add a stylish element to the building decoration, which increases the attractiveness of public premises of hotels, restaurants, entertainment centers.

The auxiliary transport includes other technical devices operating in limited spaces:

telescopic ladders for aircraft message with the building of the airport, aviation inflatable ladder for the rapid evacuation of passengers and crew members from the aircraft board in extreme situations, passenger lifts for people with limited mobility.

In hotel enterprises for the convenience and relief of staff work, harvesting carts for cleaning premises, laundry trolleys, mobile hangers for transportation of clothing and baggage, mobile tables with folding countertops to maintain numbers are used.

Components of the transport infrastructure of the Destination.

In tourism, many transport infrastructure facilities perform not only their direct functional purposes, but may be genuine interest to travelers from the point of view of history, architecture and technical progress, aesthetic perception. In this regard, the programs of many route tours include showing M O S T O C, T O N N E L E YOU, and in T O S T R A D, K A N A L O V I W L S O , and urban excursions - a visit with t and nts and y e t r o p o l and t e n o v, inspection of n e t r a d and c and o n y x t r a n sp o r t n y x and with t e (for example, monorail roads, funicular, etc.).

From the point of view of tourist interest, railway tours have great potential, since many are still built in the past and even by last centuries and therefore are of interest as architectural structures.

For example, at the station Slyudyanka, the Krugobaikal Railway is preserved a unique building of the railway station, built from white marble. Yes, and to r at g about b and y k a l c k a l i l i l i d o r o g a is a tourist attraction, because at its 89-kilometer plot is 424 engineering facilities, some of which were built practically manually. Among them are 39 tunnels, pierced in the rocky shores of Lake Baikal, 50 anti-bang galleries, a retaining wall of 14 km long - they are all monuments of labor exploits of Russian engineers and builders.

Currently, in many parts of Russia there is a reconstruction of vocational systems representing historical interests for travelers. These include, in particular, the buildings of the reconstructed stations "Kozlov Nazka" (Clear Polyana), Borodino (near the Borodino field), "Divovo" (from the village of Konstantinovo - Motherland S. Yesenin).

Among the numerous foreign objects can be called fl o m s to yu l e zn u d o r o g y in Norway. This road with a length of only 20 km is known all over the world, as it is a very unusual segment of the railway.

It starts from the fjord, then follows the bottom of the valley, it crosses the river three times, rises to the mountains to a height of 900 m, passing through the hitting tunnel in the mountains. At the same time, the angle of inclination of the gauge is from 30 to 55 °, and the minimum rotation radius is 130 m. The road is very popular not only from Norwegians, but also from foreign tourists. In the peak of the season on it daily runs 9 - 10 trains.

The object of tourism can also be considered a d e t s to r about r and, which are serviced by students of special professional railway institutions. Such institutions exist in many Russian Railways divisions - at the Gorky, October, East Siberian and other railways. Children's railways are in the Baltic countries, in Ukraine, in Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as in the "Far Abroad" countries in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, China, in Cuba.

No less interest are different m u s and t r and n jn o r t a. For example, railway transport museums are available in the UK (one of them presents the first stepson locomotive), Sweden and the United States. In Russia, such museums exist in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Novosibirsk, Moscow. Their expositions present cars and locomotives, which were operated in different years of the last century. In addition, some railway techniques in coordination with the leadership of museums can be used by tourist firms in the organization of retro tours.

In addition to railway museums, there are museums of marine equipment in Latvia, Denmark, USA, Poland, Switzerland. The Marine Fleet Museum is widely known in St. Petersburg, the Aurora cruiser is also widely known. In Moscow, tours to a submarine delivered from the base of the Baltic Fleet were organized at the Khimki reservoir. Here are such unusual water vehicles as the screen and amphibian.

In the cities of a number of countries, there are aviation museums, where the models or natural exhibits of aviation equipment are exhibited from the moment of its origin to our days, as well as the Metro museums, tram, etc.

As a rule, the expositions presented in transport museums are used in the implementation of professional, school and educational tours.

Vehicles as a means of accommodation. Vehicles are actively used in tourist activities as a means of accommodation. At the same time, they can be conditionally divided into nonstationary, offering overnight and meals during transportation (for example, trains, sea and river cruise ships, aircraft), and stationary - for a long time standing in one place and used as hotels - this is Bothel, Flotlie, Rotheli and flyers.

Initially, Boteli (from the English boat-hotel) was built on the shore of non-freezing reservoirs for tourists traveling by water by boats, boats, yachts, etc. They were equipped with devices for the maintenance of personal tourist courts, storage premises of small water vehicles. Recently, the river or sea vessels, boats, barges, renovated under hotels and moored to the shore (most often in large cities) began to be used as a bottle. Since the old ships recharge the boots, the class of such hotels on the water rarely exceeds three stars.

This is primarily due to the tightness of the cabin, which do not always make it possible to expand the space of numbers to the desired size in hotels of a higher class. Nevertheless, the bots are popular not only among tourists who make inexpensive tours, but also in wealthy customers; Often they are rented under corporate events.

Botheli can be found in the cities of Holland, Germany, France, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and even Ukraine and Russia. The most famous of them are Amstel Botel's hotel in Amsterdam, Admiral Botel in Prague, "Grace" in Bratislava, Aquamarin in Budapest, "Galeon" in Kiev, "Onego" in Petrozavodsk. Botes began to appear in Asian countries. So, in Dubai (UAE), one of the legendary cruise ships "Queen Mary", which continues his "life" as a stationary means of accommodation.

In Thailand, the Imperial Boat House was opened on a small island of Samui, which is a luxurious bungalow, built on the thirty former barges for the transport of rice.

Flotheli (from the English House-Board - floating house) are floating hotels in which comfortable passenger ships are transformed, constantly (or for the winter, when navigation) mooring to the pier in large cities. Here, tourists are offered a large range of services for outdoor activities: swimming pools, gym and gymnastic halls, video clips, discos, water skiing, equipment for fishing and scuba diving and much more. Flotheli is often used to organize business and congress tours, as well as educational tours.

Rotheli (from English Roll - rolling and hotel - hotel) are mobile hotels with a limited set of services.

Cars with single or double compartments or tourist buses with specially equipped bedrooms can be used as the Rotel. In the first case, there are rooms for dressing, shared kitchen, shared toilet in the wagons.

Rothel-buses are produced mainly in Germany. They are in various versions: 24-seater single buses and 40-seater with a trailer for good roads, as well as 20-seater and 34-seater all-wheel drive SUVs for traveling for exotic countries. Before the middle of the body, the rotes are practically no different from serial buses (they have passenger salons with seating places). The second half of the body is a superstructure in which there is no chairs already, and sleeping places located in three tiers. Guests lie in isolated single or double capsules, where there are comfortable beds, a powerful heating and ventilation system, as well as its windows. In the afternoon, tourists are sitting in the passenger compartment, and at night they go to sleeping compartment at night. The advantages of the rotors-buses is the absence of dangerous night distances, the availability of self-catering, flexible travel schedule.

Flyers use aircraft. Most often, this is the aircraft. For example, in the Swedish airport of Arlanda, the Boeing-747 plane is turned into a winged hotel. It has 25 rooms in which up to 85 guests can accommodate. At the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica at an altitude of 15 m above the ground on a solid platform, the old "Boeing 727" is installed, refurbished in a suite.

It has only two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room, a small kitchen and a dining room. Over the left wing, a terrace is needed, from where you can admire the ocean.

New Zealand is a park-style hotel, designed in the style of country, which presents almost all types of vehicle-based hotels. For accommodation is offered "Train Motel" (reconstructed train of 1950s.), Plane Motel (Aircraft 1950s.

Bristol), "Waitanic" (marine patrol vessel, the time of World War II). Almost all rooms in the presented hotels are comfortable, there is a shower, toilet, television, microwave, refrigerator. On the territory of the park there is a barbecue, bar, parking, laundry.

It is clear from the foregoing above that vehicles are quite widely used in tourism and play a varied role in the implementation of travels.

Control issues 1. Give examples of using transport vehicles.

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Osipova O.Ya.

Transport service. Maintenance of tourists.

Section I Tourist Maintenance by Air Transport

In the modern world, at the time when traveling people on the planet acquired a large-scale nature, the role of the air transport as the fastest means of moving over long distances increased significantly. The meaning of air transportation in the implementation of mass tourism is especially great. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft responsible for various travel targets and having a high level of comfort. On board the aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a varied and perfect service that makes travels with pleasant and available wide segments of the population.

Air transportation have a number of features compared to other transport services. This is primarily due to the dependence of them from meteo conditions and from the terrain landscape at the points of take-off and landing (especially for aircraft). In addition, the conditions of operation of rolling stock are forced to carry airports beyond the limits of settlements and require considerable time to prepare passengers to directly flight. Nevertheless, thanks to the main advantage of high delivery speed in the detention of air transportation, there are serious competition by terrestrial and water versions of transport.

Chapter 1 Legal Basics Regulation of Passenger Transportation by Air Transport

Air transport is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aircraft enterprises on aircraft for the established fee, as well as terrestrial carrier vehicles.

Internal air transport air transportation at which the departure point, destination and all landings are located on the territory of one state.

International Air Transportation air transportation at which the departure point and destination are located: respectively, in the territory of the two states; On the territory of one state, if the clause (paragraphs) of landing on the territory of another state is provided.

Transport periodincludes: when transporting passengerthe time period from the moment the passenger is input to the side of the airport for landing on the aircraft and until it leaves the Perron under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier; when transporting baggagethe period of time since the adoption of baggage to transport and before issuing a recipient or transfer it according to the established rules of another organization. At the same time, under the peer, the part of the civil airfield flight field is understood, intended for the placement of aircraft for landing and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading luggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of service.

Transportationair transport is carried out in accordance with international law (if transportation is international in nature) or with national legislation (if the carriage is internal).

1.1. Legal support of international air transportation

The main documents regulating international air transport are international global and bilateral conventions.

Bilateral agreements are, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other treaties (the framework of the CIS, EU, etc.).

In international agreements of widespread a large circle of states are involved, which develop international norms and rules governing flights, as well as the principles of air transportation organization over the territories of these states.

One of the first legal documents in the field between folk civil aviation warsaw "Convention for the Unification of some Rules relating to international air transport", adopted in 1929 in this regulatory act given:

- definition of international air transport;

- the procedure for carrying out the transport of passengers and baggage by air carriers by airspace;

- main transportation documents confirming the contract for transportation;

- the order of the carrier's responsibility;

- the procedure for the accession of states to participation in the standing convention.

Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention has been developed in the additions and changes made by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guhamal Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975.

An important point of the Warsaw Convention is the service point for the carrier for death or damage to the health of the passenger and the loss and damage to luggage. According to this document, the responsibility of the carrier for the life and health of passengers on international flights in most cases is limited to the amount of $ 10,000.

Responsibility for the loss and luggage damage for most international traffic (including internal segments of international transportation) is limited to the amount of $ 20 per kilogram of registered baggage and $ 400 for an underestimated baggage in relation to each passenger.

On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention entered into force, (concluded under the auspices of ICAO in 1999), which canceled the limits established by the Warsaw Convention for the Payments of the victims in a plane crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention has introduced a two-level system of responsibility. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of the insured event, the airline (or its insurer) should pay about $ 135,000 to each victim even if the carrier's fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the incident, the second level of responsibility will come, in which the amount of damage payments is not limited at all. The responsibility of the carrier for the luggage of passengers is also increased.

By the time of entry into force, the Montreal Convention signed 31 States (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Pair Gang, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Officially, Russia did not join the new document, so in our country, when implementing international air transportation, the Warsaw Conve National.

Nevertheless, some carriers, especially private, have already begun to increase their expenditure articles in accordance with new trends in international standards. Naturally, it is able to afford it in a state only stable and large airlines, which can provide large guarantees and insisting aircraft in the amount of $ 750 million $ 1 billion

(For such money, compensation may be more than sufficient). The rest of the companies will wait for government solutions.

Many experts believe that Russia's attachment to the Convention of the Time. Tightening this process will contribute to the loss of the positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens can travel back to foreign carriers that decent money will pay for trouble on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with the international standards adopted, aviation administrations of countries that have signed the Convention have the right to not let the aircraft from states that have not yet signed this document on their territory. Similar events took place in a situation associated with the limitation of noise: countries who adopted international standards that limit the flights of noisy aircraft showed that they did not intend to delve into the economic situation of Seia, and even more so under it to adapt.

It should be noted that only the sixth part of the 187 states of ICAO by the time of entry into force of the Montreal Convention ratified it, so Russia in principle was not alone. New rules will not also be valid on the territory of most European countries before ratifying this document by their governments, since the adoption of the Convention is an exclusively prerogative of the government of a country.

Another important document of international air law in the field of regular air report it is the Chicago "Convention on International Civil Aviation" 1944. The Chicago Convention was laid a number of flight principles in world airspace, according to which each Contracting State provides to other Contracting States following the following rights:

- fly over its territory without landing;

- land with non-commercial purposes (for refueling, changing crew, technical purposes, etc.);

- unload passengers, mail and cargo, taken on board in the territory of the state, the national affiliation of which has an aircraft;

- take on board of passengers, mail and cargo with destination in the state, the national belief of which has an aircraft;

- take on board passengers, mail and cargo with destination on the territory of any other Contracting State and the right to unload passengers, mail and cargo, arriving from any such territory.

Later, these principles were expanded by the right to transport passengers, mail and goods between the partner by agreement and the third party in both directions through their territory or by the airline, not passing over the territory of their country, as well as the right to transport passengers and goods on the internal lines of the other Countries of the Council of Agreement.

Despite the fact that the laws of international flights adopted by the Chicago Convention are limited to some framework, they create the necessary conditions for the implementation of air traffic between states, ensure flight safety, and also contribute to favorable relations between countries

and development of tourism.

Among the legal documents regulating the international air report, "Agreement on International Air Transport" (Chicago, 1944) is also important; "Transit Agreement on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Roman "Convention on Compensation of Harm, Caused by In Trans-Aerial Courts to third parties on the surface" (Rome, 1952); Tokyeka

"Convention on offenses and some other actions committed aboard an aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963) and others.

To regulate activities in global airspace several international organizations were created, the purpose of which was the development of basic strategic directions in the development of international aviation communication. The most significant organizations include the International Organization of Civil Aviation ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Association air transport IATA (International Air Transport Association).

ICAO was formed in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization whose members are currently 187 countries of the world. Russia as the adviser of the USSR, which joined ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The circle of the main issues considered by ICAO includes:

- development of unified rules of the navigation system for aircraft;

- coordination of the activities of flight services, safety of airspace, including issuing licenses for regular transport;

Technical assistance to the organization's participants of the organization, etc.

In September 2001, the next, 33rd ICAO Assembly was held in Montreal (ICAO Headquarters), called on to develop a global strategy for improving flight safety and aviation security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the United States. It was decided on Assambl from 2004: 1) to expand the universal program of checking for the organization of safety monitoring; 2) to create an international financing mechanism for flight safety; 3) to strengthen the ICAO technical cooperation program; 4) develop the principles of the international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against military risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution due to those

that recently the number of serious incidents committed by undisciplined passengers on board civilian aircraft has increased. According to this resolution, all states are invited to adopt relevant laws and provisions to pursue violators in court, wherever an offense is.

IN ecological safety areasThe Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, tougher, standard to reduce noise. This standard will be enacted on January 1, 2006 for newly constructed aircraft.

IN aeronautics issuesan agreement was reached on the introduction

from On February 1, 2002, the new structure of air marchs through the North Pole, which allows to significantly reduce the range of flights connecting Europe and North America from Central and South-Thesky Asia; reduce flight time; make up a more convenient flight schedule; Reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines.

IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an association of air carriers, which currently combines 272 airlines from 130 countries of the world. From domestic airlines IATA members are currently "Aeroflot", Pulkovo, Siberia, Transaero and Volgaadnepr.

IATA provides assistance to airlines, tourist industry and partner organizations in increasing the profitability of their work and improving the quality of passenger and freight service.

IN financial domainiATA services provide:

Services for effective fees in the shortest possible time of payments for the mutual obligations of airlines;

- the ability to produce mutual settlements through the world information network in the daily, weekly or monthly modes;

- airline centrally manage cash flows and revenues from different countries of the world, convert and transfer money.

IATA conducts an active policy aimed to reduce all sorts of air navigation and airport fees,charged from the participants of the air traffic (in this way, thanks to the lobbying efforts of IATA, it was possible to reduce the fees for landing and parking aircraft by 7.5%

in new Athens Sparta Airport); Suppose to ensure that the funds are charged in the form of fees to develop aviation infrastructure.

The focus of IATA are issues related to supply of rolling stock fuelsince the share of fuel costs is an average of 15% of airlines operating costs.

In this regard, the Association considers the following questions: 1) conducts meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develops rules and standards related to fuel procurement; 3) monitors all aspects of fuel supply, etc.

IN areas of implementing servicesIATA is a legislative body for all matters related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transportation; Sets the rules for registration of passengers, order of booking places, processing, design and luggage issuing; Sets the standards for servicing passengers in flight, inclusive requirements for organizing the work of flight attendants and their preparation, nutrition requirements in flight, equipment and to the organization of medical care on board.

M.: Academy, 2006. - 384 p.

The study guide addresses the legal foundations that regulate the transport of tourists in international and internal communications, the procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual links of the transport system, as well as the main rules for the transport of passengers and baggage in accordance with the modern codes and the charters of various types of transport are presented. Information on service services accompanying transportation of tourists are given, including reflecting the latest achievements in the development of new technologies. Attention is paid to security issues related to tourist transport services.

For students of universities. It may be useful to students of secondary educational institutions of the tourism education system.

Introduction

Section I. Tourist Maintenance by Air Transport

Chapter 1. Legal basis for regulating passenger transport by air
Chapter 2. A ticket as a document confirming an air transportation agreement
Chapter 3. Aviation Tariffs
Chapter 4. Modern Booking Systems
Chapter 5. Air Sales Service Technology
Chapter 6. Features of servicing individual categories of passengers
Chapter 7. General rules Transportation baggage
Chapter 8. Features of transportation of individual groups of items and things
Chapter 9. Charter Flights
Chapter 10. Service for air passengers
Chapter 11. Special programs for frequent flying passengers
Chapter 12. Technical support Air transportation

Section II. Tourist Service by Railway Transport

Chapter 13. Legal basis for passenger transport by rail
Chapter 14. Types of railway messages and rolling stock
Chapter 15. Transportation Documents
Chapter 16. Tariffs. Privileges. Fees
Chapter 17. Rules for transportation of passengers on railway transport
Chapter 18. Transportation of hand baggage, baggage and cargo
Chapter 19. Service for passengers on Russian railway transport
Chapter 20. Features of the service of organized groups of tourists on railway transport
Chapter 21. Passenger Service on Foreign Railways

Section III. Tourist service by road

Chapter 22. Legal basis for transportation of passengers by road
Chapter 23. Classification of rolling stock and requirements for tourist buses
Chapter 24. Maintenance of passengers using road transport, on internal routes
Chapter 25. Organization of transportation of tourists by road on international routes
Chapter 26. Car Rental

Section IV Tourist Maintenance Water Transport

Chapter 27. Legal basis for regulation of passenger transport by sea transport
Chapter 28. Legal basis for the regulation of passenger transportation by inland water transport
Chapter 29. Maintenance of tourists on marine cruise ships
Chapter 30. Maintenance of tourists on river cruise ships

Applications
Control questions and tasks to Sections I-IV
Recommended literature

Osipova O.Ya. Transport services E. Tourist service. Section I Tourist Maintenance by air transport in the modern world, while traveling people on the planet have become a large-scale nature, the role of the air transport is significantly increased as the fastest means of moving over long distances. The meaning of air transportation in the implementation of mass tourism is especially great. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft responsible for various travel targets and having a high level of comfort. On board the aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a varied and perfect service that makes travels with pleasant and available wide segments of the population. Air transportation have a number of special seasons compared to other transport services. This is primarily due to the dependence of them from meteo conditions and from the terrain landscape at the points of take-off and landing (especially for aircraft). In addition, the conditions of operation of rolling stock are forced to carry airports beyond the limits of settlements and require considerable time to prepare passengers to directly flight. Nevertheless, thanks to the main advantage of high delivery speed in the detention of air transportation, there are serious competition by terrestrial and water versions of transport. Chapter 1 The Legal Fundamentals of Passenger Transportation of Passengers Air Transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aircraft enterprises at the aircraft for the established fee, as well as terrestrial carrier vehicles. Internal air transport Air transportation, in which the departure point, destination and all landings are located on the territory of one state. International Air Transportation Air Transportation, in which the departure point and destination are located: respectively, in the territory of the two states; On the territory of one state, if the clause (paragraphs) of landing on the territory of another state is provided. The period of transport includes: when transporting a passenger, the period of time from the moment of the passenger's input perron of airport for landing on the aircraft and until it leaves the Perron under the supervision of authorized persons carrier; When transporting baggage period of time since the adoption of luggage to transportation and before issuing a recipient or transfer it according to the established rules of another organization. At the same time, under the peer, the part of the civil airfield flight field is understood, intended for the placement of aircraft for landing and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading luggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of service. Transportation regulation by air is carried out in accordance with international law by refinery (if transportation is international in nature) or with national legislation (if the carriage is internal). 1.1. Legal support of international air transportation by the main documents regulating international air transport are international global and bilateral conventions. Bilateral agreements are, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other treaties (the framework of the CIS, EU, etc.). In international agreements, there are a large circle of states that develop international norms and rules governing flights, as well as the principles of air transportation organization over the territories of these states. One of the first legal documents in the field between People's Civil Aviation was the Warsaw "Convention for the Unification of Some Rules relating to International Air Transportations, adopted in 1929 in this regulatory act given: - Definition of international air transport; - the procedure for carrying out the transport of passengers and baggage by air carriers by airspace; - Major shipping documents confirming the contract for transportation; - the order of the carrier's responsibility; The procedure for the accession of states to participation in the standing convention. Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention has found development in additions and changes made by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the 2071 Guatemalan Protocol and the 1975 Montreal Protocol. An important point of the Warsaw Convention is the service provider's responsibility for death or damage to the passenger's health and loss and loss damage. . According to this document, the responsibility of the carrier for the life and health of passengers on international flights in most cases is limited to the amount of $ 10,000. Responsibility for the loss and luggage damage for most international traffic (including internal segments of international transportation) is limited to the amount of $ 20 per kilogram of registered baggage and $ 400 for an underestimated baggage in relation to each passenger. On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention entered into force, (concluded under the auspices of ICAO in 1999), which canceled the limits established by the Warsaw Convention for the Payments of the victims in a plane crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention has introduced a two-level system of responsibility. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of the insured event, the airline (or its insurer) should pay about $ 135,000 to each victim even if the carrier's fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the incident, the second level of responsibility will come, in which the amount of damage payments is not limited at all. The responsibility of the carrier for the luggage of passengers is also increased. By the time of entry into force, the Montreal Convention signed 31 States (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Pair Gang, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Officially, Russia did not join the new document, so in our country, when implementing international air transportation, the Warsaw Conve National. Nevertheless, some carriers, especially private, have already begun to increase their expenditure articles in accordance with new trends in international standards. Naturally, to afford it is able only to stable and large airlines, which can provide large guarantees and insisting airplanes in the amount of $ 750 million $ 1 billion (for such money, the reimbursement may be more than sufficient). The rest of the companies will wait for government solutions. Many experts believe that Russia's attachment to the Convention of the Time. Tightening this process will contribute to the loss of the positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens can travel back to foreign carriers that decent money will pay for trouble on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with the international standards adopted, aviation administrations of countries that have signed the Convention have the right to not let the aircraft from states that have not yet signed this document on their territory. Similar events took place in a situation associated with the limitation of noise: countries who adopted international standards that limit the flights of noisy aircraft showed that they did not intend to delve into the economic situation of Seia, and even more so under it to adapt. It should be noted that only the sixth part of the 187 states of ICAO by the time of entry into force of the Montreal Convention ratified it, so Russia in principle was not alone. New rules will not also be valid on the territory of most European countries before ratifying this document by their governments, since the adoption of the Convention is an exclusively prerogative of the government of a country. Another important document of international aircraft in the field of regular air report is the Chicago "Convention on International Civil Aviation" 1944. The Chicago Convention was laid a number of principles of flights in world airspace, according to which each Contracting State provides other Contracting States following the following rights: - fly over its territory without landing; - land with non-commercial purposes (for refueling, shift crew, technical purposes, etc.); - unload passengers, mail and cargo, taken on board in the state, the national belonging of which has an aircraft; - take on board passengers, mail and cargo with destination on the territory of the state, the national belonging of which has an aircraft; - take on board passengers, mail and cargo with destination on the territory of any other Contracting State and the right to unload passengers, mail and cargo, arriving from any such territory. Later, these principles were expanded by the right to transport passengers, mail and goods between the partner by agreement and the third party in both directions through their territory or by the airline, not passing over the territory of their country, as well as the right to transport passengers and goods on the internal lines of the other Countries of the Council of Agreement. Despite the fact that the right of state international flights adopted by the Chicago Convention are limited to some frameworks, they create the necessary conditions for the implementation of air traffic between states, ensure safety flights, and also contribute to the favorable relations between the countries and the development of tourism. Among the legal instruments regulating international air traffic, the "Agreement on International Air Transport" (Chicago, 1944) also also have importance; "Transit Agreement on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Roman "Convention on Compensation of Harm, Caused by In Trans-Aerial Courts to third parties on the surface" (Rome, 1952); The Tokyo "Convention on Offenses and Some other actions performed on board the aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963), etc. To regulate activities in world airspace, several international organizations were created, the purpose of which was the development of basic strategic directions in the development of international aviation Messages. The most significant organizations include the International Organization of Civil Aviation ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the International Air Transport Association International Air Transport Association. ICAO was formed in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization, whose members are worth 187 countries of the world. Russia as the adviser of the USSR, which joined ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The circle of the main issues considered by ICAO includes: - Development of unified rules of the navigation system for aircraft; - coordination of the activities of flight services, the safety of airspace, including issuing licenses for regular transport; -Hechnic assistance to the organization's participants of the organization, etc. In September 2001, another, 33th Assembly ICAO took place in Montreal (ICAO Headquarters), which called on to develop a global strategy for improving flight safety and aviation security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the United States. It was decided on Assambl from 2004: 1) to expand the universal program of checking for the organization of safety monitoring; 2) to create an international financing mechanism for flight safety; 3) to strengthen the technical cooperation program ICAO; 4) develop the principles of the international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against military risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution due to the fact that recently the number of serious incidents committed by undisciplined passengers aboard civilian aircraft has increased. According to this resolution, all states are invited to adopt relevant laws and provisions to pursue violators in court, wherever an offense is. In the field of environmental safety, the Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, tougher, standard to reduce noise. This standard will be enacted on January 1, 2006 for newly constructed aircraft. In matters of air navigation, an agreement was reached on the introduction of the new structure of air marchs through the North Pole from February 1, 2002, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the range of flights connecting Europe and North America with Central and South-Southeast Asia; reduce flight time; make up a more convenient flight schedule; Reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines. IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an association of air carriers, which currently combines 272 airlines from 130 countries of the world. From domestic airlines IATA members are currently "Aeroflot", Pulkovo, Siberia, Transaero and Volgaadnepr. IATA provides assistance to airlines, tourist industry and partner organizations in increasing the profitability of their work and improving the quality of passenger and freight service. In the financial field of the IATA service provide: - services for effective fees in the shortest possible time of payments for mutual obligations of airlines; - the ability to produce mutual settlements through the world information network in the daily, weekly or monthly modes; - airlines centrally manage cash flows and revenues from different countries of the world, convert and transfer money. IATA conducts an active policy aimed at reducing all sorts of air navigation and airport fees charged with air traffic participants (in this way, the IATA's lobbying efforts managed to reduce landing and parking sites in the New Athens Airport of Sparta); Suppose to ensure that the funds are charged in the form of fees to develop aviation infrastructure. The focus of IATA is the issues associated with the supply of rolling stock with fuel, as the share of fuel costs is an average of 15% of airline operating costs. In this regard, the Association considers the following questions: 1) holds meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develops rules and standards related to fuel procurement; 3) monitors all aspects of fuel supply, etc. The implementation of IATA services is a legislative body for all matters related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transportation; Sets the rules for registration of passengers, order of booking places, processing, design and luggage issuing; Sets the standards for servicing passengers in flight, inclusive requirements for organizing the work of flight attendants and their preparation, nutrition requirements in flight, equipment and to the organization of medical care on board. IATA is developing passenger and baggage airport service procedures; Provisuating the conference on the coordination of the schedule of airlines and the problems of airport workload; Provides the possibility of collective discussion by airlines of relevant rules and procedures. IATA provides air traffic consulting services; Engaged in information activities publishes tariffs for international flights, publishes the TIM management (Travel Informational Manual), which contains the requirements for documentation accompanying air transportation, sanitary and customs of the rules and other necessary documentation (only over 360-specific units of the public transport). With an increase in IATA, an institution of qualifications of professional workers of air training and transport, offering a full set of training programs and methods for training and advanced training of employees of civil aviation, airlines and airport personnel, organizations employed in the field of freight transportation, as well as tourist workers Sectors. An important area of \u200b\u200bIATA activity is a job aimed at ensuring flight safety and aviation security. For this, it is developed by operational and introduced activities to airlines new requirements and aviation to equipment aimed at improving flight safety; Reports on the security status of turbojet and turboprop aircraft are published annually; Seminars and conferences on security issues are being developed, the system of flights and safety, role with human factors; A single check of passengers is carried out, which facilitates the passage of formalities at the airport, etc. In addition, IATA develops and implements strategic industry development programs to practice, taking into account the environmental protection problems; Protects the legal interests of airlines; Provides services in the field of freight transport; interacts with government and international organizations; Supports communication with media and non-formation, explaining the position of its industry on various issues. In addition to air international transport, structures regulating there are a number of activities of regional intergovernmental organizations dealing with civil aviation development. These include: 1. The European Civil Aviation Conference and the European Organization for Air Navigation Safety Eurocont Role. 2. The African Commission of Civil Aviation, which unites 32 States of Africa 3. The Council of Civil Aviation Arab States, uniting 20 countries of this region. 4. The Latin American Commission of Civil Aviation, which consists of 19 countries of South and Central America, as well as the Caribbean. The goal of all these associations is to solve problems associated with improving flight safety in their regions, with the coordination of aviation activities of relevant states, improving the air navigation control system in the regions. So, for example, in the fall of 2001, the European Organizer for Safety Aeronautics announced its new program "Airspace of free routes", which she plans to put into effect in the near future. The meaning of this program is that in the sky over Western Europe there will be no air corridors and that airline aircraft, hitting the "Open Sky" zone, will be able to move to the destination airport not by a strictly defined route (as is customary), and shortest. According to the calculations of specialists, this will significantly increase the intensity of the use of airspace, will save air carriers about 60 million euros per year, and will also facilitate the work of air dispatchers. 1.2. The legal support of the internal air transportation regulation of air transport in domestic traffic is carried out by the Air Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma on February 19, 1997. This document is sent not only to ensure the needs of citizens and the economy in air transportation, aviation work, but also to ensure defense and defense and Security of the state, the protection of the interests of the state, safety of aircraft flights, aviation and environmental safety. In the Russian Code of the Russian Federation in the chapter "General provisions" is given to the definition of airspace; The main regulatory acts are listed, which constitute the air legislation of the Russian Federation; The activities of organizations subject to licensing in the field of aviation are indicated. In particular, licensing is subject to: - activities for the implementation and provision of air and international air transport, luggage, cargo and mail on a commercial basis; - air traffic maintenance activities; - aviation work to ensure the needs of citizens and legal entities; lists training of specialists of the relevant level according to the posts of aviation personnel; The circle of legal entities subject to mandatory certification, and the circle of individuals subject to mandatory certification, etc. In the chapter "State regulatory of the use of airspace" reflects state priorities in the use of airspace. So, if you have the need to use airspace at the same time, two and more users are preferred in accordance with government priorities in such a sequence: - Reflection of air attack, termination of the violation of the state border; - assistance in emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature; - performing aircraft flights in the interests of the state's defense capability and in accordance with special treaties; - the implementation of regular air transport passengers and baggage; - fulfillment of flights of state aviation; - the implementation of regular transport of goods and mail; - implementation of irregular air transport; - carrying out educational, sports, demonstration and other events; - The implementation of aircraft flights or other activities on the use of air prince, implemented in order to meet the needs of citizens. The chapter "State Regulation of Aviation Activities" provides an aircraft classification, according to which it is divided into civil, state and experiment. Civil aviation, in turn, is divided into commercial, which is used for air transport passengers, baggage, cargo and mail and aircraft work carried out for the fee, and general aviation, which is used in a no-free basis. State aviation is used to implement military, border, police, customs service and to perform mobilization and defense tasks. Experimental aviation is used for the workshop, experimental, research and research works, as well as for testing aviation and other techniques. State regulation of activities in different fields of aviation is carried out by specially authorized bodies, respectively, in the field of civil aviation, in the field of defense and in the field of defense industry. All these organs have a definite structure and service. The head of "aircraft" is devoted to issues of state registration and state accounting of aircraft; requirements for the flight affiliation of civil aircraft; Environmental protection from the impact of aviation activities. Aircraft intended for flights are subject to state registration. A public and registration identification marks are applied to registered in a certain order. . Civil aircraft are allowed to operate only in the presence of a certificate of airworthiness. It also emphasizes that every civil aircraft, each aircraft engine and the air screw in the mass production process runs in the prescribed procedure for testing and checking, ending with the civil airport certificate issuing a civil aircraft. The code is given to the definition of the airport and the airport (including international), the procedure for their state registration and certification is given. The chapters "Aviation personnel" and the "aircraft crew" provide the definition of aviation personnel and crew of the aircraft, the rights of the aircraft commander on, the action of the crew in the event of a disaster, as well as to assist courts and people who are in danger. The aviation personnel includes persons who have special training and carry out security security activities, and air transportation, aviation, organization and air traffic maintenance and maintenance. All these persons must have certificates and job descriptions. In order to protect the rights and interests of citizens, as well as for the purpose of ensuring the development of the country's country and security of the state, strikes are not allowed or other termination of the work by aviation personnel serving the air traffic. The carrier of the aircraft consists of a flight crew (commander and other facial composition) and a cabin crew (board operators and flight attendants). The flight of the civil aircraft is not permitted if the composition of the flight crew is less than the minimum set composition. The aircraft commander is a person having a dummy certificate (testimony) of the pilot (pilot), as well as the preparation and experience necessary for independent aircraft management of a particular type. The aircraft commander manages the operation of the aircraft crew, is responsible for the discipline and order in the aircraft, and also takes the necessary measures to ensure the safety of people who are on board the aircraft, the safety of the aircraft and the property on it. The aircraft commander has the right to receive completed decisions on takeoff, flight and landing of the aircraft, as well as the cessation of flight and returning to the airfield or about the forced landing in the case of an explicit threat of flight safety in order to save the lives of people, preventing damage to the environment. In addition, the aircraft commander has the right to give orders to anyone who is on board the aircraft and demand their execution, apply all the necessary measures, including coercive measures, in relation to persons who are with their actions with the immediate threat to the aircraft flight safety and refuse Submit to its orders. Upon arrival of the aircraft on the nearest airfield, his commander has the right to remove such people from the aircraft, and in case of committing an act containing signs of a crime, transfer them to law enforcement agencies. The chapter "Aviation enterprises" identifies the conditions for the creation of an aviation enterprise in order to implement passengers, luggage, cargo, mail and (or) aviation work for the air transportation fee. At the same time, it is emphasized that the establishment of foreign capital on the territory of the Russian Federation with the participation of foreign capital is allowed, provided that the share of the latter should not exceed 49% of the authorized capital, the leadership of the airline is a citizen of the Russian Federation and the number of foreign citizens in the enterprise governing body does not exceed 1 / 3 composition of this organ. Russian airlines are allowed for the implementation of commercial activities in the field of civil aviation only with licenses obtained in accordance with the Rules of the Code. Foreign airlines are also entitled to carry out commercial activities in the field of civil aviation in the manner prescribed by the legislation and transf of the Arodic treaties of the Russian Federation. The rules for the formation and application of tariffs, as well as the rules for the sale of tickets and other transportation documents are established by a specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation by the State Service of Redezhnaya Aviation (GSGA). The air transportation fee, luggage, cargo and mail is installed by carriers. In carrying out air charter traffic, contract prices can be established. At the same time, in order to protect regular air transport, carried out on the same airlines, it is allowed to establish minimal prices for such transportation. Chapters "Aircraft flights" and "International aircraft flights" are devoted to issues: - admission to the flight of the aircraft; - crew preparation; - ensuring aircraft flights; - requirements for documentation on board; - aircraft flight settlements . At the same time, the flight of the aircraft over the settlements should be performed at an altitude, which allows the aircraft in the event of a malfunction to make it landing outside the settlements. When conducting international flights to the aircraft, their crews, passengers and their property, which arrived in the Russian Federation and decommissioning from it, are subject to the action of passport, customs and other rules established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The chapter "Aviation Security" reflects one of the basic principles of air transportation of their safety. At the same time, the aviation security is understood as the state of the protection of aviation from illegal interference in aviation activities. In order to ensure aviation safety, the following measures are carried out: - aircraft protection is carried out in the parking lots; - the possibility of transporting weapons, ammunition, explosive, radioactive, flammable and other hazardous objects is eliminated; - Pre-flight insights of the aircraft, crew members, passengers, baggage, hand-made, cargo and mail are carried out. Aviation security services have the right to detain for the transfer of law enforcement agencies to those who violated aviation security requirements, as well as baggage, cargo and mail containing objects and substances prohibited by air carriers. In the chapters "Search and Salvation" and "Investigation of the Aviation Incident", issues related to cases where the aircraft suffers disaster. The objectives of the accident investigation or incident are the establishment of the causes of these events and the adoption of measures to prevent them in the future. Establishing whose-silbo and responsibility is not the purpose of investigating an accident or incident. The head of "air transport" gives definitions of such a pione, as the "carrier", "air transport", "air transportation contract", "transportation documents", "Aircraft chartering", and also considers the terms of termination of the contract on the initiative of the carrier and Passengers. In subsequent chapters, ah of the study manual, all these issues will be considered quite in detail. The chapter "Aviation Work" gives the characteristic of aviation work performed using aircraft flights in agriculture, construction, for the protection and protection of the GROWTEM, the provision of medical care and other purposes. The fulfillment of aviation work is a contract for which the contractor undertakes to fulfill these works for the customer in the manner, in terms of time, in volume and on the conditions that are provided for by the data of the thief. The customer undertakes to pay aviation work. The rates for their implementation are also established on the basis of the contract. The chapter "The responsibility of the carrier, operator and the shipper" provides for the responsibility of the carrier in front of the passenger of the aircraft and the shipper in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as the passenger, cargo or mail air transport contract. The carrier, the passenger, the shipper and the consignee are responsible for violating customs, currency, sanitary, quarantine and other rules in accordance with Russian legislation. The carrier's responsibility for the damage caused by air carriage of life or the health of the aircraft passenger is determined in accordance with the rules of chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, if the law or the passenger's air transport contract does not provide for a higher size of the carrier, and is also determined by international treaties of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the period of air carriage, as already noted, includes the period from the moment the aircraft passenger is released to the peer for landing on the aircraft and until the aircraft passenger under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier left the airport rum. The carrier is obliged to insure and be responsible for the harm caused to the life and health of the passenger of the aircraft or baggage and the things under the passenger. According to Art. 133 Air Code Insurance The amount for each passenger of the aircraft on the passenger's life and health agreement is set in the amount of at least a thousand minimum wage (minimum wage) established by federal law on ticket sales day. It should be noted that this article is in contradiction with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.07.1992 No. 750 (as amended from 06.04.1994, July 22, 1998), which establishes the Insurance amount on the obligatory personal insurance of the passenger of the air, railway , sea, internal during the bottom and road transport (with the exception of international, suburban and urban communications) in the amount of 120 minimum wages adopted by law on the day of the carriage. The insurance amount provided for by the baggage insurance contract is set in the amount of less than two minimum wages established by federal law, per kilogram of baggage mass. The insurance amount provided for by the insurance contract for the passenger is established in the amount of at least ten minimum wages established by federal law. When conducting international flights with aircraft, the carrier's liability insurance in front of the aircraft passengers, including liability for loss, shortage or damage (damage) of baggage, as well as things under passenger, is mandatory. The amount of the sum insured should not be less than the size provided for by international treaties of the Russian Federation or the legislation of the relevant foreign State Army. In the same chapter of the Code, the procedure and timing of the presentation of claims to the carrier under internal and international transportation, which will be discussed below are presented. 1.3. The Agreement on the air transportation of the passenger air transport is carried out on the basis of the conclusion of the contract of transportation of passenger, cargo or mail with the carrier. The carrier is an operator who has a license to carry out air carriage of passengers, baggage or mail. On the passenger air transport contract, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger of the aircraft to the destination with the provision of places on an aircraft making a flight specified in the ticket, and in the case of air transport, the luggage passenger also deliver this luggage to the destination and issue a pass Controlled to receive luggage to the face (Art. 103 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation). The delivery time of the passenger and baggage is determined by the installed carriers by the rules of air transport. The passenger of the aircraft is obliged to pay for air transport, and if he has baggage, a super-established carrier is the norm of free luggage provisos and provision of this luggage. Each air transport contract and its conditions are certified by the transportation documents, which are issued by the carrier or its agents. TO transportation documents Come: Passenger ticket (Passenger Ticket) during the carriage of the passenger. It is a document certifying the conclusion of the passenger and baggage air transport contract and includes a luggage receipt; Luggage receipt (Baggage Check) Part of the ticket on which the number of places and the mass of the taxed baggage is indicated and which is issued by the carrier as a luggage shift, passenger; receipt of paid baggage (Excess Baggage Ticket) Document confirming payment of the provision of Baga Ways over the standards of free transport or objects, which are subject to mandatory payment, as well as fees for the declared luggage value; AirGear Wailing (AIR WAYBILL) Document confirming the contract between the shipper and the carriage of the carrier on the carrier routes. It is issued by a shipper or his trustee. The fulfillment of the terms of the contract for transportation is mandatory, regardless of whether it is regular transport or charter. It should be borne in mind that the conclusion of the contract for the transportation of a passenger implies the rules. 1. The departure time specified in the schedule and ticket is not a prerequisite for the contract and the carrier is not guaranteed. In order to ensure the safety of flight, the flight may be canceled, moved or detained. The cause of these changes can be the poor weather conditions at airports of departure, arrival or stopping points, natural disasters, disturbing the state of the take-off-attachment strip, etc. 2. The carrier leaves the right to replace the aircraft, change the route of transportation and landing points specified in the schedule and ticket. This carrier right is also substantiated by ensuring the safety of passengers in the event of a breakdown of an aircraft or the emergence of force majeure on the route. In any of the cases listed above, the carrier, taking into account the legitimate interests of passengers, must: - prevent them about changing the schedule; - perform carriage to other flights or flight DR of the ultrasound carrier; - Organize servicing registered passengers at the airport or provide their hotel in the prescribed manner. If the circumstances are such that the passenger is forced to abandon the carriage due to the change of schedule, then the rear is obliged to return the money amount for the failed transportation. 3. The carrier has the right to refuse to transport the passenger if its documents are incorrectly executed or is not fully submitted. It should be borne in mind that the presence of the rehabilitation and the correctness of the design of documents issued by government agencies depend only on the competence of these bodies and the citizen himself, and therefore all claims presented in such situations to the carrier by the passenger are unfounded. The carrier does not bear any responsibility for issuing such documents. 4. The passenger has the right to interrupt the journey and make a stop at any intermediate airport, if it is planned. Such a stop is called "StopOver". Having stayed at the point of landing the time you need, the traveler can continue to be transported on this route. At the same time, it can immediately book a place on a similar flight (if the date of continuation of transportation is exactly known) or to request a subttage of space on this flight to the desired date. Such a stop on the way is possible if: - it is permitted by the state bodies of the country, where it is supposed to do this; - the passenger stated in advance the carrier about his desire to take advantage of this right; - It is made within the duration of the ticket; - It is taken into account when calculating the tariff and decorated in the ticket. If, when buying a ticket, the passenger did not declare a stop at the intermediate airport, and decided to take advantage of this right during the flight process, then it can continue the flight after compensation for the carrier of the tariff difference, as well as losses in the event of a flight delay associated with the removal from the aircraft of his luggage, which was decorated to the final point. Forced stop, due to the disease of the RA RA or a member of his family, next to him on this flight, is an exception and does not require reimburs. It should be borne in mind that the right to Stopover applies mainly to the transportation, decorated in normal tariffs. If the tourist has a ticket made by special tariff, then stopping on the way is made taking into account restrictions or are generally prohibited in accordance with the rules for the application of this tariff. The passenger is obliged to comply with all laws, decisions, rules and prescriptions of the competent authorities of the state, into which or through the territory of which its transportation is carried out. This refers to the fulfillment of the requirements of the special control, customs, passport, visa, sanitary and other formalities, as well as the rules and instructions of the carrier. If the state organizations of the country oblige the carrier to return the passenger to the point of departure or any other point due to the fact that he was refused to enter the country of destination, shuttle or transit, the passenger or an organization that issued it is obliged to compensate to the carrier Costs that have arisen in connection with this transportation. The passenger of the aircraft has the right to: - travel on preferential terms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the installed carrier rules of air transport; - free baggage transport (including things under the passenger) within the established norm, depending on the type of aircraft (at least 10 kg per passenger); - Free (with international air transportation in accordance with the preferential rate) of a single child with him under ages not older than 2 years without providing him with a separate place. Other children under the age of 2 years old, as well as children aged 2 to 12 years old are transported in accordance with the preferential tariff with the provision of individual places to them; - Free use of recreation rooms, Mother and Child rooms, as well as a place in the hotel during an air transportation through the fault of the carrier or with a forced aircraft delay when sending and (or) in flight. At the same time, the procedure for providing passengers of aircraft services and benefits is established by federal aviation rules. The contract for transportation can be terminated on the initiative of the carrier or passenger. The carrier may be unilaterally to terminate the passenger air transportation in cases: - violations by the passenger passport, customs, sanitary and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation requirements regarding air transportation; with international air transportation, the rules of departure, appointment or transit, defined by the relevant state bodies; - the passenger's failure to comply with the requirements for federal aviation rules; - the state of health passenger A of the aircraft, which requires special conditions of air transport or threatens the safety of the passenger itself or others, which is confirmed by medical documents, and equally creates a mess and unreasonable inconvenience for other persons; - Failure to pay the aircraft passenger to pay for its luggage, the mass of which exceeds the established standards of free baggage; - Failure to pay the aircraft passenger to pay the following child with him older than 2 years; By board a violation by the WHO passenger of a sorty vessel of conducting behavior on an aircraft, creating a risk of aircraft safety or a threat to life or health of other persons, as well as non-fulfillment by the passenger aircraft of orders of the aircraft commander; - The presence of a passenger in personal belongings, as well as in its baggage, cargo prohibited to air transport or substances. If the air transportation treaty is terminated on the carrier's initiative, the passenger returns the amount paid for the transportation (except for the case concerning the violation by the passenger of the rules of behavior on board the aircraft). The passenger has the right to refuse to transport from the airport or along the way. At the same time, it can get from the carrier back fee for transportation or for the unused part of it in the amount provided by the rules for the application of tariffs. The failure of the passenger from transportation can be forced or voluntary. Forced refusal is a refusal caused by the following - Cancellation or delay of the flight specified in the ticket; the inability to provide a place on the flight or the service class specified - circumstances: in the ticket, due to the error when booking; the inability to land at the airport indicated in the ticket, due to emergency situations; - replacement of the type of aircraft carrying out this flight; - Passenger's disease or following a member of the family with him in the aircraft; incorrect registration of the carrier of travel documents; The inability to go from the aircraft aircraft flying by the flight specified in the ticket, due to the late aircraft or cancellation of the flight, which the passenger must arrive at the airport transfer. With a forced failure of the passenger from transportation, the carrier is obliged to offer him the carriage by one of the quantities on the conditions specified in the ticket, or return the cost of the ticket without taking into account penalties. At the same time, if the carriage has not been performed in any section, then the entire amount paid is returned, and if the carriage has been partially completed, the amount is returned for the unfulfilled part of the carriage. Voluntary refusal is a refusal caused by the personal causes of the passenger. At the same time, the carrier has the right to keep all amounts due to him from the returned funds. In particular, if the passenger notifies the carrier refusing in less than 24 hours, but no later than 3 hours before departure, the carrier can hold a fee of 10% of the cost of transportation; If the failure of the flight is produced in less than 3 hours, the collection is 25%. With group transportation, the collection of the failure of the flight is 25%, if the refusal occurred in less than 24 hours. With a voluntary failure of the passenger from the flight, the return of money is made, if: 1) transportation was not performed on any site, then the passenger returns all The amount paid for transportation, with the holding of official fees; 2) Transportation was partially completed, then the difference is returned between the amount paid for all the transportation, and the amount corresponding to the cost of the transport part of the carriage, with the holding of the fees related to the performed part of the transportation of fees. Returns on tickets sold in accordance with the special rules of tariffs, the application is carried out by these in tariffs. Monetary amounts are returned by the carrier or its agent in the acquisition of tickets of POWP presented by flight coupons in the currency and form of payment, which produced transportation. At the same time, the compensation is made to the person, whose name is indicated in the ticket, or the person who paid the ticket and provided evidence. Chapter 2 A ticket as a document confirming an air ticket agreement Conclusion Represents Air Affairs Document, transportation between the certifying carrier and the passenger. The ticket is valid for the carriage of the passenger and its baggage from the point of departure to the destination, according to the route and the service class specified in it. The ticket must be kept before the end of the trip, if there is a basis for presenting a claim to the carrier, then to store a travel document should be permission. 2.1. Types of air tickets Currently, several types of air tickets are used: copying automatic ticket (Sandwich) (Transitional Automated Ticket Tat); Automatic couping ticket with landing passing (Automated Ticket / Boarding Pass); MANUAL ISSUED TICKET; Neutral blanks electronic in Russia Ticket The largest automatic ticket (Electronic distribution (TAT). IATA; I received it using Ticket. Copying the largest National Carrier "Aero Fleet International Airlines". The ticket has a form of a small little book in a colorful cover. The cover may indicate the name of the carrier and the emblem is applied. The ticket contains a text part and several coupons, which are blankcopes that differ only in color. The text provides information on some of the general transportation rules and the liability of the carrier for the life, the health of the passenger and the safety of its baggage. In coupons, copies indicate specific information on the implementation of the contract for the transportation: the surname of the passenger, the route, date and time of departure, the service class, the code of the airline, etc. The ticket to the internal transportation of the passenger contains, as a rule, 3 coupons, one of which remains At the checkout when selling a ticket, and the other two (flight and passenger) are issued on the hands of the passenger. The flight coupon is removed by the dispatcher when registering a passenger on the flight and is used for reporting. Passenger coupon should stay at the passenger throughout the trip. The flight to the international passage of the passenger includes at least 4 coupons. The control coupon (gray-green color) remains at the checkout when selling a ticket. It serves to monitor the calculation of the tariff and the correct filling of the forms. Periodically (once a week), air carriers hand over these coupons along with tickets from tickets to the Center for International Claims. The coupon of the agency (pink) remains in the agency for the reporting of the cashier before the accounting. It is stored in the archive for 3 years. Flight coupon (yellow) is covered when the passenger is registered for the flight. Passenger coupon (white color) remains at the passenger as a confirmation of the contract for transportation. It should be noted that if the carriage consists of several segments of the path (i.e., transportation with transfers), the ticket may contain not one flight coupon, but several. In this case, each flight coupon will be valid only on a certain portion of transportation in accordance with the route specified in it, date, flight number and service class. The most widespread the Tat form with four flight coupons. If the route contains a smaller number of flights, the word "void" (not valid for transportation) is printed on the "excess" coupons (not valid for transportation), and the coupon itself is broken by the agent. If the route on the ticket includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in the form, then such a ticket is discharged on several blanks. In this case, these few blanks are one ticket, so it can not be thrown away until the end of the whole travel. The main advantage of the copying automatic ticket is that each coupon of the form is equipped with a copy layer, so all the data made when printing the ticket make their way through and fixed immediately on all coupons. In addition to domestic airlines, this type of form is used by KLM, SAS, CSA, Cyprus Airways and other other carriers. A fairly common form of airflight is an automatic coupon ticket with a landing coupon. The peculiarity of this ticket is that each flight coupon is printed separately and is equipped with a magnetic strip, which contains flight information. Thanks to this, this type of price of airline tickets can be used to automatically register the passenger. The passenger copy is also a separate coupon "PASSENGER RECEIPT". Each of the coupons is equipped with a tear-off boarding pass (right part), which is printed when registering the passenger, the output number and landing time. British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, Swissair, Finnair, and other airlines are used by British Airways, forms of automatic coupon ticket. In some cases, the air ticket may be discharged on a handmade letterhead. This is due to the fact that it is technologically impossible to dispense on one printer forms of various airlines, and not all the agencies are equipped with expensive ticket-having devices. In addition, the stock of manual blanks must be in case of stopping the system or printer malfunction. Tickets of manual discharge with two and four flight coupons received the greatest distribution. If the number of flights on the route is less than the number of flight coupons, the word "void" is written in "extra" flight coupons, and the coupons themselves are broken from the agent ticket. Each is also equipped with a copying layer, so any coupon contains information about all others. The forms of all the above-mentioned airline tickets can be with the emblems of airlines (own) or without neutral (paper blanks of a specific type), but the number is fixed behind each ticket. The carrier's own ticket must also have an IATA code attached to the airline, which is the first three digits to the ticket number (Aeroflot 555, Siberia 421, British Airways 125, "Lufthansa" 220, etc.) . All own air tickets are registered with GSGA (Civil Aviation State Service). Neutral airfare blanks are issued to agents for the sale of travel documents through the transport clearing chamber. Neutral IATA forms also exist as a paper workpiece of a travel document and are issued by IATA tariffs. The International Association of Air Transporters has two main systems for selling their tickets through the BSP Agency (Europe and Asia) and ARC (USA and Canada). Tickets for such blanks can only be decorated with an airline with an IATA settlement code, providing the Company's responsibility for issuing travel documents in BSP and ARC systems. On the cover of tickets decorated at the neutral form IATA, as a rule, there is an appropriate logo of the International Association of Air Transporters. Blanks can be filled by automatic printing on the printer or manually. When placing tickets for several participants of the route, the aircraft carrier must be used, with which the airline owner of the form has an agreement on recognition of transport documents. Recently, thanks to the intensive penetration of new technologies in various spheres of public life, including in the sphere of transport services, there have been new forms of ticket existence. Thus, some foreign airlines (Delta Airlines, Lufthansa, etc.) introduced electronic tickets that are a kind of electronic record stored in the database. However, the elektone ticket can be "discharged" only if the entire flight is carried out by one carrier, as the electronic record stored in the computer of this carrier is not available to other airlines. Carrier, having received an order from the client on an e-deputy ticket through a computer network or by phone, introduces this ticket to its database. When registering with a flight, a passenger presents a document certifying his identity and a check on the payment of airflight, after which it receives a boarding pass to the flight. Such a system for selling travel documents is very convenient for businessmen and other people who are often useful by air transport. 2.2. The information contained in the flight any ticket, regardless of its view, contains information that is fixed on all document coupons. Figures 1 3 presents coupons of tickets for which one can judge the information contained in them reflecting the specific conditions of the contract for transportation. On the field 1 (Name of Passenger, the last name of the passenger) in the Latin transcription is written by the name of the passenger and the initial letter of its name or the name completely, as well as the floor of the passenger. If the passenger is a man, then after the last name he is spent mg \u200b\u200b(Mr.), if a woman Mrs or MSS (Mrs. or Miss). According to international standards, this field admits up to 3 errors without distorting the sound of the surname. On the Field 2 (from / to flight route) indicates the departure item for this flight coupon and the arrival point (English writing). If the point of departure or arrival (or both) has several airports, then the title of the city follows three-letter airport code. It should be noted that if the aircraft route makes landings on the route, but the flight number does not change, the name of landing points are not specified. If the flight number in the landing locations, the ticket will contain several flight coupons and the departure item and destination will be specified on each of them. Field 3 is intended for the "Stopover" indicator ("StopOver" x / o). Travel route is possible intermediate transit and transfer stops. Transit represents rice. 1. Copy automatic flight ticket Fig. 2. Automatic coupon ticket with landing coupon Fig. Z. Air ticket for an intermediate landing, for the manual, the shipments are further carried out by air vessel of the same airline and under the same flight number. With the transfer, further transportation is carried out by an aircraft of another airline or the same, but under a different flight number. If in this paragraph it is assumed to stop on the route by more than 24 hours ("Stopper"), then this field is empty or on it is "O". If this item is a transit point, then opposite this item on the field 4 (Carrier is indicated, prohibiting the carrier sign) and the field 5 (Flight Code "X". The flight number) is airlines, consisting of two letters, and flight number. The literal codes of airlines are assigned to the International Association of IATA carriers and can be as sufficiently obvious (the abbreviation of the air carrier name: LH "LUFTHANSA", British Airways, AF "Air France"), and not very: SU "Aeroflot" (apparently From the former Soviet Union), Unit Transaero (United Nations), AZ "Alitalia", AY "Finnair", etc. Flight number is given in numerical expression. On the B (Class Booking Class), the Latin Letter's Booking Class is celebrated, which implies a certain quota of places on the flight, the corresponding booking class on the flights or other SPU kvzonic tariff. CONCORD aircraft is denoted by the letter R; In the first class of service to designate the booking class, letters F, P, R, A are used; In business class, alphabetic symbols C, D, J, Z, I; In economy-class letters Y, W, S, B, H, K, L, M, N, Q, T, V, X. The booking class should not be confused with the class of service that determines the standard of passenger service. In the classic version, the multi-line air liner contains 3 compartments that correspond to a specific class of service: first class (F), business class (C) and economy class (y). Service classes are distinguished by design features of the chairs, distances between them, a variety and quality of nutrition, the size of the free norm of baggage, the conditions of ground maintenance, etc. In practice, on some flights, the first class does not exist at all. So, for example, the Airlines "Delta Air Lines", "AJT", "Continental Airlines" have only a business-class and economy-class. On the other hand, recently some carriers with Tali introduce new service classes in their directions in order to attract more passengers. So, in September 2001, the Scandinavian airline "SAS" introduced a new class Economy-Plus on its intercontinental flights among the economy and business class. From business class in the new cabin new chairs with outlets for connecting laptops and Internet access; From Economy-Class Everything Else: Food, Service, Luggage Prodiation. Economy -plus is intended mainly for businessmen who want to spend time in flight with benefit to work, but are not ready to overpay for comfort. The cost of tickets to the Economy-Plus salon is 65% of the full tariff tariff. The Italian airline "Alitalia" for passengers traveling with business goals introduced the intermediate class "Dynamics" on international flights, tickets in which is 15% cheaper than in business-class. British Airways has become the world's first airline that uses the four-class layout of passenger launches of the aircraft. She has an additional improved economy-class of World Travel Plus, different from the usual economy-calass (World Travel) greater comfort, the presence of outlets for laptops, hand-made bag, the possibility of registering for flights by phone. Since any airline is a purely commercial organization, then in order to obtain a certain benefit from transportation, it resorts to "quotation" of places on its flights. If you sell all the places at the minimum rate in every class of service, the flight does not justify itself. Therefore, in each direction there are several different Economy tariffs, business and first classes. At the same time, the carrier determines in advance how many places in a particular quota it will sell on the flight. Delivery by quotas varies on each flight to every season. Thus, the booking class of the ticket reflects both the class of passenger service and the type of tariffs and the conditions of their application. On the 7 field (date), the date of departure (number and name of the month) is printed on this coupon. On internal routes, the sale of tickets in one direction is most often used, so only it is indicated in the ticket. On international flights, the tickets "There" and "back" were adopted, so both dates are specified in tickets to international flights. If the passenger at the time of acquiring a ticket does not yet know the date of his alleged return, then it is issued "a ticket with an open date", in which the "Open" is opened in the countdown column. Deciding with the return departure date, the passenger declares this airline booking its place to the requested flight at a specific date. Most often, the tickets with an open date are sold in cases where their expiration date is at least a year. Sometimes the "open date" is installed for the first and business class passengers and on the flight "there." On the 8 field (Time, the departure time) indicates the departure time. Departure time is always indicated by local. On the 9 field (Status Booking Status) is a booking status denoted by lettercase codes. The code "OK" guarantees a place on this flight. Therefore, if the passenger who came to registration without being late, during registration, did not have enough space in the aircraft, and his ticket was marked with a confirmed status "OK", the airline is obliged to place the passenger in the cabin of another, higher class, and if there were no places there, Pay this passenger compensation and transfer it to the next flight. For some tariffs, tickets with the "RQ" or "SA" status are possible, which means a request for registration. The passenger with such a ticket should wait for the end of registration, and, if there are free spaces, it can use this flight. In a ticket for babies (passengers up to 2 years), which fly without providing space, indicates the status of "NS". On the field 10 (Fare Basis Tariff type) recorded alphanumeric tariff designation for this coupon. There is a fairly large number of different tariffs (annual, excursion, group, youth, special), which differ in the rules of their application. They all have their own designations. On the field 11 (Not Valid Before / Not Valid After) is valid until / not valid), the dates are specified, previously and later, accordingly, it is impossible to fly on this ticket if the rules of tariffs allow a change in dates. If tickets are bought on rigid preferential rates prohibiting the transfer of the date, both dates coincide with the date of departure for this coupon. Tickets purchased by annual tariffs, as a rule, have an empty field in this graph E. On the field 12 (ALLOW Permission to free luggage) is noted by the Norma free luggage, which is set in one of two ways. The weight norm determines the mass of baggage that the passenger can carry without payment. It depends on the class of service: most of the carriers allow free of charge for free passengers of the first class 40 kg of baggage, business -Class 30 kg of baggage, and passengers of economy class 20 kg. However, some airlines in certain directions can change these norms. For example, Transaero on the flights to Frankfurt permits to carry for free in the economy class 10 kg more baggage than usual. "The norm of places" defines the number of luggage places allowed to carry the passenger for free. It depends on the type of aircraft A and imposes certain requirements for the mass and size of one place of baggage. For example, on flights performed by aircraft type IL -86, B-767, B-777, A-310, in all classes it is allowed to carry out two luggage sites, each of which weighs no more than 32 kg and for the sum of three dimensions is not exceeds 158 cm for economy - Class and 203 cm for business and first classes. Most often, the "norm of places" is applied on flights in the USA and Canada. In the first case, 40K, ZKO or 20K, in the second 2 pieces are written on this field. The field 13 (Fare Calculation calculation of the tariff) provides a detailed calculation of the tariff throughout the ticket. This entry includes three-letter cities codes, two-letter carrier codes and tariff components in neutral calculation units (NUC). I am deciphered by the Tax team, if all fees are not placed in column 17. In this graph, there may be official information: Currency courses of neutral units, currencies, various restrictive inscriptions, if they do not fit in coluctions 22 and 25. On the field 14 (FARE Tariff) The tariff is recorded in the currency of the start of transportation. If the ticket is discharged according to the published rate, the latter can be specified in national currency or in US dollars; If a ticket is discharged by a confidential rate, the tariff may not be indicated (or replaced with the "IT" or "Forfait" lettering). On the field 15 (Total total) reflects the full cost of the ticket price in the currency of the statement, consisting of the amount of the tariff and airport fees. If the ticket is discharged at a confidential rate, then the amount in this graph may not be indicated (or replaced with the "IT" or "Forfait" lettering). On the field 16 (Equiv / Fare PD, the equivalent of the tariff) is written equivalent in the currency of the statement of the statement if the currency of the statement point differs from the currency of the traffic point. The recalculation rate should be reflected or on the "FARE" field or on the Fare Calqulation field. On the field 17 (Tax dachshund), additional fees for services rendered at the airport are indicated. Most often, airport fees are included in the ticket price, but in some countries they are paid to the passenger separately before departure and be sure to cash. Each dachshund has its name and appointment, and often at one airport is charged several fees: immigration; for the use of the Customs Service; on takeoff; on departure; veterinary services (regardless of the passenger animal, plant or not); For various services passengers. Fees are indicated in the form of a two-letter designation, and their money amount in the currency of the statement point. The value of one collection may vary from 5 to $ 15. If all fees are not placed in the corresponding graphs, the "team" dachshund is indicated in the last column (the sum of all remaining), and its decoding is given on the field 13. In some cases, the collection may not be included in the ticket and climb out the passenger additionally (in place). In such an initiation, the agent is obliged to inform the passenger about this when the document is issued. On the field 18 (Form of Payment Payment) there is a way to which the ticket was paid. Cash (cash), Invoice or Inv (cashless payment), SS (credit card) can stand here. In the last two cases, the contract number or credit card number can be specified. On the section 19 (Origin / Destination, the departure / destination point) indicates a three-letter designation of the departure point and the arrival point all over the field 20 (Airline Data alphanumeric number route. For airline marks) PNR Code books. On the 21 field (Validator field) (Data and Place of Issue Date and place of issue) is given the address of the agency in which the ticket was acquired and the date of the ticket statement. The address is indicated due to the fact that according to the rules, you can only pass the ticket in the place where it was written out. In addition, when restoring a lost ticket, contact the item of its initial acquisition to confirm that HOVEK, who lost the ticket, is really listed in the lists of passengers. Field 22 (Endorsements / RESTRICTIONS - Gearing / Restrictions) is discharged to transmission inscription and limitations. Transfer inscription involves the resolution of "transfer" from one company to another. If the column specifies SU / KLM Only, this means that this ticket is valid on the flights of Aeroflot and the Dutch airline "KLM"; If SU ONLY is specified, then the flight can be carried out only with the help of Aeroflot. Records are applied to the same field that reflect any permits for changing the conditions of transportation or restrictions on transportation. Among them, most often you can meet the following: "RES CHG USD50" (change in the reservation with a fine of $ 50); "One Inbound Reb Free" (one reverse date change is free of charge); "Non Ref" (ticket return is not subject to); "NO CHG" (Changing the date on the ticket is impossible); "NO Rerout" (changing the route is prohibited). This field can be used for some official information. On the field 23 (USSUED in Exchange for - issued in exchange for) is entered the number of the initial ticket, if this ticket is discharged in exchange for it. For example, if a ticket was purchased on the route Singapore Moscow Singapore, and the tourist decided to change the route to Singapore Moscow Bangkok, the agent should make the tariff recalculation to get a difference in the amount of money and write a new ticket in which the initial ticket number will be specified. At the same time, if a new ticket is more expensive, the passenger will have to pay the difference in price; If a ticket is cheaper, then the passenger is written to the receipt (MSO order of different fees), which can be obtained by an appropriate amount of money at the place of purchase of the ticket. To this end, the number of the old ticket is indicated in column 23 of the new ticket. In this graph, the receipt number (MSO) may be specified if the ticket did not pay the passenger itself, and what a different person in the point, different from the start of the journey. In this case, the sponsor is issued a receipt of payment of the ticket and it reports who and where to come for a ticket. The ticket is affixed by the MSO number for which the ticket was paid. On the 24 field (Conjunction Tickets - an additional ticket) indicates the number of the additional ticket, if the route for this ticket includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in a nnome ticket. It should be borne in mind that these few blanks are one travel document, so it must be maintained entirely until the end of the entire transportation. Field 25 (Additional Endorsment / Restrictions - Additional Restrictions) The presence of the presence is only in manual forms and contains information that does not enjoy the graph 13 and on the Tour code 26 (Tour code code) is written some conditional designation used for group and confidential tariffs. On the 27 field (Form and Serial Number - Form and Serial Room) are written the air ticket number. On the 28 field (Original Issue initially issued) indicates the amount of the tax from the sale. A ticket is issued only after paying the corresponding cash tariff or by cashless payments, including using a credit card. 2.3. The shelf life of the airflight tickets, discharged by different tariffs, have different expiration date. A ticket issued at a normal tariff is valid for transportation within one year from the date of departure on the first coupon. If none of the flight coupons is not used either if the ticket is issued with an open date, then it is suitable during the year from the date of issue. 36 Ticket issued at a special rate is valid for the transportation of a passenger in the time limits established by the rules for using the data of the taxiff. In some cases, the duration of the airflight can be extended to the nearest flight of the carrier on which there is a free space that meets the service class specified in the ticket. Extending the shelf life of the ticket without surcharge is made in the following cases when: - the carrier canceled the flight on which the passenger was booked; - The carrier abolished the aircraft stop at the schedule of movement at the point, which is a point of departure, destination - or about the installation on the way; The carrier did not fulfill the flight in accordance with the time specified in the schedule; - The carrier did not provide a passenger of the booked place; - The carrier did not provide a passenger of the service class specified in the ticket; - The carrier incorrectly issued a ticket; - The passenger could not complete the flight starting during the term of the ticket due to his illness or disease of the family member, following the aircraft. At the same time, on the basis of the presented medical conclusion, the carrier can extend the period of the pass document until 3 months. At the request of the passenger, the period of the ticket paid at a special rate can be extended to the year (from the date of departure, if the trip began, or from the date of issue, if no flight coupon is used). However, in this case, the passenger must pay extra charge to the normal tariff "There / back", which is valid for the day of transportation; The ticket is rewritten at the same time. 2.4. The passenger is lost and invalid tickets allowed for transportation if the ticket presented to them is executed properly and contains the corresponding flight and passenger coupons. If the tourist lost a ticket to departure, he needs to contact the agency who wrote a ticket; If the loss occurred at the point of destination, then it should be announced to the representative office of the carrier, the ticket was discharged. In case of loss or damage to the ticket, the carrier at the request of the passenger can give him a duplicate AT instead of the lost or damaged passenger of the document provided for in this situation and is obliged to provide the instructions to provide fine, carrier. Airline information regarding the time and place of purchase of a ticket, as well as to give a warranty obligation to pay the carrier all expenses, if another person has a lost or spoiled ticket for flight or return of money. If the ticket issued by another carrier is lost or daming, the duplicate can only be decorated after the written permission of this carrier. It should be remembered that the return of money on duplicate ticket and any changes are not made in it. The carrier can recognize the ticket invalid and refuse to a passenger in transportation or in returning de gentle amount for such a ticket. A ticket is recognized - it was invalid. Announced - in the following lost cases, if (or stolen); It turned out to be a ticket: fake; was acquired in an organization or from a person who does not represent the carrier and is not - which is not the wrong agent; decorated. If a travel document is recognized as invalid for reasons depending on the carrier, then it is withdrawn and shall be exchanged. When a ticket is recognized invalid for reasons that do not depend on the carrier, it is withdrawn and is not replaced. However, in all such cases, the carrier includes an act of withdrawal of a travel document, indicating the reasons for recognizing it invalid. The ticket is not subject to transferred and using it with another person. The person who has submitted a ticket to the name of another has no right to transport or return amounts to the unused ticket or its part. If nevertheless, the use of someone else's ticket to another person who does not have the right has happened, the carrier is not responsible for the person who have the right to this transport. The passenger is obliged to maintain a passenger ticket and all unused flight coupons throughout the transportation and present them to representatives of the carrier at any time on their requirement. 2.5. Methods for selling air tickets to purchase tickets can be directly directly at the airport ticket office, in the agencies or representative offices of airlines, as well as in travel agencies that have the right to make air transportation. Buying a ticket to the airport Although it is a sufficiently troublesome event, however, it has advantages in guaranteeing received information and paperwork, as well as the possibility of acquiring a cheaper ticket within the framework of the airline of any special offer. Purchase tickets through the commercial Alachen airars in the fact that the latter can be found in almost every area of \u200b\u200bthe city, which frees the client from the tedious visit to the airport. However, due to the fact that commissions are received for the sale of air tickets of the cash regulations, the price for transportation in this case may increase. One of the convenient ways to purchase tickets is their order by phone, but in this case you will also have to pay extra for delivery. In addition, many organizations limit the time and place of delivery (only during the day, within the Moscow Ring Road, only about the tool address, etc.). If the order is made through a little-known company, this option may be unsafe in terms of the possibility of getting a false ticket. An extraordinary way to distribute air tickets offer some foreign carriers. So, Lufthansa airline periodically spends virtual auctions of air tickets in different countries. In Russia, economies and business classes for flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg to different points of the world are being exposed as a lot as a lot. According to the rules of the auction, the price of the proposed tickets can be increased by 10, 20 and $ 50. A participant of the auction that won a ticket to the rendered flight receives a message about this by e-mail either by phone. Payment of the ticket is made in the office of the airline. The ticket can also be purchased through the Internet network, without leaving the house or office, orders it on the carrier's website and paying the delivery to the courier house. From foreign carriers with internet -sites on the network, 78% in this way sell their flights or plan to organize a similar sale in the coming years. In general, the number of tickets implemented by the Internet is currently reaches 10%. As the solid world airlines have already acquired existing large commercial sites in the field of tourism and recreation, this percentage may increase significantly. There are cases when one person wants to pay a ticket to another person in another city (or even the country). For this purpose, there is a special procedure for selling Prepaid Ticket Advice (Mouth). It lies in the fact that the sponsor (person paying a ticket) comes to the representative office of the carrier, books and pays for a ticket. At the same time, calls the last name of the passenger and the geographical point where the Assazhir should receive this document (naturally, in such a geographical paragraph should be the representation of this airline). However, this method of paying a ticket has some inconvenience. In -like, according to international standards in the city, there may be only about one office, the mouth. Secondly, when paying the ticket, only international fairly expensive "published tariffs" will be available, since the preferential and specialifs are valid only at the point of start of transportation (i.e., where there is a passenger, and not sponsor). Thirdly, this service is paid, although not very expensive (30 - 35 $ USA). A more convenient option in a similar situation is the payment of the credit card "Authorizationless without form". The presence of this owner The Operation on the board called a travel document is that the sponsor is associated with the Agency, which is going to fly a passenger, books him a ticket, stipulates its value and sends an authorized letter by fax or e-mail. The agent displays a ticket to the expense of the sponsor's credit card, and the passenger takes the ticket at a convenient time for it or a ticket sent to the passenger by registered mail. It should be borne in mind that in any case, when buying a ticket, there are many subtleties, which are not always known to the ordinary client. Sometimes it happens that the rules for the application of the selected tariff become an unpleasant surprise for the passenger. Therefore, when buying a ticket, you must be interested in all the features of the fare like. CHAPTER 4 Modern air ticket booking systems An important feature of any airflow is a ticket booking (i.e. Preliminary an air ticket), which gives a passenger to securing places in the airliner, carrying out the selected flight, for a specific date. Air ticket booking can be produced at airports, airlines and tourist firms that have the right to make transportation. To book a ticket, the Client can contact the booking agent directly, by phone or via the Internet. As noted earlier, the last way of booking is quite widely promoted by air carriers in order to improve the maintenance of tourists. There are a number of rules that should follow the passenger and ticketing agent for a quick and successful booking process. When ordering a ticket, the passenger must inform the booking agent all the information relating to the specific conditions of transportation (route, departure date, service class, the number of places), as well as information relating to the special conditions of transportation if they are. The latter include: - Unaccompanied child from up to 12 years; a deaf or blind passenger (non-escort, with a support or accompanied by 2 dogs -OPs); a disabled in a wheelchair or a disabled, capable of moving independently; - the patient is a passenger on special stretchers; nutrition; the presence of excess baggage, oversized baggage in the cabin; - Transportation of animal or bird, weapons, sports equipment, etc. The information received from the client is entered into an automated booking system (ASB), and in case of a positive response, this system issues status confirming the receipt of the order. Targets for reservation of airfare are determined by the rules for applying tariffs. There are tariffs for which tickets for the year before departure can be booked; Other tariffs limit the time of booking for the month, two weeks, week before the start of transportation, etc. Some rates oblige customers to redeem tickets at once within 24,72 hours. When booking the client, complete information on the tariff and the rules for its application should be issued. While the passenger has not bought a ticket, the reservation is considered preliminary. Upon expiration of the reservation period (to the opposite is also established by the rules for the application of tariffs), the order may be annulled without warning. If necessary, the carrier has the right to request a reservation client (re-confirm) ticket booking on the route forward or on the return path, which can be done either personally or by phone. If the passenger does not do this during a certain period, the carrier has the right to cancel the reservation on the flight further along the route or back. The information received from the passenger should be maintained by the air carrier secretly and can only be transferred to its agents, other carriers, firms that provide appropriate additional public services, as well as bodies. As already noted, all information received from the passenger is entered into an automated booking system (ASB). ASB is an information computer system containing information about the routes of air lines, schedules of carriers, tariffs used by discounts, availability of free places N and airplanes, etc. The first ASB called "Apollo" was put into effect in 1976 by the American airline " United Airlines. Following her, "American Airlines" made his asb and called her "Sabre". Both systems very quickly turned into a collective, i.e. They began to serve entire airlines groups, providing information not only about the availability of places on a particular flight, but also general information about carrier flights, a detailed description of tariffs, information about the duration of flights and the features of routes. In the 80s. These systems began to rapidly conquer the international market for booking tickets. Soon the high efficiency of using computer booking systems gave the opportunity to owners of ASB to deal with related industries of tourist businesses. To do this, they began to include in computer systems information about car rental, accommodation in hotels, selling railway tickets, design of foreign passports and other services. This significantly strengthened the collaboration of ASB with travel agencies and led to the installation of reservation terminals in large agencies, as well as to develop special programs for agencies to conduct computer processing of their documentation and accounting. Currently, most of the waters sold for flights to Western Europe Both America are implemented through travel agencies connected to large computer booking systems that actually turned into global tourist reservation systems (Global Distributi on Systems GDS). The main purpose of the ASB cooperation with travel agencies is the maximum expansion of its sales network. Especially succeeded in this asb "Sabre". It developed two specialized programs that allow firms or individual citizens to log in from their computers to book various services and receiving their information. The information provided is very extensive and contains weather information in the largest cities of the world; Currency currency and exchange rate "Currency in hotels; on the services of the World Travel Association Travel Agents for Translators, Multilingual Guides, Car. Programs allow you to book hotels; purchase tickets for railway and bus routes and cruise ships; order tickets to theaters, exhibitions and exhibitions and In museums; organize excursions, choose entertainment, list of information. "Sabre" which exists in the appropriate to demonstrate geographic maps on the display, photographs of rest sites, beaches, rooms of the state of Tinitz, which makes it possible to customer to taste and accommodate the place and living conditions and Rest. For air passengers, the Sabre system has developed a special search program low prices, allowing the day after day to view all flights and identify the cheapest of them, as many air transporters approaching the date of departure reduce prices in order to fill the remaining places. In addition, "Sabre" offers assistance in search of the cheapest tickets without a fine in case of refusal; without limiting the minimum and maximum stay at the destination; Without the requirement of preliminary in general, American purchases computer tickets of the system and booking other today have achieved the greatest development. In addition to the above-mentioned armor of the truck, the American ASB "System One" and "WORLDSPAN" is quite successfully functioning. In Russia, on the basis of integration with the last Russian-American company Travel City, a system for booking air tickets and tourist services "Avantix.ru" was created, which currently acts as a full-fledged virtual agency. It allows you to book via the Internet a wide range of tourist services, including booking air tickets to all regular flights of the world's largest airlines throughout the range of tariffs, reservation of vehicles and hotels abroad, and even on the day of departure. Subsequently, "Avantix.Ru" suggests providing the possibility of booking services not only to tourist partner agencies, but also direct users. In addition to American services, service booking systems exist similar systems created in other regions in Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa. In 1987, two major combinations of computer booking "Amadeus" and "Galileo" appeared in Europe. The AMAD EUS system included the asb of the following airlines: Air France, Air Inter, Iberia, Lufthansa, Finnair, Irslander, etc. The Galileo system combined ASB "Alitalia", " British Airways »," Sabena "," KLM "," Swissair "and others. Both of these booking systems have ten thousands of terminals in the tourist agencies of many countries in the world, through which tickets can be boasting tickets various airlines , accommodation in hotel chains and independent hotels, rent cars from the most famous companies of the rolling business, as well as get a lot of diverse information. In the Asian region, the largest computer booking system is "Abacus", which includes Cathay Pacific Airways, CHINE Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airline S, Royal Brossi and Singapore Airlines. At the beginning of the 80s. The 54 airlines of African and Latin American computer regions of the system combined the reservation and created their collective ASB, called "Gabriel". Subsequently, whether Russian air carriers "Aeroflot", "Transaero", "Russia", "Orient", "Vnukovo Airlines", and others, and others, and others have been cooperating with her, and others. Over time, the services of ASB Gabriel have been expanded by connecting to the travel agency system of participating unions . Advanced Nabber Service (the so-called GETS-Gabriel) allows you to book places in hotels, order car rental, automate the work of the office of travel agency, keep records of frequently flying passengers, manage traffic profitability. It should be noted that the International Organization IATA International Organization, which implements specialists in different countries through travel agencies, is actively involved in the development of SIS, which is active in the automated booking systems. Recently, in the development of ASB, a rather intensive process of their integration is observed, which consists in the exchange of packages of services between individual large computer systems. For example, the company "System One" supplies a certain software of Amadeus; According to individuals, Galileo cooperates with "Apollo", "Amadeus" with "Sabre", etc. Some airlines participate in several ASB of collective use, which indicates their active position in the air transportation market. The main areas of development of all booking systems are currently: ensuring access to the system (mainly through the development of the Internet), the improvement of the systems themselves to simplify the use of them and the introduction of new features in the interests of customers. In particular, the following programs have been developed for the implementation of the latter direction: allowing the client to choose the cheapest tariff on this route serving several carriers; allowing one transaction to familiarize themselves with all flights and docks of flights of companies on the desired route; In the absence of places in the requested hotel, allowing obtaining information about the availability of places in the hotels of a similar level of the same hotel chain located within a radius of five miles, etc. The development of space and optical communication is also more widely used by the development of global computer networks in the field of tourism business, and in addition to technology. The new features in the service of tourists opened in the process of evolution and the integration of ASB are also detected by the individual negative aspects of these phenomena. For example, some travel agencies seek primarily to book places on flights of airline owners of automated booking systems, which leads to these airlines with superfits and infringement of the interests of other participants in the system. Considering the fact that the main mass of customers books places from the first screen, in some cases the airline of the system is trying to show their flights to information MO flights before flights of other carriers, which also creates unequal conditions in collaboration. To eliminate this negative phenomenon in 1989, the 27th Assembly ICAO decided to develop the "Code of Conduct when using booking systems", in which the sequence of representing flights on monitors is negotiated. First, all direct non-final flights are demonstrated in time of departure; then other direct flights in the manner of the total flight duration; Then connecting flights in order of the total duration of the flight. This "Code of Conduct" is an integral part of air traffic agreements concluded between states. It should be noted that in September 1999, a new automated system of booking "Sirena-3" was created, which is defined as basic for air transportation management in Russia. By technical equipment, the domestic computer booking system fully corresponds to the level of modern world computing complexes, as the most famous American corporations "Saber" and IBM took part in the supply of equipment, software and technologies. In addition, Russian ASB has several advantages over foreign: it is cheaper; more powerful in terms of the amount of information (the "Siera-3-3" drive is calculated on 1 terabyte, which exceeds the volume of storage facilities of most foreign ASBs); has a high speed of information transfer; Can conduct work from 10 thousand subscribers. In addition to the technical implementation program in Siren -3, a number of other programs are provided. Among them: "Maintenance of passengers", "Accounting", "Management of shipments at the airport", "Cargo traffic management", "Income Management", etc. Many royal airlines are already connected to Sirena-3 asb ("Ural Airlines", "Samara", "Tyumen -Aerotrans", "Bashkiria", "Krasnoyarsk Airlines", etc.). All of them note the simplicity of working with a large amount of information, the benefits of free access to the air transportation market, as well as the ability to significantly increase the variety of services provided. With the help of Sirena -3, you can book places in hotels, renting cars, carry out operations on credit cards, as well as book railway tickets. On the basis of Sirena-3 in 2001, work was carried out on the implementation of the booking program for charter traffic. The introduction of this program allows the participants of the charter market to enter a fundamentally new professional level of work, which makes it possible to fully automate the activities in this area of \u200b\u200bair transportation and access the relevant information about the availability of places on charter flights. This development was called "Siren -Aerotrans", as the initiator of its creation was the company "Aerotrans". Booking air tickets for charter transportation can also be carried out via an intercase of the booking "Matizz.ru", which provides tourist companies information on the Internet on the Internet for booking and selling blocks, segments and individual places in the charter passenger carrier market. This system was developed and put into operation in 2002. Matizz.ru CPU and the Holding "Lanit". CHAPTER 5 AWARD SERVICE TECHNOLOGY SERVICE Maintenance of air transportation with air transport includes a number of procedures aimed at ensuring transportation guarantee, compliance with flight safety conditions, as well as the fulfillment of the requirements of various citizens, state-owned bodies, the services of air carriers. To pass these facilities, the passenger is obliged to arrive at the airport in advance. As a rule, on international flights, the arrival time of the passenger to the airport is 2.5 hours before the aircraft departure, and on the internal 2 hours. This time is necessary for passing a passenger of pre-flight administrative formalities and registration procedures. The start time of the receipt of the ticket and design of baggage before departure is installed by the carrier and must be specified in the ticket or other document, handed to the passenger when selling a ticket. If such information was not provided, then if a passenger is late for a flight (in accordance with Art. 10 of the "Consumer Rights Protection Act") has the right to demand compensation for damages resulting from failure to provide information. The passenger of the international ne Revozka passes administrative formalities: - Customs sanitary-epidemiological passport and visa - the following inspection; control (if necessary); (Border) Special Control - Control; safety flights. On domestic transport, passengers undergo special safety control and inspection 5.1. Registration of passengers at Baggage Air flight. Under registration it is understood by the reconciliation of passengers who came to the flight, with lists of reserved passengers, the names of which are made to PNL (PASSENGER NAME LIST a sfamble list of flight passengers). This procedure is carried out by the number indicator for the registration and rack, the route of the supplied flight. Simultaneously with the registration of passengers on the flight there is a decoration of their baggage. For this, the registration zone is equipped with weights for weighing baggage and hand-bag, installations for luggage inspection, conveyors, communication tools. The registration of passengers and the design of luggage of business and economy class passengers is carried out as Avilo, for various registration racks. However, if registration occurs at one post, it is carried out in the priority of business class passengers. The procedure for registration of passengers to the flight is carried out as follows: - The operator of the registration rack takes a ticket from the passenger and documents - the identity of the passenger; The correspondence of the last name specified in the passport (or another document certifying the Passenger's Personality), with the name in the ticket; - Checks the reality of the ticket, place and date of issue, the availability of the agent, booking data (carrier code, flight number, departure date, booking date, type of tariff, free luggage transportation, service class), if necessary, "Gotate - Availability of a stamp inscription / Restrictions "; The name of the passenger on the list of booked passengers in PNL is checked and marks them in the passenger registration form (these forms are prepared separately for each service class). If the passenger's ticket is specified OK, and his surname is not included in PNL and the flight is fully loaded, the operator, setting the reason for the lack of a passenger's name in PNL, should offer a passenger or transporting another carrier on the same day or transportation of its nearest flight and provision Accommodation in the hotel at your own expense, or make a refund for a paid ticket without penalty. In the future, a specific person is established, guilty of this booking error. After reconciling the name, the operator enshrines the passenger in a particular place in the cabin of the aircraft, based on the service class. It is usually taken into account the interests of the passengers by the window or the passage, next to the satellite (double, triple places) or separately, in the smoking salon or non-smoking. In some cases, the operator itself determines the place in the passenger cabin. Thus, emergency outlets preferably provide passengers without explicit physical or mental deficiencies capable of evacuation to provide assistance to other passengers or, at least, not to impede evacuation by virtue of their weak state. Passengers that will not be able to speed up the evacuation process from the aircraft are placed on places that do not blink approaches to emergency equipment and outputs. Such passengers include persons with obvious physical or mental disadvantages; Persons whose health does not allow them to quickly move; Children under 12 years old. In the fastening of the passenger, the place is issued to him boarding passwhere the number of the specific place, the date and number of the flight, the order number on the registration statement, as well as the output number through which the plane landing will be made. Simultaneously with the registration of the passenger, weighing all its things and the design of baggage surrendered for transportation into the luggage compartment of the aircraft. The operator at the reception receives from the receiving a tear-off tone of luggage tags hanging on the registered luggage, and attaches them to the airfare cover. From this point on, the passenger air ticket becomes a baggage quitator. Information on the number of places and mass of the registered baggage and hand-bag fits the ticket. The operator then removes the flight coupon to this field of flight and returns a ticket to the passenger along with the tearless talons of luggage tags. The seized flight coupon serves as a confirmation of the fact that the passenger was actually registered for the flight. If the passenger has an excess luggage, it is obliged to pay it at the relevant tariff and provide the operator of the receipt of the receipt of payment; From it, the operator reproduces the flight coupon of the receipt of paid baggage. If the passenger decided to fly a higher class service, he should contact the senior manager of the registration area asking for an increase in the service class. In the presence of bonding places in the aircraft business share, such permission is usually issued by overlaying the front side of the ticket, which indicates the date, flight number and the surname issued permission. Then the passenger is invited to go to the cashier, where he pays the appropriate amount of money. The booking agent draws up a passenger order of different MSO fees, and a sticker is pasted into the flight coupon with a change in the service class. When registering such a passenger, the operator on the registration rack is withdrawing the corresponding MSO coupon and fastens it with flight coupon. The order itself of different fees remains at the passenger. After registration, passengers are invited to pass for further execution on the flight to the sanitary and passport controlAnd then to the expectation zone (Economy passengers) or business hall (business class passengers). Usually, the registration of passengers ends 40 minutes before the administration of the Intern