Lyntupy and their sights. Lyntupy - the village of Postavy district, Vitebsk region of Belarus

27.09.2020

One of the attractions of the city of p. Lyntupy (Republic of Belarus, Vitebsk region, Postavy district) is the Bishevsky estate ( locals pronounced like Bushevskikh). It was built in 1907 according to the project of the then famous Polish-Russian architect - Count Tadeusz Rastvorovsky.
One of the local legends tells the story of the construction of this estate. The young nobleman Jozef Bishevsky fell in love in Paris with a beautiful French actress (I think she was a dancer). The Frenchwoman promised to marry him on the condition that he build a magnificent palace for her. Bishevsky, upon returning to Lyntupy, fulfilled the condition of his beloved - he built a two-story stone palace. Each room of the palace had a rich decoration, differed in color and had its own name (for example, Chinese, Moorish ...). Its walls even had central heating - special voids through which warm air flowed from the basement. Outbuildings (servants' house, kitchen, cellar ...) were erected near the palace, and each of them was decorated to match the main building. This entire complex of buildings was located on an island that was flanked by four large hand-dug ponds and interconnected canals. A park of rare trees and bushes was laid around the palace. A summer gazebo was built in the park, where musical evenings were held. On holidays, the gates of the estate were opened and everyone was allowed into the park. The palace had two entrances with columns. The entrance from one side led to the bridge into the park, and the entrance from the other side led to the stone embankment of the nearest pond. There were steps on this embankment that allowed you to go down directly to the water (for example, to go boating).
A capricious Frenchwoman, having visited Lyntupy, did not appreciate the efforts of our fellow countryman - she said that her father's stables were even richer, and drove off back to her Paris. Heartbroken, Jozef settled not far from the palace in a small wooden house on the territory of the current distillery, and the guests who came for endless parties lived and had fun in the new palace. This is such a not funny story of the appearance in the north-west of Belarus of this unique manor-park complex, a monument of unrequited love.
And what a palace without a treasure? The second legend associated with the Bishevsky estate is about the treasure. Several underground passages left the estate. For example, one of them led directly to the church, which is located in the center of the town (about 500 meters from the estate). In confirmation of this, once on the territory of the park, in the direction of the church, a hole appeared in the ground - the old brick vault of the passage probably could not stand it. So, when in 1939 the Red Army captured the town of Lyntupy, Pan Bishevsky fled. At the same time, he drove off in a hurry and therefore left all the acquired property at home. Most of the valuables (for example, expensive dishes) were hidden in one of the underground passages. Once, in Soviet times, an old man was driven out of the basement of the palace, who was tapping the walls in one of his rooms. So, perhaps passing through the park, we trample on the family values of Pan Bishevsky.
Unfortunately, today the palace is in a deplorable state, and how it was can only be guessed by looking at old photographs, the remains of decorations on the walls and fragments of tiles on the floor. In Soviet times, Lyntupskaya was located on the territory of the estate. high school... The palace housed the director's office, the school library, the assembly hall, the senior classes, and in the basement was the school cafeteria. One of the four ponds was filled up - there was a school football field. On September 1, 1992, the school moved to a new building, and the estate was abandoned.
Only in June 2006, the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Department for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture decided to classify the Bishevsky estate as a historical value. But to this day the sign "Gistarychnaya kashtўnasts. Ahoўvaetstsa dzyarzhaai" has not appeared there.
In the decision of the Postavy District Council of Deputies dated December 15, 2006 No. 176 "On the Program of Socio-Economic Development of the Urban Settlement of Lyntupy for 2006 - 2010" it was written: "In order to develop the material base of recreation and tourism of the urban settlement, it is envisaged to reconstruct the architectural monument - of the palace and park complex "Bishevsky Estate", to develop excursion route, for which the direction of investments in the amount of 2 billion rubles is predicted. " The first allocated money was enough only to draw up a reconstruction project, start breaking the building and erect several walls from silicate blocks. the fact that since 1996 in the city of Postavy has been the "International festival of folk music" Cymbals and accordion are ringing. " and many other historical sites, was left to fend for itself.Over time, it turned into a public toilet, garbage dump and one hundred for drunks.
At the end of 2009, the Ministry of Culture approved a list of abandoned estates and palaces, which are historical and cultural values and can be transferred to investors. The document signed by the Minister of Culture and the Minister of Sports and Tourism is called "Action Plan for the transfer of unused estates located in rural areas and small urban settlements to agro-ecotourism entities." The list of estates included in this list includes 46 objects, including the Bishevsky estate. One of the first signs was the sale for 105 thousand dollars to a businessman from Russia of a palace and park complex in the village of Kraski, Volkovysk district. So, perhaps the only way to save the Bishevsky estate is to sell it to a rich foreigner. We can only hope that the new owner of the estate will be as kind as Pan Bishevsky and will, even for the holidays, allow the residents of Lyntup to walk in his park.

Let's start our tour of the Bishevsky estate from the palace. Here is a view of the palace from the park. In the foreground are photographs of stands for statues of lions (lions were demolished a long time ago, probably as disfiguring a school and not meeting the ideals of the world proletariat).

The same view, only closer - crossing the canal from the park along the bridge.

We go around the palace on the left.

On the ground floor, in the oval room, there was a school teacher's room (sorry, my knowledge of the purpose of the palace rooms is limited to its Soviet period).

This is the side on a German postcard from the First World War (1915-1916). The Germans were lucky - the area was well-groomed, so you could take good pictures. And now everything is overgrown so much that it is not realistic to take such a picture (if only in late autumn, when all the foliage will fall off).

This is the staircase, along which ladies in luxurious dresses, accompanied by gentlemen, went out to the pond to walk along the embankment or go boating.

In the center of the wall there is a back door, through which servants used to go in the time of the master, and in Soviet times, everything. Both front entrances were blocked: the entrance hallway from the park was occupied by a wardrobe, and in the entrance hallway from the side of the pond there was an assembly hall.

Turning around 180 degrees, you can see the main bridge, which once drove into the estate.

In some places it is already so leaky that water can be seen through the cracks.

There is also big hole... I am glad that before the builders were good - they built firmly, for centuries. After all, when the bridge was being built, no one knew that tractors would drive on it!

View of the palace from the other side of the pond (crossing the bridge).

The same view in another German postcard.

The stone embankment of the pond is visible on it, from which now only miserable remains are left.

densely covered with trees and shrubs.

And here is a fragment of the skewed steps, along which they descended to the water

The settlement got its name from the name of the river that flows through it in the Postavy region - Lyntupka. From the Baltic language, the word is translated as "bird river". For the first time, Lyntupa got into the chronicle in 1385. However, people lived here as early as the 10th century AD. The proof of this is 74 burial mounds near Lyntupy. During the excavations, knives, awls, spearheads, axes, bracelets, and rings were found - items used by the Baltic people in the 10th century AD. A place with a congestion of large boulders in this area served for sacrifice, prayer and worship of the gods. Until now, there are many legends about boulders: "Stone-grandfather", "Stone-krinitsa" and others.

In 1908, on the site of the old burnt-out wooden church during the reign of the Bishevsky gentry, they began to build a new one - a brick church. The construction lasted 6 years. In 1914, the construction of the church was finished.

It is noteworthy that an Orthodox church has never been built in Lyntupy, and it still does not exist here. Opposite the church on the central Lyntupov square there was only a synagogue.

The Bishevskys built a brewery here, which is still operating. True, water and alcohol are bottled here today.

The Biszewski Palace in Lyntupy was built in 1907 by Jozef Biszewski according to the designs of the famous architect Tadeusz Rastvarovski. It was built in the late Italian Renaissance style. Each room was distinguished by its unique color scheme and rich decoration. There were Chinese, Moorish, Japanese chambers. Central heating and sewerage were installed here.

A pond was dug around the palace. Therefore, it seemed that the building was on an island. Decorated with marble sculptures and a granite staircase. Many exotic plants have been planted in the adjoining park. An amphitheater was also built in the park, where musical evenings were organized. On holidays, the gates to the palace were opened, and both gentry and villagers could visit the amphitheater.

About the very construction of the Bishevsky palace in Lyntupy, there is a legend about the romance of Jozef Bishevsky with a Parisian woman who demanded a palace for herself. Jozef built the palace, but the lady did not think he was the best, and went to her in Paris, and "trampled" true love.

At the moment, the building of the palace stands in the woods. The object was purchased by a Russian investor, and the further fate of the palace is not yet known, the program said.

On the outskirts of Lyntupov there is an ancient cemetery, where the Bishevskys and other gentry, as well as ordinary villagers are buried.

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The urban village of Lyntupy is located just 2 km from the state border of our country with the Republic of Lithuania, in the extreme north-west of Belarus in the middle of the protected forests of our Poozerie (40 km west of Postavy and 25 km north of Lake Naroch).

To understand the uniqueness of these places for researchers, at the beginning of the topic we will make a small angle into the history of the region.

In the early Middle Ages, the territory of Lyntupshchyna was part of the Nalshchansky principality. The entire population of the principality was pagan. After the forcible seizure of Nalschan by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Voishelk in 1264, the lands of the principality were transferred under the formal jurisdiction of Polotsk. However, the principality of Polotsk, weakened by the struggle with external and internal enemies, at that time no longer had the strength to Christianize the new annexed lands. Soon the Polotsk principality itself became legally part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Later we will see that the Oshmyany county of the Vilna voivodeship was created on the territory of the former Nalschansk land.

The gradual Christianization of the region began after the coronation of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagaila to the Polish throne in 1386. But, we repeat, this Christianization was gradual and slow, for centuries, was carried out from the ruling elite to the common people of the principality and did not have a pronounced violent character. Therefore, up to the middle of the 19th century, there were islands of the pagan population on this territory, and the Christian faith new to these places intertwined with the old pagan customs, rituals and beliefs.

The creation of such a dense interweaving of old pagan beliefs with the Christian religion is unique in continental Europe. Similar processes took place only in Iceland, which is extremely remote from the large Christian centers.

A striking example of such a Christian-pagan conglomerate is the Lyntup region we are considering. Although the first church in the town was built in 1459 (this date is considered the beginning of the Christianization of Lyntupshchyna), the famous Russian researcher of antiquities F.V. Pokrovsky fixes and puts on his archaeological map in Lyntupy themselves such a characteristic object of pagan cult as the "Holy Well". Moreover, the author of these lines, during his research, recorded information about the local population performing cult rites of a clearly pagan origin already in the second half of the 20th century. These are mass prayers during some Christian holidays at the former pagan shrines of the area: the holy "Millennial Oak" in the former village of Stukovschina (3 km north of the town of Lyntupy), the "Holy Spring" in the village of Petruti (10 km east of the town of p Lyntupy). It is also the kindling of znich (sacred fire) during the holidays of the Christian saints Yuri and John on the former temple of the pagan god of spring and fertility Yarilo on the hill "Tomb of the Knight" ("Butsianok") in the village of Gurnitsa (12 km south-southeast of urban settlement Lyntupy). They are also sacrifices to pagan gods: the goddess of fate and birth Laima on her temple in the Vaishsky Log tract in the village of Raduta (6 km southeast of the town of Lyntupy), an undefined god at the Holy Millennium Oak in the former village of Stukovshchina , to the deity of the clan Dedu the first ancestor on his temple near the former village of Stukovschina, etc.

The most sensational find was during a joint field expedition in 1992 with a senior researcher at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Cand. Historical Sciences Lyudmila Vladimirovna Duchits. In the vicinity of the village of Kaptaruny (7 km north-west of the town of Lyntupy), 30 m from the state border, in a hole filled with water on the surface of the cult Saint ("Dzyuravaga") stone of Kaptarunsky, brand new, just minted mint of the Republic of Lithuania, coins. A pagan sacrifice at the very end of the 20th century in the center of Europe! It really was a sensation. Thanks to this find, the Kaptarunsky Saint ("Dzyuravy") stone has become the most famous among the Belarusian pagan monuments in the scientific circles of Europe.

From the above material, one can guess that the vicinity of the g.p. Lyntupy are a real fabulous Eldorado for local historians, historians, archaeologists and ethnographers. Indeed, over 20 years of work, the author of these lines has found and investigated more than a hundred objects of pre-Christian cult, collected rich ethnographic material. Along and in parallel with the author, such famous scientists as geologist and candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences V.F. Vinokurov (Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Belarus), Candidates of Historical Sciences E.M. Zaikovsky, L.V. Duchits (both - Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Belarus), Vikantas Vaitkevicius (Klaipeda University, Lithuania), Daiva Vaitkevichene (Central Lithuanian Archive of Ethnography, Lithuania), Moscow archaeologist Denis Samkov (Russia) and others.

Research carried out in the summer of 2014 together with the staff of the Belarusian department of the International Academy of Information Technologies (IAIT) at a number of pagan religious sites in Lyntupshchyna discovered material that interested representatives of other branches of science.

The background to the above studies is as follows. During many years of work with pagan cult objects, the author drew attention to inexplicable cases occurring with the human psyche, photo and video equipment in the places of former pagan temples. While staying in these places, there are often cases of loss of spatial orientation, visual and auditory hallucinations, failure of photo and video equipment. The author himself often witnessed these incomprehensible phenomena, and the stories of many people about these cases are true masterpieces of folk art.

During these studies, the author had the idea of a scientific study of these incomprehensible phenomena using modern technical means. Accidental acquaintance with an employee of MAIT, Cand. biological sciences Galina Grigorievna Romanenko made it possible to begin to implement these ideas.

Our group included Cand. biol. Sciences G.G. Romanenko, S.N. Starovoitov, O.V. Yagelo and A.V. Gorbul. The studies were carried out with a certified IGA-1 device, a highly sensitive selective meter of the electromagnetic field with a range of 5-1000 Hz and a sensitivity from units to hundreds of picovolts. The objects of the study were the former pagan temples of Yarila - the god of spring, fertility and war (the hill "Knight's Tomb" ("Butsianok"), the village of Gurnitsa), Mary (Roda, Raduta, Aushrine) - the goddesses of the dead and dawn (the hill "French ( German) graves ”, the village of Raduta), Laima - the goddess of fate, knowledge and birth (the Vaishsky Log tract near the Raduta village), Veyasa - the god of the winds (the Vayshsky Log tract), Deda - the ancestor god, guardian of the household, at home, harvest, family, clan (the tract "Dzedava Khata" in the former village of Stukovschina) and an unclear god at the Millennium Oak (former village of Stukovschina).

The experimental work carried out by our group on the pagan temples of Lyntupshchyna opened up broad prospects for using this research method in archeology and, first of all, in the study of religious monuments.

So, we were able to follow a special trail (which looks like a heat trail in the infrared region) to find the original location of the moved cult object (an altar stone from the temple of Yarila, the idol of Veyas), cult objects that disappeared from the temple (12 cult stones dedicated to minor gods - to the winds at the temple of Veyas, the idol of Yarila, Mary (Raduta), etc.). Also, by the nature of the radiation, it is possible to distinguish cult objects from natural ones (2 parts of the idol of Veyas) and other possibilities that we still have to comprehend.

Having received only part of the information about the studies described above, the leading specialist of our country in the field of the study of pre-Christian religious monuments, employee of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Cand. history. Sciences E.M. Zaikovsky expressed great interest in cooperation. He also proposed to jointly develop a methodology for such research in archeology.

Literature

Ermalovich M. Starazhitnaya Belarus. Minsk: Mastatstva і Literature, 1990. 336 s.
Saganovich G. Narys histories of Belarus. Minsk: Entsyklapedyks, 2001.412 p.
Duchyts L., Klimkovich I. Sacred geography of Belarus. Minsk: Literature and Art, 2011.384 p.
Sanko S., Valodzina T., Vasilevich U. Belarusian mythology: encyclapekd. Slon, 2004.592 p.
Garbul A. Scarbs of blue boulders. Pastavy: Sumezhzha, 2002.104 p.
Garbul A. Pagansky capitals and Dakhrysts_yansky cultural memories of Pastaashchyny // Belarusian Paddies: tests, methods and extraction of scattered pastures (yes, 80 years old for a patch of archaeological excavations in Pastaўshchyny). navuk. Prats Resp.navuk.-Pract. Seminara, Polatsk, 20-21 list. 2008 Pad aguln. red. D.U. Duka, U. A. Lobach. Novapolatsk: PDU, 2009.S. 178-186.
Vaitkevičius V. Alkai. Vilnius: Diemedžio. 2003.320 p.
Personal archive of the author.

In the Postavy district, there is an inconspicuous, at first glance, urban settlement - Lyntupy. Lyntupy have been known since 1459, when the Vilna voivode A. Dovgirdovich built a wooden church of St. Andrew. In the middle of the 16th century, the town belongs to the Oshmyany district of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The owners were Buchinskiy, Ostrovskiy, Gilsen.

And already since 1795 Lyntupy have been part of Russia, as a town, the center of the Sventsiansky district volost. From 1854 to 1939 the town belonged to the Bishevskys. In 1921-1939 Lyntupy became a part of Sventsianskiy powiat. Well, since 1939, they are again part of the Belarusian lands, like a village in the Postavy region. In 1967 it received the status of an urban settlement.

As you might have already guessed, once the Biszewski estate was located here, which was built in 1907 by the project of the then famous Polish-Russian architect - Count Tadeusz Rastvorowski.

According to local legend, a young nobleman Jozef Bishevsky fell in love with a beautiful French actress in Paris, and she, in turn, promised to marry him if he built a magnificent palace for her.

Bishevsky hurried home and ordered to build a magnificent stone palace. Each room of the palace had a rich decoration, had a different color scheme, and even an original name (for example, Chinese, Moorish). Numerous outbuildings were erected near the palace, similar in style to the main building. Its walls even had central heating - special voids through which warm air flowed from the basement. Even more attractive to this architectural complex was the fact that it was located on an island, framed by 4 hand-dug ponds, which were connected by canals.

And around the palace itself, a luxurious park of rare trees and shrubs with a charming summer pavilion was planted. The palace had 2 entrances - one led to the park, and the other led directly to the pond.

But, despite all the efforts of Bishevsky, the capricious Frenchwoman, having visited Lyntupy, did not appreciate his efforts, saying that her father's stables were even richer, and drove off back to her Paris. The nobleman was upset. He himself did not live in the palace, but huddled in a small wooden house, and the guests who came for endless parties lived and had fun in the chic palace. Sad but vital. Lyntupy became a kind of monument of unrequited love.

However, there is another legend, a little more positive. They say that there were several secret underground passages from the palace. In confirmation of this, once on the territory of the park, in the direction of the church, a hole appeared in the ground - the old brick vault of the passage probably could not stand it.

And, according to legend, in 1939 the Red Army captured the town of Lyntupy, Pan Bishevsky managed to escape. And at the same time, he hid part of his belongings in one of the underground passages. So, it is possible that passing through the park, we trample on the family values of Pan Bishevsky himself. Maybe someone can find them!

But the palace is actually a work of art. You look at him - and your breath stops. Pictures from the past appear before my eyes: ladies in chic dresses descending the steps of the palace, a beautiful pond with boats visible in the night, young couples spinning in a waltz and a young gentleman watching this from the side, remembering his beloved.

The floor tiles, stucco decorations on the walls are still preserved in the palace - all this makes the building even more important, historic…. Plunging us further into the past centuries.

However, at present the territory of the palace (including the palace itself) has been bought out by the Russians. Restoration work is underway there, but not on the restoration of the monument. As the workers we were able to meet told us, it is planned to open a hotel or a tourist center there.

This is how Belarus loses its historical monuments. Places where we can plunge into the past centuries, present all the charm of both the palace and the people who visited it. A country without a past has no future.

Border zone

Lyntupy are located in the border zone of the Republic of Belarus, entry into which is carried out on the basis of notification of border guards of their intention to visit a particular place in the border zone and payment of a state fee.

Transport

Highways P95 (Lyntupy - Smorgon - Golshany) and P110 (Glubokoe - the border of Lithuania) pass through the village. Currently, there is no passenger rail service in the direction of Lithuania.

sights

Cemetery German soldiers(1915-1918) - located at the fence of the Catholic cemetery.
Church of St. the Apostle Andrew, including the gate and the fence (1908-1914).
Christian cemetery, including Catholic chapels (19th century), graves of Polish soldiers (1919-1920), stone cross.
The Bishevsky estate (1907), including a smoking tower, a brovar, a distillery, an arched bridge, a park, utility rooms.
The Jewish cemetery (18th century) has practically not survived.

History

Lyntupy have been known since 1459, when the Vilna voivode A. Dovgirdovich built a wooden church of St. Andrew. In the middle of the 16th century, in the Oshmyany district of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The owners were Buchinskiy, Ostrovskiy, Gilsen. Since 1795 as a part of Russia, a town, the center of the Sventsiansky district volost. In 1854-1939 they belonged to the Bishevskys. In 1921-1939 as part of Poland, in the Sventsiansk district. Since 1939 as part of the BSSR, a village in the Postavy region. Since 1967 an urban settlement.