Abstract: UK transport infrastructure. Industry and transport of Great Britain
Due to the fact that this state is located on the islands, the transport of Great Britain has its own characteristics. To communicate with the rest of the world, special attention is paid to the development of marine and water versions. Through the tunnel under La Mansha can be reached in France by train or bus.
Internal transport United Kingdom
Interior transportation Great Britainconnecting among themselves cities and villages, well developed in all areas: automotive, railway and bus. In large cities there is a subway. Citizens and tourists willingly use as personal transportAnd for rent.
Cars United Kingdom
Automobile transport in this country is very popular. Cars United Kingdominternal transportation is leading with a large margin compared to other types of transport. In the UK, left-sided movement, which is unusual for most other countries.
Bus Brittle
Bus transportation in this country is quite popular among the local population. However, for Russians the price of bus Brittle may seem too high. As a rule, buses always come clearly on a schedule and never late.
Trains Britain
Railway network now develops wide . Trains Britain -it's one of your favorite and comfortable views Transport, especially concerns long-distance transport. Although the railway is unprofitable in rural areas, it will not close it because of the convenience of local residents. However, this is a very convenient network when you need to visit, some sights of Great Britain.
Metro Great Britain
Everything metro Great Britain Subject to metro in the largest cities: in London, Glasgow, Liverpool and Newcastle. The scheme of the Glasgow Metro is an annular line, the rest of the cities have a branched network.
Bicycles Great Britain
The British adore cycling. therefore bicycles Great Britain - A very popular type of transport. Especially Great Britain Helps to develop it, creating new bicycle paths and opening more and more rental points.
British motorcycles
For motorcytors in the UK there are all conditions for excellent holiday. They are laid here quality expensive, what is he doing british motorcycles Wonderful and very convenient vehicle movement.
Aviatransport United Kingdom
The most common and fast way to get into the air transportation remained and remains. Aviatransport United Kingdom There are more than 450 airports. The biggest one is London Heathrow, which can deliver tourists to anywhere in the world.
Water transport United Kingdom
Due to island water transport UK Developed at the highest level. With the rest of Europe, the United Kingdom is communicated with the help of ferries. And the largest British cities are and marine ports. The largest transport hubs are London, Hargej, Gul and Liverpool.
(86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic connections. On the automobile transport There are 75% of domestic transportation (main motorway London-Manchester-Glasgow), and on the railway-200%. With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transportation increased. Speed \u200b\u200btrains overcome the distance between London and Paris in 3 hours. River paths are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport increases.
Since the country island, the role of air transport is great. In the country 150. passenger airportsthat provide communication from 120. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airview. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Heathrow).
Since United Kingdom is an island state, all its external transportation and trade are related to sea and air transport. About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for coastal.
The sea fleet of Great Britain is 9.6 million reg. Br.t. All regions of the country, except for Western Midland, are in one way or another are directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge. London and Liverpool ports skip about half of all goods (in charge).
In the past, marks in the arrived more passengers than air. However, since the early 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now it is several times higher than the number of people who come to the country. In total there are about 150 airports in the country through which it is connected by permanent airlines by more than 100 countries of the world.
Almost all transportation is carried out by British Erueiz. Five the largest airports Countries - located in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon Heathrow and Gatvik, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide 75% of all the transport of passengers and airlors.
The United Kingdom with the continent of the United Kingdom is connected by two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Harjan - Ostend), a canal under and numerous marine car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, and. To attract passengers on the ferries duty-free trade.
In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times the railway and coaster is inferior. In connection with the development of vehicles, more than 12 thousand km were filmed railway paths. Now the length of the railway tracks is about 17 thousand km. Simultaneously expands the network road roads (371 thousand km) and their reconstruction occurs. At the same time, the focus is on shortest ways Tie among them the main conurb of the country.
Federal Agency for Education
Federal State Educational Institution
Higher professional education
"Russian State University of Tourism and Service"
(Foguwpo "Rgutis")
Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality
Department "Technology and organization of tourist activities"
Coursework (term project)
by discipline
"Tourist transport services"
on the topic: " Transport infrastructure UK"
Perched student of the SCD-08-3 group,
full-time learning form, Krupko Yu. To
Leader: Spiritual L.L, Associate Professor K.E.N
Date of delivery: "_____" ________ 20 ___ g.
Protection date: "____" _________ 20__.
Rating: __________________
Introduction .................................................................. .1
Chapter I. Types of Transport in the UK ......... ................ 4
Air transport ............................................. ..... 4
Water transport ................................................... ... 10
Land transport ................................................ ... 13
Chapter II. Ways to deliver tourists .............................. .23
2.1 Tourism development in Scotland ............................ ... ... ... .23
2.2 Delivery method of tourists from Moscow to Edinburgh ............ .26
2.3 Delivery method of tourists from London to Edinburgh ............ 28
Conclusion ............................................................ .32
References ................................................ 34
Applications ............................................................ 35
Introduction
Kingdom of Great Britain, more precisely, the Kingdom of Great Britain (English. Kingdom of Great Britain) is a state located in Western Europe, resulting from the merger of the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England.
The state is located on the British Islands (United Kingdom island and the northeastern part of Ireland Island, a large number of small islands and archipelagoes, Norman Islands, Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands), washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas
In the north and west prevailing mountain Relief - North Scottish Highlands (up to 1343 m), Penninsky and Cambrian Mountains; In the south and south-east - hilly plains. The climate is moderately oceanic, wet. Middle temperatures of January from 3 to 7 ° C, July 11-17 ° C; precipitation up to 3000 mm per year in the West and 600-750 mm in the south-east. The main rivers: Thames - 334 km, Severn - 310 km, Trent - 298 km, Mersey - 109 km, Clyde - 170 km. The largest lakes: Loch Ness (pl. 56 km²), Loch-her (pl. 396 km²). The forests (bee, oak, birch) occupy about 9% of the territory of Great Britain. In the soil cover of the country, podzolic, brown forest and humid-carbonate soil are widespread. The mechanical composition is dominated by clay and thin soils.
The purpose of the work is to explore the transport infrastructure of the United Kingdom.
Transport - a special scope of material production. In contrast to agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The development of transport infrastructure plays a huge role in the global economy, including tourism.
The fact that international and domestic tourism has developed widely in England earlier than in other countries, is explained by a number of reasons, among which is higher economic level at the time compared to other countries and, accordingly, above the standard of living of the population; Fast urbanization; the introduction of universal initial and development of secondary and higher education; Advanced labor legislation established for all employees annual paid leave and restricant working time. Also a great importance and good development for the time of the railway and sea transportAs well as proximity to continental Europe, a convenient connection with it through the strait of La Mans.
In England, favorable conditions for the development of tourism are formed: there are no districts in the country that are more than 120 km away, that is, one and a half hours drive, many cities are located directly on the coast.
Landscapes are diverse in England, and in each of the countries there are mountain or hilly areas. A huge number of rivers and lakes. Population in private ownership is over 400 thousand naval and more than 100 thousand river pleasure courts.
England occupies one of the first places in the world in the thickness of the network of highways 1580 km per 1000 km2 of territory (for comparison, in the European part of Russia 400 km per 1000 km2) and is inferior only to Germany on the thickness of the network railways 70 km per 1000 km2 territory. Park of passenger cars in the country exceeds 30 million (400 per 1000 inhabitants and about 1.3 on average per family).
Most tourists travel around the country on personal cars, and 1/4 on buses far follow or by railways. Tourists stop in small old hotels (as opposed to modern hotels, which call the Hotel, the old name Inn has been preserved behind them), in seaside boarding houses, in youth tourist bases, relatives and acquaintances; About 15% remove rooms with a board of farmers.
Extremely distribution is obtained by various types of automotive trappers (auto channels, autoomom, etc.). According to some estimates, they have now, at least half of all tourists who travel trips on cars.
Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the topic under study at the present stage of the development of society is obvious.
Object research transport. Research Subject Transport Infrastructure Great Britain.
Tasks of work: explore the geography of transport; give the characteristics of the UK and analyze its transport infrastructure; Explore the existing possibilities of movement in the country.
Chapter I. Types of Transport in the UK.
1.1 of transport.
GREAT BRITAIN - island stateTherefore, all major transportation and trade pass through sea and air transport, the main transport hubs are seaports (the largest of them - London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge).
Right develops aviation transport. Since the 1980s Air transportation of passengers and goods increased more than three times. British Erueiz is the leading international airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country - the largest of them "Heathrow".
UK air transport services include commercial transportation of passengers, cargo and mail both within the country and around the world.
The main control organization in the industry is the Office of Civil Aviation (Civil Aviation Authority, CAA), an independent organization that regulates both economic issues in the sector and security issues, consumer rights and policies in the field of aircraft. In addition, CAA provides consulting services to the Aviation Government, provides economic and research in the sector, collects and processes statistical information.
UK Ministry of Transport, mostly defining national policies in the field transport services, Forms a long-term strategy in the air carriage sector, ensures its embodiment, and also represents the interests of British aviation at the international level, implements state protectionism measures against British airlines operating in international air transport markets.
The United Kingdom has 471 airport. Among the largest of them, London Heathrow (London Gatwick) and London Gatwick (London Gatwick) and Manchester Airport (Manchester Airport Group), London Stansted Airport (London Airport) Essex County 50 km north of London and International Airport (Birmingham International Airport).
International flights arrive in London to Heathrow Airport, which is 24 km west of the city, as well as to Gatuik Airport, 43 km south of the capital of Great Britain. Many international and domestic flights arrive at Stanster Airport to the east of London. (Table No. 2)
Heathrow-major London International Airport. It is considered the fourth on the workload of the passenger airport in the world (2010). Located 24 km (15 miles) west of Central London. Includes 5 passenger terminals and one cargo. The last, 5th terminal, opened on March 14, 2008, the Queen Elizabeth second, since April 11, 2008 was closed for technical reasons until June 2008. Located 24 km (15 miles) west of Central London near the southern border of the Hillington. From the northern side of the airport borders with Harlington, Harmondsworswors, Longford and Kranford, with Eastern - Houongsloau and Hatton, with South - from East. Bedfox and Stanwell. To the West, the M25 highway separates the airport from Congbrook in Berkshire.
The airport is located to the west of London, its runway is oriented from West to the East, which means that airplanes should take off right above the city. Other major European airports such as Amsterdam Airports, Frankfurt and Paris are located in the southern or northern part of the city, which avoids such problems. Another feature of the airport is its low location above sea level (25 meters), as well as frequent fogs.
Heathrow is one of two international airports located within the Dam of Big London, the Second - London City Airport.
Over 90 airlines are serviced in Heathrow, which link London with 170 airports around the world. Airport is a hub for British Airways, Virgin Atlantic Airways. [Fig 2]
Heathrow annually serves 67 million passengers, 11% of which are followed by internal flights, 43% - near foreign flights and 46% - long-distance. The most downloaded direction is New York, over 3.4 million passengers were transported in this direction in 2006. 4 passenger terminals and one cargo are functioning at the airport. The fifth passenger terminal, Terminal 5 is planned to open on March 27, 2008, but all buildings will be built only in 2010. Most cheap way To get from Heathrow to the city center - on the subway (Piccadilly line). From all four terminals of the train airport are sent every 4-8 minutes. Trains Heathrow Express in 15 minutes will deliver passengers from the airport to Paddington Station in the city center. A ticket to first class costs 20 pounds, in a standard car - 10 pounds. Departure - every 15 minutes daily from 5 am to 22.40.
London Airport Stansted is a large passenger airport with one runway, is a hub of a number of European low-cost airlines. Located in the Attlesford area in Essex's English County at 48 km north-east of London. Located 3 km from Bishops Stortford and 10 km from Harlow. This is the third in size of London Airport after Heathrow and Gatwik, as well as one of the five London International Airports with Luton and London City. From Standsted Airport to the station on Liverpool Street Every half an hour is the train Stansted Skytrain. The ticket costs about 10 pounds.
The northernmost port in Essex, on the coast North Sea. It has regular ferry message With the Netherlands (Hook-Wan-Holland) and Dania (Esbjerg). Also from "Port of Harwich" are sent cruise liners. Schedule of ferries and cruise ships on www.harwichconnexions.co.uk/flash08_04_28/index.html
At the Thames 30 km from the Tower Bridge bridge there is a terminal cruise port - an old structure, according to the current standards is quite modest. From here, liners are sent to cruises around the UK, to the fjords of Norway, to the geysers of Iceland.
You can get to "Port of Tilbury" by taxi or suburban train.
Airports United Kingdom
Air transport conquers increasing popularity in the UK. There are 450 civil airports serving both international and domestic airlines in the country.
"Heathrow" - a kind of giant, for is the most large airport In the country, on the workload leading on European spaces and occupies 4th place on the planet. Aeroousel is located at a distance of about 25 km south-west of the center of London. With the participation of 70 airlines "flagship" serves almost 200 directions worldwide. In Heathrow, there are 5 terminals in which the service system has been created, there are cafes, recreation rooms, aunomates, business center, Wi-Fi, high-rise parking. Immediately at the airport, you can check out the car rental or take a taxi. Want to continue the way public transport? Welcome to the train railway station either Metro, as well as a bus, ready to deliver you to the bus station "Victoria". Other information is available on the airclae portal - www.heathrowairport.ru/.
The second stage of the hit parade of the most sought-after aerials of the United Kingdom is "Gatwick", meanwhile, in the category of the most downloaded airports, it is considered the first on the planet. Having just one runway and a pair of terminals, this aircraft holds in the leaders. The place of "registration" of the airstock - Crowley, which is located 40 km from Brighton and 46 from London.
The terminals are connected by the subway line, and, free, ready to move you from the north "Gatwika" to the south and on the contrary, in less than 2 minutes. The infrastructure of the aircraft, as it should be the second most popular airport of the state, at height. There are shops, and a children's center, and a meeting room, and restaurants. And nearby is a whole kaleidoscope hotels, including capsule Hotel. You can continue your way on the UK by car (taxi or rented) and buses. More details about Gatwick: www.gatwickairport.com/.
In third place, thanks to a sharply increased in the last decade, passenger traffic settled "Stansted", divided with London with 48 kilometers. Stansted Not only aerozel, but also a kind of landmark of architectural orientation. All thanks to the unusual form of a floating roof terminal, similar to the flying swan, fixed on the frame from the "exposure" of the pipes that mask communications. You can go from the airport, both by car or bus and railway. Other data here is www.stantedairport.com/.
Manchester Airport
"Manchester", which "registered" near the city of the same name, ranks fourth on the UK's expanses on scale, but the first time on the workload among not metropolitan "fellow". Three aircraft terminals are reported by internal convenient transitions, also - without leaving the building, you can go to the railway station or the hotel Radisson. Equipped with "Manchester" and a bus station, from which you can leave around the clock to go to many UK cities, as well as a taxi service. For deployed information, welcome to www.manchesterairport.co.uk/.
Edinburgh Airport
Edinburgh ", settled on the lands of Scotland, 13 km from the city of the same name, despite its modesty, occupies the 8th place by scale. In addition, an extreme decade, the territory of the aircraft continuously expands and is upgraded. You can get acquainted with EDINBURGH in more detail by clicking on www.edinburghairport.com/.
This aerozel sheltered directly at the base of the Gibraltar rock - the majestic, beautiful and so inaccessible. Despite the fact that this airport is at the disposal of the army, flights for civilians are also provided.
The airport has previously settled near Liverpool (12 km). As you can know, it is possible to change the name that this airstream is the fastest growing among its European "fellow". On the territory of Liverpool John Lennon, there is a bus station, a taxi service and other blocks of services in which travelers may need. For more information www.liverpooljohnlennonairport.com/.
The air gates of the Southwestern Territory of England are at a distance of 13 km from Bristol. "Bristol" is included in the top 10 of the most loaded aerials of the country and continues to actively develop. You can go from the airport both on the buses following the car and railway stations of Bristol and taxi. All - www.Bristolairport.co.uk/.
Cardiff Airport
This aircraft is the only one in Wales, having international flights. Related airport near the city is 20 km away. By the way, he also has other names - "RUZ", in honor of the village, where, as well as "Cardiff Wales". To the nearest railway station There are free buses. Other data are set out here - www.cwlfly.com/.
Branched railway network, one of the oldest on the planet, is the pride of the British. Until now, old cars are included in the compositions, as if out of a fairy tale, if you are lucky, ride and in such. Total length of ways 34000 km. The center of the British railway network, as it should be the capital, is London. 14 London railway stations Multiplinary and suburban areas are served, as well as an international line through Eurotonnel.
The popularity of railway transportation is due to the speed of movement of trains having a significant advantage over movement speed on buses. Also, the ratio of the cost of travel and comfort is in favor of the railway. Meanwhile, the great scatter is observed in prices, all because about 25 private firms owns at the same time (namely by the compositions). Some of the companies simply adhere to standards without hacing for special speed indicators, other technologies are all the time, so their services are more expensive. The experienced travelers recommend changing operators in the path, so you will achieve an optimal combination of speed, quality and prices. At the peak hours (weekdays from 6 to 9 am and from 4 to 7 in the afternoon), the movement is better not to plan, as railway transport is very in demand local residents. And certainly, book the train tickets in advance (at least 7 days, and better for 14), you can do it directly on the website of the National Railway - www.nationalrail.co.uk/.
Metropolitan.
In the UK, you can move on the subway in London, Newcastle, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Glasgow and Sheffield. By the way, the first metro was born in England, and local proud of this fact. The cost of using the metro is varied not only on the number of acquired trips / term of the pass (1 day, week, month, etc.), but also the day of the week, the time of movement. The landmark is about £ 1 for the trip. Trains follow not only underground paths, but also on the surface, so you can admire the view of the city, which was chosen for recreation. You can copy the metro diagram by clicking on www.planetologic.ru/map-metro.php?country\u003dGB and www.200stran.ru/subway_country43.html.
There are many diverse types of taxis in the country, the prices for services are born depending on the class of cars, its entourage and professionalism of drivers passing special training and exams. In any city of Great Britain, a license for taxi services can get both owners of passenger cars and miniatures. There is no different sign in the country that the car - taxis, the signs differ, but are invariably present, as a rule, in the back of the body or on the roof. Sometimes an identification mark is painting - like in London. In the UK, special taxi services "Minicab" have been created, whose fleets consist of minivans or sedans, where the fare is also numbered on the meter, only ordering iron "horses" should be previously. The following combination can be considered at prices: landing - £ 1,2, each kilometer - £ 0.72. Meanwhile, do not forget about the traditional for the UK tip in the amount of 10%. Sometimes there are cars without a counter, then the amount can be agreed, and it will be less than at the specified tariff, but you risk getting to the company without insurance and license, and such business in the UK can be punishable.
Buses are quite popular in the UK, both within cities and between them or other states. The quality of service at the European level, the price cannot be called cheap. True, there is a choice between different companies, so there is always a chance to find a more favorable price. You can also benefit in payment, you can also buy travel, the most sought-after from them are one-day. There are night flights that price a little more expensive routes. The cost of each trip by bus within the city can be recorded in the cost plan as £ 1.
Remember the important point: using buses, do not expect that overcome the distance faster than on the trip, the United Kingdom is the opposite.
The end point of the arrival / wage of the long-distance direction, as a rule, is the city center, and it is very convenient. The bus "Business card" of Great Britain is a two-story buses, which in London in abundance, are spacious, with an excellent view of a review who loved tourists, so roll out.
What bus companies provide the most favorable prices? Being tourists Praise "Megabus" - www.uk.megabus.com (international message) and "CityLink" - www.citylink.co.uk (orientation on Scotland).
Attention: in the UK left-sided movement!
You can rent a car in one of the numerous firms providing this service. Often right at airports you can make an agreement and go on a trip already on the car. You can rent a car at the reaches of 21 years, in the presence of the driver's license of the international sample, driving experience of at least a year and insurance. The necessary condition is the payment of the collateral equal to the expected cost of rolling.
Renting a car should be remembered - the safety of movement in the UK is very high, compliance with the rules - strict, and punishment for violating traffic rules is very strict. The most intensive movement on the roads is in cities and suburbs. In London, entering some zones paid, parking is also paid.
In absentia, you are already familiar with the transport of Great Britain, it's time to start applying knowledge in practice!
- 1.64 MBIntroduction ......................................................................................3
1.The ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .. 5
1.1. True transport ................................................................6
1.2.Night transport .................................................... 10
1.2.1. Automobile transport ....................................................13
1.2.2. Metropolitan .................................................................. ..17
1.2.3. Zelastio transport ................................................ 18
1.3. Extensive transport ............................................................... ... .19
2.Practic part ................................................................................... 24
2.1. Ways to deliver international tourists .............................. ..25
2.2. Transport companies ..........................................................29
2.3. Places that are often visited by tourists ............ ... ............................30
Conclusion ..................................................................................34
Bibliographic list ............................................................ ..36
Applications ......................................................................... ... ... 37
Introduction
The purpose of the work is to explore the transport infrastructure of the United Kingdom.
Transport - a special scope of material production. In contrast to agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The development of transport infrastructure plays a huge role in the global economy, including tourism.
Motherland of modern tourism can be considered the UK.
Back in 1840, the preacher of Cook from the English town Melbourne founded the world's first tourist firm. A year later, the company organized a trip to the suburodes of London for five hundred member of the society, and in 1844-1846. Excursions in different parts of England and Scotland.
The fact that international and domestic tourism has developed widely in England earlier than in other countries, is explained by a number of reasons, among which is higher economic level at the time compared to other countries and, accordingly, above the standard of living of the population; Fast urbanization; the introduction of universal initial and development of secondary and higher education; Advanced labor legislation established for all employees annual paid leave and restricant working time. It is also of great importance and good development for the time of railway and sea transport, as well as proximity to continental Europe, a convenient connection with it through the strait of La Mans.
In England, favorable conditions for the development of tourism are formed: there are no districts in the country that are more than 120 km away, that is, one and a half hours drive, many cities are located directly on the coast.
Landscapes are diverse in England, and in each of the countries there are mountain or hilly areas. A huge number of rivers and lakes. Population in private ownership is over 400 thousand naval and more than 100 thousand river pleasure courts. [ one ]
England occupies one of the first places in the world in the thickness of the network of highways 1580 km per 1000 km2 of the territory (for comparison, in the European part of Russia, 400 km per 1000 km2) and is inferior only to Germany in the luggage of railways of railways 70 km per 1000 km2 of territory. Park of passenger cars in the country exceeds 30 million (400 per 1000 inhabitants and about 1.3 on average per family).
Most tourists travel around the country on personal cars, and 1/4 on long-distance buses or by railways. Tourists stop in small old hotels (as opposed to modern hotels, which call the Hotel, the old name Inn has been preserved behind them), in seaside boarding houses, in youth tourist bases, relatives and acquaintances; About 15% remove rooms with a board of farmers.
Extremely distribution is obtained by various types of automotive trappers (auto channels, autoomom, etc.). According to some estimates, they have now, at least half of all tourists who travel trips on cars. [ 10 ]
Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the topic under study at the present stage of the development of society is obvious.
Object research transport. Research Subject Transport Infrastructure Great Britain.
Tasks of work: to explore the geography of world transport; give the characteristics of the UK and analyze its transport infrastructure; Explore the existing possibilities of movement in the country.
1.Toority.
The United Kingdom is an island state, so all its external transportation and trade is related to sea and air transport. About 9/10 of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 1/4 - on coastal. All the Areas of the UK, except Western Midland, are in one way or another directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gull and Harge, and the London and Liverpool seaports are missing about half of all goods (in charge).
The UK continent is connected by the tunnel under the strait of La Mans, two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Haridge - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. The main role in domestic transportation is the road transport - 85% of passenger traffic and 81% of cargo transportation. The territory of Great Britain is covered with a dense network of roads. The length of asphalt roads is 406.4 thousand km.
Unlike other developed countries In the UK, with a large road density, only 4% are modern highways that attract 36% of transport flows. The most intensive movement along the axial motorway London - Birmingham - Manchester - Glasgow. In large cities due to transport plugs that worsening the environmental situation, prohibitions of transport movement in a number of central streets are introduced, attention is paid to the development of public transport. In London and Glasgow there is a metropolitan. Ostra is the problem of public transport in remote rural areas.
The total length of the lines of about 32 thousand km, 1/3 of the lines (in rural areas) is shortened, 1/3 of the lines (in rural areas) is unprofitable, but has been preserved for social reasons. Electrification of railways (1/3 of lines) was carried out to increase competitiveness, expresss for passengers and goods were allowed at the main directions. The government carries out various organizational measures to modernize this type of transport.
The value of river transport falls. The length of waterways is 3.2 thousand km. Internal waterways (rivers and channels of channels) are used mainly only for recreational purposes. Transportation of goods is carried out mainly within the deep-water esthearies of Mercey, Thames, North, Hambler.
Aviation transport is rapidly developing. Since the 1980s Air transportation of passengers and goods increased more than three times. British Erueiz is the leading international airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country - the largest of them "Heathrow". The network of pipeline transport is rapidly expanding; It is connected to gas pipelines coming from the North Sea deposits; The total length of pipelines is 3.9 thousand km. Up to 75% of oil enters a landline rusting. [7]
1.1. Actual transport.
UK air transport services include commercial transportation of passengers and goods both within the country and abroad. In recent years, air transport in the UK is becoming increasingly important. Especially intensively movement of aircraft on lines connecting London with Glasgow, Edinburgh and Belfast. The air traffic between England and other countries of the world continues to develop. Currently, the number of passengers using air transport in messages with America, Australia, India and African countries, significantly exceeds the number of passengers moving around the sea. Airlines connect United Kingdom with airports european countries, USA, Canada and a number of Latin America, with the states of the Middle East, India, Ceylon, Malaysia, Australia, many African countries. Among airports that have all big cities Great Britain, London Airports, Glasgow, belonging to the highest class stand out. London is one of the largest airports in the world. London accounts for 3/5 of all passenger air transport, 1/3 of goods and 2/3 of the country's postal. Important, but many times less meaning than London, has a port of an international class of scottack, located in Scotland, 48 km south-west of Glasgow.
According to Table 1 in 1950, passenger turnover was 2133 thousand people, cargo transportation - 31 thousand tons, and the movement of the air transport was 195 thousand takeoffs and landings. By 2006, the situation was much improved. Now the passenger turnover is 235139 thousand people, cargo transportation - 2315 thousand tons, and the movement of air transport 2376 thousand takeoffs and landings.
Table 1.
Passenger traffic of civil airports in United Kingdom
| Moving air transport (takeoffs and landing), thousands | Number of passengers, thousand people. | Cargo transportation (loading and unloading), thousand tons | |
| 1950 | 195 | 2 133 | 31 |
| 1960 | 402 | 10 075 | 279 |
| 1970 | 607 | 31 606 | 580 |
| 1980 | 954 | 57 823 | 744 |
| 1990 | 1 420 | 102 418 | 1 193 |
| 2000 | 1 986 | 179 885 | 2 314 |
| 2001 | 2 028 | 181 229 | 2 146 |
| 2002 | 2 023 | 188 761 | 2 195 |
| 2003 | 2 088 | 199 952 | 2 208 |
| 2004 | 2 208 | 215 681 | 2 371 |
| 2005 | 2 333 | 228 214 | 2 363 |
| 2006 | 2 376 | 235 139 | 2 315 |
The largest airport in the country is Heathrow (the third in the world by the number of passengers), through five terminals of which more than 67 million air passengers take place per year. The airport cargo terminal takes daily airplanes of 20 air carriers, the largest of which is "DHL Express Worldwide".
The second largest airport in the country remains Gatwick (8th place in the world by workload). With the presence of one runway, it serves 34 million air passengers annually.
Other important airports in United Kingdom are international Airport Cardiff International Airport, Wales, Edinburgh Airport (Belfast International Airport) International Airport (Belfast International Airport) in Northern Ireland.
The largest British airport operator is the company "British Airport Authority" (WAA), the main asset of which is Heathrow. The air transport remains the most popular movement tools for travel from / to the United Kingdom - airline airline services use almost 80% of British and 74% of visitors from abroad.
More than half of the air passenger traffic in the United Kingdom is carried out by British airlines "British Airways" (BA), "EasyJet", "Virgin Atlantic" and "BMI". There are more than 60% of freight traffic performed on British airmars.
In 2004, the volume of transportation by aviation transport, which took place through the airports of Great Britain is estimated at 2.1 million tons of goods and 176.9 million passengers, of which British airlines are 1 million tons of cargo and 110 million passengers. The main part of shipments falls on international flights. There were more than 920 aircraft in operation, which served about 640 domestic and international flights. Air transportation in the UK is carried out by 50 private companies. The activities of the UK aviation companies are governed by the CAA Civil Aviation Service, the tasks of which include flight safety issues, protection of passenger rights, research in the environmental protection area, consulting, etc., as well as certification of passenger airliners and their crews, issuing licenses to aviation operators, control over Passenger ticket prices on domestic airlines and fees in British airports.
Despite the significant problems that arose in the industry over the past few years due to high prices for fuel and market reactions to the terrorist attacks in the United States, the forecasts for the development of the air transportation industry are quite optimistic, since the main negative changes (the drop in profits by reducing the number of passengers and others. ) In this industry, stayed behind.
Work description
The purpose of the work is to explore the transport infrastructure of the United Kingdom.
Transport - a special scope of material production. In contrast to agriculture and industry, it does not create a new product in the production process, does not change its properties (physical, chemical) and quality. The development of transport infrastructure plays a huge role in the global economy, including tourism.
Content
Introduction ......................................................................................3
1.Toritic part ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.1. True transport ................................................................6
1.2.Night transport .................................................... 10
1.2.1. Automobile transport ....................................................13
1.2.2. Metropolitan .................................................................. ..17.
1.2.3. Zelastio transport ................................................ 18
1.3. Diving transport .................................................................. .19
2.Practic part ................................................................................... 24
2.1. Ways to deliver international tourists .............................. ..25
2.2. Transport companies ..........................................................29
2.3. Places that are often visited by tourists ............ ... ............................30
Conclusion ..................................................................................34
Bibliographic list ............
