Air Transport. Air transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers by air using aircraft: - presentation

27.09.2019

Since ancient times, all peoples inhabiting our planet have assigned an important role to transport. As for the modern stage, the importance of vehicles has grown disproportionately. Today, the existence of any country cannot be imagined without powerful transport.

New advances in science and technology

The twentieth century was marked by gigantic transformations that took place in all spheres of human activity. Air transport was no exception. Its development was facilitated by the growth of the world's population, an increase in the amount of consumed material resources, urbanization, social, political and many other factors.

The scientific and technological revolution that has taken place has made it possible to change air transport not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. It should be said that at all times human means of transportation were a special dynamic system. Exactly transport system served as practically the first consumer of various discoveries and achievements in the scientific field. In many cases, it was she who acted as the direct customer of advanced developments.

It is difficult to name any research area that is not related to improvement Vehicle... For their progress, the results of physical and thermodynamic developments are used. Physicists and mathematicians take an important part in the development of transport. Mechanics and chemists, astronomers and geologists, biologists and many other scientific workers are involved in solving this problem. The development of transport, including air transport, is facilitated by the results of applied research carried out in the field of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, structural mechanics and automation, astronautics and electronics.

The need for further development

In modern conditions, air transport is one of the most dynamically developing means of transportation. In the main directions of development of the national economy and civil aviation it has an important role to play. The development of air transport for the country is simply necessary.
The main goal, which is pursued in this case, is to increase the volume of transportation of goods and passengers over long distances and in hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, the requirements for air transport are increasing. It should become more economical and regular, comfortable and safe. Achieving these goals will require new in-depth research in various scientific fields, as well as more serious experimental and design developments.

Features of air transport

Aviation is the youngest and fastest direction, designed to carry out communication links between different regions. At the same time, it is the most expensive industry.

Air Transport Russia is an important part of the country's national economy. With its help, medicines and mail, industrial and food products are delivered to the most inaccessible corners.

It should be said that aviation is the most advanced form of transport. She does not need roads and is not afraid of various obstacles. It was thanks to aviation that mankind got the opportunity to go into space.

Air transport has a number of undeniable advantages. First of all, it is high-speed. At the same time, an important maneuverability is achieved when organizing passenger transportation. In addition, modern airlines provide non-stop flights over long distances.

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

The types of air transport that are used in the national economy of the country are not so diverse. In modern aviation, aircraft are used, which are represented by various models of aircraft and helicopters. All of them are widely used for various tasks.

In the national economy, a lot of work is devoted to helicopters. These are flying machines that rise in air space using rotating blades located on a vertical shaft. Helicopters use:

During construction and installation work;
- in the sanitary and medical service;
- in agriculture;
- during the construction of pipelines;
- to fight forest fires that have arisen;
- for the transportation of mail;
- to assist in geological exploration;
- as a means of monitoring traffic on the roads;
- for communication with meteorological stations located in high-mountainous regions.

Transportation of goods by air, represented by a fleet of helicopters, is carried out over short distances.

The principle of aircraft flight is based on the interaction of the engine thrust force and the wing lift force.

Differences in application

In modern aviation, the following types of air transport are distinguished:

For the implementation of passenger transportation;
- for the movement of goods;
- cargo and passenger (combined):
- educational and training;
- for special purposes (sanitary, agricultural, firefighters, etc.).

Such a gradation is used depending on the industry of application, as well as on the purpose of the aircraft.

Difference in technical and operational parameters

For passenger air transport, such a characteristic as capacity is applied. For cargo aircraft, their carrying capacity is important. For combined air transport, the technical and operational parameter is the flight range without landings, as well as the speed. According to the latter indicator, separate types of aircraft are also distinguished. The speed of the aircraft can be less than the speed of sound. There are also supersonic aircraft.

Government

Air transportation of passengers and cargo is in Russia under the direct control of the state. There are line departments and departments in the country that oversee the work of this industry. At the same time, each airline pays a dispatcher service tax.

The main executive body that exercises control over air transport is the Federal Agency of the Federal Air Transport Agency. Its main tasks:

Provision of services to ensure the smooth operation of air transport;
- issuance of licenses for admission to flights on international and domestic lines;
- certification of companies providing flights aircraft;
- supervising the work of educational institutions of the aviation industry.

Flight personnel

Air transport management is no easy task. The flight crew includes navigators and pilots, as well as cadets of flight educational institutions who are fit for this work on the conclusion of the medical commission and can fulfill their functional duties.

During the flight, each crew member is obliged to unquestioningly comply with all instructions given by the flight control unit. You can only deviate from the route if there is a threat to the safety and life of people on board the aircraft.

Navigators and pilots must be issued permits:

For training flights, which are carried out in the daytime or at night;
- for flights on a new aircraft modification;
- for special flights.

In this case, all tolerances must be entered in the flight book. Regardless of the position held, each of the crew members must undergo an annual check for various types of flight preparation. Moreover, its results must also be entered in the flight book.

There are certain standards of rest and flight time for the aircraft crew. So, you can stay in the air for no more than twelve hours a day. Such a norm has been established for the flight personnel of air airliners. Helicopter crews must have a daily flight time of no more than eight hours.

Security

In air transport, all measures must be taken to ensure that the flight does not pose a danger to passengers. In this regard, the Federal Air Transport Agency implemented a ban on carrying liquids on board the aircraft. This restriction applies to all airports in the country.

The Air Transport Administration - Federal Air Transport Agency - notes that the threat of terrorist attacks on air transport has not been eliminated. In connection with this situation, a directive was sent to all organizations related to civil aviation, as well as to all airports, indicating the need to implement all measures to ensure flight safety. According to this document, the passenger is not allowed to carry in hand luggage any liquid. This prohibition also applies to personal hygiene products. They must be checked in baggage, which is checked using technical devices for screening. Only then can the liquid be placed on board the aircraft.

In the event that a passenger needs to have medicines with him during the flight, they can be carried in the carry-on baggage only after being inspected by the airport security services.

Passengers should treat such measures with understanding, because they are taken to ensure the safety of the flight.

Air transport.

Parameter name	Meaning
Topic of the article:	Air transport.
Rubric (thematic category)	Sport

Aviation transport - type of transport͵ carrying out the transportation of goods and passengers by air using aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc.; helps internationalization and globalization of all aspects of human activity. Air transport is the fastest and most expensive form of transport.

Advantages: message speed; maneuverability and efficiency (especially in the organization of new routes); huge coverage of territories and waters; shortest way followings; the ability to quickly relocate rolling stock when passenger traffic changes, incl. due to accidents in other modes of transport; saving public time due to faster delivery; unlimited transport possibilities (limited only by the capacity of the aerodrome); relatively small investment (for 1 km of the air route is about 30 times less than for 1 km of the railway). The functions of air transport are similar to those of telecommunications. Air transportation provides the most valuable (works of art, antiques, precious metals ...) and urgent cargo.

disadvantages: high cost of transportation (in this regard, it is not a freight); dependence on weather conditions.

Initially, air transport developed as a specialized means of passenger transportation. Today, the share of cargo transportation by air is increasing. This is due to the appearance of aircraft with a higher payload. There is a tendency to transport small consignments of goods. The cost of transportation should be reduced by reducing insurance, simplifying containers and packaging due to the absence of external influences. At the same time, the share of air freight turnover in the total volume is small. The functions of this type of transport are expanding based on the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The process of formation of personal aircraft is gradually taking place.

Specific areas of air transport include: installation of high-rise building structures, gas and oil trunk pipelines, power transmission lines; traffic inspection; agricultural work; firefighting; communication with remote and hard-to-reach areas; ambulance help; transportation of mail; geological exploration; aerial photography ...

The movement of air transport is carried out:

1. strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of organizing takeoff and landing on the runway;

2. according to the system of allocation to each unit of the rolling stock its own movement corridor, depending on the speed and carrying capacity of the aircraft.

Traffic corridor- ϶ᴛᴏ estimated flight altitude and coordinate system in longitudinal and horizontal planes flight. The corridor system allows the dispersal of aircraft in the air. Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining altitude.

The rolling stock of air transport includes:

1.apparatus lighter than air (airships, Balloons, balloons, gliders);

2. apparatus heavier than air (airplanes, helicopters).

The safe operation of air transport requires a complex infrastructure (service personnel, radar, telecommunications, sophisticated ground technology). The infrastructure of the industry is a network of airports. An airport - ϶ᴛᴏ a transport company that accepts and dispatches passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, organizes and maintains rolling stock flights. There are international, republican and local airports. Aerodrome - ϶ᴛᴏ specially adapted land plot with a complex of structures and equipment to ensure take-off and landing, parking and maintenance. There are main, alternate and base aerodromes.

Air transport enterprises were corporatized, but control systems air traffic are not subject to privatization. This is largely due to the fact that the state is responsible for the safety of flights and the lives of people.

Airport operations are also separated from airline ownership and operations. At the same time, equal access of airlines to the infrastructure of any airport and free choice of an airport are provided for equal conditions of competition between airlines.

Air transport developed very actively in the Soviet Union. In the 80s. Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world. In addition to servicing domestic routes, he kept in touch with many foreign countries... Today Russia is also one of the largest aviation powers. At the same time Aeroflot with the collapse of the USSR and the separation from it of a number of small independent airlines lost its leading position. In the 70s - early 80s. Aeroflot was equipped with modern aircraft, technically quite comparable with the best foreign counterparts. However, since the second half of the 80s. the pace of renovation of the domestic aircraft fleet slowed down sharply. During the years of the economic crisis, this process almost completely stopped, in connection with this, the main and urgent task of the air transport in Russia is to replace the out-of-date liners with new machines.

Russia has the longest air routes in the world (800 thousand km). First of all, these are the highways connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg with the cities of the Far East:

Moscow - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

Moscow - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;

St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

St. Petersburg - Perm - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The main centers of air traffic, where many airways intersect, are the largest cities of the country: Moscow and St. Petersburg, the resorts of the North Caucasus, as well as all big cities on the Moscow - Vladivostok air route. In the regions of the Far North and equivalent territories, helicopters play an important role in the transportation of goods and passengers. Οʜᴎ deliver goods and passengers to oil fields and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide urgent medical assistance, etc.

Today Russia has over 1.3 million kilometers of airlines. On its territory, 232 airports were registered in the state register of airports for 2010, 71 of which are international. Air freight turnover is 0.1%, passenger turnover - 30%. There are 46 airlines of various forms of ownership in our country, of which 11 are large companies, with a traffic volume of more than 1 million passengers per year. Major airports by passenger traffic are: in Moscow - Domodedovo, Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo; in St. Petersburg - Pulkovo; in Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo; in Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo; in Krasnodar - Pashkovsky; in Sochi - Adler.
Posted on ref.rf
Their passenger turnover was over 2 million passenger-kilometers in 2011 ᴦ.

LITERATURE

2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.

Air transport. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Air transport." 2017, 2018.

Aviation transport - a type of transport that transports goods and passengers by air using aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc.; helps the internationalization and globalization of all aspects of human activity. Air transport is the fastest and most expensive form of transport.

Advantages :

Communication speed;

Maneuverability and efficiency (especially in organizing new routes);

Huge coverage of territories and waters;

The shortest route to follow;

The ability to quickly relocate rolling stock when passenger traffic changes, incl. due to accidents on other types of transport;

Saving public time by speeding up delivery;

Unlimited carrying capacity (limited only by the capacity of the aerodrome);

Relatively small investment (for 1 km of the air route is about 30 times less than for 1 km of the railway).

The functions of air transport are similar to those of telecommunications. Air transportation provides the most valuable (works of art, antiques, precious metals) and urgent cargo.

disadvantages : high cost of transportation (therefore, it is not a freight); dependence on weather conditions.

Initially, air transport developed as a specialized means of passenger transportation. At present, the share of cargo transportation by air is increasing. This is due to the appearance of aircraft with a higher payload. There is a tendency to transport small consignments of goods. The cost of transportation can be reduced by reducing insurance, simplifying containers and packaging due to the absence of external influences. However, the share of air freight turnover in the total volume is small. The functions of this type of transport are expanding depending on the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The process of formation of personal aircraft is gradually taking place.

The movement of air transport is carried out:

1. Strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of the organization of takeoff and landing on the runway;

2. According to the system of allocating each unit of the rolling stock its own corridor of movement, depending on the speed and carrying capacity of the aircraft.

Traffic corridor is the estimated flight altitude and coordinate system in the longitudinal and horizontal flight planes. The corridor system allows the dispersal of aircraft in the air. Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining altitude.

The rolling stock of air transport includes:

1. Apparatus lighter than air (airships, balloons, balloons, gliders);

2. Apparatus heavier than air (airplanes, helicopters).

For the safe operation of air transport, a complex infrastructure is required (service personnel, radar, telecommunications, sophisticated ground equipment). The infrastructure of the industry is a network of airports. An airport is a transport company that accepts and dispatches passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, organizes and maintains rolling stock flights. There are international, republican and local airports. Aerodrome is a specially adapted land plot with a complex of structures and equipment for take-off, landing, parking and maintenance. There are main, alternate and base aerodromes.

Air transport enterprises have been corporatized, but air traffic control systems are not subject to privatization. This is largely due to the fact that the state is responsible for the safety of flights and the lives of people.

Air transport developed very actively in the Soviet Union. In the 80s. Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world. In addition to servicing domestic routes, he maintained contacts with many foreign countries. Today Russia is also one of the largest aviation powers. However, with the collapse of the USSR and the separation of a number of small independent airlines from it, Aeroflot lost its leading position. In the 70s - early 80s. Aeroflot was equipped with modern aircraft, technically quite comparable with the best foreign counterparts. However, since the second half of the 80s. the pace of renewal of the domestic aircraft fleet slowed down sharply. During the years of the economic crisis, this process almost completely stopped, in this regard, the main and urgent task of the air transport in Russia is to replace the out-of-date liners with new machines.

Russia has the longest air routes in the world (800 thousand km). First of all, these are the highways connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg with the cities of the Far East:

Moscow - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

Moscow - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;

St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

St. Petersburg - Perm - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The main centers of air traffic, where many air routes intersect, are the largest cities of the country: Moscow and St. Petersburg, the resorts of the North Caucasus, as well as all major cities on the Moscow - Vladivostok air route. In the regions of the Far North and equivalent territories, helicopters play an important role in the transportation of goods and passengers. They deliver cargo and passengers to oil fields and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide urgent medical assistance, etc.

Russia currently has over 1.3 million kilometers of airlines. On its territory, 232 airports were registered in the state register of airports for 2010, 71 of them are international. Air freight turnover is 0.1%, passenger turnover - 30%. There are 46 airlines of various forms of ownership in our country, of which 11 are large companies, with a traffic volume of more than 1 million passengers per year. The largest airports in terms of passenger traffic are: in Moscow - Domodedovo, Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo; in St. Petersburg - Pulkovo; in Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo; in Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo; in Krasnodar - Pashkovsky; in Sochi - Adler. Their passenger turnover exceeded 2 million passenger-km in 2011.

A vehicle is a technical device whose purpose is to transport people or cargo over long distances. There are more than ten thousand such devices in the world today. Therefore, in order to distinguish one transport from another, people invented standard classification, thanks to which all types of vehicles can be conditionally divided according to their purpose, used energy and moving medium.

Main types of vehicles

As mentioned above, depending on certain characteristics, all types of vehicles can be divided into three main groups:

by appointment;
by the energy used;
by the environment of travel.

Since the aforementioned types of vehicles have their own classification, features and differ from each other according to certain criteria, they can be considered in more detail.

Types of transport by destination

The purpose is understood as the area in which a particular mode of transport is used most often. That is, it can be vehicles:

Special use. These include military (armored cars, tanks) and technological transport (track vehicles).
Common use. This category includes all types of water, air and land transport used in trade and service provision. For example, a truck that transports goods is already a vehicle suitable for the general use category.
Individual use, that is, those vehicles that a person uses personally. The most common individual transport is a personal car or motorcycle.

In addition, there is also a separate subcategory of public transport. This includes urban (public) transport, that is, the one that transports passengers along certain routes, according to the schedule and for a certain fee. These can be buses, trams, trolleybuses, etc.

Modes of transport by energy used

Depending on the energy used, there are vehicles:

Propelled by wind power, for example sailboats (sailboats).
Propelled by muscular power (driven by human or animal). The most common human-driven transport is a bicycle, which is propelled by foot pedals. In addition, there are small rowing boats and velomobiles less used in everyday life, which also move with the help of human power. Vehicles driven by animals are described in more detail below under the appropriate heading.
With a personal engine. This type, in turn, is divided into transport with a thermal and electronic engine.

A vehicle with a heat engine is a power-driven vehicle that works by converting heat into energy for movement. The source of heat in such engines can be, for example, fossil fuel. One of the most famous representatives of transport with a heat engine is a steam locomotive, which is set in motion by processing (kindling) coal.

An electronic vehicle is one whose engine is powered by electricity. The main vehicles of this type are trams, funiculars, monorails, electric vehicles and electric ships.

Modes of transport by medium of travel

Depending on the environment of movement, transport can be:

ground (road, rail, bicycle, pipeline, as well as transport driven by animals);
air (aviation and aeronautics);
waterborne (surface and submarine vessels);
spacecraft (vehicles and vehicles moving along airless paths);
a different kind.

Other types of transport include stationary lifts (elevators), elevators, cable cars, etc.

Land transport

There are various ground vehicles, which are classified according to a number of characteristics:

According to the type of propulsion unit, there are caterpillar (some types of tanks, tractors and cranes), wheeled (cars, bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles), as well as ground vehicles that are driven by animals.
By the number of wheels, there are: monocycles (one-wheeled vehicles), bicycles (two-wheeled), tricycles (three-wheeled) and ATVs (four-wheeled vehicles).
By the type of road types, there are railway and trackless vehicles. Rail transport includes any vehicle that transports cargo and passengers on rail tracks. That is, it can be locomotives, wagons, trams, monorails and overpass transport. Any land transport, including vehicles that travels on land, is classified as trackless.

Automotive vehicles

The most popular and widespread type of land vehicles is road transport. Automobile includes all types of means by which cargo and passengers are transported on trackless tracks. Many vehicles are designed not only for short, but also long distances, especially in cases where it is impossible to deliver passengers, food or materials in any other way.

All road transport is divided into:

On racing cars, which are most often used in car and sprint races (drag racing, auto-slalom, etc.). These include, for example, monoposts - one-seater cars with open wheels used in Formula 1 races.
For transport vehicles that serve only to transport cargo and passengers. Depending on the purpose of destination, they are passenger cars (personal cars), trucks (vans, tractors, etc.) and transport (buses, route taxis etc.).
For special machines that, among other things, are equipped with additional equipment designed for one purpose or another. These include, for example, ambulances or fire trucks.

Vehicles driven by animals

People learned to use animals as means of transportation when other types of land transport did not yet exist. Although years have passed, modern vehicles have appeared, many still prefer to ride a horse or harness an animal to a cart in order to transport any cargo.

Transport driven by animals includes:

Cartage transport. Horses, dogs, camels, buffaloes, elephants and other mammals that can be tamed and trained to transport are mainly used as vehicles for moving cargo and passengers on carts, carts, people.
Pack transport. The very name of the pack transport comes from the packing luggage (pack), which is attached to the back of the animal. Such a vehicle is used in cases where animal-drawn transport is impractical, for example, in mountainous areas where slopes and narrow roads are too steep, which greatly complicates the movement of carts and carts. In addition to mountainous areas, beasts of burden are used in rural and marshy areas, as well as in deserts or in northern regions where there are bad roads or there are practically none.
Horse transport, which is designed both for the transportation of passengers and for participation in special sports competitions and competitions. Mostly horseback riding includes horses, camels and elephants.

Pipeline vehicles

The main purpose of pipeline vehicles is only to transport goods (chemicals, liquid and gaseous products) through special channels (pipes). This type of land transport is the cheapest and most popular, which has no analogues in the world. For example, on the territory of the Russian Federation, pipelines are used to transport more than 95% of the oil produced.

In addition to being cheap, pipe water transport has other advantages:

fast shipping;
low cost of transportation;
no loss of cargo during delivery;
pipelines can be laid wherever and however you like (not counting airways).

The main types of pipeline vehicles: sewerage, water supply, garbage chute and pneumatic transport (pneumatic mail).

Air Transport

Aircraft appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and quickly gained popularity around the world. This type of transport also includes helicopters, airships, airbuses, airplanes. This is one of the fastest, but most expensive types of vehicles, which is intended for passenger and cargo transportation over long distances (more than 1,000 km) by air. In addition, there are airplanes and helicopters that perform official functions (for example, extinguish fires, spray insecticides over fields, air ambulances, etc.). Usually, air transport is used by tourists and businessmen who want to quickly get to another country or even to another continent. These vehicles transport bulky and heavy items, products with a short shelf life, as well as valuable items.

Although this type of transport is a noisy, expensive pleasure, it is indispensable for scientific expeditions that go to distant continents or to other hard-to-reach places where it is difficult or impossible to get there in any other way.

Water transport

This is one of the classic types of vehicles. Such transport is intended for transportation along artificial (reservoirs, canals) and natural (lakes, rivers, seas, etc.) waterways.

Unlike air transport, water transport is one of the cheapest after pipeline transport. That is why almost everything is transported by such vehicles: from building materials to minerals. And such floating facilities, such as ferries, are even capable of transporting other vehicles.

But here's the passenger traffic in recent times has become much less. This is justified by the rather low speed at which ships move from one seaport to another.

The main types of vehicles moving along waterways: surface (boats, boats, liners, ships) and submarines.

Space transport (spacecraft)

Space transport (spacecraft) is a power-driven vehicle designed for the transportation of goods and passengers in airless space (in space). Of course, speaking of the transportation of people, it is understood that they are both passengers and the crew that controls the spacecraft. Basically, such transport is intended for more specific purposes. For example, space stations are designed for various studies of the relief, oceans and atmosphere that cannot be done on Earth, and satellites allow people to watch international television programs and make weather forecasts for meteorologists. In addition, some spacecraft are used for military purposes (surveillance of war zones, reconnaissance of the activities of other countries, detection of approaching space objects, etc.).

From the main space transport can be distinguished: satellites, spaceships, orbital and interplanetary stations, planetary rovers.

Air Transport. Significant specific gravity in the noise mode, many cities are occupied by air transport. The fleet of civil aviation aircraft is constantly being updated, new turbojet and turboprop aircraft (TU-134, TU-154, IL.-62, YAK-40) have appeared on the airlines. Passenger and cargo traffic is increasing, a large number of airfields and airports are being built, and existing ones are being reconstructed. Often civil aviation airports are located in close proximity to residential buildings, and airways pass over numerous settlements. [...]

Air Transport. Modern aviation is characterized by two determining factors of aircraft impact - aircraft noise and emissions of pollutants from aircraft engines. Although airplanes have recently appeared in Russia, the noise of which is significantly lower than that of those currently in operation, airplanes that meet only the minimum requirements have the greatest impact on the environment. international standard by noise. [...]

Air transport is currently developing primarily as a passenger. It ranks second (after rail) in the total passenger turnover of all types of intercity transport. [...]

In recent years, air transport has become one of the most important means of passenger traffic and medium distances. [...]

Saving fuel in air transport is also possible by improving its aerodynamic characteristics (structures of bearing surfaces that provide an ultra-fast air stream around the upper planes of the wings, which predetermines an increase in lift and a decrease in drag, etc.). Reducing wing weight, increasing lift, and reducing drag means 15% fuel savings. [...]

Considering rapid development air transport and the constant increase in the industry's need for specialists of this profile, it can be assumed that graduates of the institute in this specialty will have many different job offers and interesting work. [...]

In addition to transportation work, air transport performs a significant amount of other work in the national economy: agricultural (fertilizing, weed control), forest protection and forestry (extinguishing forest fires, forest pest control, determination of forest reserves, etc.), assembly and construction, and is also used in the provision of urgent medical care the population. [...]

The steady increase in the volume of air traffic is leading to an increase in atmospheric pollution from exhaust gases from aircraft engines. It is estimated that the average engine jet plane consuming 15 tons of fuel and 625 tons of air per hour, emits 46.8 tons of carbon dioxide, 18 tons of water vapor, 635 kg of carbon monoxide, 635 kg of nitrogen oxides, 15 kg of sulfur oxide, 2.2 kg of solid particles ... Moreover, the average duration of stay of these particles in the atmosphere is about 2 years. The greatest pollution of the environment takes place in the area of airports. The harmful effect of air transport on the environment also lies in the fact that nitrogen oxides emitted by engines of supersonic aircraft during their flight in the lower layers of the stratosphere intensively oxidize ozone, which, as already noted, plays a very important role in the preservation of life on Earth, absorbing ultraviolet radiation and thereby protecting living organisms from death. [...]

The atmosphere is the medium for the movement of air transport and birds, the medium for the propagation of radio waves and sound vibrations (providing radio, various devices, etc.). She happens to be natural resource for the production of oxygen, nitrogen, neon, argon and other inert gases. However, the atmosphere is exposed to anthropogenic influences, for example, oxides, soot, fumes. The consequences of exposure to, for example, sulfur oxides are detrimental to the environment. [...]

The ozone layer of the atmosphere is also destroyed. Air transport depletes ozone where it is needed. The ozone shield attenuates the sun's deadly ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere between 40 and 15 km above the ground by about 6,500 times. Destruction of the ozone screen by 50% increases 10 times / light-violet radiation, which affects the eyesight of animals and humans, and leads to an effect on living organisms similar to ionizing radiation. The ozone content in the atmosphere over Antarctica is decreasing. [...]

On the way to the further development of energy and air transport, an obstacle has recently emerged more and more clearly, which, by analogy with the sound and thermal barrier, is called an erosion barrier. This barrier is due to the smallest particles - drops of moisture or grains of dust, the size of which is hundreds and thousands of times smaller than the size of aircraft or power plants and which turn into a formidable weapon when the speed of their collision with the surface of the product exceeds hundreds of meters per second. [...]

Means of external rail, water, air transport, along with urban transport, can be a source of intense carbon monoxide emissions. Thus, the main engines of the ships in the forced operation mode emit gases containing carbon monoxide: a motor ship of the Belomorskles type - 70-80 mg / m3, a diesel-electric ship of the Amguema type - about 270 mg / m3. Emissions from ships' auxiliary engines contain carbon monoxide at an average concentration of 77.7 mg / m3 and 345.9 mg / m3, respectively. The authors of these data (L.E.Bespalko et al., 1974) rightly conclude that the exhaust gases of ships in the port can be a significant source of air pollution, especially since engines consume up to 1-2 tons of fuel per hour . [...]

As for air pollution by other modes of transport, the problem is less acute here, since these types of vehicles are not concentrated directly in cities. So, in the largest railway junctions, all traffic is transferred to electric traction and diesel locomotives are used only for shunting work. River and seaports, as a rule, are located outside the residential areas of cities, and the movement of ships in the port areas is practically insignificant. Airports, as a rule, are located 20 ... 40 km from cities. In addition, large open spaces over airfields, as well as over river and seaports, do not pose a danger of high concentrations of toxic impurities emitted by engines. It should be noted that carburetor gasoline engines are almost never used in railway, sea, river and modern air transport. [...]

Eels are transported by road and air transport in rigid oxygen-aerated containers (stocking density - one fish weighing 500-800 g per 10 liters of water) or in plastic bags (water volume 1.5-2 liters) filled with water and oxygen. After planting the fish, the water needs to be changed 3-4 times to remove mucus. Water temperature should not exceed 12-14 ° С, transportation time - 6-8 hours. [...]

The main sources of noise in the city are motor vehicles, rail and air transport, industrial enterprises. [...]

Along with road transport, air transport is becoming a serious air pollutant. So, a jet plane crossing Atlantic Ocean, consumes as much oxygen in 8 hours of flight as 25 thousand hectares of forest produce it in the same time. According to the National Aviation Administration, planes departing and landing at Washington Airport emit 35 tons of various pollutants into the surrounding space in just one day. [...]

It should be noted that the main sources of noise in cities are: road transport (up to 80), rail and air transport. Noise in a thermal power plant has a major impact on people in the working area. [...]

Shapovalov C.JL, Milyavskaya T.I. Functional characteristics of myopia in civil aviation pilots. M .: Air transport, 1990.185 p. [...]

We will acquaint the reader with the fascinating story of the birth and heyday of the struggle for the Blue Ribbon. We will tell you how, under the onslaught of air transport, the struggle for the Blue Ribbon came to an end. But it turns out that the Blue Ribbon, just like the ship itself, has an amazing ability to be reborn after death. Yes, indeed, the Blue Ribbon in its old sense, that is, as a prize in the struggle for speed, has died, but it has emerged in new forms, symbolizing the beginning of a new, higher stage in competitive battles for the Passenger. And now we are witnessing the initial period of no less sharp and hot battles for the transformed and rethought Blue Ribbon. [...]

Urban air is poisoned not only by industrial gases, dust and car exhaust fumes. Air transport also makes a significant contribution. For example, a jet plane with four turbines on takeoff (and airfields in most countries Western Europe and in the USA, they are usually located within the city limits) leaves behind a poisonous plume, saturated with such an amount of exhaust gases, which is simultaneously emitted by 6850 lepsy cars. [...]

In addition to these rules, there are also rules for regulating emissions from interregional sources - mainly land and air transport, which are regulated and controlled directly by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [...]

When extinguishing fires, water or solutions of extinguishing chemicals are most often used. Sometimes it is required to lay temporary water pipelines, deliver containers with water by air and anneal (early launch of oncoming fire on the above-ground cover). Annealing is performed by trained firefighters. They start from support strips (rivers, roads, streams) or artificially created mineralized strips. [...]

Traffic noise is generated by motors, wheels, brakes and aerodynamic features of vehicles. Noise generated by work road transport(buses, cars and trucks), is 75-85 dB. Railway transport is capable of increasing the noise level up to 90-100 dB. The strongest noise - aviation noise - is created by the operation of the engine and the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft - up to 100-105 dB above the air transport route. In airport zones, the number of deaths and congenital anomalies is significantly increasing. Aircraft noise also leads to an increase in the number of mental disorders. The maximum permissible level of this noise at the surface of the earth is determined at 50 dB. [...]

Thus, everything that we used to call weather is an external manifestation of very complex physical processes occurring at the earth's surface or in those layers where air transport operates. [...]

Water bodies are allocated for use for: drinking, household and other needs of the population; medical, spa and wellness purposes; the needs of agriculture and industrial purposes (including for the needs of hydropower); the needs of water and air transport and timber floating; the needs of the fishing and hunting industry; the needs of nature reserves and wastewater discharge. [...]

In the structure of passenger rail transportation, 30-90% of the total number of passengers is transported in suburban and local routes. Transportation of passengers by railroad longer distances are reduced due to the development of air transport. [...]

Millions of TV viewers, people of different professions and ages, every day with interest await the announcer's messages - what is the weather expected tomorrow? The weather is of interest to everyone, since the harvest, fish catch, timely delivery of goods by sea, river and air transport, a successful trip to the forest for mushrooms, the passage of climbers in the mountains, the state of the patient and, of course, our good mood depend on it. [.. .]

The main harmfulness of air pollution in the past was considered to be the decrease in visibility due to the black smoke cover, which often hung over industrial areas. Recently, this decrease in visibility has created significant ¡interference with commercial traffic, especially air transport, and sometimes with extreme levels of pollution, and road transport. However, visibility cannot be a direct indicator of the overall pollution of the atmosphere, since reduced visibility is caused only by dust-like contaminants, such as soot and fly ash, which are large enough to obstruct and scatter visible light. ¡Gaseous and radioactive emissions can create significantly higher air pollution without any loss of visibility. However, changes in visibility can be used to assess sudden increases in air pollution or to assess the effectiveness of abatement measures. Observations of visibility in Los Angeles (Neiburger, 1955) found that the average visibility has decreased less significantly over the past few decades than would be expected given the rapid development of industry in the area over the same period of time. Conversely, an increase in visibility in the areas of Saint Louis and Pittsburgh (Ely, 1955) after the introduction of smoke control measures was an indicator of efficiency measures taken.[ ...]

These probabilities are calculated by dividing the number of deaths observed each year by the number of inhabitants of the country. It can be seen that the overwhelming majority of all deaths are explained by “internal” causes, while “external” causes are two orders of magnitude smaller than them. At the same time, transport accidents dominate among external causes. Air transport accidents carry the same risk as natural disasters. [...]

Emissions of the seven most common harmful substances were assessed: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, soot, sulfur dioxide, lead compounds and solids. On average, the total mass of pollutants entering the atmosphere from mobile sources is about 12 million tons per year, including from road transport - 95%, air transport - 2.5%, sea and river transport --2,8%.[ ...]

The overhaul of the ship cost three million pounds, but this desperate effort did not save the "queens". In the face of fierce competition with other ships and air transport huge liners lost more and more passengers, emptying the company's cashier. The rest of the company's liners have already been decommissioned or sold. [...]

It is known that in a neutral medium the content of hydrogen ions (H +) corresponds to pH = 7. Acidic precipitation is called rain, fog, snow, which have a pH [...]

The negative example of the growth of chronic bronchitis diseases among Muscovites (Fig. 1) with an increase in the vehicle fleet since the 90s is impressive. But no less impressive is another example (positive) - the drop in the level of lead in the blood of the US population (Fig. 2) and, consequently, the corresponding diseases. The latter is happening in sync with the decrease in the use of leaded gasoline for vehicles up to its complete ban. A significant reduction in the volume of air traffic (after 1992) in Russia led to a decrease in the total amount of emissions into the atmospheric air to 280 thousand tons per year (of which only 20% of all waste substances are neutralized). [...]

Historically, industrial horticulture originated near large population centers. The rapid deterioration of most garden products created certain advantages of being close to markets thanks to the monopoly on quality. As transport and storage conditions improved, the benefits of proximity to markets gradually diminished. Fast long-distance transportation in refrigerated trucks matched the quality of the products sold. The interconnection of rail and freight transport systems has led to further improvements in transportation efficiency. Recently, the use of air transport to transport valuable garden products such as flowers and strawberries has diminished the benefits of the proximity of markets to farms growing these perishable high-value goods. [...]

Conducted in different regions Studies have shown that NO concentrations in surface air vary from levels below the detection limit of the analysis methods used to about 50 ppb (about 1.2 1012 cm 3) in urban air. Recent measurements have revealed a strong anisotropy of the latitudinal distribution of nitrogen monoxide in the upper troposphere. Shown in Fig. 5.2 The measurement results indicate anomalously high N0 content over the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The formation of such a "cap" is associated mainly with heavy air traffic and the rapid vertical transport of pollutants from land-based sources as a result of deep convection. [...]

Insulation “800-500 m is considered sufficient for this purpose. To illustrate the possibility of windblocking falling at a distance of I. pei distances, it is usually cited that a large amount of oak pollen was brought into the Heligoland wasp from the neighboring continent at a distance of about 00-70 km from the nearest oak plantations. There are known cases of the deposition of tree pollen into the Arctic for many hundreds of kilometers. Facts:> but they are in doubt. However, the biological anachenio of long-distance air transport of pollen is very doubtful for the purpose of pollination. Pollen, being in the air, quickly loses its viability, as it was established for cereals. Effective cross-stabbing with the help of the wind is carried out at a small distance, between the nearest individuals, which are at most a few tens or hundreds of meters apart from each other. [...]

Thanks to all this, man acquired an exceptional position on Earth: he became its master. He was already immeasurably less dependent on the conditions of the environment and was able to gradually subjugate it, remake it in his own interests. Man has learned to protect himself from adverse environmental conditions. From the cold, he first took refuge in caves, and then built dwellings; he mastered fire, covered his body with animal skins, and then with specially made clothing. Gathering and hunting for food was replaced by animal husbandry and agriculture. And the achievements of science and technology have given new types of energy: electrical and atomic. Man was able to quickly travel long distances using land and air transport. A refrigerator has appeared in the apartment of a modern person, which protects food from spoilage, and an air conditioner, which creates a comfortable microclimate. Preventive and curative medicine has become the guardian of human health. At the same time, domestic animals gained a lot, which man provided with warm barns, full-fledged food and all the achievements of zootechnics and veterinary medicine. But, be that as it may, neither a man nor an animal (especially a wild one) can escape the unfavorable influences of the conditions of existence. [...]

Most fruits can be consumed fresh when they contain a lot of water. After they have menopause, they usually deteriorate quickly. Thus, the stage of good health for consumption can be extremely short and fleeting. For this reason, some of the more delicious tropical fruits, such as anona, are virtually unknown outside of their growing area. As a result, most of the fruits sold on the market are either strong enough to be transported fresh (apples, citrus fruits), or they can be preserved by drying (dates and figs), processing into jellies and jams, canning (pineapples) or freezing (strawberries). The development of air transport, refrigerators and new packaging techniques have made it possible to supply the largest settlements fruit products of the world assortment throughout the year. At the same time, common seasonal fruits such as raspberries, which were abundant in small towns, are practically disappearing and are already considered a luxury item.