Mountains of Himalayas on the physical map. Himalayas - the highest mountain system of the earth
HimalayaIast "Resident Snow", Hindi?, Nepalsk. ?, whale. ?) - the highest mining system Earth. Himalayas are located between Tibetan Highlands (in the North) and Indo-Ganga Plain (in the south). A climatic and natural line between the mountain deserts of Central Asia and the tropical landscapes of South Asia is expressed dramatically.
Himalayas spread out in India, Nepal, China (Tibetan Autonomous District), Pakistan, Butane.
The mountain system of Himalayas at the junction of Central and South Asia has more than 2,900 km long and about 350 km in width. The area is approximately 650 thousand km. Medium height Comb is about 6 km, the maximum 8848 m - Jomolungma Mountain (Everest). There are 10 eight-thousandths - vertices with a height of more than 8000 m above sea level. In the north-west of the Western chain of Himalayas, there is another highest mountain system - Karakorum.
The population is mainly engaged in agriculture, although the climate allows you to grow only a few types of cereals, potatoes and some other vegetables. Fields are located on inclined terraces.
Etymology
The ancient Greeks and the Romans of Himalayas were called Imaus (IMAOS).
Geography
Himalayas rise above the Indo-Ganga Plain 3 steps forming the mountains of Slivik (Pregimalai), small Himalayas (Ridge Pier-Panzhal, DhayaDhar and others) and separated by the chain of longitudinal pridins (Valley Kathmandu, Kashmir Valley and others) Big Himalayas that are divided At Assam, Nepalese, Kuman and Pendjab Himalayas.
The tops of more than 8 km above the sea level are large Himalayas, the lowest passes in them are located at the heights of more than 4 km. For large Himalayans, the crests of the Alpine type are characteristic, huge high-altitude contrasts, powerful glaciation (area over 33 thousand km). From the east, this ridge restricts the Valley of Brahmaputra, and from the West - Indus (these powerful rivers covers the entire mountain system from three sides). The extreme closed North-West peak of Himalayas is Nanga Parbat (8126 m), Eastern - Namsa Barwa (7782 m).
The vertices of small Himalayas on average reach 2.4 km, and only in the western part - 4 km above sea level.
The lowest ridge, shivalik, stretches along the entire mountain system from Brahmaputra to Inde, is nowhere not exceeding 2 km.
In the Himalayas originated the main rivers of South Asia - Ind, Gang, Brahmaputra.
Himalayas - the area of \u200b\u200binternational mountaineering (mainly in Nepal).
Geology
Himalayas were mainly formed in the tertiary period of oligocene during the Alpine orogenesis. Thus, these are relatively young mountains consisting of consecutive uniform arcs with heights increasing to the north. The southern foothills are prepared mainly by sandstones and conglomerates, indigenous slopes and axial zone - gneisami, crystal shale, granites, phyllitis and other crystalline and metamorphic rocks. For the region, a sharp erosion of the soil is characteristic, leading to the appearance of sheer cliffs and mountain colors.
The growth process of Himalayas continues. In November 1999, climbers and scientists from the US National Geographical Society, using the data of the Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS), found that the height of Everest is 8850 m above sea level - 2 m above, which was determined in the middle of the XIX century English topographers and cartographers . True, the power of Nepal has not yet recognized the new number.
Highest peaks
At the Himalayas there are 10 of 14 eight-thousandths of the world.
The highest top of the earth is on the border of Nepal and China (Tibetan autonomous area). In Nepaleski, it is called the King of Heaven - Sagarmatha, and in Tibetan - the Divine Mother of the Earth (Jomolungma). The name Everest Mountain received during the first dimension of its height in the middle of the XIX century in honor of George Everest (George Everest, 1790-1866), the main geodesist of the topographic service of British India. The top of the mountain is located at an altitude of 8848 m above sea level.
Climate
Himalayas separated Indian lowland from Tibetan Highlands. The southern slopes of the mountains are under the influence of seasonal winds - monsoon. In summer, abundant sediments fall here - in the eastern part to 4 m, in Western - up to 1 meters of precipitation per year. In turn, the northern slopes are in the field of continental climate, cold and dry.
High in the cold mountains in summer exceed? 25 ° C, and in winter the temperature drops to? 40 ° C. Hurricane winds are often observed here at speeds up to 150 km / h and a sharp change in the weather.
Glaciers
The total area of \u200b\u200bglaciers in the Himalayas is 33,000 km, and the volume of snow in them is about 6,600 km. Glaciers are mainly located around the largest mountain ranges and the highest peaks. The most extended glaciers - Gangotri and Zem (26 km), as well as Rongbuck, located on the northern slope of the Jomolungma Mountain.
Ice gorges, icefall and cleft zones in glaciers are constantly changing. Extensive grainy snow fields (frang) are rare, since their education is hampered. Melting glacial water feed large rivers - Gang, Ind and Brahmaputra.
In the west of Himalayas, the height of the snow line is approximately 5000 m on the southern slopes and 5700-5900 m on the north. In the east of Himalayas, the snow border on the southern slopes is located at an altitude of 4500-4800 m, and on the northern - 6100 m. The glaciers have predominantly dendritic (or the Himalayan) type, they descend 1300-1600 m below the snow line.
Vegetation
In the Himalayas, a long-term distribution of vegetation is clear: the depth of the terans (wetlands), evergreen tropical, deciduous, coniferous, mixed forests, alpine meadows are replaced from below.
On northern, dry slopes where the influence of the monsoon is weakened, dominated mountain Steppes and semi-desert. At the foot of the mountains stretched dry savanna and coniferous forests, and then they are somewhat more dense deciduous. In the foothills of Western Himalayas, the Dhak tree grows (Butea Monospera), which gives a valuable resin and expensive wood.
In the eastern part to the height of 1 km, the slopes are covered with wet and swampy forest type of the jungle called the theractions where the Salovy Trees (Shorea Robusta) grow with valuable wood. A rainforest zone begins with bamboo, palm trees and tree ferns begins.
Heights of 2 km are dominated by deciduous forests with oaks, magnolias, chestnuts and cocks. Above 2.6 km more often there are coniferous trees, including Himalayan pines and cedar.
From 3.5 km to 4 km is the tier of rhododendrones and dwarf shrubs, as well as high-mountain moss. Above 5 km - Landscapes of a glypial-nival belt.
The boundary of eternal snow is located at an altitude of 4.5 km (from the south side) and 6 km (with Northern).
Animal world
Animal world Himalayas is due to the differences in the landscape. The meadows of the aua belt are the habitat of the view of the Indian Rhino (Rhinoceros Unicornis). The alpine belt meadows are the habitat of the extinct view of Irbis (UNCIA UNCIA). Indian indian fauna southern cloth. On the southern slopes in the tropical zone, the animal world is most diverse. Large mammals, reptiles and insects live in forests. Fauna Highland is close to Tibetan. On the north side of Himalayans there are Himalayan bears, musky kabargi and various types of antelopes, wild horses, wild goats, wild rams, yaks, mountain goats. Dissolved rodents.
Sagramatha National Park
Main article: Sagarmatha National Park
Sagarmatha National Park is located in Nepal, in the central part High Himalayans. Its area is 1240 km. In addition to Jomolungma, there are eight-thousandths of Lhotse and Cho-Oyu.
In the territory national Park There are many types of mammals, including endemics - snow leopard (Irbis), a black Himalayan Bear, Himalayan Wolf and Tibetan Fox. From birds - Himalayan Korshun, noble eagle and eagle.
In 1976. national Park Sagarmatha is included in the list of monuments of world cultural and natural Heritagecompiled by UNESCO to preserve the natural wealth and traditional mistake of the life of the peoples of the Earth.
Population
The first human settlements found in the foothills of the Himalayas are dating about 8000 BC. e. From the south, the Aryan nations of the Hindustan were settled; from the West - Persian and Turkic peoples; From the northeast - Tibetans.
Nepalese woman with baby
Most of the inhabitants of each of the major valleys existed relatively independently of each other, they had various public elements, therefore the population of many areas formed closed ethnic groups. Residing in the Ladakha Dardov, with the right Mediterranean facial features, a number of researchers consider the most direct descendants of Ariyev, others believe that these are descendants of the warriors of Alexander Macedonian, whose army in the IV century. BC e. Reached how much it is possible to judge the sources that have reached us, the valleys of Kulla (English) Russian .. On the territory of Himalayads there are Sherpi, who came here from Western Tibet in the XV-XVI centuries, obviously under the onslaught of stronger neighbors.
Temple Sherpov
In the XIX century, Himalayas became the zone of influence the British Empire. After the independence of British India is gaining independence and its division into India and Pakistan in 1947, a Kashmir conflict arose. West and North former Prince Jammu and Kashmir - Gilgit, Baltistan right up to the Karakorum and the Chinese border Ridge - turned out to be occupied by Pakistan, while the eastern and northeastern areas adjacent to Tibet were occupied by the PRC.
The majority of the population of the Northern Himalayas so far is engaged in natural agriculture. Permanent settlements are located, as a rule, in the valleys at altitudes up to 3,800-4000 m in the presence of water and relative to the horizontal surface; All the territory available for farming is terrified and smashed into small fields. Barley, oats, potatoes, peas, turnips, carrots and a number of other cultures are cultivated. In the most favorable areas, such as Lech and Valley Varia, apples and even apricots are matured. Kuras and cattle are also bred, mostly sheep and goats. In high-altitude and / or arid areas, the only type of activity is distant cattle breeding. Sheep, goats and yaks can be found everywhere until the border of the snow. Pure pastoral settlements are a bit, they are located only in areas with the most severe climate.
Summer in Lech
A large role in the economy of the region, especially Ladakh, Zanskara and the surroundings of Manali, tourism plays. Sherpi receive additional income by participating in mining expeditions. Nowadays, Sherpi is not only porters, but also conductors - equal, experienced and well-equipped partners of researchers of Himalayas from Europe, America or Australia.
Expensive
Until the middle of the XX century, the only ways of communication in the region were caravan trails connected to various Himalayan valleys-states with each other, as well as with southern and western plains, Pamir, Central Asia, Tibet and China. Such trails continue to play a prominent role and now, especially where there is no road roads, Or then, when they are impassable.
The construction of the wheeled roads in the region began only in the middle of the 20th century from the Srinagar road - Kargil - Lech. For many years, she remained almost the only one. Then, in the 1970s, the road Lech - Cielang - Manali, intersecting a large Himalayan ridge and passing through several passes with a height of more than 5000 m. Then the branches were built from this road towards the Chinese border and road Kargil - Paddy . All these roads open only for several months a year, from around the middle of June to mid-October, and the rest of the time passes through which they are laid, in the snow. Currently, the active construction of the roads continues in Zanskar.
Conquerors of Himalayev
The highest peaks of Himalayas
Jomolungma
1964Ascension in the Himalayas began in 1950 with the conquest of Annapurna. Expeditions are usually organized in spring or autumn - winter climb is very difficult.
The first ascent to Everest was committed on May 29, 1953 by Sherpe Tenzing North and New Zealander Edmund Hillary.
The first European woman who conquered Everest (1978) - the Polish Alpinist Wanda Rutkevich (died in 1992 at the entrance to Kanchenjang).
For the first time to conquer Everest in the winter (in February 1980) managed to the Poles Krzysshtof, Great and Leshek, quiet.
To date, at the top of Everest, a person rose for about 1200 times. In the list of conquerors 900 surnames (some rose more than once). A 60-year-old man and the 13-year-old young man visited the top, and in 1998 - the first disabled person.
In 1956, Japanese T. Imanishi and Sherp Nobru first conquered Manasl.
In 1996, Kazakhstan Mountaineer Anatoly Krenev invoking at once 4 eight-year-olds: Jomolungma, Lhotz, Cho-Oyu, Shishabangm (died in 1997 at an entrance to Annapurna).
The dream of each climber is the conquest of the "crown of the Earth" - the conquest of all 14 eighties, 10 of which are in the Himalayas. The first person who conquered all the 14 eighties of the planet, became Italian Reinehold Messner in 1986. The Kazakhstan Denis Obrucko became the first mountaineer from the CIS countries that conquered all 14 eighties of the planet. Before him, the Ukrainian Gorogovatser Vladislav Lyzul was considered that Vladislav, however, he was not counted by Broad Peak and Shishabangm Central.
Difficulties of climb
Due to the large absolute height of the area above sea level, almost all ascents take the so-called high-altitude. For the ascents of this kind to general technical obstacles, air is added more. The body resistance is reduced in the resistance, problems with a concentration of attention, dips in memory and hallucination appear, may develop edema of the brain or lungs (the so-called mountain sickness). Most of the climbers (especially those who use the services of firms on the organization of ascent) rise with small (usually made from titanium) with oxygen springs. A very large number of deaths are due to the problems with mountain sickness or its manifestations.
Above 7 km, the so-called "death zone" begins. It is unsuitable for human life - the body is not able to restore the forces here even after the average energy consumption.
Ecology
Commercialization of tourism and mountaineering threatens environment, especially in the area tourist baseslocated at the foot of the mountains. The scope of commercial lifting on Everest (often with the use of technology) is threatened with the Himalayas ecosystem. Waste at once pure glaciers clog water, despite the fact that half drinking water On the ground comes from the mountains.
Climate change can affect the healing properties of some of the plants growing in the Himalayas.
Cultural influence
In Hinduism of Himalayas, personified in the face of the Himavat God, referred to in Mahabharat; He is the God of Snow. This is God-Father Ganggie and Saraswati, as well as Parvati, married Shiva.
Some sites of Himalayas are of religious importance in Hinduism, Jainisnis, Sikhism and Buddhism. The famous example is taksang-lakhang, where, as they say, Padmasambhava founded Buddhist traffic of Bhutan.
In the Himalayas there are many attractions of Tibetan Buddhists, including the residence of the Dalai Lama. There are more than 3200 monasteries in Tibet, and Tibetan Muslims have a mosque.
In the fictional Universe of Warhammer 40,000 in Himalayan Mountains The emperor palace is located, the management center of human imperium.
Translated into Russian, the word "Himalayas" means "the kingdom of snow". This highest mountain system of the world rises at the border between the Central and South Asia and separates the Tibetan highlands from the lowland Ind and Ganges (see the map of the physico-geographical zoning of Eurasia with reference to the photographs of the nature of this region). It was formed during the Cenozoa within the part of the part of an ancient Tetto, where the rapprochement of the regional zones of Eurasia and the Industan boulder, separated from the Gondwana, occurred.
Relief. Himalayas - the most important geomorphological, climatic and floral frontier. Physico-geographical and geomorphological boundaries of the mountain range itself are clearly pronounced. In the north, this is the longitudinal intermore valleys of Indus and Brahmaputra, in the south - the region of Indo-Ganga Plain, in the North-West and Southeast - the transverse valleys of Indus and Brahmaputra. In the north-west, Himalayas borders with Gindukish, in the south-east - with Sino-Tibetan mountains. The total length of the mining system is more than 2400 km, width - 200-350 km. Himalayas are part of China, India, Nepal, Pakistan.
Tens of vertices in the Himalayas reach 7000 m, 11 vertices exceed 8000 m, the passes are on average at an altitude of 5000 m, which exceeds the maximum height of the Alps (Fig. 50).
Fig. 50. Comparative profile Alps and Himalayas
The highest peak of the Himalayas and the whole world - Jomolungma (Everest), (8848 m) - was conquered only in 1953. The Himalayas raising was not over and now, as evidenced by the frequent earthquakes and the high position of early-consuming sediments above sea level.
Geological structure. In the structure of the mountains, crystalline, metamorphic, sedimentary and volcanic rocks of different ages are involved, from the Archean to Quaternary, crumpled in intensive folds, complicated in central parts with powerful sugges and split.
Features of the geological structure - the predominance of Precambrian rocks similar to the complexes of the Indian Platform, the very limited distribution of sea sedimentary thickness and the presence of continental sediments close to Gondwan - give reason to consider Himalayas as a mountain system that has arisen on the place of the outskirts of the Indian platform, who has undergone tectonic activation in Neogen - Courted time in connection with the hareage of the Industan Plate to the rest of Eurasia and the closure of Tetis.
Himalayas do not form ridges elongated over long distances, and disintegrate into separate arrays separated by one from the other deep transverse valleys of rivers. This is due to the fact that the valleys of the largest rivers - Indea, Sutlanda, Brahmaputra - laid before the beginning of the overall grand lift of the mountains. Raising was accompanied by embedding rivers and the formation of epigenetic valleys of the Himalayas.
The foothills of the Himalayas are folded by young sediments collected in the folds in the middle of the Quaternary period. They are known under the general name of the Salyki mountains; The height of them in the territory of Nepal is about 1000 m. In some places, they are closely pressed against the ridges of the Nimalayas actually, in the others there are a strip of broad tectonic valleys. The Salystik mountains are cool open to the north and south.
The next highest level of Himalayas - Small Himalayas; They are composed of crystalline-colored rocks, as well as sedimentary strong metamorphic deposits of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogen. For this band, intense folds, faults and volcanism are characteristic. The height of the ridges reaches an average of 3500-4500 m, and separate vertices rise to 6000 m. In the North-West, the ridge of PID-Pandan height is stretched by a height of more than 6000 m, then in the south-east, it is replaced by small Himalayas, which are closed with large Himalayas (the main Himalayan ridge) high-altitude powerful array of dhaulaagiri (8221 m). Next to the east, the whole system of Himalayas is narrowed, the zone of small Himalayas is pressed against the main ridge, forming the medieval Mahabharat mountains, and even east - high and highly dissected Mountains Duara.
Between small and large hymals, a strip of tectonic kitelin is stretched, which in the recent past were engaged in lakes and treated with glaciers. The most famous in the west of Kashmir Klabin at an altitude of 1600 m, with the main city of Kashmir Srinagar. On the existence of a lake, before which filled the hollow, they testify to the terraces, well-pronounced on the slopes. On the surface of the flat bottom, several residual lakes are preserved. The second large basin of the central part of Himalayas - Kathmandu in Nepal - is located at an altitude of about 1400 m; It concentrates most of the population of this alpine country.
The north of Kotlovin rises large Himalayas, reaching the middle height of 6000 m. This is a well-pronounced alpine comb, over which the highest peaks of the world are rising. The western end of the main ridge is a grand array of Nangarbat (8126 m), then there are a number of vertices exceeding 6000 and 7000 m, then the eight thousand giants covered with snow and ice are rising: Dhaulaagiri (8167), Kutang (8,126 m), State Aintan (8013 m) ) and others. Among them, the highest peak of the world of Jomolungma is not even especially highlighted. 8848 m high. Gorgeous and majestic only a little inferior to her Kanchenjanga (8598 m).
The northern slope of large Himalayads is position and more affordable than southern. Along it is stretched by the Ridge Ladakh tall up to 7728 m. At its slopes, many rivers crossing the beginning Main Ridge. To the north of Ladakh, behind the wide longitudinal valleys of India and Brahmaputras, the abyll ridges of Tibetan Highlands (Transhimalaya) rise.
Useful Fossils. Himalayas are rich in minerals. In the axial crystal zone there is deposits of copper ore, marginal gold, arsenic and chrome ore. In the foothills and interguric basins, oil, combustible gases, brown coal, potash and stone salts are locked.
Climatic conditions. Himalayas - the largest climeturn for Asia. To the north of them, the continental air of moderate latitudes prevails, to the south - tropical air masses. Up to the southern slope of Himalayas penetrates the summer equatorial monsoon. The winds achieve such strength there, which make it difficult to climb the highest peaks. Therefore, you can only rise in the jomolungum in the spring, in a short period of the loud before the beginning of the summer monsoon. On the northern slope throughout the year the winds of the Northern or Western Rumbers are blowing, going with the continent in winter or heavily heated in the summer, but always dry. From the North-West to the south-east of Himalayas, approximately between 35 and 28 ° C.Sh., and in the north-western sector of the mining system, the summer monsoon almost does not penetrate. All this creates large climatic differences within the limits of Himalayas. The most precipitation falls in the eastern part of the southern slope (from 2000 to 3000 mm). In the West, annual sums do not exceed 1000 mm. Less than 1000 mm falls in the lane in the internal tectonic kitelin and in the inner river valleys. On the northern slope, especially in the valleys, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply. Some of the annual sums are less than 100 mm. Above 1800 m, winter preciputes fall out in the form of snow, and above 4500 m, the snow is throughout the year.
On the southern slopes to the height of 2000 m, the average January temperature is 6 ... 7 ° C, July 18 ... 19 ° C; to a height of 3000 m average temperature Winter months does not fall below 0 ° C, and only above 4500 m Middle July becomes negative. The snow border in the eastern part of the Himalayas is located at an altitude of 4500 m, in Western, less moisturized, - 5100-5300 m. On the northern slopes, the height of the nival belt is 700-1000 m higher than on the southern one.
Natural water. A large height and abundant precipitation contribute to the formation of powerful glaciers and a thick river network. Glaciers and snow cover all the high peaks of the Himalayas, but the ends of the glacial languages \u200b\u200bhave a significant absolute height. Most of the Himalayan glaciers belong to the valley type and reaches no more than 5 km in length. But the farther to the east and more precipitation, the topics are longer and lower down on the slopes. On jomolungma and canchengage the most powerful glaciation, the most large glaciers Himalayas. These are dendritic type glaciers with several nutrition areas and one main barrel. The glacier Zem on Kanchenzhang reaches 25 km in length and ends at an altitude of about 4000 m. With jomolungma, the Rongbuque glacier 19 km long, which ends at an altitude of 5000 m. Gangotri Glacier in Kuman Himalayas reaches 26 km; From it begins one of the sources of Ganges.
Especially many rivers flow from the southern slope of the mountains. They begin in the glaciers of large Himalayas and, crossing small Himalayas and the foothill zone, go to the plain. Some major rivers start starting from the northern slope and, heading towards Indo-Ganga's plain, cut the Himalayas in deep through valleys. This is ind, his influx of Sutland and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo).
Nutrition of the Himalayan rivers rain, glacial and snow, so the main maximum flow rate is summer. In the eastern part in the nutrition, the role of monsoon rains, in the west - snow and ice zones and ice areas. Narrow gorges or canyon-shaped valleys of the Himalayas are replete with waterfalls and spoiled areas. Since May, when the most stormy melting of the snow begins, until October, when the action of the summer monsoon ends, the rivers with rapid flows will be lowered from the mountains, caring the masses of the debris material, which they deposit when leaving the Himalayan foothills. Often, monsoon rains are the cause of strong floods on mountain rivers, during which bridges wash off, roads are destroyed and collaps occur.
In the Himalayas there are many lakes, but among them there are no such that in size and beauty could be compared with alpine. Some lakes, for example, in the Kashmir Basin, are only part of those tectonic depressions that were previously filled with entirely. The Pie Parzaz Ridge is known for numerous glacial lakes formed in the ancient robust funnels or in the river valleys as a result of binding them by Morane.
Vegetation. At a richly moisturous southern slope of Himalayas, high-rise belts from rainforests to high-mountain tundras are exceptionally pronounced. At the same time, for the southern slope, significant differences in the vegetable cover are wet and hot or the dry and cold western part. Along the foot of the mountains from their oriental tip before the flow of the Jamna River, a peculiar wetlands with black or strong soils, called thera, is stretched. For the terrays, the jungle is characterized - thick wood-shrubs thickets, almost impassable due to lian and consisting of soap wood, mimos, bananas, low palm trees, bamboo. Among the terrays there are cleared and drained areas that are used to cultivate various tropical crops.
Above theraev on the wet slopes of the mountains and on the valleys of rivers to a height of 1000-1200 m, evergreen rainforests are growing from high-wheel palm trees, laurels, tree-like ferns and gigan bamboo, with a lot of lian (including palga palga) and epiphytes. In more dry places, less thick forests from the salted tree are dominant, losing the foliage on a dry period, with a rich undergrowth and herbal cover.
At the heights of more than 1000 m to the thermal-loving forms of the rainforest, subtropical species of evergreen and leaf fall trees begin: pines, evergreen oaks, magnolias, maples, chestnuts. At an altitude of 2000 m, subtropical forests replace the forests of a moderate type of leaf fall and coniferous trees, among which only occasionally come across representatives of subtropical flora, for example, magnificently blooming magnolias. The upper border of the forest dominates conifers, including silver fir, larch, juniper. The undergrowths form thick thickets of tree rhododendrons. Many moss and lichens covering the soil and tree trunks. The subalpic belt replacing the forest is highly harvested meadows and thickets of shrubs whose vegetation gradually becomes lower and rarelined when moving to the Alpine belt. The high-mountain meadow vegetation of Himalayas is extremely rich in species, among them Primulus, anemones, poppies and other bright flowering perennial herbs. The upper border of the Alpine belt in the East reaches a height of about 5000 m, but individual plants are much higher. When climbing jomolungma, the plants were found at an altitude of 6218 m.
In the western part of the southern slope of Himalayas due to less humidity there is no such wealth and diversity of vegetation, Flora is much poorer than in the east. There is absolutely no lapse of the terrays, the lower parts of the mountains are covered with rare-resistant xerophyte forests and shrubs, there are some subtropical Mediterranean species like evergreen oak and gold oil, the coniferous forests of pines and a magnificent Himalayan cedar predominate (CEDRUS DEODARA). Shrub undergrowth in these forests is poorer than in the east, but the meadow alpine vegetation is more diverse.
Landscapes of the northern ridges of Himalayas, facing Tibet, approach the desert mountain landscapes of Central Asia. The change in vegetation with a height is expressed less bright than on the southern slopes. From the bottoms of large river valleys up to snow-covered vertices, rare thickets of dry herbs and xerophytic bushes are distributed. Wood vegetation occurs only in some river valleys in the form of thickets of low-speed poplars.
Animal peace. Landscape differences of the Himalayas are reflected on the composition of the wild fauna. A diverse and rich animal world of southern slopes has a pronounced tropical character. In the forests of the lower parts of the slopes and in theractions, many large mammals, reptiles, insects are common. There are still elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, wild boars, antelopes. Jungle literally sissed by various monkeys. Especially characteristic macaques and thin-tales. From predators, the most dangerous for the population of Tigers and Leopards - spotted and black (black panthers). Among the birds are distinguished by the beauty and brightness of peacock plumage, pheasants, parrots, wild chickens.
In the upper belt of the mountains and on the northern slopes of the fauna approaching the composition to Tibetan. A black Himalayan Bear, wild goats and rams, Yaki live there. Especially a lot of rodents.
Population and environmental problems. Most of the population focuses in the middle strip of the southern slope and in intricate tectonic basins. There are many treated lands. On irrigated flat bottoms, the kitrooms sow rice, a tea bush, citrus, grape vines grows on terraced slopes. Alpine pastures are used for grazing sheep, yaks and other livestock.
Due to the high height of passages in the Himalayas, the message between the countries of the northern and southern slopes is significantly complicated. Through some passes are ground roads or caravan trails, highways in the Himalayas are very small. Pass are available only in the summer. In winter, they are littered with snow and completely impassable.
The inaccessibility of the territory played a favorable role in the preservation of the unique mountain landscapes of Himalayas. Despite the significant agricultural development of low-voltage and kitelin, intense grazing of cattle on mountain slopes and an increasing influx of climbers from different countries Peace, Himalayas remain a refuge of valuable plant species and animals. These treasures are included in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage National Parks of India and Nepal - Nan-Dadiev, Sagarmatha and Chitan.
The globe, in Asia, in China, Pakistan, India, Bhutan and Nepal. It is stretched by an arc of about 2500 km long, 200-350 km width. The area is about 650 thousand km 2. The height is up to 8848 m (Jomolungma Mountain is the highest peak of the globe). 10 vertices exceed 8000 m, more than 100 - 7000 m.
In the north are limited by the tectonic valleys of the upper currents of the Rivers Ind and Brahmaputra (Matsang, Tsangpo), in the West - Range Hinduraj, in the East - Dichang Gorge of the Brahmaputra River, in the south - Indo-Ganga Plain. Himalayas are an important orographic, climatic and biotic barrier between the deserts of Central Asia and landscapes of monsoon tropics of South Asia.
Relief. For the Himalayans, a clear stretch of the orographic elements from the North-West to the southeast is characteristic. They include several parallel mountain chains rising from the south to the north with three giant steps, dissected gorges of rivers on individual arrays and blocks. The first step (above the Indo-Ganga Plain) is formed by the Range of the Sillar (Pregimalaya) Height up to 3647 m (Mount Chaur). It reaches the greatest width (up to 120 km) in the western and central parts, east of 88 ° Eastern longitude narrows up to 5-10 km. Strongly dissected by deep-car river valleys. The second stage is small (low) Himalayas - separated from the milder of tectonic fault, along which a number of interguric catlovin (Dunov) is located, in the past lakes busy. It consists of a system of arrays and ridges. The ridges are strongly dismembered, the southern slopes are fringe, northern - more gentle. In the West, the Ridge-Pardagz Ridge rises (up to 6632 m), in the central part - the Ridge DhayaDhar (up to 5067 m) and Mahabharat (up to 2891 m) with sharp ridges and deep valleys. The chain of intermountain depression and the Old Lental Kotlovin (Kashmir, Kathmandu, etc.) Small Himalayas are separated from the highest level - large (high) Himalayas with the highest arrays and peaks covered with glaciers. This part of the Himalayas forms a powerful alpine crest with a width of 50-90 km, with passes lying above 4500 m. The northern slopes have soft outlines, the southern - cool, dissected by deep gorges. Typical Ice Forms of Relief (Caras, Trogs, Exed Forms, Finite Moraine). Large Himalayas begin in the north-west of the Array of Nanga Parbat, where the widest (over 300 km). High highlands are located here (over 5000 m) and the Zascar mountain range (up to 7756 m). East of the Valley of the Tista River Big Himalayas are significantly reduced. For this part, deep-covered valleys of rivers are characterized, relatively little dismembered arrays with dome-shaped vertices. In the Himalayas, the intensity of erosion processes, frequent landslides, sat down, in the middle and high mountains are avalanche. From the west to the east of Himalayas, it is customary to divide on Punjab (from the indian river gorge in the north-west to the Valley of the Sutling River), Quman (between the valleys of Sutling and Kali rivers), Nepalese (on the territory of Nepal), Sikkim (within the Indian state of Sikkim) and Assam (west of Bhutan).
Range Silovik.
Geological structure and minerals. In the tectonic attitude of Himalayas are the eponymous folding and coating mining system, which is the link of the Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan rolling belt. In their structure, three zones are isolated corresponding to the stages of the relief; In addition, high Himalayas are divided into two zones. The northern zone of high Himalayas, called Tetic Himalayas, or Tetis-Himalayas, was composed of the thick seeding of the Middle Proterozoic - Eocenta of Huge Power (up to 17 km) accumulated on the canopy of the continental shelf of the Indian subcontinent (on the southern outskirts of Paleoocyana Tetis). In the north, the Tetic Himalayas are limited to the tectonic depression of Indy-Tsangpo, which marks the same tectonic seam (sutin), viewed as the relics of the surface of the subduction zone, along which the immersion of the cortex of the Tethis in the northern direction under the southern outskirts of Eurasia with the formation of the Transgimalaya Wolkanutonic belt (see the Gandysishan article ). In the suture zone on the surface, ophiolitis are published (their covers are installed in tenic hymals), metamorphic education, sedimentary and magmatic complexes. In the south, Tetic Himalayas are separated by a hollow-tested discharge from the central crystal zone of high Himalayas. This zone is folded repeatedly metamorphosed, in the main Precambrian complexes - mica shale, quartzits, gneis, migmatites, which are broken by the leukogrants of myocene age. The last metamorphic event in the zone meets the conditions of very high temperatures and relative to small pressures. The metamorphic formation of the central crystal zone is shrinkled (by the main central overall) and partially overlap complexes of low Himalayas, forming a variety of isolated tectonic remains. The zone of low Himalayas is formed by the sedimentary strata of the upper proteodes - the lower eocene (sandstones, clays, limestone, tillite), similar to the Case of the Industan Platform. The deposits have undergone a green-plane metamorphism, have a coupling structure. In the south, the zone of low Himalayas is highlighted (along the main border survey) on the prefimalaev zone (or external Himalayas), which in a tectonic attitude is an advanced deflection that emerged in the newest time before the edge of the growing Himalayan orogen and filled with myocene sandy-clay and pliocene threshold Power up to 7 km. Folded Molasses Pregimalaev complexes are separated by the system of gentle breaks of the frontal Himalayan Spring from the unread-deformed and not involved in the rise of MOLASS INDO-Ganga.
The formation of Himalayas as a coating and folded mining facility is associated with a collision (collision) of the Industan bloc with Eurasia, which began about 55 million years ago (at the end of Paleocene). Maximum deformations occurred: at the beginning of Miocene (20-25 million years ago), when the chief central sense was formed; In Late Miocene (15-10 million years ago) - the main border guard; At the end of Pliocene - the main frontal oven. The modern lift of the Himalayas is accompanied by intense seismicity, concentrated mainly along the overall zones.
Unnamed fields of copper and gold ore deposits are known; Chromites, precious stones (sapphire, etc.), associated with metamorphic and magmatic rocks of low and high Himalayas. In prefimals, deposits of oil and natural fuel gas were revealed.
Climate. The southern slopes of the Himalayas are under the strong impact of the summer Indian monsoon. The amount of precipitation decreases from the east (4000-5500 mm per year) to west (1000-2000 mm). Internal areas receive about 400-750 mm precipitation per year. Everywhere on the southern slope to the height of 3000 m medium annual temperatures Positive, above 4500 m - region of negative summer temperatures. The climate of the western part of Himalayas is characterized by sharp fluctuations in temperature, strong winds. The average temperatures of July about 18 ° C, January from -10 to -18 ° C. The influence of the monsoon is manifested in July - August to the south of the Pip Piepal Ridge. Winter sediments are associated with cyclones that bring rain and snowfall. The main passes are exempt from snow at the end of May. The climate of the eastern part is more hot, with a clearly pronounced monsoon moisture regime. Summer temperatures at an altitude of 1500 m reaches 35 ° C, in valleys rise to 45 ° C. In winter at an altitude of 1800 m, the average temperature of January 4 ° C. Snowfalls occur annually above 2200-2500 m, in valleys - thick fogs. Above 5000 M of precipitation all year round falls in the form of snow. The climate of the northern slopes of Himalayas is a cold alpine-deserted. Daily temperature amplitudes reach 45 ° C, precipitation is about 100 mm per year. In the summer, at an altitude of 5000-6000 m, only the day there are positive temperatures. In winter, the snow often evaporates without becoming.
Glaciation. On the southern slopes of the Pendjab Himalayas, the snow line takes place at an altitude of 4400-4600 m, in Nepalese Himalayas (on the slopes of Jomolungma) - 4700-4800 m, in Assamian Himalayas - 4,600 m. On northern, more dry, himalayan slopes it rises to 5800-6100 m. The high position of the snow line and the significant steepness of the slopes do not contribute to the formation of large glaciers. The area of \u200b\u200bmodern glaciation of Himalayas is small - about 33 thousand km 2. Most glaciers are grouped around the highest arrays. The largest glaciers in Punjab Himalayas - Gangri (length 21 km), Shaffat (16 km), Milang (16 km), in the Kuman Himalayas - Milam (20 km) and Gangotri (32 km, the largest in the Himalayas). In Nepalese Himalayas, in the Jomolungma area, there are about 600 glaciers, including the Western Rongbuck and Khumba 22 km long, in the Sikkim Himalayas, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kanchengjang Massif, - Zem's glaciers (31 km) and Kanchenjanga (24 km). Most of the glaciers retreats at an average rate of 10-15 m per year. Glaciers of the valleys are predominantly dendritic, Himalayan type, descend at 1300-1600 m below the snow border. In the western part of Himalayads, the Valley Glaciers of Turkestan Type, eating mainly due to avalanche and collaps of hanging glaciers. On steep slopes - hanging and rigorous glaciers. For the northern slopes, the giant curtains from corrugated ice, covering many peaks to their vertices. Languages \u200b\u200bof some glaciers at a considerable distance are covered with Moraine Case.
Rivers and lakes. Despite the greater height, Himalayas are not watershed in the rivers Indian Ocean and the faceless area of \u200b\u200bCentral Asia. Due to the presence of through antecedent gorges, the origins of the Rivers of the ind, Sutland, Carnali, Arun are in Karakorum and Tibetan Highlands. On the slopes of the Himalaya origin the largest rivers South Asia - Gang and Brahmaputra. The river network is more developed on the southern slope. In the upper course of the river have snow and glacial nutrition; On average and lower - rain, with maximum water consumption in summer. Valleys are narrow, deep. Rivers have huge hydropower resources that are practically not used. Large hydropower plants and reservoirs are created on the Sutling and Bias rivers. Lakes (tectonic origin and glacier) are located mainly in the western part of the Himalayas below 5000 m (Vural, Tso Morari, etc.); Large alpine lakes - Bandong, Mapham-Yumzo. In the breakthroughs of glacial lakes, glacial villages may occur.
Soil, vegetable and animal world. The landscapes of the Himalayas are very diverse, especially on the southern slopes. Maximum number high-altitude belts Characteristic for the most moistened slopes of the eastern part of the Himalayas. The foot of the mountains focuses the strip of the terrays - wetlands of wood-shrub thickets (jungle) on meadow-marsh tropical soils. Above the slope of wet evergreen rainforests on mountain redstores. Dipterokarpovy, palm, pandanus, tree ferns, pounded by liana (up to 400 species) prevail. At an altitude of 1200-1500 m dominated mountain evergenous subtropical forests from oaks, laurels, magnoliyev, tea (Kastanopsis, FEBE). Above 2000-2200 meters, they are replaced by mixed leaf falling forests on brown forest soils, in the treasured species of moderate latitudes - cock, alder, hazel, birch and coniferous (Pine Himalayan, Himalayan spruce, fir). From the height of 3000 m begins the belt of mountain coniferous forests from pine, fir, tsi, tees, juniper. At an altitude of 3700-3900 m, it is replaced by a subalpine belt - cried from huge rhododendrons and juniper with the participation of ferns, above 4000 m - the belt of alpine meadows, the upper boundary of which takes place at an altitude of about 5000 m, individual plants (arenaria, edelweiss) rise to height 6100 m. In the central part of the Himalayas in the spectrum of high-rise belts, there is no wet evergreen rainforest belts and leaf falling forests from Sala with Terminal, Albia, etc. are dominated to the height of 600-1000 m.
In a more arid western part of the Himalayas, the lower parts of the slopes (up to 600 m) are occupied by rare-resistant xerophyte forests and shrubs with wild olive, an admixture of acacias, a pomegranate, oleander on mountain brown soils. Above (up to 1200-1500 m), monsoon leaf falling forests are growing with the domination of a sala on Mountain Redorn, which are replaced by mountain subtropical mixed forests from the oak stone and mountain pines with an evergreen undergrowth. From a height of 2000-2500 m dominated Mountain mixed subtlest forests from a pine forest (Chir), fir, cedar of the Himalayan (deodar) with the participation of oaks, cock on low-hummous brown forest soils. In the belt 3000-3500 m dominated mountain coniferous forests from fir with admixtures of birch on the burzos of the apodoline. Above 3500 m - subalpine birch crime, overgrown juniper and rhododendrons, replacing the alpine meadow belt and shrubs on mountain meadow soils. The upper line of the propagation of vascular plants is 6300 m. For the northern slope, desert-steppe landscapes are characterized with pillows and xerophytic herbs on low-power stony mining and desert soils. Wood vegetation (willow, poplar) occurs through the valleys of rivers.
About 300 species of mammals live in Himalayas, more than 10 of them - endemics (Golden Langur, Himalayan Tar, Dwarf Pig, etc.), 175 species of reptiles (about 50 species - endemics), 105 species of amphibians. Ornithofauna has about 1000 species (15 species - endemics). Fauna Terrayev and Low-Low Himalayas refers to the Indo-Malay faunistic area. Large mammals are inhabited - elephants, rhinos, games, boars, several types of deer (Muzzhak, Zamble), from predators - Tigers and Leopards, Red Wolf; From birds - peacocks, pheasants, parrots. In the eastern part of Himalayas, Binturong is found (a family of willer). The fauna is medium and highlightened to the Chinese-Himalayan subdomains of the Hollarctic region. Wild Yak, Kabarga, Noble Deer (Hangul), Mountain Baran (Arhar, Banga Baran), Groa, Takin, Takin, Black Himalayan Bear, live in the forest and alpine belts. Under the threat of disappearance there are smoky leopard and snow leopard (IRBIS). From the birds are common to Himalayan Ular, the Himalayan Crested Pheasant, trague.
The most famous protected areas of Himalayas - Corbett National Parks, Big Himalayas, Namdapha, Kanchenjanga (India); in the list World Heritage The Manas Reserve includes, Nandadyevi's National Parks and Flower Valley (India), Valley Kathmandu, National Parks, Chitan and Sagarmatha (Nepal). In the Himalayas, mostly in Nepal, mountaineering is widely developed. Climatic resorts - Shimla, Macy, Darjeling, etc. (India).
The main occupation of the population is agriculture. On the northern slope of large Himalayas (the surroundings of Lake Tangra Yumzo) pass the upper borders of agriculture in the world. Excessive grazing of livestock in the Alpine meadows and in the forests led to the activation of erosion and sealer processes.
Lit.: Singh G. Geography of India. M., 1980; Senkovskaya N. F. Land resources of the Himalayas and the problems of their use // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 5. Geography. 1982. No. 6; She is. Features of the spread of selene phenomena in the Himalayas // ibid. 1984. No. 6; Kononov Yu. V. Country of subtropics and snow-covered mountains. M., 1985; Bed R. Animal World of India. M., 1987; Dolgushin L. D., Osinov G. B. Glackers. M., 1989; Glushchikov Yu. N. Geography of mountain and polar countries. M., 1996; State of Nepal's Environment. Kathmandu, 2000; KHAIN V. E. Tectonics of continents and oceans (year 2000). M., 2001; Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in Hindu Kush - Himalayan Region. Kathmandu, 2002.
N. N. Alekseeva; Ark. V. Tevelev ( geological structure and minerals).
Description Everest
Everest, or Jomolungma, or Sagarmatha - this is highest top The globe height is 8844 m, is in the Himalayas and is part of the highest mountain range in the world. Located on the border of Nepal and China (Tibetan autonomous region), but the peak itself lies in China.
Divine Mount Jomolnugma
Jomolungma - translated from Tibetan means "Divine". Nepalese name Jomolungma - Sagarmatha - Means "Mother of the Gods". The English name Everest is assigned in honor of Sir George Everest, the head of the Geodesic Service of British India in 1830-1843. This name was suggested in 1856 the successor to J. Everest Andrew when it turned out that this peak is the highest in the region and around the world. The Green is partly part of the Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal.
Conquest Sagarmatha
For the first time Everest managed to consider in the 30s of the last century, and to conquer it since 1921. But all attempts ended either failure or tragically. The first ascent to the mountain was made on May 29, 1953 travelers Tencing Norja Ihadmund Hillary.
How to get to Everest?
For all the time, after opening the peak, more than 4,000 people rose to Jomolungma on the southern slope of more easy, located unsaphalled, or on the northern beginning in Tibet.
Ride to Everest begins in the Nepalese capital Kathmandu. From here climbers go to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and from there it is walking on foot to the camp at the foot of Everest. It is worth remembering that due to the complex political situation between China and Tibet, a visit to the Tibetan autonomous region is allowed only to special permission to the authorities of China, and periodically and can be prohibited at all. The cost of climbing Everest is from $ 10,000 to $ 65,000 and charged by the country from which the engagement is taken. The cost of climbing Tibet is cheaper.
At the top of Everest, the wind blows from 200 kilometers per hour or up to 55 people per second, and the temperature at night drops to -60 Celsius. On the top of the mountain, there are practically no air suitable for breathing, so climbing is performed in the presence of special oxygen equipment. Every year Everest is trying to conquer about 200-500 people, and the number of people visiting the mountain - several thousand per year. The rise at the top of Everest takes about two months - with acclimatization and installation of camps. Weight loss after climbing - an average of 10-15 kg, but it happens more.
Killed on Evereste
For fifty years, more than two hundred people died on the slopes, and the total mortality rate of all those killed when climbing - 11%. In May 1996, due to the bouran on the southern slope of Jomolungma, 5 people died at once. April 18, 2014, as a result of the gathering of avalanche, 13 people and 3 people were missing.
Cellular communication and Internet
At the top of Jomolungma there is a cellular communication from Chinamobile and Nepalese operator NCELL, there is high-speed access to the Internet.
The highest mountains of the world
Most of the most high mountains The world is located in mountains Himalayas, in Asia in the area of \u200b\u200bNepal and Tibet.
Everest or Jomolungma (8848 meters)
Choiri (K2) - the second height of Jomolungma (8614 meters)
Kanchenjanga (8586 meters)
Lhotse (8516 meters)
Makalu (8516 meters)
Cho-Ohu (8201 meters)
Dhaulaagiri (8167 meters)
Manasla (8156 meters)
Nang (8126 meters)
Annapurna (8091 meters)
Himalayas. View from cosmos
Himalayas - "The abode of snow", Hindi.
Geography
Himalayas - The highest mountain system of the globe, is in Asia (India, Nepal, China, Pakistan, Bhutan), between Tibetan Highlands (in the North) and Indo-Ganga Plain (in the south). Himalayas extend from 73 ° Eastern longitude in northwest to 95 ° Eastern longitude in the south-east. The total length of more than 2,400 km, the maximum width is 350 km. The average height is about 6000 m. Height up to 8848 m (Everest), 11 vertices of more than 8 thousand meters.
Himalayas are divided into three steps from the south to the north.
- South, lower step (prefimalaya). The Salystik Mountains, they make up the ridges of Dundva, Cheryriagati (the average height of 900 m), Solya-Single, the Safe Plateau, Cala Chitta and Margal. The width of the stage lies between 10 to 50 km, the height is not more than 1000 m.
Valley Kathmandu
- Small Himalayas, the second stage. An extensive highlands width of 80 is 100 km, the average height is 3500 - 4000 m. The maximum height is 6500 m.
Includes part of the Kashmir Himalayas - Pip Panzhal (Haramusch - 5142 m).
Between the column of the second stage, wearing the name of Dauladar "White Mountains" (The average vysotype - 3000 m) and the main Himalayas at an altitude of 1350 - 1650 m lie the Valley of Srinagar (Kashmir Valley) and Kathmandu.
- The third step is great Himalayas. This step is strongly disseminated and forms a large range of ridges. The maximum width is 90 km, the height is 8848 m. The average height of the pass reaches 4500 m, some of the 6000 m. Large Himalayas are divided into Assam, Nepalese, Kuman and Pendjab Himalayas.
- Chief Himalayan Range. The average height is 5500 - 6000 m. Here on the plot between the rivers Sutling and Arun are eight of the ten Himalayan eight-thousanders.
For the Gorge of the Arun River, the main ridge drops slightly - Peak Jonesang (7459 m), from him to the south, a branched spoon with an array of canchengang, four vertices exceed 8000 m ( maximum height - 8585 m).
On the plot between Indcom and Sutland, the main ridge is divided into Western Himalayas and the Northern Range.
- Northern ridge. In the north-western part, it is referred to as deos, and in Southeast - Zanskar ("White Copper") (the highest point - peak Kamet, 7756 m). The north is located the Indus valley, behind which the Karakorum mountain system is located in the north.
