The longest rivers in Europe. River of Empires: the largest river in Western Europe

Detailed solution to Topic 6 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found

Task 1. Using atlas maps, characterize the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use the standard plan for characterizing the country's EGP (see plan on page 233).

Task 2. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify their characteristics political system. Explain why no other part of the world has as many constitutional monarchies as there are in Western Europe. Map republics and monarchies to contour map. Also use the table. 2 in Applications.

Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. Modern European monarchs have limited power or simply serve a ceremonial role.

Task 3. Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard plan for characterizing the natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).

Task 4. Using Fig. 44, characterize foreign Europe as the main region of immigration. Highlight countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Extract from rice. 44 as much information as possible.

In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, and in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, African and Asian countries. At the same time, there is population migration within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from less economically developed countries of Europe (Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.

Task 5. Based on the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, characterize the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with uninational, binational and multinational populations.

Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. The Ural family is represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.

Task 6. Using Fig. 45 and physical card foreign Europe in the atlas, classify millionaire cities in the region according to their EGP. Identify cities located: 1) on sea coasts; 2) at river mouths; 3) far from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) far from the seas. Reflect the classification results in the table. Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?

In Belarus, Spain, Poland.

Task 7. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, atlas maps and tables 22-27 in the “Appendices”, specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. Using Figures 21-26, determine where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from in foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering is focused primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), and Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from countries Persian Gulf(largest supply flows), Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, and Canada.

Task 8. Using the map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore basins; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including sea).

Examples of the orientation of ferrous metallurgy centers towards: 1) coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, Ural in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).

Task 9. Using Fig. 49 identify agricultural crops that are most typical for countries belonging to Central and Southern European types of agriculture. Establish similarities and differences. For explanation, also use the agroclimatic map in the atlas.

The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig farming and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. The South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, is characterized by the predominance of crop production, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).

Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines, navigable rivers and sea ​​ports region. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.

Transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).

Task 11. Using plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a report on cultural and historical attractions. Why did they become major tourism centers?

There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also in Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Two more landmarks of London rise above Trafalgar Square - the London National and Portrait Galleries. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located a five-minute walk from Big Ben. Located in the center of London Tower of London and next to it is Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the British Crown Treasures. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.

London and Paris are oldest cities Europe and its cultural centers.

Task 12. Make a plan for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know World Cultural Heritage sites. Offer one or two route options.

European countries have big amount attractions that are included in the list World Heritage UNESCO. To get acquainted with them, you can create 2 routes, one will pass through Northern Europe, some countries of Central Europe and the UK. Second the route will pass for Central European countries.

1 route (main points):

Suomenlinna Fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drottningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geirangerfjord (Norway) - Bergen old shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Rune stones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk-Elshout area (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, the Netherlands) - Concentric canals of the 17th century in the Singelgracht quarter (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) - Historical Center city ​​of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in the region of Spienne (Mons, Belgium) - Megalithic monuments Stonehenge (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)

Route 2 (main points):

Palace and park complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha(Belarus) - Historic center of Warsaw (Poland) - Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (Auschwitz, Poland) - Royal salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka, Poland) - Historic center of Krakow (Poland) - Historic center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Column Holy Trinity in the city of Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral (Speyer, Germany) - Cathedral St. Mary and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)

Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Identify its main industries and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?

The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production has formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers in the region are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, and Bochum.

Task 14. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, do it short message about one of the countries (of your choice).

When preparing your message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. Territory area - 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people. By state structure is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high standard of living.

The country's urbanization level is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. IN ethnic composition The population is dominated by Germans (92%).

Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr Basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated primarily in the industrial production and service sectors. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% is manufacturing. The agricultural sector accounts for 0.5-1.5% of GDP, employing the same amount of the country’s economically active population.

Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% of marketable agricultural products come from livestock farming. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. Pig farming ranks second in importance.

Germany is one of the founding countries and a member of the European Union, a member of NATO, and is a member of the G7.

Task 15. Using atlas maps, plot on a contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural areas, transport routes and seaports of one of the foreign European countries (of your choice).

Task 16. Review the material in Part I of the textbook and Topic 6 “Foreign Europe”, as well as the tables in the “Appendices” and write down in a notebook all the information and digital data related to Germany. Use your notes for more full characteristics economic and social geography of this country.

The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of Germany is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes in latitudinal and meridional directions, and the presence of access to the Baltic and North Seas.

In terms of its form of government, the Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary republic, and in terms of its administrative-territorial structure, it is a federal state.

In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the USA, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.

The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at the post-industrial stage of development.

In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.

Mechanical engineering focuses on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. In Great Britain and the Czech Republic, there are enterprises in this industry in almost every city.

The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.

The country has a developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. In terms of the sectoral structure of the non-ferrous industry, the copper industry stands out.

The transport network of Germany is multi-center.

Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of yield of field and garden crops and livestock productivity. The industry is characterized by the predominance of livestock farming. They raise mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the population's food needs. Of the food crops, the most important are wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets.

The international specialization of Germany is the export of automobiles, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronics products, sea ​​vessels, chemicals and light industrial products.

Task 17. Work in a notebook

17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) size of territory; 2) population size; 3) level of urbanization. Draw conclusions.

By territory size

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. Europe contains part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).

By population

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among European countries there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people and less than 1 million.

By level of urbanization

After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with an urbanization percentage above 80% are dwarf states and most economically the developed countries Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by climate influences. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.

17.3. Using tables, figures and the text of topic 6, determine which countries in the region are among the top ten countries in the world in the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products. Present the obtained data in the form of a table.

17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources of information, describe your virtual trip along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.

The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). The Danube is often called an “international” river, as it flows through the territory of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. The main feature of the Danube is the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off from the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the muddiest among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. The territories of the water basin covered by the Danube along its entire length have the most diverse landscape. These are high mountain areas with glaciers, mountain ranges medium height, covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. In its lower reaches, the Danube branches and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.

17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates of Western Europe.

San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. Located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country lies entirely on the southwestern slope mountain range Monte Titano, rising above the hilly plain of the foothills of the Apennines. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all attractions. The visiting card, as well as the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country), is the medieval complex “The Three Towers of San Marino”, located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

17.6. Identify the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying topic 6. Which of them are new to you?

The following methods were used to compile maps on this topic:

The method of map diagrams, with which you can trace the structure of industry;

Traffic signs that are used to show the spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena (for example, transport routes, population migration, etc.);

Icon method (reflection of production volume by country);

Qualitative and quantitative background method.

Self-control and mutual control block

Test your knowledge of specific material:

1. Which of the listed countries in foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?

Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.

2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway to access the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?

Answer: Of the above, let Hungary and Serbia use the Danube Waterway for access to the sea, since they have no access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important role transport role. In addition, of the listed countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.

3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe are classified as world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, ​​Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?

Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)

4. Which of the following areas are considered highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?

Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).

Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:

1. What are the characteristic features of a Western European city?

In the center of such a (Western European) city there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which radiate narrow streets old town with residential buildings, shops and buildings. Architectural and historical landmarks are usually preserved in the old city. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.

2. What are the specific features of the fuel and energy economy of the countries of Eastern Europe?

In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place is occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). In Eastern Europe, unlike the countries of Western Europe, the focus on coal as an energy source has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region also focus on coal basins.

3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?

In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. In the southern part, ore deposits predominate, and the reserves of fuel resources here are much smaller.

4. What are the characteristic features transport system foreign Europe?

The region's transport system is of the Western European type. In terms of transportation range, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But in terms of transport network availability, it ranks first in the world. It is characterized by high traffic density and the great importance of international and transit transport. Automobile transport plays a major role in the transport of passengers and cargo.

Use the cards to answer the questions:

1. In which countries of foreign Europe does the role of capital not be played by the largest city of the country?

Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.

2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?

Answer: The highest population density is typical for Monaco (more than 10,000 people/km2). High densities are also typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.

3. How can you get from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland Peninsula?

Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Sea. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.

4. Which industries are most typical for industrial areas and hubs formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal basins?

For industrial areas formed in metropolitan regions Typical industries include mechanical engineering, electronics, and food industry. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (fish processing and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.

5. Which metallurgical plants use imported raw materials and fuel?

Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate using imported raw materials and fuel. Such plants are found in Italy (Taranto), Germany, France, and Great Britain.

Explain:

1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of immigration?

Europe is characterized by the “aging of nations”, when the proportion of the elderly population increases and the proportion of young and working-age people sharply decreases. When superimposed on the still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, European countries for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of wars in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has sharply increased. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).

2. Why is there a sharp advantage of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?

These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This is precisely what explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always the political centers of their countries. This is how Rome became modern capital Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was moved from Rome to other cities.

3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden 60-80% is accounted for by industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - by agriculture?

Countries Southern Europe have more favorable agroclimatic resources in comparison with the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This makes it possible to actively develop agriculture; a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves of mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.

4. Why do oil monopolies explore and produce oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?

Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires costs to deliver this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries are pursuing an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries to reduce the dependence of the country's energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, oil is being developed and produced on its territory.

5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?

Agricultural land in Norway occupies 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country's territory. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, strongly dissected by fjords and cut by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has an extended coastline and is washed by seas on 3 sides. In connection with this, fishing is developed.

6. Why does the Rhine River surpass all other river systems in the world in terms of cargo turnover?

The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through countries such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. The river is also navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, combined with the climatic conditions of the region (the Rhine does not freeze throughout the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are located big cities, characterized by a high level of industrial development.

7. Why has Europe been and remains the main region of international tourism?

This region has rich history And cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.

8. Why is the condition in depressed old industrial areas environment, usually the most threatening?

In old industrial regions, the main energy resource was coal. When coal is burned, it releases into the atmosphere a large number of particulate matter and carbon dioxide. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which economic activity person.

Please indicate:

1. In which of the following countries does the population speak languages ​​of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?

Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.

2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?

Answer: The largest influx of immigrants is typical for Italy, Germany and France.

3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?

Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.

Statement 2 is true for France and Finland.

Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.

Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.

Statement 5 is true for Germany and Switzerland.

Can you:

2. From memory, identify countries that have land borders: 1) only with Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia?

Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 – Portugal; 3 - Austria.

4. Name a country in foreign Europe where there is practically no rural population?

Answer: Monaco, Vatican.

5. Should we exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?

Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.

Choose the correct answer:

1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.

Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.

2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Holland.

Answer: Paris metropolitan area.

3. From the capital cities of the region to sea ​​coast are located: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.

Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.

4. Most oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.

Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (13th place in the world ranking as of 2016 according to OPEC).

Find out the country:

1. Island country Western Europe, which in the past was characterized by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.

Answer: Ireland.

2. A country located on a peninsula in Northern Europe. It is a constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.

Answer: Sweden.

3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, whose population speaks four official languages.

Answer: Switzerland.

Name	Length, km	Basin area, km 3	Average annual flow, km 3			Main tributaries
				Black Forest		Morava, Tisa, Olt, Inn, Drava, Sava
				Lepontine Alps	North Sea	Moselle, Meuse, Main, Ruhr, Neckar
Elbe (Laba)				Giant Mountains,		Vltava, Saale, Havel
					Atlantic Ocean	Allier, Cher, Sevres, Vienne
Tagus (Tajo)				Iberian mountains

From: Europe'sEnvironment, 1995

Loire– the longest river in France (1012 km). It originates in the Cevennes, heading north, crosses the French Massif Central and enters the Paris Basin. Then it turns west and flows through the Loire Lowland, flowing into the Bay of Biscay. In the upper reaches it is a typical mountain river, flowing in deep gorges and having steep slopes. On the plain it has a wide valley, which is flooded during floods, and therefore the river bed is embanked. The length of the dams is more than 500 km, with a height of 5–7 m. The channel strongly meanders, has a width of 300–500 m, and in places is divided into branches. The Loire carries a lot of suspended material, so the places of the riffles often change.

The river is fed by snow and rain, the highest levels are established in March and November, and low water is observed in August and September. The average water flow is 800 m 3 /sec, with a maximum (in the lower reaches) - 6000 m 3 /sec.

The Loire is connected by canals to the river. Seine, Saône, Rhine and is of great shipping importance. Main tributaries: Allier, Cher, Vienne, Sevres.

Tagus (Tajo)- the largest river of the Perenean Peninsula with a length of 1010 km. In the upper and middle reaches it crosses the Meseta plateau from east to west, where the river valley is deeply incised and not worked out. In the lower reaches of the Tagus it opens onto the Portuguese Lowland and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, forming the Mar da Paglia estuary, which reaches a length of 45 km. The harbor of Lisbon is located here - one of the most convenient on the Atlantic coast.

The river is fed mainly by rain; floods occur in winter, when most of the precipitation falls. In summer and autumn there is low water. Average water flow 438 m 3 /sec.

The Tahoe Basin contains a number of hydroelectric power plants and reservoirs. The river waters are used for irrigation. Navigation is carried out from the mouth upstream to a distance of 185 km.

Odra (Oder) 860 km long and a basin area of ​​119 thousand km 2, it begins in the Sudetes, where it flows in a narrow forested valley. Further, the river crosses the Moravian Basin, where the valley widens to 3 km and has terraced slopes. In the middle reaches of the Odra, it is characterized by alternating sections of approximately latitudinal and meridional directions. The latitudinal sections of the river coincide with the ancient hollows of the drainage of melted glacial waters; in sections of the meridional direction, the Odra breaks through elevated moraine ridges and flows in a narrow valley with steep slopes. Receiving a number of large tributaries, the Odra becomes a navigable river; its width below the confluence of the Warta River, even in the lowest water, is at least 250 m. The lower flow runs along the bottom of a vast longitudinal pre-glacial hollow with low banks. Only in one relatively short section - the so-called Odra breakthrough valley - does the latter narrow to 2–4 km. At the mouth, the channel is divided into two separate branches, of which the western one is used for navigation.

The regime is characterized by a well-defined spring flood with a maximum in March, summer-autumn low water and increased water content in the winter season.

Large rises of water in the lower reaches of the Odra can arise as a result of the coincidence of flood phases on the Odra and its large tributary, the Warta. The river freezes only in severe winters. The average annual water flow in the upper reaches is 67 m 3 /sec, and in the lower reaches - 54 m 3 /sec.

The national economic significance of Odra is very great. It is the most important waterway connecting the Silesian coal basin with the sea (via the Gliwice Canal). The Odra is connected by canals with the Elbe and Vistula, and is navigable to the upper reaches.

Main tributaries: Bubr, Nysa-Luzhitska, Warta.

Rona- the largest of the European rivers flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, its length is 812 km, the basin area is 98 thousand km 2. The origins of the Rhone lie in the Alps near the origins of the Rhine, but then it flows in the opposite direction, emptying into Lake Geneva. After leaving the lake, the river flows through the Jura Mountains, then enters a strip of alpine foothills. Near the city of Lyon, the Rhône turns sharply to the south, receives its largest tributary, the Saône, and then many tributaries flowing from the Alps (Isère, Durance) and from the Massif Central. When it flows into the Mediterranean Sea, the Rhone forms a delta.

The regime of the Rhone is largely influenced by its Alpine tributaries. In its upper reaches, like the upper Rhine, it is a typically Alpine river. The summer alpine flood is further intensified by alpine tributaries and affects all the way to the mouth. The Saone, which is full of water throughout the year, but especially in winter, during heavy rains, has a very large influence on the regime of the main river. The combination of the summer and winter maximum, as well as the autumn flood, which occurs due to rains in the Massif Central, creates conditions of high water content in the middle and lower Rhone throughout the year. In the upper reaches of the Rhone, it is connected by a canal to the Rhine, which further increases its navigable importance.

Thus, almost everywhere in Europe, conditions for the development of surface watercourses are favorable, and its river network is generally dense. However, there is not a single river in the region that is among the ten largest in the world; none of them reaches a length of 3000 km.

From Vienna the valley changes dramatically. The channel widens, the speed drops, the banks become lower. From the Devín (Moravian) Gate it is almost a flat river with a wide floodplain and numerous oxbow lakes. Lots of meanders and branches. In its middle reaches, the Danube receives large tributaries - the Tisa, Sava, and Drava. At the Iron Gate the riverbed narrows; a hydraulic junction, Djerdap, was built here. In its lower reaches, the Danube is a typically flat river. It receives tributaries from (Prut, Siret), they do not affect the regime of the Danube. At the mouth, the river is divided into three branches - Sulinskoye, Georgievskoye, Kiliyskoye. Through the first - shipping. Big economic importance. Danube - artery European countries. Large ships go up to Vienna.

The second most important river is the Rhine (1320 km). It originates in the Alps and is characterized by a typical alpine regime, with a summer maximum. Lake Constance serves as a flow regulator. At its exit near the city of Schaffhausen, the river forms the Rhine Falls, 24 m high. Below, the Rhine flows in the graben between the Black Forest and the Vosges. Here the Rhine receives its first major tributary, the Aare River, the main river (the capital is Bern). Below the city of Basel there is a middle current. The waters are heavily polluted. The tributaries Neckar, Sieg, Lahn, Main, and Moselle have a decisive influence on the regime, which here has features of the Hercynian type. Upon leaving the Rhine Slate Mountains, the Rhine is a flat river, the waters flow level with the banks. The banks are protected by dams from the rush of water onto the polders. The Rhine is connected by a system of canals with the Danube, Rhone, Marne, Weser, and Elbe. In terms of freight turnover, the Rhine ranks first in Foreign Europe. The total length of waterways in the Rhine system is 3000 km.

Other large ones are the Loire and Vistula (each about 1000 km long).

The lakes are unevenly distributed. Their largest accumulation is confined to the areas of Quaternary glaciations (Fennoscandia, Central European). Lake basins were formed as a result of processing and deepening of tectonic cracks. The largest lakes in Northern Europe are of tectonic-glacial origin: Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren, Elmaren, Inari.

Dammed lake basins in glacial areas with flat, swampy shores and small sizes - Müritz, Snyardwy, Mamry. In the foothills of the Alps there are terminal glacial lakes - Como, Garda, Lago Maggiore, Firvaldstetskoe. Tectonic lakes- Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, on the Balkan Peninsula - Shkodra, Ohrid, Prespa, in the Apennines - Fucino, Trasimenskoe, in - Balaton.

Lakes located in calderas extinct volcanoes- Bolsena, Vico, Bracciano, in the Moselle basin - the Eifel maars.

The most powerful glaciers are located on Spitsbergen, in and in the Scandinavian mountains, the southernmost glaciers are in the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Interactive map of Europe online with cities. Satellite and classic maps of Europe

Europe is a part of the world located in the northern hemisphere of the Earth (on the continent of Eurasia). The map of Europe shows that its territory is washed by the seas of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The area of ​​the European part of the continent is more than 10 million square kilometers. This territory is home to approximately 10% of the Earth's population (740 million people).

Satellite map of Europe at night

Geography of Europe

In the 18th century V.N. Tatishchev proposed to accurately determine the eastern border of Europe: along the ridge Ural mountains and the Yaik River to the Caspian Sea. Currently on satellite map In Europe, you can see that the eastern border runs along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Mugojaram Mountains, along the Emba River, the Caspian Sea, the Kuma and Manych rivers, as well as along the mouth of the Don.

Approximately ¼ of Europe's territory is on peninsulas; 17% of the territory is occupied by mountains such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Caucasus, etc. The highest point in Europe is Mont Blanc (4808 m), and the lowest is the Caspian Sea (-27 m). Largest rivers the European part of the mainland - the Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Rhine, Don and others.

Mont Blanc Peak - highest point Europe

European countries

On political map In Europe, it is clear that approximately 50 states are located on this territory. It is worth noting that only 43 states are officially recognized by other countries; five states are only partially located in Europe, and 2 countries have limited or no recognition by other countries.

Europe is often divided into several parts: Western, Eastern, Southern and Northern. Western European countries include Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Liechtenstein, Ireland, France, Monaco, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

The territory of Eastern Europe includes Belarus, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Romania.

Political map of Europe

The Scandinavian and Baltic countries are located in Northern Europe: Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.

Southern Europe is San Marino, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Vatican City, Greece, Andorra, Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Malta and Slovenia.

Partially located in Europe are countries such as Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. Unrecognized entities include the Republic of Kosovo and the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic.

Danube River in Budapest

Politics of Europe

In the field of politics, the leaders are the following European countries: France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy. Today, 28 European countries are part of the European Union, a supranational association that determines the political, trade and monetary activities of the participating countries.

Also, many European countries are members of NATO, a military alliance in which, in addition to European countries The USA and Canada are participating. Finally, 47 states are members of the Council of Europe, an organization that implements programs to protect human rights, protect the environment, etc.

Events on Maidan in Ukraine

As of 2014, the main centers of instability are Ukraine, where hostilities unfolded after Russia’s annexation of Crimea and the events on the Maidan, as well as Balkan Peninsula, where the problems that arose after the collapse of Yugoslavia have still not been resolved.

Half of European cities were built on rivers, which is not surprising, because rivers have always had important transport and economic importance for the development of cities. After all, people just love to relax on the banks of rivers, enjoying the scenery and clean water, and many - and fishing in it. The size of the rivers on which cities stand can vary greatly, and this does not mean that the largest cities should be on the largest rivers. What is the longest river in Europe will be discussed below.

1. Volga (3531 km)

It is the great Russian river that is the longest water artery in Europe. It must be admitted that in terms of length, the European record holder is far behind the longest rivers in the world, such as the Amazon, Nile, Yangtze, but in a fairly compact Europe this is already a good result. The Volga begins, like many other Eastern European rivers (Dnieper, Western Dvina etc.) on the Valdai Upland, then flows along the Central Russian Upland to the southeast, at the foothills of the Urals it turns south and flows into the internal Caspian Sea. The source of the Volga is located at an altitude of 228 meters above sea level, but its delta goes 28 meters below this level. Usually the Volga flow is divided into three sections: the upper, middle and lower Volga. In its basin, which occupies 8% of the territory of Russia, there are over 150 thousand large and small rivers.

2. Danube (2860 km)

This is the longest river in Western Europe. It begins in Germany, and then flows through the territories of 10 countries until it flows into the Black Sea. Over such a long journey, the landscapes of the Danube banks change greatly: high mountains, glaciers, mountain plateaus, karst plateaus, forested plains and fields. The Danube water has a yellowish-brown tint due to the abundance of suspended particles of silt carried away from the banks, so the “blue” Danube, praised by Johann Strauss, is also considered the muddiest European river. For Western Europe, the Danube is not only the longest, but also the deepest river.

3. Ural (2428 km)

The sources of the Ural River are located in Bashkiria, at the top of the Kruglaya Sopka mountain. Almost its entire path, the Urals flows through the territory of Russia, capturing a small piece of Kazakhstan, after which, like the Volga, it flows into the Caspian Sea. Along the upper part of the channel of the Urals runs the conventional border of dividing the Eurasian continent into 2 continents - Europe and Asia. The cities of Orenburg and Magnitogorsk were built on the Ural River. From a shipping point of view, the Urals do not have much of great importance- There are few river boats here. But there is active fishing here, since there is a lot of it in the Urals - catfish, stellate sturgeon, pike perch, sturgeon. The Ural basin covers an area of ​​231,000 square meters. km.

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4. Dnieper (2201 km)

The Dnieper River flows through the territories of Russia, Belarus and then Ukraine, and for the latter it is the longest river. The Dnieper begins very close to the Volga - on the Valdai Hills, but at the end of the road it flows into the Black Sea. On the banks of the Dnieper there are such large cities as Kyiv and Dnepropetrovsk. The Dnieper, like a typically flat river, has a calm, slow flow, and everyone has long forgotten about the Dnieper rapids, which became the bottom of reservoirs. The Dnieper is home to over 70 species of fish, including sturgeon, carp, ram and herring. Also, many types of algae grow in the Dnieper water: the most common are green, but there are also golden, diatoms, and cryptophytes.

5. Don (1870 km)

The sources of the Don are located on the Central Russian Upland, and it flows into the Sea of ​​Azov. There is a misconception that the source of the Don is located in the Shatsky reservoir, but in fact its beginning is the Urvanka stream, which flows in Novomoskovsk, Tula region (tap water flows at the site of the formal source). The Don is a navigable river, and its basin covers 422,000 square meters. km. River boats rise from the mouth of the Don to the city of Liski. Many cities were built on this ancient Russian river, including such large ones as Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Azov. Unfortunately, the Don was heavily polluted, which led to a reduction in its fish stocks. But even now it is home to almost 70 species of fish. The most common fish caught here are roach, bream, rudd, pike and perch.

6. Pechora (1809 km)

This northern river flows through the territory of Komi and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and then flows into the Barents Sea. The sources of Pechora are located in the Northern Urals. Perm and Naryan-Mar stand on its banks. Pechora is navigable, but only to Troitsko-Pechorsk. Whitefish, salmon and vendace are actively caught here. The Pechora basin, occupying 322,000 square meters. km, is rich in mineral deposits: coal, gas and oil.

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7. Kama (1805 km)

This is the longest river in Europe, being a tributary and the most big river Western Urals. The sources of the Kama are located on the Verkhnekamsk Upland, near the village of Karpushata. In the area of ​​the Kuibyshev Reservoir, the Kama flows into the Volga, the longest European river. The area of ​​the Kama basin is 507,000 square meters. km, where there are almost 75 thousand rivers and streams. True, the vast majority of them are only about ten kilometers long. It is interesting that the Kama is much older than the Volga; before the last glaciation, it itself flowed into the Caspian Sea, while the Volga merged with the Don. After the passage of the glacier, which greatly changed the terrain, much changed - the Kama became the largest tributary of the Volga.

8. Oka (1498 km)

The largest right tributary of the Volga is the Oka River, which has a basin with an area of ​​245,000 square meters. km. It begins as an ordinary spring near the village of Aleksandrovka in the Oryol region. Many ancient Russian cities were built on the Oka: Ryazan, Kaluga, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod, therefore, like the Volga, it is closely connected with the history of Russia. Divyagorsk was also built there - one of the most ancient cities of Rus', which is now almost completely washed away by the fast waters of the river. Due to the gradual shallowing of the Oka, navigation on it is unstable, which was suspended more than once (2007, 2014, 2015). For the same reason, the number of fish in the Oka is gradually decreasing.

9. Dniester (1352 km)

The Dniester River begins in the Lviv region, in the village of Volche, and at the end of its journey to the south it flows into the Black Sea, during which time it crosses the territories of Ukraine and Moldova. In many places, the border between these countries runs along the Dniester riverbed. Tiraspol, Rybnitsa, and Bendery were built on the Dniester. The area of ​​the Dniester basin is approximately 72,100 square meters. km. With the collapse of the USSR, navigation on this river decreased, and Lately has almost completely disappeared, so now only excursion ships and small vessels can occasionally be seen there.

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10. Vyatka (1314 km)

The Vyatka River begins, like the Kama, on the Verkhnekamsk Upland in Udmurtia. But at the end of its journey it still flows into this largest tributary of the Volga. The area of ​​the Vyatka basin is 129,000 square meters. km. This meandering river has a typically flat character. People use it not only for shipping, but also for timber rafting. River routes end in Kirov, having a length of approximately 700 kilometers from the mouth. There are a lot of fish in Vyatka, local residents They catch perch, pike, pike perch, roach and other species in it. Cities such as Kirov, Orlov, and Sosnovka were built on its banks.