Okhotsk Sea Coastline is cut out no bay. Sea Okhotsk: Resources, Description, Features and Interesting Facts
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is quite deeply goes into the land and is noticeably stretched from the southwest to the northeast. It has almost everywhere has coastal bodies. From the Japanese Sea it is separated about. Sakhalin and conventional lines of the m. Sushchev - M. Tyk (sheds of Nevelsky), and in the Strait of Laperose - m. Soy - m. Krylon. The south-eastern border of the sea goes from the m. Nosappu (about. Hokkaido) and through the Kuril Islands to the m. The blade (mn Kamchatka).
The Okhotsk Sea refers to the largest and in-depth seas of the world. Its area is 1,603 thousand km 2, volume - 1,316 thousand km 3, medium depth - 821 m, the greatest depth - 3,521 m.
The Okhotsk Sea refers to the stained seas of a mixed mainland-ocean type. From the Pacific Ocean, it is separated by the Kuril Grocery, which has about 30 large, many small islands and rocks. The Kuril Islands are located in the belt of seismic activity, which includes more than 30 valid and 70 extinct volcanoes. Seismic activity is manifested in the islands and under water. In the latter case, the tsunami waves are often formed. The Sea is a group of the islands of Chartarka, Spafferiev Islands, Zavyalova, Yamsky and small island Ions are the only one of all remote from the shores. With a big length coastline Rated relatively weakly. At the same time, it forms several large bays (aniva, patience, Sakhalin, Academy, Tugursky, Ayan, Shelikhov) and lips (Uska, Tuyan, Giuginskaya and Penzhinskaya).
The straits of Nevelsky and Laperose are relatively narrow and shallow water. The width of the Nevelsky Strait (between the capes of Lazarev and died) is only about 7 km. The width of the Strait of the Laperose is 43-186 km, the depth is 53-118 m.
The total width of the coicilla straits is about 500 km, and the maximum depth of the deepest of them - the Strait of Bususol - exceeds 2300 m. Thus, the possibility of water exchange between the Japanese and the Okhotsk seas is incomparably less than between the Okhotsk Sea and Safety ocean.
However, even the depth of the deepest of the Curil straits is much smaller than the maximum depth of the sea, and therefore the Kuril ridge is a huge threshold that is cutting into the depressions of the sea from the ocean.
Most important for water exchange with the ocean of the Bussol and Cruise Strait, as they have the largest square and depth. The depth of the Strait Bussol was indicated above, and the depth of the cruise-seater is 1920 m. Little value is of the freezing of frieze, the fourth Kuril, Ricorord and Hope, the depths of which are more than 500 m. The depths of the remaining straits are mainly not exceeding 200 m, and their squares are insignificant.
On distant shores
Shores Sea Okhotsk In different areas belong to different geomorphological types. Mostly, these are abrasive, modified by the sea of \u200b\u200bthe coast, and only in Kamchatka and Sakhalin are accumulative shores. Mostly the sea is surrounded by high and climby shores. In the north and northwest, rocky ledges go down straight to the sea. Along the Sakhalin bay of the shore low. The southeast coast of Sakhalin is low, and the northeast is the lowered. Shores Kuril Islands Very ripples. Northeast Hokkaido coast is predominantly lowered. The same character carries the coast of the southern part of Western Kamchatka, but the shores of its northern part are somewhat rising.
Coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
Relief DNA
Diverse the relief of the bottom of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The northern part of the sea is a mainland ovens - underwater continuation of the Asian mainland. The width of the mainland bells in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ayano-Okhotsk coast of about 185 km, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Uska lip - 260 km. Between the Meridians of Okhotsk and Magadan width, the width is increasing to 370 km. From the western edge of the sea, the island of Sakhalin is located, from East - Camchatka Oven. The shelf takes about 22% of the bottom area. The rest, most (about 70%) of the sea is within the mainland slope (from 200 to 1500 m), on which separate underwater hills, depressions and gutters are distinguished.
The deepleway, southern part of the sea (more than 2500 m), which is a piece of bed, takes 8% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe sea. It is stretched by a strip along the Kuril Islands and gradually narrows from 200 km against about. Itupourk up to 80 km against the Cruise Strait. Great depths and significant bases of the bottom are distinguished by the southwestern part of the sea from the northeast, lying on the mainland shallow.
Of the large elements of the relief of the bottom of the central part of the sea, two underwater elevations are highlighted - the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanology. Together with the protrusion of the mainland slope, they share the sea swimming pool for three basins: Northeast - Tinro, North-Western - Vadinina Derjugin and South deep-sea - Kuril Wpadin. The depressions are connected by the gutters: Makarova, P. Schmidt and Swan. To the northeast of the Tinro's depression, Gulf Gulf of Shelikhov.
The least deep Tingro, located west of Kamchatka. The bottom of it is the plain lying at a depth of about 850 m, maximum depth 990 m.
Wpadina Dergigina is east of the Sakhalin underwater base. Its bottom is flat, raised along the edges of the plain, lying on average at a depth of 1700 m, the maximum depth of the depression is -1744 m.
The deepest Kuril Wpadina. This is a huge flat plain, lying at a depth of about 3,300 m. Its width in the western part of about 212 km, the length in the northeast direction is about 870 km.
Relief and the flow of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
Flow
Under the influence of winds and the flow of water through the Kuril Straits, the characteristic features of the system of non-periodic currents of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The main one is a cyclonic flow system covering almost all the sea. It is due to the predominance of the cyclonic circulation of the atmosphere over the sea and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, resistant anticyclonic cycles are traced in the sea: west of the southern tip of the Kamchatka (approximately between 50-52 ° C.Sh. and 155-156 ° B.D.); above the TINRO (55-57 ° C.Sh. and 150-154 ° V.D.); in the area of \u200b\u200bthe South Basin (45-47 ° S.Sh. and 144-148 ° V.D.). In addition, the extensive area of \u200b\u200bcyclonic circulation of waters is observed in the central part of the sea (47-53 ° C.Sh. and 144-154 ° V.D.), and the cyclonic circulation to the east and northeast of the northern tip about. Sakhalin (54-56 ° S.Sh. and 143-149 ° V.D.).
Strong flows bypassing the sea along the coastline counterclockwise: the warm Kamchatsky flow sent to the north to the Gulf of Shelikhov; Western flow, and then south-west direction along the northern and northwestern coast of the sea; Sustainable East Sakhalin course, and a fairly strong soybean, which joins the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk through the strait of the laper.
On the southeastern periphery of the cyclonic cycle of the central part of the sea, the branch of the northeast flow is distinguished opposite to the direction of the Kuril flow in the Pacific. As a result of the existence of these streams, some of the coarse strands, sustainable areas of the convergence of flows are formed, which leads to lowering water and has a significant impact on the distribution of oceanic characteristics not only in the straits, but also in the very sea. Finally, another feature of the circulation of the Water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - bilateral sustainable flows in most Kuril Straits.
Surface flows on the surface of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are most intense from the western shores of Kamchatka (11-20 cm / s), in the Sakhalin Gulf (30-45 cm / s), in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Straits (15-40 cm / s), above the southern hollow ( 11-20 cm / s) and for soy (up to 50-90 cm / s). In the central part of the cyclonic area, the intensity of horizontal transfer is significantly less than on its periphery. In the central part of the sea, the speed varies from 2 to 10 cm / s, and the speeds are dominated less than 5 cm / s. A similar picture is observed in the Gulf of Shelikhov: quite strong flows off the coast (up to 20-30 cm / s) and small speeds in the central part of the cyclonic cycle.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, various types of periodic tidal flows are well expressed: semi-sufficient, daily and mixed with a predominance of semi-diversity or daily components. The speed of tidal flows from several centimeters to 4 m / s. Divided from the shores of the speed of the flows is small - 5-10 cm / s. In the straits, the bays and the coast of their speed increase significantly. For example, in the Curil Straits of the flow rate reach up to 2-4 m / s.
The tides of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are very complex. Tidal wave enters from the south and southeast of the Pacific Ocean. The semi-duct wave moves to the north, and on the parallel 50 ° is divided into two parts: Western turns to the north-west, the East moves to the Gulf of Shelikhov. The daily wave is also moving to the north, but on the latitude of the northern tip of Sakhalin is divided into two parts: one enters into the Bay of Shelikhov, the other comes to the north west Bank.
The greatest spread in the Okhotsk Sea has daily tides. They are developed in the Amur Liman, Sakhalin Gulf, on the coast of the Kuril Islands, from the West Bank of Kamchatka and in Penzhinsky Gulf. Mixed tides are celebrated on the North and Northwest Sea coasts and in the area Shartar Islands.
The greatest value of the tide (up to 13 m) was recorded in the Penzhinsky lip (m. Astronomical). In the area of \u200b\u200bChartarka Islands, the magnitude of the tide exceeds 7 m. Significant tides in the Sakhalin Gulf and in the Kuril Strait. In the northern part of the sea, their value reaches 5 m.
The rookery of the sea cats
The smallest tides were celebrated from eastern Shore Sakhalin, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Laperus Strait. In the southern part of the sea, the magnitude of the tides of 0.8-2.5 m.
In general, tidal level fluctuations in the Okhotsk Sea are very significant and have a significant impact on its hydrological regime, especially in the coastal zone.
In addition to tidal, well-riding levels are well developed here. They arise mainly when passing deep cyclones over the sea. Non-level raises reach 1.5-2 m. The greatest arrings are marked on the coast of Kamchatka and in the Bay of Patience.
Significant sizes and greater depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, frequent and strong winds Over it causes the development of large waves here. Especially stormy sea is in the fall, and in crushing areas and winter. These seasons account for 55-70% storm excitement, including with wave heights 4-6 m, and the greatest heights The waves reach 10-11 m. The most restricted - the southern and southeastern areas of the sea, where the average repeatability of the storm excitement is 35-40%, and in the north-western part it decreases to 25-30%. With strong excitement in the straits between the Chartarka Islands, rushing is formed.
Climate
The Sea Okhotsk is located in the monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. A significant part of the sea in the West is deeply going to the mainland and lies relatively close to the Pole of the Cold of Asian Sushi, so the main source of the cold source for the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is west. Relatively high ridges Kamchatka make it difficult to penetrate the warm Pacific air. Only in the south-east and in the south, the sea is open to the Pacific Ocean and the Japanese sea, from which there is a significant amount of heat. However, the effect of cooling factors affects more than peculiar, so the Sea Okhotsk is generally cold. At the same time, due to the large meridional length, significant differences arise here in the synoptic environment and meteorological conditions. In the cold part of the year (from October to April), the Siberian Anticyclone and Aleutian minimum affect the sea. The effect of the latter applies mainly to the south-eastern part of the sea. Such a distribution of large-scale baric systems causes strong sustainable northwestern and northern winds, often reaching storm power. Malmaty and stole almost completely absent, especially in January and February. In winter, the wind speed is usually 10-11 m / s.
Dry and cold winter Asian monsoon enhanced air over the north and northwestern areas of the sea. In the cold month - January - average temperature The air in the north-west of the sea is -20 - 25 °, in the central regions -10-15 °, and in the southeastern part of the sea it is -5 - 6 °.
In autumn-winter time, cyclones are overlooking mainly continental origin. They bring with them the amplification of the wind, sometimes lowering the air temperature, but the weather remains clear and dry, as the continental air from the cooled mainland comes. In March - April there is a restructuring of large-scale baric fields. The Siberian Anticyclone is destroyed, and the Hawaiian maximum is enhanced. As a result, the Warm Season (from May to October), the Okhotsk Sea is under the influence of the Hawaiian maximum and the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure located above Eastern Siberia. At this time, weak southeastern winds prevail over the sea. Their speed usually does not exceed 6-7 m / s. Most often, these winds are observed in June and in July, although these months are sometimes marked by stronger northwestern and northern winds. In general, the Pacific (summer) monsoon is weaker than Asian (winter), since in the warm season, horizontal pressure gradients are smoothed.
In summer, the average monthly air temperature in August decreases from the south-west (from 18 °) to the northeast (up to 10-10.5 °).
In the warm season over the southern part of the sea, tropical cyclones are often held - typhoon. With them, the amplification of wind is connected to the storm, which can last up to 5-8 days. The predominance in the spring-summer season of southeastern winds leads to significant cloudiness, precipitation, fog.
Monsoon winds and stronger winter heating in the western part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk compared to the eastern - important climatic features of this sea.
In the Okhotsk Sea, quite a lot of predominantly small rivers falls, so with a significant amount of its water, the mainland stock is relatively small. It is approximately 600 km 3 / year, and about 65% of the drain gives Amur. Other relatively large rivers - Penjina, Hunting, Uda, Big (in Kamchatka) - bring significantly less fresh water. The drain is mainly in the spring and early summer. At this time, its influence is mostly in the coastal zone, near the mouths. large rivers.
Hydrology and water circulation
Geographical location, high length of meridian, monsoon wind shift and good sea connection with the quiet ocean through the Kuril Straits - the main natural factors that significantly affect the formation of the hydrological conditions of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The magnitudes of the arrival and consumption of heat in the sea are mainly determined by rational warming and heating of the sea. The heat, brought by Pacific Waters, has a subordinate value. However, for the water balance of the sea, the arrival and stock of water through the Kuril Straits plays a decisive role.
The flow of surface Pacific Waters to the Okhotsk Sea occurs mainly through the northern straits, in particular through the first Kurilsky. In the sheds of the middle part of the ridge, both the flow of Pacific waters and the flow of the Okhotsk are observed. Thus, in the surface layers of the third and fourth straits, apparently, there is a stock of water from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, in the bottom - the influx, and in the Strait of Busol - on the contrary: in the surface layers - the influx, in the depths - stock. In the southern part of the ridge, mainly through the Straits of Catherine and Frieza, there is mainly the flow of water from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The intensity of water exchange through the straits can change significantly.
In the upper layers of the southern part of the Kuril Ridge prevails stock hunt seawaterAnd in the upper layers of the northern part of the ridge there is an admission of Pacific waters. In the deep layers, the receipt of Pacific waters.
Water temperature and salinity
The influx of Pacific water significantly affects the distribution of temperature, salinity, the formation of the structure and the general circulation of the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. It is characterized by a subarctic structure of water, in which the cold and warm intermediate layers are well pronounced in summer. A more detailed study of the subarctic structure in this sea showed that it exists the Okhotorskaya, Pacific and Kuril varieties of the subarctic structure of water. With the same character of the vertical structure, they have quantitative differences in the characteristics of the aquatic masses.
The following aquatic masses are distinguished in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk:
surface aqueous mass having spring, summer and autumn modifications. It is a thin heated layer with a thickness of 15-30 m, which limits the upper maximum resistance due to the main temperature. This aqueous mass is characterized by the corresponding temperatures and salinity values \u200b\u200bcorresponding to each season;
the ohuntomorsk aqueous mass is formed in winter from surface water and in spring, in summer and in the fall, it is manifested in the form of a cold intermediate layer that occurs between the horizons 40-150 m. This aqueous mass is characterized by a rather homogeneous salinity (31- 32.9 ‰) and different temperatures. For most of the sea, its temperature is below 0 ° and comes to -1.7 °, and it happens above 1 ° in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Strait;
the intermediate aqueous mass is formed mainly due to the lowering of water in the underwater slopes, within the sea, located from 100-150 to 400-700 m, and is characterized by a temperature of 1.5 ° and salinity of 33.7 ‰. This aqueous mass is distributed almost everywhere, except for the northern part of the sea, the Bay of Shelikhov and some areas along the shores of Sakhalin, where the oakomorskaya aqueous water comes to the bottom. The thickness of the intermediate water mass layer decreases from the south to the north;
the deep Pacific aqueous water is the water of the lower part of the warm ocean layer, entering the Okhotsk Sea on the horizons below 800-1000 m, i.e. Below the depth of the waters dropping in the straits, and the sea is manifested in the form of a warm intermediate layer. This aqueous mass is located on the horizons 600-1350 m, has a temperature of 2.3 ° and salinity 34.3. However, its characteristics change in space. The highest values \u200b\u200bof temperature and salinity are noted in the northeast and partly in the northwestern regions, which is connected here with the rise of water, and the smallest values \u200b\u200bof characteristics are characteristic of Western and southern regions, where water is lowered.
The aqueous mass of the South Basin has a Pacific origin and is the deep water of the Northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean near the horizon of 2300 m, i.e. The horizon corresponding to the maximum depth of the threshold in the Kuril sheds located in the Strait of Busol. This aqueous mass fills the hill from the horizon of 1350 m to the bottom and is characterized by a temperature of 1.85 ° and salinity of 34.7 ‰, which only change slightly with depth.
Among the highlighted water masses, Okhotomorskaya and deep Pacific are basic, they differ from each other not only by thermohalin, but also by hydrochemical and biological indicators.
The water temperature on the sea surface drops from the south to the north. In winter, almost ubiquitous surface layers are cooled to the freezing temperature, equal to -1.5-1.8 °. Only in the south-eastern part of the sea, it holds around 0 °, and near the northern coarse straits under the influence of Pacific water temperature reaches 1-2 °.
Spring heating at the beginning of the season mainly goes on melting of ice, only by the end of it begins to increase the water temperature.
In summer, the distribution of water temperature on the surface of the sea is quite varied. In August, the most prohibited (up to 18-19 °) water adjacent to about. Hokkaido. In the central areas of the sea, the water temperature is 11-12 °. The coldest surface waters are observed from about. Ions, at m. Pyagin and near the Cruise Strait. In these areas, the water temperature is held within 6-7 °. The formation of local foci of increased and reduced water temperature on the surface is mainly due to the redistribution of heat by trends.
The vertical distribution of water temperature is different from the season for the season and from the place to the place. In the cold season, the temperature change with a depth is less difficult and varied than in warm seasons.
In winter, in the northern and central areas of the sea, the cooling of water spreads to the horizons 500-600 m. The water temperature is relatively homogeneous and varies from -1.5-1.7 ° on the surface to -0.25 ° on the horizons 500-600 m, it deeper It rises to 1-0 °, in the southern part of the sea and near the Kuril straits, the water temperature from 2.5-3 ° on the surface is reduced to 1-1,4 ° on the horizons 300-400 m and then smoothly rises to 1.9-2 , 4 ° in the bottom layer.
In summer, surface waters are processed to a temperature of 10-12 °. In the subsurface layers, the water temperature is somewhat lower than on the surface. A sharp decrease in temperature to -1 - 1.2 ° is observed between the horizons 50-75 m, deeper, to the horizons 150-200 m, the temperature quickly rises to 0.5 - 1 °, and then it rises more smoothly, and on the horizons 200 - 250 m is 1.5 - 2 °. Next, the water temperature almost does not change to the bottom. In the southern and southeastern parts of the sea, along the Kuril Islands, the water temperature from 10 to 14 ° on the surface is reduced to 3 - 8 ° on the horizon of 25 m, then up to 1.6-2.4 ° on the horizon 100 m and to 1 , 4-2 ° at the bottom. For vertical temperature distribution in summer, a cold intermediate layer is characterized. In the northern and central areas of the sea, the temperature in it is negative, and only near the Kuril Straits it has positive values. In different parts of the sea, the depth of the cold intermediate layer is different and varies from year to year.
The distribution of salinity in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk relatively little varies on the seasons. The salinity rises in the eastern part under the influence of Pacific waters, and decreases in the western part, designed by the mainland stock. In the western part of the salinity on the surface 28-31, and in Eastern - 31-32 ‰ and more (up to 33 ‰ near the Kuril ridge),
In the north-western part of the sea, due to desalination, the salinity on the surface is 25 ‰ and less, and the thickness of the desalinated layer is about 30-40 m.
With a depth in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is an increase in salinity. On the horizons 300-400 m in the western part of the sea salinity is 33.5, and in Eastern - about 33.8 ‰. On the horizon, 100 m salinity is 34 and further to the bottom increases slightly, only 0.5-0.6.
In individual bays and sheds, the magnitude of salinity, its stratification can differ significantly from the water of the open sea depending on local conditions.
In accordance with the temperature and salinity, denser waters are observed in winter in the northern and central areas of the sea covered with ice. Somewhat less density in a relatively warm boncuril area. In summer, water density decreases, its smallest values \u200b\u200bare confined to the zones of the influence of coastal drain, and the greatest are marked in areas of spread of Pacific waters. In winter, it rises slightly from the surface to the bottom. In summer, its distribution depends on the upper layers on temperature, and on the middle and lower horizons - from salinity. IN summer time A noticeable density stratification of water vertically is created, the density is particularly noticeably increased on horizons 25-50 m, which is associated with waters in open areas and desalination off the coast.
Wind mixing is carried out in a lack of year. It is most intensive in the spring and autumn, when strong winds blow over the sea, and the stratification of water is expressed not very sharply. At this time, the wind mixing spreads to the horizons 20-25 m from the surface.
Intensive gland formation for most of the sea excites the enhanced thermohalin winter vertical circulation. At depths up to 250-300 m, it spreads to the bottom, and below it prevents the maximum sustainability existing here. In areas with crossed terrain, the distribution of density mixing in the lower horizons contributes to the location of the water in the slopes.
Arcity
Sigor and long winters with strong northwestern winds contribute to the development of large ice masses in the sea. Ice of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - exclusively local education. Here are found both fixed ice - soldiers and floating ice, representing the basic shape of the ice of the sea.
In a different amount of ice, we are found in all parts of the sea, but in the summer all the sea is cleared of ice. The exception is the area of \u200b\u200bChartarka Islands, where ice can be maintained in summer.
Ice formation begins in November in the bays and lips of the northern part of the sea, in the coastal part about. Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Then the ice appears in the open part of the sea. In January and February, ice occupy the whole northern and middle part of the sea.
In the usual years south border Comparatively stable ice cover bends to the north and passes from the strait of the lapere to the m. The blade.
The extreme southern part of the sea never freezes. However, due to the winds, significant ice masses are taken from the north, often accumulating the Kuril Islands.
From April to June, the fracture and gradual disappearance of ice cover occurs. On average ice in the sea disappears at the end of May - early June. The north-western part of the sea thanks to the trends and the configuration of the shores is most clogged with ice, which remained until July. Ice cover in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is held for 6-7 months. Floating ice is covered by more than 3/4 sea surfaces. The cohesive ice of the northern part of the sea represent serious obstacles to diving even icebreakers.
The total duration of the ice period in the northern part of the sea reaches 280 days a year.
The southern coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands belong to areas with low ice visibility: here the ice on average holds no more than three months a year. The thickness of the growing ice during the ice reaches 0.8-1 m.
Strong storms tidal flows Slide ice cover in many areas of the sea, forming a torus and large divorce. In the open part of the sea, there is never a continuous fixed ice, usually the ice drifting, in the form of extensive fields with numerous divorces.
Some of the ice from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is taken out to the ocean, where he is almost immediately destroyed and melts. In the harsh winter, floating ice floats with northwestern winds pressed against the Kuril Islands and scoring some straits.
Economic significance
Fish of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are about 300 species. Of these, about 40 species are related to commercial. Major fishing fish - Minttai, Herring, Cod, Navaga, Kambala, Marine Okun, washing. The catch of salmon (knights, humpbacks, societies, cozy, challenges) are small.
Sea Okhotsk - part of the Pacific Ocean, separated from him by the peninsula of Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Island of Hokkaido. The sea is washes the coast of Russia and Japan. The Sea Okhotsk is called the Hunt River, which in turn comes from Evensk. Oakat - "River". Earlier was called Lamb (from Evensk. Lam - "Sea"), as well as Kamchatsky Sea. The western part of the sea is located on the continental shelf and has a small depth. In the center of the sea there are depressions of Derjugin (in the south) and Wpadina Tingro. In the eastern part there is a Kuril's hollow, in which the depth is maximum. The coast in the north is strongly cut, in the northeast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the largest bay is located - Shalikhov Bay. From the smallest bays of the northern part are the most famous for the most famous lip and shelving bays, Zabichka, Babushkin, Kekurn. In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the south-west, the largest Aniva and patience are the bays, the Odessa Bay on the island of ITUURUP.
Okhotsk Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of Russia. There are important seaside paths connecting Vladivostok with the northern regions of the Far East and the Kuril Islands. Large ports on the coast of the mainland - Magadan and Okhotsk; on the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov; On the Kuril Islands - North-Kurilsk.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was opened by Russian landlords I. Yu. Moskvitin and V. D. Poyarkov in the first half of the 17th century. Since 1733, the work of the second Kamchatka expedition began, the participants of which were detailed maps Almost all of his shores.
The Sea Okhotsk, called the same lame or Kamchatka Sea, is a semi-closed sea in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is washes the shores of Russia and Japan (about. Hokkaido).
From the west, it is limited to the mainland of Asia from Cape Lazareva to the mouth of the Penzhina River; from the north - the Kamchatka peninsula; From the east of the islands of the Kuril Ridge and from the south of Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands.
With the quiet ocean, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is connected through the system of the Curil Straits. Such straits are more than 30 and their total width of more than 500 kilometers. FROM Japanese sea It has a message through the straits of Nevelsky and Laperose.
Characteristic of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
The sea is called by the name of the river hunting in it. The Square of the Sea is 1603,000 square kilometers. The average depth is 1780 meters, at a maximum depth of 3916 meters. From the north to south, the sea stretches 2445 kilometers, and from east west to 1407 kilometers. The approximate volume of water enclosed in it is 1365 thousand cubic kilometers.
The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is risen weakly. Its length is 10460 kilometers. The most large bays are: Gulf of Shelikhov, Sakhalin Bay, Uda Guba, Tuyan Guba and the Bay of the Academy. Northern, northwestern and northeastern shores are high and rocky. In places of lubricants of large rivers (Amur, Uda, Hunting, Gignary, Penjin), as well as in the west of Kamchatka, in the northern part of Sakhalin and Hokkaido coast are predominantly low.
From October to May - June northern part The sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part almost does not freeze. In winter, the water temperature near the sea surface ranges from -1.8 ° C to 2.0 ° C, the temperature rises to 10-18 ° C in summer.
The salinity of the surface waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is 32.8-33.8 ppm, and the salinity of coastal waters usually does not exceed 30 ppm.
Climate of the Sea Okhotsk
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is located in the monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. Most of the year with the mainland, cold dry winds, getting off the northern half of the sea. From October to April, the negative air temperature, steady ice cover, is observed here.
In the northeastern part of the sea, the average temperature in January - February ranges from - 14 to - 20 ° C. In the Northern and Western regions, the temperature varies from - 20 to - 24 ° C. In the South and Eastern part of the sea in winter, significantly warmer from - 5 up to - 7 ° C.
Middle temperatures of July and August, respectively, wounds 10-12 ° C; 11-14 ° C; 11-18 ° C. Annual precipitation in different places of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk also differently. So in the north there is 300-500 mm of precipitation per year; in the west to 600-800 mm; In the southern and south-eastern part of the sea - over 1000 mm.
According to the composition of the organisms living in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, it is rather an arctic character. See moderate stripes, due to thermal exposure to ocean waters, are mostly southern and southeast of the sea.
In coastal zones, numerous settlements of mussels, lyonic and other mollusks, preoccupative racks, marine hells, crustacean crabs are noted.
At the large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, a rich fauna of invertebrates was found. Glass sponges, dowry, deep-sea corals, crustaceans are inhabited here.
Okhotsk Sea is rich in fish. The most valuable are salmonous species: Keta, Gorbow, Kizhuh, Chavik and Nerque. The industrial catch of herring, pollock, cambal, cod, navaga, washev, and bodies are underway.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, large mammals live - whales, seals, sivuchi and sea seals. Many seabirds that arrange noisy "bazers" on the coasts.
UN recognized an enclave of the Okhotsk Sea part of the shelf of the Russian Federation
Inessa Dotsenko
The UN Commission on the Borders of the Continental Shelf recognized the Anclave of the Okhotsk Sea 52 thousand square kilometers part of the Russian continental shelf.
According to ITAR-TASS, the minister stated natural resources and ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy.
We officially received a document of the UN Commission on the Continental Shelf on the satisfaction of our application for an enclave recognition in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk by the Russian shelf. This is the ever-acting event, so I would like to congratulate everyone with it, "he said.
The decision of the commission, according to the minister, is unconditional and reverse does not have. Now the Russian jurisdiction is fully distributed on the enclave.
As ITAR-TASS informs, the Donskoy also informed that Russia's application for the expansion of the continental shelf in the Arctic will be ready in the fall of this year. In the autumn of submitting an application to the UN commission on the borders of the continental shelf depends on how the claims on an enclave in the Arctic of other countries will be built.
All resources that will be discovered there - everything will be mined exclusively within the framework of Russian legislation, said Donskaya. He said that according to the estimates of geologists, the total volume of hydrocarbon detected on this section exceeds a billion tons.
Magadan Governor Vladimir Listov believes that the recognition of an enclave in the middle of the Okhotsk Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian continental shelf opens up new prospects for the economy of Kolyma and the entire Far East. First of all, get rid of numerous administrative barriers to the fishermen of the region.
First, fishing fish, crab, mollusks can be freely conducted at any point of cooling. Special demolition resolutions will not be required both when leaving the sea and on return. Secondly, when the Russian territory is not only a 200-mile zone, and all the sea, we will get rid of the poaching of foreign fisheries in their waters. It will be easier to maintain a unique environment, "the press service of the government of the word of the liver leads.
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In the center of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there is an extended enclave of significant sizes. Previously, he was considered the "open sea". On its territory they could freely move and lead fishing of the court of any states. In November 2013, Russia managed to prove the rights to 52 thousand square kilometers of the water area in the center of the Okhotsk Sea. For comparison, it is more than the Square of Holland, Switzerland or Belgium. The center of the Okhotsk Sea ceased to be part of the World Ocean and became completely Russian. After approval at the UN session, the process of legal assignment of the enclave to the Russian continental shelf can be considered fully completed.
Map of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - the temperature of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
The water temperature on the sea surface drops from the south to the north. In winter, almost ubiquitous surface layers are cooled to the freezing temperature of -1.5 ...- 1.8 ° C. Only in the southeastern part of the sea, it holds around 0 ° C, and near the northern coarse straits under the influence of Pacific water temperature reaches 1-2 ° C.
Spring heating at the beginning of the season mainly goes on melting of ice, only by the end of it begins to increase the water temperature.
In summer, the distribution of water temperature on the surface of the sea is quite varied. In August, the most lactions (up to 18-19 ° C) of water adjacent to the island of Hokkaido. In the central areas of the sea, the water temperature is 11-12 ° C. The coldest surface waters are observed at the island of ions, at Cape Pyagina and near the Cruise Strait. In these areas, the water temperature is held within 6-7 ° C. The formation of local foci of increased and reduced water temperature on the surface is mainly due to the redistribution of heat flow.
The vertical distribution of water temperature is different from the season for the season and from the place to the place. In the cold season, the temperature change with a depth is less difficult and varied than in warm seasons.
In winter, in the northern and central areas of the sea, the cooling of water spreads to the horizons 500-600 m. The water temperature is relatively homogeneous and varies from -1.5 ...- 1.7 ° C on the surface to -0.25 ° C on the horizons 500- 600 m, deeper it rises to 1-0 ° C, in the southern part of the sea and near the coarse straits, the water temperature from 2.5-3 ° C on the surface drops to 1-1,4 ° C on the horizons 300-400 m and further Smoothly rises to 1.9-2.4 ° C in the bottom layer.
In summer, surface waters are processed to a temperature of 10-12 ° C. In the subsurface layers, the water temperature is somewhat lower than on the surface. A sharp decrease in temperature to -1 ...- 1.2 ° C is observed between the horizons 50-75 m, deeper, to the horizons 150-200 m, the temperature quickly rises to 0.5-1 ° C, and then it rises more smoothly and on the horizons 200-250 m is 1.5-2 ° C. Next, the water temperature almost does not change to the bottom. In the southern and southeastern parts of the sea, along the Kuril Islands, the water temperature from 10-14 ° C on the surface drops to 3-8 ° C on the horizon 25 m, then up to 1.6-2.4 ° C on the horizon 100 m and up to 1.4-2 ° C at the bottom. For vertical temperature distribution in summer, a cold intermediate layer is characterized. In the northern and central regions
the sea is negative in it, and only near the coarse straits it has positive values. In different parts of the sea, the depth of the cold intermediate layer is different and varies from year to year.
