Drawing of deepening brands. Grocery brands
On cargo ships, the definition and calculation of the precipitate are required for various purposes. For example, to determine the mass of submerged or unloaded cargo, to give the vessel of a given differential, etc. The sediment of the vessel is measured on the nasal, feed and medium grooves.
Grocery brands It is welded on both sides of the vessel body and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Middle of the numbers and horizontal lines. The sediment of the vessel in the area of \u200b\u200bthe application of the brand is equal to the vertical distance from the bottom edge of the number to the lower edge of the keel. In everyday work for measuring the precipitation, the term "remove precipitation" is used, i.e. Determine the sediment of the ship in the grooves marks or determine the sediment by measuring the height of the surface side.
Deepening stamps are painted in white color on a dark background or in a dark color on a light background.
Labeling of grooves can be performed:
In the metric system (Arabic figures), the precipitate is measured in meters - with the height of the numbers and the distance between them (according to the perpendicular to the main plane) is 100 mm.
In the English system (Roman numbers), the sediment is measured in feet (1 foot \u003d 0.3048 m. One foot of 12 inches, 1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm). In this case, the height of the numbers and the distance between the numbers (by perpendicular to the main plane) is 0.5 feet (6 inches).
If both systems are used on the vessel, then with the left side of the grooves, the Roman numbers are applied, and from the right side of Arabic figures.
It should be noted that the accuracy of the computing associated with them depends on the accuracy of the removal of the precipitate. Therefore, the vessels should learn to remove precipitation under different adverse conditions: weak illumination, excitement, snow, ice, bad distinguishability of brands due to a large surveillance angle or poor stamp color.
In addition, it is necessary to purchase the skills of measuring the height of the surface board at the location of the deepening brands. On the measured altitude of the surface side, the sediment of the vessel is also calculated at the measurement site.
An example of the removal of the precipitate in the English and metric grooves is shown in Figure 1.
English system metric system
Measurement of precipitation by grooves
The form of the end of the vessel case does not always allow the brand of deepening on the nasal and feed perpendiculars. Therefore, for the convenience of removing the precipitate, they are applied at some distance from the corresponding perpendicular.
The nasal brand is applied either on a nose perpendicular, or in stern from it.
Feed and average grooves can be applied both in the nose and in stern from the relevant perpendicular.
Sometimes part of the groove of the recess is applied on the perpendicular, and its other part at some distance from it.
Figure 2 shows an example of the arrangement of the deepening brands relative to the nasal and feed perpendicular and the fossele of the vessel. Usually on ship schemes indicates the distance between the gauge of the deepening and the corresponding perpendicular. Since in all calculations associated with the definition of the vessel planting and the determination of the mass of cargo by precipitation, precipitation on perpendicular is used, the precipitation filmed on the grooves should be corrected by appropriate amendments in order to match the precipitation on perpendicular. Create precipitates filmed on the grooves, it means to "lead" them to the appropriate perpendicular. To do this, enjoy the formulas that are given in the article "Running a precipitate for perpendicular."
An example of a deepening brand location scheme.
Designations used in Figure 2:
QLL is a structural waterline corresponding to the sediment of the vessel on the summer freight brand.
lN - Disturbing of the nasal grade of deepening from the nasal perpendicular.
lSR - Distance of the average groove of recess from the Middle.
lDK - Distribution of the feed grade of deepening from the feed perpendicular.
Brand of precipitation
Sediment brands (deepening mark)
signs on the outer trim in the nose, the stern and the middle part of the vessel hull applied at some level from the keel to determine the sediment of the vessel. The grades of precipitate are numbers or letters with a height and distance between them 100 mm. The size of the sediment with the nose and feed can be determined, only knowing the distance of each brand of precipitation from the keel (given in a special scheme of the layout brand)
Edwart. Military Marine Dictionary, 2010
Watch what is "grades of precipitation" in other dictionaries:
- (Draught Marks) see the cargo brand. Samoilov K. I. Maritime dictionary. M. L.: State Military Marine Publishing House NKVMF Union SSR, 1941 ... Maritime Dictionary
Grocery brands - Vertical scales applied on the outer skin of both sides of the vessel in the Forstevnya and Ahterstevnya area, and large ships are also Middle Spangling. Arabic figures are marked with a height of 10 cm, located at the same height of each other and ... ... Sea Encyclopedic Directory
The magnitude of the precipitate - The value of the sedimentary mark marks obtained in different measurement cycles. A source …
Deepening brands showing sediment sediment ... Wikipedia
the consignment - 3.3 Party: the rails of one type, one or more melting, one thermal treatment mode (for thermoproprotte rails), simultaneously submitted to the acceptance in the amount of no more than 100 pcs. Source: GOST R 51685 2000: Rails ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
Petrol - (Petrol) gasoline is the most common fuel for most types of transport. Detailed information about the composition, receipt, storage and application of gasoline Contents \u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e\u003e ... Encyclopedia Investor
value - 2.26 C (C VALUE): a dimensionless value that expresses the degree of thermal contact between temperature sensors and the medium whose temperature should be measured. A source … Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
Sea term, the angle of deviation of the vessel housing from the horizontal position in the longitudinal direction, the difference in the sediment of the stern and the nose of the vessel. In aviation to designate the same angle defining the orientation of the aircraft, the term is used ... ... Wikipedia
MDS 13-22.2009: Methods of geodesic monitoring of the technical condition of high-rise buildings and unique buildings and structures - MDS terminology 13 22.2009: Methodology of geodetic monitoring of the technical condition of high-rise buildings and unique buildings and structures: Absolute (complete) sediment The total sediment from the beginning of the observations obtained relative to the original high-altitude ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
MDS 13-22.2009: Methods for monitoring the technical condition of high-altitude and other unique buildings and structures with geodetic methods - MDS Terminology 13 22.2009: Methodology for monitoring the technical condition of high-altitude and other unique buildings and structures with geodesic methods: Absolute (full) sediment The total sediment from the beginning of the observations obtained relatively source ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
Supplying the landing during operation is carried out by glinding brands. In contrast to the precipitate, which is counted from the theoretical main plane of the OP (i.e., from the inner surface of the outer sheathing ), the deepening is counted from the lower edge of the horizontal keel (i.e. it takes into account its thickness).
Grocery brands They are applied on both sides of Arabic numbers in the Midel - Spanmost area, on Forstevna and Ahtershtevne in the area of \u200b\u200bnasal and feed perpendiculars and they denote the deepening in decimeters.
The arrangement of the deepening brands on the housing of the vessel is shown in Fig. 3.4.
Fig. 3.4. Defining a precipitate for grooves
Calculation of the sediment of the ship by grooves
Sideline T (D) is the distance measured from the OP, i.e. The top edge of the horizontal keel to the waterline on the Midel - the Ship Spanort T. m. , as well as on the nose T. n. and feed T. to Perpendiculars.
Deepening the shipT. w. It is the distance measured from the lower edge of the horizontal keel to the waterline, measured by the grooves made on board the vessel in the Middle and Nasal and Feed Perpendiculars.
Obviously the sediment of the vessel T. different from the deepening of the vessel T. w. By the magnitude of the amendment and is calculated by the formulas:
T. n. = T. well – δ GK +. l. n. ∙ tGψ.;
T. to = T. ku – δ GK +. l. to ∙ tGψ.; (3.3)
T. m. = T. mu – δ GK +. l. m. ∙ tGψ.,
where δ GK - thickness of horizontal keel, m;
l. n. , l. to , l. m. - distances from grades of deepening to the Middle and Nasam and Feed Perpendiculars, M;
ψ - the angle of the differential, hail., Defined by the formula:
(3.4)
Values l. n. , l. to , l. m. - Positive, if located in the nose from perpendiculars and the Middle and negative - if in the stern. These values \u200b\u200bin the ship documentation are given in tabular form (Table 3.1). The diagram of determining the precipitate on the grooves marks is shown in Fig. 3.4.
Table 3.1. Disturbation of grooves of recesses from perpendiculars and mid
|
l. n. , M. | |||||||||||||
|
l. to , M. | |||||||||||||
|
l. m. , M. |
The grooves are brewed in the form of strips and Arab numbers in decimeters, and
then they are applied with black or white paint depending on the color of the side. The height of the numbers and the distance between them are equal to 10 cm.
Calculation of vessel displacement
The calculation of the displacement and its geometric characteristics of the underwater part of the case is made on the theoretical drawing of the vessel during its design, and for practical calculations during the period of operation of the vessel - on ship technical documentation consisting of hydrostatic curves, the scale of bonejan, stroke, cargo scale, tables, etc.
These documents allow you to find numerical values \u200b\u200bof values \u200b\u200bfor any
3.1. Determination of precipitation values \u200b\u200bwith nose and precipitation with feed:
m.
3.2. The above-mentioned precipitate with the nose, feed and medium precipitate correspond to the calculated values \u200b\u200bon perpendicular. If it is necessary to verify the correctness of the calculation after the loading of the vessel, the precipitate should be removed on the ships' deepening brands from the left and right side (visually). The obtained values \u200b\u200bof the precipitate on the brands will differ from the calculated precipitation values \u200b\u200bon perpendicular in view of the following factors:
- the location of the grades of the recesses does not coincide with the position of perpendicular;
- the grooves of the grooves are applied to the vessel body, while repeating the spatial curvature of the shape of the vessel of the vessel in the extremities;
- the presence of a deflection arrow from the total bending of the hull;
- a significant change in the shape of the waterline relative to the calculated in the presence of a differential;
- The real value of the density of the intake water is different from the received value.
Therefore, the values \u200b\u200bof the precipitate taken from the grooves of the deepends are recalculated to the values \u200b\u200bon the perpendicular (based on the data of the ship documentation), after which the displacements specified on the cargo for medium precipitate, are introduced, taking into account all of the above factors:
a) water density correction
where ρ Φ is the actual density of the intake water, t / m 3; ρ - water density by cargo scale, t / m 3; D. - displacement, determined by cargo, T;
b) corrective amendment
,
where q. 0 - the number of tons per 1 cm of precipitation, T / cm; x. f. 0 - abscissa of the center of the area of \u200b\u200bWaterlinia, M; M. DIF - a moment that is different in 1 cm, TM / cm;
c) correction for the buildings of the case in the extremities
,
where - the distance of the nasal gauge of the deepening from the nasal perpendicular, m; - the distance of the feed grade of the deepening from the feed perpendicular, m;
d) Corps Bending Amendment
where - the arrow of the deflection of the housing, cm (for the present calculation for training purposes is made).
Thus, the final amount of displacement is obtained by summing the value determined by cargo and the corrections to it. This final value should coincide with the value calculated in the preparation of the vessel's cargo plan.
3.3. Recalculation of the precipitate on perpendicular to precipitation on the brands:
where is the angle of the timeline; but - the distance of the nasal grade of recesses from the nasal perpendicular; b. - the distance of the feed grade of recesses from the feed perpendicular; from - Distance of the average brand of recesses from the Middleshpang floor plane.
(m)
3.4. The results of the settlement of the landing of the vessel after loading as of the departure:
|
Precipitation on perpendiculars: | |||||
|
Average sediment (on Middleshpanging) | |||||
|
Sediment on the nose perpendicular |
The provisions on the cargo brake are developed on the basis of the international convention on the 1966 cargo brand. The provisions on the cargo brake are applied to each venda to which the minimum surface board is assigned.
Freeboard - The distance measured vertically in the scene on the sulfur dynam of the vessel's length from the top edge of the deck line to the upper edge of the corresponding cargo stamp.
The deck of the surface side - This is the most upper continuous, not protected from the exposure to the sea and the deck weather, which has permanent means in the roof of all holes in its open parts and below which all holes in the boards of the vessel are equipped with permanent means for waterproof over-tone.
The appointed vessel surface board is fixed by applying the vessel from the vessel of the deck line marker, the sign of the cargo stamp and the grooves marks that mark the greatest precipitations to which the vessel can be maximally loaded under different floors (Fig. 1). The cargo mark, corresponding to the season, should not be immersed in the water throughout the entire period from the moment of exiting the port before coming to the next port.
Ships on the side of which cargo stamps are applied, an international certificate of cargo brake is issued for a period of no more than 5 years.
The following freight stamps apply:
- summer cargo brand - L (S);
- winter loading brand - s (w);
- winter cargo brand for North Atlantic - ZSA (WNA);
- tropical cargo brand - T (T);
- freight brand for fresh water - P (F);
- tropical brand for fresh water - TP (TF).
The designation of an organization that assigned a cargo brand is applied above the ricoroneal line passing through the center of the ring ring (Disk Plylimsol). The value of the register of the shipping of the Russian Federation - RS.
Fig.1 Cargo Mark.
There are freight stamps for forestry, passenger and sailing ships. The grooves are designed to determine the sediment of the vessel, are applied on the outer trim of both sides of the vessel in the Forstevnya area, Ahterstevnya and Middle Spangling (Fig. 2).
Grocery brands Arabic numerals are marked with a height of 10 cm (the distance between the bases of the numbers 20 cm) and determine the distance from the active va-grain to the lower edge of the horizontal keel.
Until 1969, the gauge of the deepening on the left side was applied by Roman numbers, the height of which was 6 inches. The distance between the foundations of the numbers is 1 feet ( 1 foot \u003d 12 inches \u003d 30, 48 cm; 1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm).
The cargo scale (Fig. 3) is a table for determining the displacement (deadweight) on the calculated or removed by the medium sediment of the vessel. It is usually calculated for two densities of water: sea - 1.025 t / m 3, press - 1,000 t / m 3.
To use the cargo scale, it is necessary to carry out a known value (for example, a precipitate) horizontal line and remove the knowledge-interests (for example, water displacement).
Fig. 2 grades of deepening 
Fig.3 Frequency scale Rules for the technical operation of the cargo device
Senior assistant, senior mechanic, boatswain, 4th mechanic and electromechanics are responsible for the technical condition and maintenance of the cargo device.
- Each vessel must have a register book of ship lifting devices and the corresponding certificates, certificates, instructions.
- After the repair or replacement of any of the unable responsible structures of the lifting device, the parts of the load-lifting mechanism, the Topenant winch, the work of the workload device is prohibited before its tests in the presence of an inspector of the register.
- Blocks, brackets, nuts, swivels, chain anti-scales, tees must have stamps and certificates.
- To use even slightly disintegrated cargo gap is prohibited. Freight nuts brackets should stop completely. Blocks should be inspected, disassemble, clean from dirt, rust and lubricate thick lubricant. The pulleys of all blocks, the swivel of cargo nuts should be well blurred, wearly and freely rotate.
- Each vertical cargo processing vessel, having a cargo device, must be equipped and always have in the required quantity (in accordance with the supply table). Good lines and other cargo inventory that meets the requirements of safety regulations.
- Cargo brackets used instead of cargo nuts should be with a pin held in place with a check or hairpin.
- Wooden blocks with cracks on the cheeks (so that the cheeks are available for inspection, they should be cycled), an inquiry or pulley, as well as with a disintegrated nut, stretched with a bracket, with an embarrassing impudent or damaged sleeve should be replaced immediately.
- All removable parts and cables of lifting devices that are not related to lifting devices must be checked at least once every 3 months. When discovered in the cable of burst the wire, it should be examined monthly. The results of the inspection and the measures taken to eliminate the deficiencies should be made to the ship's magazine.
- All bike rosables of the cargo device should not have a spillage, chances and donkeys of Strendie.
- Changing the horizontal position of the cargo boom at the maximum departure using the delay it is allowed when the vessel has a roll of no more than 5 ° and a differential of no more than 2 °.
- All shipping devices before each use must be checked. Defects and measures to eliminate them are recorded in the ship's magazine. A lifting device is commissioned only after eliminating detected defects.
- Work with twisted arrows ("on the phone") and heavy arrows should be performed in accordance and instructions drawn up for each vessel and coordinated with the register. The simultaneous operation of a heavy and easy arrow of one mast is not allowed if this is not provided for by the instructions mentioned.
- Each removable detail (block, swivel, etc.), repaired or installed instead of defective, should have a stamp of the register on the test test load in the workshop, without which it is prohibited in the cargo device.
- The ship's cargo device must be examined by the register inspector and is tested in its presence. Test acts must be sewn into the register book of ship lifting devices.
- If a liquid ballast is required for any download option, no manipulation with it during loading and unloading is not allowed. However, if there are other instructions on the procedure for ballasting the vessel with liquid ballast in information on stability, non-flowability and durability, it is necessary to be guided by these instructions.
- During loading, transition and unloading, fuel and water should be spent evenly with both sides.
- When transporting goods on the deck, the following basic requirements should be performed:
- the deck load must be laid so that there remain safe passages for people with a width of at least 0.7 m to trapams, measurement and air pipes, fire prevention posts, horns and fire extinguishers;
- all passages must be through (without dead end).
- If the deck is transported to the forest cargo, the specified requirements should be allowed as much as possible.
- The mounting of the deck load should be carried out reliably, but with the calculation, so that in the critical position of the vessel, the vessel could quickly give the hits or in the extreme case to reflect them.
- At the move of the sea, the parts of the cargo device must be securely secured:
- noki arrows are well fixed in sockets;
- freight propulsion nuts are laid for decks (socks up with routine), and cargo pendants are tightly tightened on the bars of Lebedocks;
- the lower blocks of delay are laid out of the pieces and laid at the spur of their arrows, the blades are tangible, stacked in the bay and suspend from mast;
- the cargo pendant and the blades of the tale of the delay are sticking to the arrow in several places by lines.
Safety in working with a cargo device
Cargo operations belong to Cate-burning work of increased danger. Rights Safety on the ships of the sea fleet define the requirements for the vessel truck and regulate safe techniques for working with hatched closures in the preparation and operation of a cargo-to-one device, carrying out freight operations.
Cargo compartment The location of traction cables must be protected and the inscription "Pass is closed". It is forbidden to walk through the hatch sections during their opening, closure, as well as with a partial opening.
The sections mounted in the vertical position should be securely per-stop. It is forbidden to leave them unlocked even for a short time. Any work in space between open hatch sections can be fully fulfilled with the permission of the Watched Assistant Captain or Manager. For all the time, the work between the sections on the deck should be a sailor, which is obliged to ensure that no one removes the staps from the hatch sections, did not connect the traction cables to the sections, did not include the system of controlling the loud-free closure with hydraulic drive.
On not fully closed hatch sections, it is forbidden to carry out any work until the temporary limit fencing is established, eliminating the possibility of falling people in the hold. The deck in places of re-loading work should be fencing in places of re-loading work with possessing signs.
It is impossible to descend into unlit and unprofitable holds. Pere-worn light chandeliers, suspended on the stages, it is possible only when the tension is removed and after all people come out of the trum.
Persons involved in cargo operations, before the start of work, in-structure under safety. To work on the load-lifting mechanisms in the Karastechik and the winch, as well as skilled sailors, qualified sailors and other crew members who have passed special training and having special evidence are allowed as a slingman.
Only under-prepared crew members are allowed to work on heavyweight devices, which are not under 18 years old, the names of which are announced by the order of the ship after passing the exam. Only qualified sailors can be assigned to the signals.
The winch or craneman performs all signals filed only by the signfame, in addition to the emergency stop signal, which must be completed regardless of which and which way it is served. Any incomprehensible signal should be perceived as a stop signal. The lifting signal can be filed only after the slingman confirms that the cargo is properly designed, and the SIG-flash will make sure that the movement does not expose the danger of people working in the hold or on the deck.
Signale It is forbidden to pass under the raised cargo, to be on the line of movement of the load, under the arrow, in the louder of the hatch, and also descend in the bag or raise it from it when lifting and lowering the cargo.
When working on winches and cranes, it is prohibited:
- to allow uneven tension of all branches when lifting cargo with the use of multi-timers;
- straightened the slings when the cargo is on weight;
- drain the load before he firmly did not stand on the gaskets;
- raw load for laying it out of the radius of arrows or crane;
- lift the load with people or loose pre-metami on it, as well as the cargo located in an unstable position or the lifting of other goods;
- press, deploy and stop the swinging load during lifting, moving or lowering without the use of special delay.
In addition, when working on winches and edges, it is forbidden:
- suppress cargo in the hold without a warning signal if people are in the trunk;
- serve cargo before the hatch's lumen will be removed previously filed goods and Lu-di will go to a safe place;
- carry cargo at a height of less than 0.5 m from the con-structures of the vessel or items located on the way of moving the cargo;
- leave at the end of the work or during a break cargo in suspended co-standing;
- leave unattended mechanisms under current;
- to straighten a pendant with a hand, overlooking or winding it to the winch drum during her work.
The operation of the lifting device must be discontinued in cases of violation of the proper operation of the brakes, the appearance in the mechanism of abnormal noise, damage to the cable, malfunction of switches and systematic efforts of electrical protection systems.
With overload work with dangerous and flammable cargoes, other than those listed above, the transportation rules for them should be guided.
Offered for reading:
