The main peaks of the Caucasus. Message about Caucasian Mountains

On our planet there is a beautiful mountain system. It is located on and to be more accurate, then between the two seas - the Caspian and black. Shears the proud name - Caucasian Mountains. It has coordinates: 42 ° 30 'Northern latitude and 45 ° 00' Eastern longitude. The length of the mining system is more than one thousand kilometers. Geographically refers to six countries: Russia and the states of the Caucasus region: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, etc.

It is still clearly not specifically stipulated, which part of the mainland belongs to the Caucasian Mountains. For the title, Elbrus and Mont Blanc are fighting. The latter is in the Alps. The geographical position according to the plan to describe is easy. And this article will help this.

Borders

In times Ancient Greece It is the Caucasus and Bosphorus who divided 2 continents. But the world map constantly changed, the peoples migrated. In the Middle Ages, the border was considered the Don River. Much later, in the XVII century, Swedish geographer spent her through the Urals, down the p. Emba to the Caspian Sea. His idea was supported by scientists of the time and Russian king. According to this definition, the mountains relate to Asia. On the other hand, in the Big Encyclopedia, Laroussa is denoted by the border passing to the south of Kazbek and Elbrus. Thus, both mountains are in Europe.

Describe geographical position Caucasian mountains as much as possible is slightly difficult. Opinion regarding territorial affiliation has changed exclusively for political reasons. Europe was isolated as a special part of the world, tying it with the level of development of civilization. The border between the continents was gradually transferred to the east. She became a movable line.

Some scientists, noting the differences in geological structure Array, suggest the border on the main ridge Big Caucasus. And it is not surprising. Mountains it allows. The northern slope will relate to Europe, and South - to Asia. This question is actively discussed by scientists of all six states. Geographers of Azerbaijan and Armenia believe that the Caucasus refers to Asia, and the scientists of Georgia - what to Europe. Many famous authoritative people believe that the entire array belongs to Asia, so Elbrus will not long be considered the highest point in Europe.

Composition of the system

This array consists of 2 mining systems: small and large Caucasus. Often the latter seems like a single ridge, but it is not. And if you study the geographical position of the Caucasian mountains on the map, then you can see that it does not apply to that. Big Caucasus stretches more than a kilometer from Anapa and the Taman Peninsula almost to Baku himself. Conditionally it consists of the following parts: Western, East and Central Caucasus. The first zone extends from the Black Sea to Elbrus, the average - from the highest peak to Kazbek, the latter - from Kazbek to the Caspian Sea.

Western chains take the beginning of the Taman Peninsula. And first more similar to the hills. However, the farther east, the topics they become higher. The vertices are covered with snow and glaciers. Dagestan Ridges are located in the east of the Big Caucasus. These are complex systems with river valleys forming canyons. About 1.5 thousand square meters. The km of the Great Caucasus is covered with glaciers. Most of them fall on the central area. The Small Caucasus includes nine ridges: Ajaro-Imereti, Karabakh, Bhazhsky and others. The highest of them, located in the middle and eastern part, - Murov-Dag, Pambaki, etc.

Climate

Analyzing the geographical position of the Caucasian Mountains, we see that they are located on the border of two climatic belts - subtropical and moderate. Transcaucasia refers to subtropics. The rest of the territory belongs to the zone of moderate climate. The North Caucasus is a warm region. Summer lives almost 5 months, and in winter there is no less -6 ° C. She is short - 2-3 months. In highland areas, the climate is different. There it is under the influence of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, so the weather is more wet.

Thanks to the complex relief in the Caucasus there are many zones that differ from each other. Such climate allows you to grow citrus, tea, cotton and other exotic cultures that are suitable for moderate nature. weather conditions. The geographical position of the Caucasian Mountains is largely affected by the formation of the temperature regime in the nearby territories.

Himalayas and Caucasian Mountains

Often at school students are asked to compare the geographical position of the Himalayas and from the similarity only in one: both systems are in Eurasia. But they have many differences:

• Caucasian Mountains are located on the Himalayas only asia.
• The average height of the Caucasian Mountains is 4 thousand m, the Himalayas - 5 thousand m.
• These mountain systems are also in different climatic zones. Himalayas mostly in the subequatorial, smaller in the tropics, and Caucasian - in subtropical and moderate.

As you can see, these two systems are not identical. The geographical position of the Caucasian Mountains and Himalayas in some moments similar, in some - no. But both systems are quite large, beautiful, amazing.

Caucasian Mountains are a mountain system between the Black and Caspian seas. It is divided into two mountain systems: the Great Caucasus and the Small Caucasus.

The Big Caucasus extends more than 1,100 km from the North-West to the southeast, from the Anapa district and the Taman Peninsula to the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian coast, next to Baku. The maximum width of the large Caucasus reaches in the Elbrus area (up to 180 km). In the axial part there is a main Caucasian (or water-seated) ridge, north of which a number of parallel ridges (mountain ranges) extend, including a monoclinal (cooist) character. The southern slope of the Big Caucasus mostly consists of a coolese ridges adjacent to the main Caucasus ridge.

Traditionally, the large Caucasus is divided into 3 parts: the Western Caucasus (from the Black Sea to Elbrus), the Central Caucasus (from Elbrus to Kazbek) and the East Caucasus (from Kazbek to the Caspian Sea).

Big Caucasus - region with large modern glaciation. The total number of glaciers is about 2,050, which occupied area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 1,400 km². More than half of the glaciation of the Great Caucasus focused on the Central Caucasus (50% of the number and 70% of the glaciation area). Large centers of glaciation are Mount Elbrus and the Bezengian Wall. The greatest Glacier of the Grand Caucasus is the Benelli Glacier (about 17 km long).

The Small Caucasus is connected to the Big Caucasus of the Likhsky ridge, in the West, the colchis lowland is separated from him, in the east - Kurinskaya depression. The length is about 600 km, the height is up to 3724 m. The largest Lake Sevan.

Western Caucasus is part of the mining system of the Great Caucasus, located to the west of the meridional line passing through the mountain Elbrus. Part of the Western Caucasus from Anapa to Mount Fisht is characterized by a lowland and medium-road relief (the so-called North-West Caucasus), further to East to Elbrus, the mining system acquires a typical alpine appearance with numerous glaciers and high-mountainous relief forms. In a narrower understanding, which adhere to climbing and tourist literature, only part of the main Caucasian ridge from Mount Fisht to Elbrus include the Western Caucasus. On the territory of the Western Caucasus - the Caucasian Reserve, the Natural Park of Big Thach, the Nature Monument "Range Range", the Nature Monument of the Nature of the Citz River, the Nature Monument "The Superior River of the Pzhah and Pshashha rivers, who are protected by UNESCO as a sample World Heritage. For climbers and tourists, areas are most popular: Dombay, Arkhyz, Uzunkol

Central Caucasus

The Central Caucasus rises between the peaks of Elbrus and Kazbek and is the highest and most attractive part of the entire Caucasian ridge. All five thousandths are located here with their numerous glaciers, including one of their largest - the Bezengsky Glacier - 12.8 kilometers long. The most popular peaks are located in Elbrusier (Ushba, Shheld, Chatin-Tau, Donguz-Obun, Chip, etc.). Here is also the famous Benefic Wall with a majestic surroundings (Koshtartau, Shhara, Dzhangi-Tau, South Tau, etc.) Here are the most famous walls in the Caucasus Mountains system.

East Caucasus

The East Caucasus stretches for 500 km east of Kazbek to the Caspian Sea. It is allocated: Azerbaijani Mountains, Dagestan Mountains, Chechen Tuskes, and Inguuchery-Hevsuret Mountains. Especially popular is an array of the taper (3925m), located in the Dagestan mountains.

As the border between Europe and Asia, the Caucasus has a unique culture. A large variety of languages \u200b\u200bis concentrated on a relatively small territory. Caucasus and adjacent to him from the north and south of the ridges in antiquity were the crossroads of great civilizations. The plots associated with the Caucasus occupy a significant place in Greek mythology (the myths about Promethea, Amazons, etc.), the Caucasus is also mentioned in the Bible as the place of rescue of humanity from the Flood (in particular, Mount Ararat). Narodi, founded such civilizations as Urartu, Sumer and the Hett Power are considered by many as people from the Caucasus.

However, the image of the Caucasian mountains and the associated mythical and legendary ideas received the most completed mapping from Persians (Iranians). Iranian nomads brought with them a new religion - Zoroastrianism and its associated special world view. Zoroastrianism had a serious impact on world religions - Christianity, Islam, and in part, Buddhism. Iranian names retained, for example, the mountains and rivers of the Caucasus (the ABA River - "Water", Mount Elbrus - "Iron"). You can also point to the "Stan" in the east particle in such names of countries as Dagestan, Iyastan, Pakistan, which is also of Iranian origin and translates about as the "country".
Iranian origin and the word "Caucasus", which is assigned mountain ridges In honor of the epic king of the ancient Iran Kavi-Kaus.

In the Caucasus, approximately 50 peoples live, which are referred to as Caucasian peoples (for example: Circassians, Chechens), Russian, etc., speaking Caucasian, Indo-European, as well as Altai languages. Ethnographically and linguistically Caucasian region can be attributed to the most interesting areas World. At the same time, the populated areas are often not divided clearly about each other, which is partly the cause of stresses and military conflicts (for example, Nagorno-Karabakh). The picture has changed significantly, first of all, in the 20th century (Armenian genocide under the rule of Turkey, the deportation of Chechens, Ingush and other representatives of ethnic groups during Stalinism).

Local residents are partially Muslims, some Orthodox Christians (Russians, Ossetians, Georgians, part of the Kabardians), as well as monofisitis (Armenians). The Armenian Church and the Georgian Church are among the oldest Christian churches in the world. Both churches have an extremely important role as the propaganda and protection of the national identity of the peoples who have been under foreign directs (Turks, Persians) for two centuries).

In the Caucasus, 6,350 species of flowering plants, including 1600 local species. 17 species of mountain plants originated in the Caucasus. Giant Borshevik, who is considered in Europe Neophyte of the grungeous species, comes from this region. It was imported in 1890 as a decorative plant to Europe.

Caucasus biodiversity falls at anxious speed. Mountain region from the point of view of nature conservation is one of the 25 most vulnerable regions on Earth.
In addition to ubiquitous wild animals, wild boars, sulfas, mountain goats, as well as Berktes are found. In addition, wild bears are still found. The Caucasian Leopard is extremely rare (Panthera Pardus Ciscaucasica), which moved only in 2003. In the historical period there were also Asian lions and Caspian tigers, but soon after the birth of Christ were eradicated completely. The subspecies of the European bison, Caucasian bison, died in 1925. The last copy of the Caucasian Elk was killed in 1810.

Caucasian Mountains on the border of Russia and Georgia

In the Ridge of the Caucasian Mountains is Elbrus. It is also considered the whole of Europe. Its location is such that several peoples live around it, which are called him differently. Therefore, if you hear such names like Alberis, Oshomaho, Mingitau or Yalbuz, know that they indicate the same thing.

In this article will introduce you to closer with the most high mountain In the Caucasus - Elbrus, who was once acting volcano, and occupying the fifth place on the planet, among the mountains formed in the same way.

Height of the vertices of Elbrus in the Caucasus

As already mentioned, the highest mountain of Russia is dormant volcano. This is why it is due to the fact that its top has no pointed form, but looks like a two-service cone, between which there is a saddle at an altitude of 5 km 200 m. Located 3 km from each other, two tops are different: East 5621 m, and Western - 5642 m. In the background indicates always great importance.

Like all former volcanoes, Elbrus consists of two parts: a pedestal of rocks, in this case it is 700 m, and a bulk cone formed after eruptions (1942 m).

Starting from a height of 3500 m, the surface of the mountain is covered with snow. First, the stones are moving away, and then turning into a homogeneous white cover. The most famous glaciers of Elbrus are TERCHOP, Big and Small Aza.

The temperature on the top of Elbrus practically does not change and is 1.4 ° C. There is a large amount of precipitation, but because of such a temperature regime, it is almost always snow, so the glaciers do not melt. Since Elbrus's snow cap is visible all year round for many kilometers, the mountain is also called the "small antacratida".

Glaciers located on the top of the mountains nourish the most large rivers These places are Kuban and Terek.

Climbing to Elbrus.

To see a beautiful view that opens from the top of Elbrus, it is necessary to climb it. It's easy enough to do so, since the height of 3750 m can be reached on the southern slope on the pendulum or charming cableway. Here is a shelter for travelers "barrels". It represents 12 insulated carriages for 6 people and inpatient kitchen. They are equipped in such a way that you can wait for any bad weather, even for a long time.

The next stop is usually performed at an altitude of 4100 m in the hotel "Shelter Eleven". The parking lot here was installed in the 20th century, but was destroyed by fire. Then in her place rebuilt a new building.

The first vertices of Elbrus were conquered in 1829 Eastern and 1874 - Western.

Now the climbers are popular with Donguzorunica and East arrays, as well as the Gorge of Adylsu, Adyirs and Schelda. Mass ascent on tops are increasingly organized. South side is located ski resort Elbrus Azau. It consists of 7 tracks, a total length of 11 km. They are suitable for skiing and beginners and experienced skiers. A distinctive black of this resort is freedom in movements. On all routes there is a minimum number of fences and separators. It is recommended to visit it since October to May during this period it costs the strongest snow.

Elbrus, at the same time, very beautiful and dangerous mountain. After all, according to scientists, there is a chance that in the next 100 years the volcano will wake up, and then all the regions located nearby (Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia) will suffer.

Caucasian Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains are located on the variety of Caspian and Black Seas. From the Eastern European Plain, the Caucasus separates Kuro-Manic Wpadina. The territory of the Caucasus can be divided into several parts: the Predog Caucasus, the Big Caucasus and the Transcaucasus. In the territory Russian Federation Only the Pre-Based and northern part Big Caucasus. The last two parts together are called the North Caucasus. However, for Russia, this part of the territory is the most southern. Here, on the ridge of the Main Ridge, the State Border of the Russian Federation is held, followed by Georgia and Azerbaijan. The entire Caucasian ridge system covers an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 2600 m2, and it takes it about 1450 m2, while southern only about 1150 m2.

North Caucasian Mountains are relatively young. The relief of them was created by different tectonic structures. In the southern part settled mountain Mountains and the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. They were formed when filling in deep deflection zones with sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which later underwent folding. Tectonic processes here were accompanied by significant bends, stretching, breaking and fault faults. As a result of this, a large amount of magma was poured on the surface (this led to the formation of significant ore deposits). Raises that happened here in the non -ogenic and quaternary periods led to the elevation of the surface and the similarity of the relief that exists today. The rise of the central part of the Greater Caucasus was accompanied by lowering the layers at the edges of the resulting ridge. So in the east, the Terek-Caspian deflection was formed, and in the west of Indo-Kubansky.

Often, the big Caucasus represent as the only ridge. In fact, this is a whole system of various ridges that can be divided into several parts. The Western Caucasus is located from the Black Sea coast to Mount Elbrus, then (from Elbrus to Kazbeka) follows the Central Caucasus, and east of Kazbek to the Caspian Sea - the East Caucasus. In addition, two ridges can be distinguished in the longitudinal direction: water-generable (sometimes called it mainly) and side. On the northern slope of the Caucasus, the rocky and pasture ridges are distinguished, as well as Black Mountains. They were formed as a result of the searches of the reservoirs, isolated from different solidity of sedimentary rocks. One slope of the ridge here is flat, and the other breaks down quite sharply. As the axial zone removes the height of the mountain ranges decreases.

The chain of the Western Caucasus begins at the Taman Peninsula. At the very beginning, it is rather not even the mountains, but the hills. They begin to rise to the east. The highest parts of the North Caucasus are covered with snow caps and glaciers. The highest peaks of the Western Caucasus are Fisht Mountains (2870 meters) and Oshten (2810 meters). Most high part The mining system of the Grand Caucasus is the Central Caucasus. Even some passes at this point reach a height of 3 thousand meters, and the lowest of them (crusad) lies at an altitude of 2380 meters. Here are the highest peaks of the Caucasus. For example, the height of the Kazbek Mountain is 5033 meters, and the two-headed extinct Volcano Elbrus is at all the highest peak of Russia.

The relief here is very disseminated: sharp crests prevail, steep slopes and rocky peaks. Eastern part The Greater Caucasus constitutes mainly numerous ridges of Dagestan (in translation of the name of this region means "mountainous country"). There are complex branched ridges with steep slopes and deep canyon-shaped river valleys. However, the height of the vertices is less here than in the central part of the mining system, but still they exceed the height of 4 thousand meters. Raising the Caucasian mountains continues in our time. Pretty frequent earthquakes in this region of Russia are connected with this. To the north of the Central Caucasus, where the magma rising in the crack cracks did not pour into the surface, they were formed low, the so-called island mountains. The largest of them are Beshtau (1400 meters) and Mashuk (993 meters). Numerous sources of mineral waters are located at their base.

The so-called Precaucasis is occupied by the Kubanskaya and Terek-Kum lowland. They are separated from each other, the Stavropol elevation, the height of which is 700-800 meters. Stavropol elevation is dismembered by wide and deep embedded valleys, beams and ravines. Based on this site, a young stove lies. The structure is made up of non -ogenic formations covered with limestone deposits - lessisa and lessoidal sublinks, and in the eastern part of the marine sediments of the Quaternary period. Climate regime on this territory is quite favorable. Pretty high mountains Serve a good obstacle to cold air penetrating here. Also affects the proximity of a long cooling sea. The Big Caucasus is the boundary between two climatic belts - subtropical and moderate. In the Russian territory, the climate is still moderate, but the above factors contribute to quite high temperatures.

Mountains of the Caucasus as a result of winter in the predfaccasis are sufficiently warm ( average temperature In January, it is about -5 ° C). This contributes to incoming Atlantic Ocean Warm air masses. On the Black Sea coast, the temperature is rarely lowered below the zero mark (the average temperature of January 3 ° C). In mountainous areas, the temperature naturally below. So, the average temperature on the plain in the summer is about 25 ° C, and in the upper reaches of the mountains - 0 ° C. The precipitation on this territory is mainly due to cyclone coming from the West, as a result of which their amount to the east gradually decreases.

Most of the precipitation falls on the southwestern slopes of the Big Caucasus. Their number at the Kubansky Plain is about 7 times lower. In the mountains of the North Caucasus, an olelion is developed, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich this area ranks first among all areas of Russia. The rivers flowing here are powered by water formed by melting glaciers. The largest Caucasian rivers are Kuban and Terek, as well as their numerous tributaries. Mountain rivers, as usual, are fleeting, and in their lower reaches there are wetlands of crumpled reed and cane.

The Caucasus Mountains, born in the collision of the Eurasian and Arabian plates, as if the symbol of the mentality of the peoples living next to them. Proud and tall, they cost a non-manual wall between the Asian and European parts of our continent on land. Humanity has not yet been determined to attribute them to Europe or Asia.

The height of the Caucasian Mountains: 5642 m. (Big Caucasus) and 3724 m. (Small Caucasus).

The length of the Grand Caucasus: 1100 km. Small - 600 km.

See the geographical position of the Caucasian Mountains or where they are and as located on the map. To increase the map of the Caucasus Mountains, just click on it.

Not crossed by rivers caucasian ridges The name is water-seated. Mining system The Caucasus, the Rough Alps, with the thirty millionth history, is firmly inscribed in memory of mankind through biblical lines and Greek myths. It is on one of the mountains of the system found a branch of a pigeon released from Noahow Ark, on the top of Ararat. To one and Caucasian rocks was a legendary Prometheus, who gave people fire.

The Caucasus is divided into two parts, which are named by the big and small Caucasus. The first extends from Taman to almost Baku and consists of the Western, Central and Eastern Caucasus. One and a half thousand square kilometers of ice, the most high Point Eurasia - Elbrus (Top of Caucasian Mountains), Iron Mountain, and six mountain vertices, five thousand kilometers high, which is what is a big Caucasus.

The Small Caucasus is a mountain range at the Black Sea, with a height of vertices up to four kilometers.

Caucasian Mountains are between Caspian and Black Sea coasts And at the same time on the territory of several countries. These are Russia, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.

The Caucasus climate is diverse: with typically sea in Abkhazia, it changes to a sharply continental in Armenia.

The Caucasus is inhabited by unique animals - sulfur, mountain goats, boars, in highly remote and hard-to-reach places can be found by a leopard or bear.

Alpine meadow herbs, coniferous forests, climbing up from foot, stormy rivers, lakes, waterfalls, sources with mineral water, Clean air.

It is thanks to such a successful combination of values \u200b\u200bfor human health, a huge number of sanatorium-resort establishments in the region.

Climbing lovers Manyat the Royal Elbrus and his neighbors - Shhara, Kazbek, Dzhangitau, Dykhtau and Sosannantau. Among the snow of the Caucasus there is a place to skiers and snowboarders, lovers of hiking and acute sensations, adherents of rafting, as well as all those who value their health. Terrenkur, Norwegian walking, climbing, rafting by rivers, skiing and many other species active rest Invites the Caucasus.

One day, having been in the mountains, the "Genius of Lermontov", you will remember them for life.

Video: wildlife Russia 4 of 6 Caucasian Mountains.

Video: Hike to Caucasian Mountains.