The biggest rivers of France. Rivers in France: description, value and use

In general, France has sufficient hydrological resources. There are no drying rivers and lakes, but a moderate warm sea Type The climate with the relative constancy of precipitation of precipitation throughout the year allows the river system of France in virtually unchanged. Floods are rare here and happen only on rivers with thawed nutrition, which take their beginning in mountainous areas France and neighboring countries (Rona - in Switzerland, Garonna - in Spain).

River system France Includes several hundred large and small rivers. However, according to the terminology adopted in France ("Fleuves") is called exclusively those rivers that directly fall into the world ocean. In France, such rivers - 131, of which only 10 (Rhine, Maas, Garonna, Dordogne, Charente, Sheldoga (ESCO), have a length of over 300 km. At the same time, there are more than 400 thousand sq. Km on the pools of these rivers. French territory, i.e. More than 70% of the entire territory. These rivers are the main waterborns in France, which proves the volume of water consumption in the mouths of these rivers: Loire - 931 cubic meters / s, - 1,690 cubic meters / s, hay - 563 cubic meters / s, Rhine - 2 300 Cuba. M / s, Garonna - 650 cubic meters / s, Dordogne - 380 cubic meters / s, - 350 cubic meters / s, Charente - 49 cubic meters / s, Masa - 400 cubic meters / s, Shelda - 104 cubic meters / s. In total, these rivers take about 40-45% of the total annual waterboat of France, of which about 33-34% fall on rivers, which fall into the sea in France (Loire, Ron, Sen, Garonna, Dordogne, Charente, Adur), and do not carry water beyond its limits (Rhine, Maas, Shelda).

River France Have a different character of your food. Given that most of the France rivers take their origin in the mountain ranges - you can assume their ice nutrition (Ron, Garona). However, going down from the mountains, these rivers take into account numerous tributaries (, sons, seitong, etc.), the basis of the nutrition of which are underground water resources And precipitates falling, mainly in the form of rains. Thus, it can be said that the France's river network has a mixed, tall-rain type of food. This, in turn, contributes to the fact of ensuring France with its own hydrological resources, which are provided at the expense of precipitation (478 cubic meters per year), as well as at least underground hydrological resources (about 7 cubic meters.).

Map of the main rivers of France

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Among the rivers of France there are navigable . At the same time, only on some of them shipping is carried out in industrial volumes. First of all, it depends on the power of the river itself and its full capacity, from the depth of its bed, from the convenience of navigation, from the constancy of the water level, the high height of the running bridges, etc. Based on these factors, it can be assumed that shipping rivers in France will be quite large water artery, having a calm nature of the flow and a constant water level, sufficient depth of the bed, etc. In fact, it is so: for industrial shipping in France, resources are used only by several rivers. This is a Rhine with a surrounding channel system, with large tributaries, as well as the lowerhouse Garonna and. The remaining rivers in industrial shipping are not used, but even there local residents They navigate to their shallow courts. At the same time, in accordance with the law - navigation on the Rivers of France is free, in accordance with the rules (speed limit, prohibiting certain types of activities, the prohibition of some routes of ships, etc.). At the same time, even at the legislative level is the priority of commercial navigation.

Most large shipping artery in France is Rhine - The main industrial river of Europe. In addition to the Rhine in the northeastern part of France, its influx is used for industrial shipping - the River Moselle and the network of the channels have been used. Rhine, as the most convenient water transportation artery of Europe, has sufficiently high capacity of transportation vessels. On the site of the river, which runs along the border of France with Germany - Rhine belongs to the VIB class of waterways, in accordance with which the use of ships with displacement to 12 thousand tons are allowed. Slightly above the flow, where Raine goes to the territory of Germany, and then the Netherlands - its shipping class rises to the VIC with admission to navigation of ships, dismissed up to 18 thousand tons. On the Rhine on the territory of France there are three ports capable of servicing both passenger and industrial vessels. The largest port is located in Strasbourg. Ports are also functioning not far from Mulhouse and Colmar.

Moselle - the left tributary of the Rhine Somewhat inferior in the grade of shipping to its "eldest brother". On the territory of France, Moselle, as a transport artery, is used for about 150-kilometers from the border with Belgium. Here are three industrial ports - in Metz, Nancy and Thienville. Moshlin is assigned a VB class of shipping, according to which the use of passenger and commercial vessels with displacement to 6 thousand tons are allowed. This does not interfere with the French to use Moselle as an important transport artery. In the upper course, Moselle is tied through the channel system with Rona and Seine, which makes it possible to carry out commercial navigation from North Sea In the Mediterranean, not rising the Pyrenean Peninsula.

Channels, as well as related tributaries of major rivers are not suitable for large industrial ships. For the most part, they refer to the IV grade of shipping and allow the use of ships with displacement to 1,500 tons. However, in France, it is fairly highly assessed by the benefits of river commercial transportations, which have the greatest profitability among all types of transport, for which, on the channel and in the smallest places such rivers are carried out at the deepening of the bed. In addition, one of the most developed water level control systems in the channels of gateways operates here, many of which were built back in the XIX century, but still function.

Through the system of such channels with Rona and Molds through their tributaries (MARNA, UAZ) and the most famous River France - Sen . It is on it that the most ports are located. The largest of them, serving both passenger and industrial vessels, are ports in Balua, Grand Paras, Paris, Ruang, etc. On the segment of the river between the port of Rouen and Balua, where the largest amount of cargo and passenger traffic on the Seine is carried out, the river is assigned a VIB class of the waterway, according to which the use of ships with displacement to 12 thousand tons are allowed. But below Rouen, when the hay is shifted in Atlantic Ocean - The river has the maximum shipping class - VII, in accordance with which the use of ships with displacement to 27 thousand tons are allowed. By the way, flow of the Seine - the UAZ River For about 120-km. Before the imposition in Sena is also shipping. She was assigned class VIB class of the waterway.

UAZ through the Nord Canal (Canal Du Nord) connects Seine with Shelda And also allows the Nord Pa de Calea through the channel channels to get to the very northern city of France - Dunkirk. Shipping channels in this system is different. Most of them have the I grade class (up to 400 tons), however, some of them, including the Nord channel, is somewhat larger and have the II class of shipping with the possibility of passing vessels with displacement to 650 tons.

Wide used in shipping also river , originating in the Alps and flowing in the southern part of France. At the same time, commercial navigation on the Ron affects the area from Lyon, where the sion is adjacent to the Ron to the rock in the Mediterranean Sea. In this section, the river is assigned a VB class of shipping with a permissible maximum displacement of the vessel to 6 thousand tons. It should be said that together with Rona Shipping and her right influx - Sona River . It is through a dream that this river system with Rhine and Seine systems occurs. And here is higher in the flow, before the deposition of Sons - Ron is used in shipping is extremely small. Commercial navigation is missing here. The fact is that in this place the relief is becoming increasingly mountain and the use of the river in such conditions, even so full-flowing as Ron becomes impossible.

Shipping in France is also Garonna . However, Loire, due to the nature of the structure of his channel, in which the deeper segments alternate with shames, and also due to low medieval bridges, it remains shipping only in the lower course on the segment from the city of Nantes to its imposition in the Atlantic Ocean. Here, thanks to the larger depth of the bed, it is used in shipping, including in commercial, quite regularly, and the river is assigned a VIA class of shipping, in accordance with which the use of ships with displacement to 6 thousand tons is allowed. Before Nanta, shipping on Loire is carried out within a few tens of kilometers and only by ships whose displacement does not exceed 400 tons.

Garonna becomes shipping After leaving the mountainous terrain of the Pyrenees. Already in the water lands of this river, including in commercial navigation. Here movement of vessels with displacement of up to 400 tons, because The river is assigned i grade of shipping. However, by taking the water of several large tributaries, Garonna closer to Bordeaux takes the traits of a large river and the possibilities of commercial shipping expand. The river here and up to the imposition in the Atlantic Ocean has the IV grade of shipping, which allows navigation of vessels with a displacement of up to 1,500 tons.

IN southern FranceIn the regions of Aquitain and the Mediterranean coast in France, another major channels of the channels, binding the water of the Garonna River with the mouth of the Rhone, passing along southern coast France and consisting of three channels: Canal de Garonna, Canal du Midi, Canal du Ron. The largest of these channels is the du Ron canal, which is open to the navigation of ships with displacement to 1,000 tons. Canal du Midi and Canal de Garonna - bedding. It is allowed to navigate ships with displacement of up to 400 tons. This channel system performs an important role in the economic life of the southern region of France.

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Loire River (Loire) - the longest river France flowing and flowing into the ocean on its territory. Its length is 1,006 km., And the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool - 117 356 sq. Km, which is more than 20% of continental France and, therefore, makes it the most significant river in the country .

It originates near the village of Saint Ellia (Department of Ardesh) in the eastern part of the central French massif at an altitude of 1,408 meters above sea level. In its path, Loire crosses the eastern and northern slopes of the central massif, and then falls on the territory of the Paris basin (North-French lowland). Here, the speed of its flow drops sharply and Loire turns into a calm flat river with numerous stalks and shallows. Initially, Loire proceeds from the south to the north to G. Orleans, and then smoothly unfolds in the direction from the east to the west towards the city of Nantes and carries its waters to the Atlantic Ocean without changing the direction.

It has its own character. In the upper reaches of the river and on average, its deepler sections alternate with shames. At the same time, numerous thresholds are formed on the fellows, which makes navigating the Loire in these places impossible. A characteristic feature of such places on Loire is the presence of a non-screamed channel a much greater depth, rather than the rest of the river. Thresholds from year to year roam. In the spring, when Loire picks up a large number of melt waters with a huge territory of its pool, it shared it under the action of a large mass of water "roam" - is transferred to water to other places, most often new shames are formed on the rotations of the river, where the speed of its flow drops. When the melting waters go and Loire returns to their shores - you can find it all in other places, rather than they were last year. Thus, the river annually changes the configuration on the corners.

Due to the large area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment, in the lower current becomes unpredictable. Here, sudden floods often occur, increase water levels a few meters due to the fact that somewhere in the continental part of France, rains were rained and Loire's tributaries brought a larger amount of water in her direction. For example, despite the average water consumption data, there are cases of cases where the volume of water consumption at the mouth of the Loire increases sharply up to 7000 m3 / s during flooding. At the same time, and a sharp decrease in the level of water in line with Loire is also not uncommon. For example, in 1976, a record low water consumption in Loire was recorded in Orleans. It was only 22.4 m3, while the average water consumption in this place in Loire is 400m3.

On the way to the ocean of Loire takes the water of numerous tributaries . The largest of them are: Alay (420.7 km), Cher (367.8 km), Loir (317.4 km), Sart (313.3 km). Saint-Namer (Department of Loire Atlantic) flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The flow consumption of Loire at the place of its sign into the ocean is about 931 cubic meters / s, which is inferior only to two French rivers: Rhine and Ron.

The main tributaries of Loire

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- Fifth term of the France River . It completely proceeds through the territory of France and is its river-symbol, due to the fact that there are many historical events with it, especially from the life of the capital of France - the city of Paris, which is located on the shores of the Seine.

The total length is 776 km. , pool area of \u200b\u200bthe river - 79 thousand square meters. Sena originates in the Langro Plateau, not far from the sources of the rivers Maas and Marna. Going away from the plateau, the hay carries its waters through the territory of the Paris pool mainly from the southeast to the north-west. Here it takes water such large tributaries like Anna (355.9 km), Marne (514 km), UAZ (341.1 km), (292.3 km) , as well as several dozen smaller rivers and rivers.

Considering the fairly calm nature of the flow (the average bias is only 0.58 m. Per 1 km.) - This is one of the most convenient europe for shipping. Navigation on Seine is carried out over the past more than 500 km. The hay is in the water of the Water of La Mans, through the cry of De Rouen, not far from the city of Havre, where it has a width of about 800 meters, and the water consumption of the Seine is about 563 cubic meters / s. Despite the fact that in the pool of the Seine there is a relatively steady level of precipitation - the flood here also happens. The flood period in the hay pool happens predominantly at the end of winter, when a rapid snow begins to melting and flowing rains. In this case, the level of the hay and its tributaries increases noticeably, and the total amount of water in its row increases several times. For example, the average water consumption in the direction of the Seine in the area of \u200b\u200bParis is 328 m3 / s, but during the period of large floods, this indicator grows several times to 1,600m3 / s.

Given the relatively small bias of the river - the increase in its level is immediately reflected in the state of water levels in its tributaries. First of all, it is displayed on large tributaries, which fall into it in the lower and middle flow: UAZ, ER, MARNA. In the upper tributaries of the hay, such regularity does not happen. There is an inverse dependence when a sharp increase in water in the tributaries (, etc.) entails an increase in the water level in the Seine.

To regulate water level in the Seine pool , as well as to minimize the possible adverse consequences of floods, in the period from 1960 to 1990, four large reservoirs on the Seine (East Lake) were built on the Seine and its tributaries, on Marne (Lake Der-Shedtek), on both (lake AMANCE and reservoir du Temple), on (Lake Panasier). These lakes, which in the amount have water reserves in the amount of more than 800 million cubic meters allow not only to prevent sharp floods and floods in the Seine basin, but also ensure the minimum low water consumption in this case, which contributes to the flood control.

The main tributaries of the Seine

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River Rhine (Rhin) - the longest river France . However, this fact is disputed due to the fact that the river itself does not enter the territory of France completely. Rhine, which is one of the largest water arteries of Europe, for France, performs only the role of the border river. Having a total length of 1 233 km, to France partially applies only to 188 km. And according to this indicator, Rhine takes only the 12th place among the main rivers (Fleuves) of France.

Rhine takes its own on the territory of Switzerland in the Alps highland at an altitude of 2,346 meters above sea level in the gorge Ocerall. Going along the northern slopes alpine Mountains Over the first border river between Switzerland and Austria, then between Switzerland and Germany, and then, for 188 km. He acts as the natural eastern border of France with Germany, after which it takes its waters to German territory and does not return to France. Rhine flows into the North Sea in the territory of the Netherlands, where forms an extensive delta. At the mouth, the average water consumption in the Rhine is about 2,330 m3 / s. At the same time, the maximum value was recorded in 1926, when water consumption in the mouth of the Rhine was 12,000 m3 / s. So full-flowered Rhine is not always. In some particularly dry years, the Raine mines significantly, and water consumption falls several times. For example, in 1947, a minimum water level was recorded at the mouth of the Rhine, its consumption was not more than 600 m3 / s. The Rhine Basin Square is 198,000 km2. Last 883 km. Up to the mouth upstream - Rhine shipping. Here is allowed to navigate large passenger and commercial vessels.

The Rhine site, passing along the border of France and Germany, belongs to the "Upper Rhine" (Rhin Superieur), and the flow consumption of the Rhine in this place is about 450 cubic meters / s. Despite the fact that Rhine never completely passed to the territory of France, he still has extensive catchment areas here. It is in Rhine as the left tributaries such French rivers like Moselle (560 km), Il (216.7 km), Moder (82 km), Sora (70 km) , forming the Rhine basin in France area of \u200b\u200babout 18.8 thousand square meters. Thus, the Rhine basin on the territory of France includes the area of \u200b\u200bthe Elsas region (FULL) and the Champagne-Ardennes region (partially). The watershed of the Rhine basins, Seine, Rhons and Maas are a mountain range of venets and partly Ardennes.

From the tributaries of the Rhine flowing through the territory of France Mosel is the largest. However, having a total length of about 560 km. On the territory of France, only 314 km runs. Top Mosel. Subsequently, he leaves the territory of France and merges with Rhine beyond, in Germany in Koblenz. But the second major tributary of the Rhine in France - river Il It is completely within its limits in the Elsace region. On his way, Ile, passing almost parallel to the Rhine collects the water of all rivers and streams descending from the eastern slopes of the Vogzov in the Upper-Rhine Lowland, forming a 4,760 km pool, after which, on the border of France, with Germany in Raine near the city of Strasbourg. These rivers, together with the moder having the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment basin, over 1.5 thousand km2, make up the main basin of the Rhine in France .

The main tributaries of the Rhine in France

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Maase River (Meuse) - Third-length France River Although as well as Rhine - Mas falls into the world ocean outside of France. The total length of the Maas River is 950 km., And the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 36,000 sq. Km. At the same time, the Maas length in France is only 486 km., And the pool area here is only 4,500 km2. It should be said that in the territory of France, Maas has another name - Mez (Meuse). That is how local French is called it, and Maas River's name is already obtained in Belgium.

River Mas. It originates at an altitude of 409 meters above sea level at the French village of Shatle-sur-Maas (Champagne-Ardenne region) at the Langro Plateau, where, wherees Maas take their beginning such rivers as a hay, Marna and about. The next 486 km. Maas follows through the territory of France (Champagne Ardennes, Lorraine) in the direction from the south to the north, after which, crossing the border of France with Belgium, changes the direction to the northeast and goes to the Belgian lands. In France, Maas acts as a peculiar watershed of two famous rivers - Rhine and Seine, while having a narrow private pool, within which it takes water of such tributaries as Sambr (190 km), Kierner (127 km) and other, smaller, tributaries: Bar , Aroff, Mouzon, Sormon, and others. Maas falls like Rhine, in the North Sea's water in the Netherlands. Here, at the mouth, its consumption is about 460 cubic meters / s. In a place where Maas leaves the territory of France, its width is about 110 m, and water consumption is over 140 cubic meters / s.

Thanks to the raised channel system in this part of France, Maas is a full-fledged shipping river . Despite the fact that the river is assigned in total I grade of shipping with admission to navigation courts with displacement of up to 400 tons, commercial freight turnover river shipping On Maas is quite high. Even the absence of large tributaries in France does not affect Maas's shipping. Already after putting in Maas River Kier - Maas becomes quite full and is widely used in shipping. In addition, the water level in River Maas is determined mainly small robes and streams (up to 70 km) flowing from the surrounding slopes of Ardennes. The system of channels of the Nord Pa de Calea region also has a certain impact on the water level in Maas.

Maas's influx, river kier originates on the territory of Luxembourg. However, having passed only a few kilometers along its territory, bypassing a small segment in the Belgian territory, it comes to France, where it flows for more than 100 km. Kierre flows into the Maas below the town of Duzi. The second large influx of Maasa - River Sambr which in the middle of the course is associated with the Canal with the UAZ River. The Sambr is also shipping, has the I grade of shipping and is used in commercial navigation. Blows in Maas Sambr already on the territory of Belgium.

Maja Functions in France

Shelde River (Schelde) - Ninth River Length (Fleuve) of France from those that fall into the ocean . Its total length is 355 km, and the pool covers an area of \u200b\u200b21 860 sq. Km. Like Maas - Shelda begins his way on the territory of France, and then leaves her. Shelda takes its beginning in the French Department of Anna, not far from the Gi village at an altitude of 97 meters above sea level. For the next 98 km. The water of this river proceeds through the territory of France from the south-west to the northeast, and then leave France and occur along the territory of Belgium. Shelda flows into the North Sea in the territory of the Netherlands, where it has the character of a full-water river from water costs 104 cubic meters / s.

The Shelda River Pool is currently under the stringent control of European environmental associations. This is due to the fact that in spite of its modest size in length within the pool, 11 million Europeans lives, and the territory is occupied by the squares used in intensive agriculture, in the steel and chemical industry. This makes sheldom one of the most polluted rivers in Europe. Especially this situation is characteristic of the mouth of the sheld. It should be noted that since 1980, the situation is slightly improved.

The French section of the Shelda River is also called Eska (Fr. - Escaut). In France, Sheld takes such tributaries as scarp (102 km), Fox (195 km) and Sel (46 km). The Schalde Basin Square (ESCO), in France, is about 6,680 km2. Given that the source of the river is located at an altitude of only 97 meters above sea level - Shelda for the bias of the bed is one of the most calm rivers. About 140 km. Its paths are equipped as channels and gateways, which ensures its relative fullness. As a result of the construction of such a system, it was possible to regulate the level of water in the direction of the shelda, as a result of which the river received the IV class of shipping and is able to accept vessels with displacement of up to 1,500 tons.

The largest tributaries of the shelf - the river Lis and Skarp. At the same time, if SKARP is the river in the present sense of the word, then the Fox River is only in the upper course. On it connects to the channel system french region Nord-Pa de Calais and continues its path already as an integral part of this system. Therefore, its length is 195 km. It is indicated very conditional: here the duration of the channels are included here, which continue to carry the water of the river. The Fox River begins his way on the territory of France, it also merges with the mentioned channel system and in its composition leaves the country's limits. It is adjacent to Shelda Fox on the territory of Belgium near Gent.

Scarp - River, located completely within France. It has a length of about 102 km. And the impressive pool area is 1 322 km2. He fell into the shelda practically on the border of France with Belgium in Mortan-du Nord.

Basic tributaries Shelda

- Fourth along the length of the France River And, unlike the Rhine and Maas, does not leave France, but on the contrary, brings here their waters from the neighboring Switzerland. The total length of the river is 812 km., Of which 545 km. Ron overcomes in the territory of France. River basin area in France - 95,590 sq. Km, which is about 17% of the territory of the Metropolis of France.

Takes his beginning At an altitude of 2209 m. Above sea level on the territory of Canton Du Valle (Switzerland) and has, mostly, tall-glacial meals. Being mainly from the east to the west of Ron, the Alpine mountain ranges crosses and flows into the Lake Geneva, leaving from which Ron penetrates into the territory of France, where the city of Lyon sharply change its direction and rushes his waters from north to south. Here Ron flows on the lowland of the Rhone-Sons, and then, forming in the area of \u200b\u200bArle, a small delta falls into the Mediterranean Sea.

- the fastest river France . In addition, Ron is the second river full of the river, flowing into the Mediterranean, except for the rivers flowing into the Black Sea. In this indicator, it is inferior only to the Nile. Its medium bias is 2.72 m. Per 1 km. Ways, which significantly exceeds similar indicators of other rivers (- 1.4m, Rhine - 1.9m., Sena - 0.58m.). At the mouth, the average rone water consumption is 1,690 cubic meters / s, which is somewhat less than that of the Rhine, but more than Loire, Maas, Seine and other "low" rivers of France. On the territory of France Ron takes such tributaries as a Du (453 km), Durans (323.8 km), Sona (480 km) and a number of smaller rivers. The watershed of the Rhone basin from other rivers of France speak at once several mountain arrays: the Alps will separate the rone pool from the Peninsula's pools; Veges and Jura - from the Rhine and Seine basin; The central French array is from the Loire and Garonna pools.

In the area of \u200b\u200bLyon in Ron flows the most powerful influx - the Sona River having a waterboat pool of an impressive area (29,950 km2). Sona connects Ron to the channels of the canals with the River and Rhine river basins, which makes it possible through the rivers of the France rivers between the Northern and Mediterranean Sea. It is the calm sion that transmits the rone of the function of an important transport artery, because at this point it becomes so full that has a Vib class of shipping with the possibility of passing commercial vessels with displacement to 12,000 tons. From that moment on, it becomes shipping in the full sense of the word.

Except for the sons the main pool of the Rhone Make up left tributaries. It was from the left side of the river of the Provence, Savoy, French Alps in Ron. The largest among them is the iszer (286 km), which flows just above the city of Valence, then Drome (110.7 km.) And Durans (323.8 km.). In addition to these rivers, several more, which form all the volume of water, which takes place in the row rone when it is pushed into the Mediterranean Sea: River En - 190 km., Czes - 128.4 km., Gardon - 127.3 km., Eg - 114.2 km., ARV - 107.8 km.

The main tributaries of the Rhone

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River Garonna (Garonne) - Sixth along the length of the France River . Its total length is 647 km, of which the territory of France accounts for 523 km. Garonna Basin Square - about 55 thousand square meters, of which more than 50 thousand sq.m. It falls on the territory of France, which is almost 9% of its metropolis.

Garonna takes his beginning in Spanish Pyrenees, not far from the peak Aneto ( the highest point Pyrenees) at an altitude of 3,404 meters above sea level and has tall-glacial nutrition. In the upper course, Garonna is a very rude stream, which crosses the mountain chain of the Pyreneev and in the Northern Pyrenean slopes descends to the territory of the Aquitan lowland, which crosses from the south to the north and in the city of Bordeaux, merging with the Dordogne River goes to Estuary Girondd The waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

In the upper course, to Toulouse, the water level in Garonne, the speed of its flow depends on the velocity of the melting of snow cover and glaciers in the pyrenees. Therefore, the river fullness is seasonal. The greatest level of water in line with Garonna reaches during the period of precipitation and melting of snow (from December to the end of May). With the rapid melting of the snow in the rigging of Garonna, which happens often, the water level of Garonna is sharply rising. The volume of water consumption increases to 880-1050 m3 / s. Since June, water in Garonne gradually decreases, reaching his minimum in August. At this time, the lowest indicators of water flow rate in the rower row are descended - they are lowered to 190-250 m3 / s, which is several times less than in winter.

Garonna - the most stormy river France . Its medium bias is about 5.25m. per 1 km., What significantly exceeds the same indicator of other major rivers of France. On his way, Garonna takes the waters of a number of major rivers:, Bais (187.7 km), Zhere (175.4 km), Argery (163.2 km), Sav (148.4 km), as well as many smaller sets rivers and streams. At the place of haronna in the world ocean, its width is about 800 meters, and water consumption is 650 cubic meters / s, which is the fourth indicator among French rivers. Garonna in this indicator is inferior only to Rhine, Ron and Loire.

The greatest tributaries of Garonna affecting the nature of its flow, performing the functions of the speed of water movement - rivers and flowing from the central French array and flowing into Garonnong to the right.

- River in the south of France , the right influx of Garonna. The length of the river is 380 km2., The territory of the pool is over 15.7 thousand square meters. Fully located in France. The average water consumption in the tarne is about 140 m3 / s.

Right influx of Garonna. Blows in Garonna for several tens of kilometers below the tarn. The length of the river is 481km., The territory of the pool - over 11.25 thousand square meters. The average water consumption in Lo is about 155 m3 / s. Considering that Lo, as he originates in the mountains (more precisely - c), it is characteristic of spring floods, in the summer there are rain floods.

The main tributaries of Garonna

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River Dordogne (Dordogne) - the seventh on the length of the River (FLEUVE) of France . Its total length is 483 km, and the pool covers an area of \u200b\u200b23 957 sq. Km. Dordogne, as well as hay and completely located within the same country - France.

River Dordogne takes his beginning At an altitude of 1,885 meters above sea level in the Mountain Arrays of Puy de Sansi, belonging to the central French massif. Going away from the mountain slopes from the east to the West, Dordogne hits the northern lands of Aquitan lowland, where its course calms down and it takes the nature of the plain river. Not far from Bordeaux Dordogne, merging with Garonaya, forms the estuary of Girond, which belongs to the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. At the place of adulted, Dordoni in the world ocean (in the estuary of Girona), its width is about 800 meters, and water consumption is 380 cubic meters / s.

Like most other French rivers on the Atlantic Coast, river Dordon It is full and is not experiencing problems with rain powered due to the wet sea climate and the abundance of precipitation. Dordogan has seasonal water level fluctuations. In winter, the water level in Dordoni rises. During this period, the average water consumption in the Dordoni row increases to 345-470 m3 / s. However, from the end of March and September, the water level in Dordoni is gradually decreasing. In August, Dordogne has minimum levels levels. During this period, the stream power in the river reaches only 80-100 m3 / s. The absolute minimum at this time is 81.2 m3 / s. However, this seasonality is conditional. Due to the large number of precipitation, falling on the Atlantic coast in some years - floods are possible on Dordony even in the summer.

On his way Dordogan takes the waters of a number of major rivers : Weser (211.2 km), ISL (255.3 km), Ser (120.4 km), Maronne (92.6 km), as well as many smaller rivers and streams. The greatest value Have influx of ISL (ISLE) and Wezer (Vezere). For two, these rivers have a pool area of \u200b\u200bmore than 11 thousand km2., Which is almost half of the entire Dordoni basin.

River Weser begins his way In the Limuzen region on Dordoni watershed and. The Weser is the right influx of Dordoni, which some distance overcomes in parallel Dordoni, and then, at Vimy, flows into it. Not much inferior to the second powerful influx of Dordoni (ISL River) in length, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Veser pool 2 times less area The basin isla and is 3,736 km2.

Izl River, like the Weser - the right influx of Dordoni . This is the longest and full flow of Dordoni and its water-seated river. Isl shares the basins of the Dordoni rivers and charenits. Its length is over 250 km, and the pool area is 7,510 km2. Within its pool, Isl takes the waters of such large tributaries as the Drone River (201 km) and Overfeas (112 km), as well as several smaller robusts.

Basic tributaries Dordoni

The Sharante River (Charante) - the eighth along the length of the River (Fleuve) of France from those that fall into the sea . Its total length is 381.4 km, and the pool covers an area of \u200b\u200b9 855 sq. Km. Like Dordogne, Sharanta completely proceeds through the territory of France, located at some distance north of Dordoni. Her pool is a peculiar watershed between the pools of two large French rivers - Dordoni and Loire.

Sharanta originates In the Department of Top Vienne at an altitude of 295 meters above sea level and, proceeding mainly from the east to the West reaches the water of the Atlantic Ocean, in which it flows near the town of Rochefort. Charente has the flat nature of the flow and mainly rain food, which affects its fullness. Charente Despite its sufficiently modest sizes is a shipping river. She was assigned by the II class of shipping with the possibility of navigating ships with displacement to 600 tons. Certain difficulties in shipping on the charente cause several of its bridges located at low height from the water level.

Sharanta is characterized by a sufficiently modest water consumption . At the place of her sign in the Atlantic Ocean, its width is 560 meters, and water consumption is 49 cubic meters / s, which is significantly lower than that of other major rivers of France. However, like other rivers Atlantic coast France - Charente has a certain seasonality in the water level values. For example, in the winter months, when the amount of precipitation dropped increases, floods occur on the charente, sometimes strong. The maximum fixed values \u200b\u200bof water consumption in line with charentes were recorded on December 1, 1982. Then this value reached 595 m3 / s, which is characteristic of substantially larger rivers.

Large tributaries Sharanta - Buton (98.8 km), Syzhn (82.4 km), not (66.1 km) . The area of \u200b\u200bthe pool Over 1,000 km2 has only one influx of charenits - river Buton . This river has an average water consumption of only about 13 m3 / s, and does not significantly affect the shaman's fullness, falling into it in the lower course.

River Syzhn and not - Left tributaries charenits and fall into it significantly higher in the flow. For two, they have a waterboat area of \u200b\u200babout 1,500 km2, which is more than 15% of the Shedra pool area and along with the tributaries of the TuvR and the antennas - provide its shipping up to the town of Montignac, i.e. For 196 km.

Major tributaries Sharanty

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River - the tenth along the length of the River (Fleuve) of France, flowing into the ocean. Its total length is 309 km. Adur is fully located in France and has a waterboat pool area of \u200b\u200babout 16,880 sq. Km.

The river originates in the French Pyrenees , not far from the peak de Bigor at an altitude of 2 150 meters above sea level and has tall-glacial food. In the upper course, it is a very rude stream, which crosses the mountain chain of the pyrenees and on the North Pyrenean slopes descends to the territory of the Aquitan lowland, which crosses from the southeast to the North-West. In the area of \u200b\u200bBayon, Adur flows into the Atlantic Ocean. In this place, it has a width of 160 meters, although for its flow, Adur reaches more than 450 meters.

, together with Sharanta, Dordonus, Garonaya and Lo was one of five rivers For which in southern France began its development of river transport. In the Middle Ages, the court was transported by Adour products from the inner southwestern regions of Aquitania to the coast of the Atlantic, and from there - to the main seaports France. In the XV-XVIII centuries, Adur in its region was the main trading route for the forges located in his pool, mills, and from 1530 and paper produces. At the end of the XIX century due to the development of railway transport and buildings railway paths In the region, the role of Adura in transport traffic The settlements began to decline.

Currently Adur Shipping to Commune Yurt Here the width of the river Adura reaches 120-meters. It can be said that Adur is shipping to the place of sign up in Hav Reuni River. It is on this plot for Adura is navigating light pleasure passenger ships . However, as a transport artery, Adur has long lost its former importance and is rarely used in this capacity.

By the nature of the flow of adur Very similar to Garonna. In the winter, when the amount of precipitation dropped in the region is increasing, as well as in the spring due to the melting of snow in the Pyrenees - the Carrier of Adura is filled. Here floods are possible, and the consumption of Adura's water at the place of his merger with the influx of Gav de in increases to 350-440 m3 / s. In May and throughout the summer, the water level in the direction of Adura gradually decreases. The minimum values \u200b\u200bof this indicator acquires in August-September, when water consumption near the river does not exceed an average of 120 m3 / s. After that, throughout the autumn months, the counter of Adura again begins to gradually fill with water due to precipitation falling in the mountains. At the place of adura, the Atlantic Ocean, its water consumption is an average of 350 cubic meters / s.

The pool area is 16,880 km2. The main tributaries of Adura - the Miduz River (151 km), Gav de Po (193.1 km), Luu (154.5 km), Arro (131 km), Gaba (117 km), Biduz (82.4 km). Many of these rivers have a non-permanent character and even a length. For example, river Gav de By and Miduz During the year they change their length twice. Gav de software varies from 80 to 193 km, and Miduz - from 43 to 151 km. This is due to the fact that the basis of the nutrition of these rivers are melting waters resulting from the melting of snow on the northern slopes of the pyrenees. In the summer months, when the sources of rivers are dried in natural reasons - these adurates are losing most of their path.

More or less permanent in their current remain adura tributary as NIV, Arro, Biduz, Lui . Despite smaller sizes than previous tributaries, they have a more significant impact on Adur. In the summer months, they support the water level in Adura, and in the winter, as well as most of the rivers of this region are spilled. The Midwood River - 3,590 km2, and Gav de For in the Winter and Spring Months, and Hav de in the Water and Spring Months, when not experiencing problems with water, its pool reaches the area of \u200b\u200b2,600 km2.

From these rivers, first of all should be allocated the largest: Vilan (Vilaine), and Blave (Blave) in Brittany, Somme (Somme) in Picardia, Orne (Orne) in Normandy, Sevre Niortaise in Poitu-Charente, in Languedoc-Roussillon other. And the catchment pool is a total of slightly less than 23% of France, which is not enough, and among them there are quite large and full rivers.

VILAINE River (Vilaine) - River in Brittany , in the west of France. The source of the river is located in the Department of Mayenne. Vilen flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Treigir (Trehiguier) in the Morbian Department. In his supervision, it enters the connecting water system between Saint-Lit and Pennaya. The river flows through 4 Departments: Mayenne, Ile and Vilen, Loire Atlantic and Morbian and 4 main cities: Rennes, Vitre, Redon and La Rosh Bernar.Eyo, the main influx (right) is the Ulta River (150 km). The length of the Vilen River is 218.1 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool is 10,500 km2, which is more than, for example, with charenits. The gerand peninsula shares the mouths of Vilen and Loire and is a kind of watershed between these rivers. Vilen is part of the brutal channel system. From Renna to the Atlantic Ocean of the River Shipping for small ships. Here, the river is assigned II class of shipping, which allows to operate ships with displacement to 600 tons.

The Blave River - the second major River Brittany . Also, like VILAN, has its own system of tributaries and a waterboat pool. The river originates east of the Kota-d'Armor Commune in Côte d'Armor, proceeds through the communes of Saint-Nicolas-du Pelane and Guarek, crosses the border with the Morbian Department, hereinafter - through the commune Ponivo, Ennebon, flows into the Atlantic Ocean within the city Lorian. Food is predominantly rain. The length of the river is 148.9 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool is 1,974 km2. The largest influx of Blave is the River Evel, the length of which is 56 km. The riverbed on the high mass channel is sewn, shipping is possible in lower reaches for small courts. Along with the VIL River, Flavo is the basis of the River System of the Brittany region, the territory of which does not have access to the basins of the main rivers of France.

- One of the largest rivers of the south of France . AD originates in Capesire (Oriental Pyrenees) on the Eastern Slope of Carlitt Mountains at an altitude of 2136 meters above sea level. Basically flows through the territory of the Languedoc-Roussillon region. The length of the river is 224.1 km, and the pool area is 5 327 km2. The largest influx - the Orbye River, the length of which is 84 km. On the water level in ODE, often influence weather. In 1999, due to a large amount of precipitation, a destructive flood occurred on the ORD, the resulting death of 35 people.

Somme (FR. Somme) - River in the north of France . Somme is the basis of the river system of Picardia, most of the territory of which does not apply to the basins of the main French rivers. The length of the Somma River is 245 km, the pool area is 5,560 km2. The river originates at the town of the foundation (Department of Enana, flows mainly to the West, flows into the strait of La Mans, forming the estuary (Somme bay). Power is predominantly rain; the average water consumption near the mouth is about 45 m3 / s. Stoke has been changing little . Almost all over the river shipping. The river is connected by canals with UAZ and Shelda.

In Normandy, as in Picardia, there is own river flowing into the ocean and having its own extensive waterboat pool. The ORN river is the basis local river system. The length of the river is 169.6 km, and the pool area is 2,932 km2. Blows into La Mans 13 km north-northeast of the city of Kan. Orn does not have large tributaries. The longest of them is the Iron River, the length of which is only 37 km. However, this does not interfere with the orna of being a full-flowed river. At the mouth, water consumption is about 27.5 m3 / s.

Sevr-Nyorthz - River in Western France In the regions of Poitu-Charente and the Earth Loire. Its length is about 158 \u200b\u200bkm, and the pool area is 3,650 km2. The source of the river is located near the town of Sepvra in the Department of Dos-Sevr. Sevr-Nyorthz proceeds through the city of Nior, and then his course becomes the main water artery in the District of the Swamp. Blows to the Atlantic Ocean. The mouth of the river is located opposite the island of re. Here, the river has a water consumption of about 44 m3 / s, which makes it full and suitable for shipping. For 100 kilometers of the lower course, the sevr-nyortes is navigating small commercial vessels, water-displacement up to 400 tons. The Sevr-Nyorthz and Sevr-Nantez rolled the name of the DE-Sevre department.

Other rivers flow in France having an independent catchment pool and flowing into the ocean. However, their length does not exceed 150 km, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe non-aid pool exceeds 1,000 km2. Most of these rivers are small streams, the width of which in the mouth does not exceed 5-10 meters, and the length is not more than 50-70 km. The largest of them - river Erol (Herault) with a length of 148 km, flowing into the Mediterranean; Oln River (Aulne) - 140 km., VIR (VIRE) - 128 km long, River Lay (Lay) - 120 km.

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