Water temperature in the Kara Sea. Kara Sea ~ Seas and Oceans

27.09.2019

Kara Sea it was formerly called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - so it is named in the story of 1601 about the journey to Mangazeya of a resident of Pinega Leonty Shubin (Plekhan) and in the petition of Andrey Palitsyn from 1630. On the map of Edward Wells, the sea is called Tartar. And the name "Karskaya" belonged to the Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the Kara river flowing into it. According to the version given by V.Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare" meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Ice, which echoes the Nenets word. For the first time, the sea was named Karsky on the map of V.M.Selifontov in 1736, compiled based on the results of the work of the Dvinsko-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

The Kara Sea belongs to the group of seas of the Siberian Arctic. The boundaries of this sea are land and conventional lines. From the west and the sea is limited by a number of islands (the largest of which New earth) and several straits. From the east, the sea border runs along the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky and Vilkitsky. From the south, the border of the sea is the coast of the mainland. The Kara Sea is well open to the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The sea is located mainly on the continental shelf. These features make it possible to classify the sea as a continental type of marginal seas.

The Kara Sea belongs to largest seas Russian Federation. Its area is approximately 883 thousand km 2. The volume of water reaches about 98 thousand km 3. The average depth of the sea is 111 m, the maximum is 620 m. In the waters Kara Sea there are a large number of islands, most of which are small in size. Small islands are united into archipelagos (Nordenskjold, Skkhera, Minin) and are located along the coast of the mainland. Larger islands (Bely, Shokalsky, Vilkitsky, Sibiryakov, Nansen, Russian) are located alone.

The coastline of the Kara Sea is uneven. The shores of Novaya Zemlya, which wash the waters of this sea, are indented by a large number of fjords. The mainland coast is also strongly dissected: in a number of places the sea juts out sharply into the land, forming the Baydaratskaya and Ob Bay. The Yamal Peninsula protrudes strongly into the sea. Along the coastline there are large bays (Gydansky, Yeniseisky and Pyasinsky), as well as a number of small bays.

Sailing

The date of the beginning of the voyages in the Kara Sea is unknown. History records only the fact that in 1556 the English traveler Stephen Borough found at the Russian sailors he met at the Kara Gates with a clear idea of the sea route to the mouth of the Ob and a full readiness to accompany the British along it. There is a formal reply to the Tobolsk governors M.M. Godunov and I.F. Volkonsky Tsar from 1601, where a description of this path is given: by the Yugorsky Shar strait to the western part of Yamal, then along the Mutnaya River (a tributary of the Mordyyakhi) to the watershed with the Syoyakha (Green) river - lakes Neito and Yambuto - then by dragging and the river down to the Ob Bay ... From the Gulf of Ob, a path opened to the south along the Ob (Obdorsk) and to the east through the Tazovskaya bay (Mangazeya) to the Yenisei basin.

Bottom relief

The relief of the Kara Sea bottom has a large number of irregularities. The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. The trench of St. Anne has a maximum depth of 620 meters. The bottom of shallow waters and hills is covered with sand and sandy silt. The gutters and hollows are covered with gray, blue and brown silts. At the bottom of the central part of the sea, there are ferromanganese nodules.

In the southwestern part of the sea, near the Yamal Peninsula, large shelf deposits of natural gas and gas condensate have been explored. The largest of them are the Leningradskoye gas reserves - over 1 trillion cubic meters and Rusanovskoye. The development of offshore fields is planned to begin after 2025.

Climate and hydrological regime

The Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate, which is due to the northern location of the sea and its direct contact with the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean, located relatively close to the Kara Sea, softens the climate. But the island of Novaya Zemlya prevents the penetration of a large amount of warm air masses. The Kara Sea has more severe climatic conditions than the Barents Sea. Due to the large extent of the sea, climatic differences are observed in different parts of it. Storms most often occur in the western part of the sea. A hurricane wind constantly occurs near the island of Novaya Zemlya (Novaya Zemlya bora). The duration of this hurricane is short 2 - 3 hours, but in winter it can drag on for several days. In March, the average air temperature reaches –28.6 0 С at Cape Chelyuskin and –20 0 С at Cape Zhelaniya. The lowest air temperature that can be at sea is - 45 - 50 0 C. In the warmest period (July) the air warms up on average by 5 - 6 0 C in the western part of the sea and by 1 - 2 0 C - in the east and the northeast. Near the mainland coast, the air can warm up to +18 and +20 0 C. But, despite the high summer temperatures, at any summer time snow may fall. In general, the short summer is marked by low temperatures and cloudy weather with a lot of rain.

The water temperature near the sea surface in winter is close to -1.8 ° C. Water in shallow areas is well mixed from surface to bottom and has the same temperature and salinity (about 34 ppm). River runoff and ice melting in summer lead to a decrease in the salinity of seawater below 34 ppm, at river mouths the water becomes close to fresh. The water warms up to 6 ° C in summer.

The tides in the Kara Sea reach a height of 50 - 80 centimeters. In the cold season, sea ice has a great influence on the tides - the tide value decreases. The sea is covered with ice almost all year round. Ice formation begins in September. There are significant areas of perennial ice up to 4 meters thick. Fast ice forms along the shores, and floating ice in the center of the sea. In summer, the ice breaks up into separate massifs.

Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. The flora is represented by several types of bottom algae - brown algae, red algae, green algae. In the water, a mass of unicellular algae and phytoplankton feels good and develops. The fauna of invertebrates and fish is quite richly represented, including pink salmon, chum salmon, chinook salmon, sockeye salmon, omul, muksun, nelma, char, navaga, and flounder. Salmon and whitefish spawn in rivers, and go out to sea for feeding. At the same time, they keep near river mouths, not moving far to the north. In total, 54 fish species live in the Kara Sea. Among marine mammals, the seal, walrus, sea hare, beluga whale live here. Cetaceans are also represented by larger animals - minke whales, of which 5 species can be counted here. Bowhead whales and predatory killer whales very rarely come here from the Barents Sea. There are many birds on the islands (dominated by guillemots, auks, luriks), which form noisy bird colonies. Among terrestrial animals, the coast of the mainland and the island is visited by the polar bear and arctic fox, for which the sea is an important source of food. Sharks in the Kara Sea are represented by the only species - small-headed or polar shark, which does not care about cold waters and harsh climate.

Economic value

The Kara Sea is distinguished by its high biological productivity. Fishing objects include cod, whitefish, char, vendace, omul, smelt, navaga, Arctic cod. Fisheries are organized only in bays, bays and lower reaches of rivers, where there is no thick ice cover. As in all coastal northern seas Eurasia, in the Kara Sea, walruses are harvested, but only for the needs of the local population, since walruses have been taken under state protection since 1956. Large oil and gas fields have been discovered and are being developed (gas condensate fields Rusanovskoye, Leningradskoye). The Kara Sea is part of the transport Northern Sea Route. Ports are located here: Dikson, Amderma; Dudinka and Igarka (Yenisei).

Ecology

The waters belonging to the bays of the Kara Sea are characterized by specialists as moderately polluted. The rivers that flow into the Kara Sea have a relatively low level of pollution. However, the Ob and Yenisei waters have a high concentration of heavy metals, which adversely affects the ecosystem of the sea. Another important source is the pollution of the waters of the water area with aerosol materials from the metallurgical production in the city of Norilsk. Vessels negatively affect the ecological state of the sea. The places of their frequent movement are polluted with oil products.

Remains important environmental issue In the Kara Sea, radioactive contamination. Due to the fact that a number of numerous air, surface, underground and underwater nuclear explosions were carried out on Novaya Zemlya in the 60s of the last century, over 13 million Cs-137 curies were released into the atmosphere. During this period, the disposal of radioactive waste began in the northern seas. Today, the eastern part of the Novaya Zemlya shelf is the main burial site. Waste is flooded in this region in several areas not at a depth of 12 to 380 m; they make up 70% of the volume of sea burials of the USSR period. In the shallow waters of the Kara Sea bays, during 1965-1988, flooding of floating facilities with radioactive waste was carried out. The greatest potential danger comes from 17 reactors of the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" and 11 thousand containers with hazardous waste. Control measurements are regularly carried out, the results of which show that at the moment the level of radioactivity in the bays of the Kara Sea does not exceed the norm, but these objects pose a potential environmental hazard.

The Kara Sea is one of several seas belonging to the Siberian Arctic group. By virtue of geographic features it belongs to the continental type of the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean.

The Kara Sea is considered one of the largest in the Russian Federation - its area is approximately 883 thousand kilometers, and the volume of water is about 98 thousand cubic kilometers.

They say that it was the Kara Sea that served as a prototype for the "Tale of Tsar Saltan".

Gas producers ...

Endless pr ...

Vaygach Island ...

Cape Chelyuskin ...

The Kara Sea is located between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. It is considered the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean and is part of the Northern Sea Route. It communicates with the neighboring from the eastern side, with the help of the Kara Gates and Matochkin Shar straits, and from the western side - with the Vilkitsky straits, and the straits between the Severnaya Zemlya islands.

The main bays are Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays, as well as Yeniseisky, Pyasinsky and Taimyrsky. In places they crash into the gentle coast of the mainland. Several rivers flow into the Kara Sea, the largest of which are the Yenisei, Ob, Pyasinka and Kara, after which the sea is named. And although this sea is the heaviest along the entire length of the Northern Sea Route, due to the huge ice cover, it is a kind of northern gateway to Siberia. It is here along the Yenisei and Ob that the riches of the Siberian forests are exported.

There are many islands in the sea, which are included in the Great Arctic State nature reserve... It is the largest in Eurasia. One of famous islands The Kara Sea - the island of Vaygach, is a special place where the secrets of the bloody rituals and pagan cults of the ancient peoples who in ancient times inhabited these lands are kept. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island an anomalous mystery that they cannot solve for a long time. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood is improved.

The Severnaya Zemlya archipelago also has a rich and interesting story... It was discovered in 1913 by Boris Vilkitsky's expedition. He mistakenly presented the archipelago as one island and named it the Land of Nicholas II. In 1926, the Land of Nicholas II was named Severnaya Zemlya. And the fact that this zone is a group of islands was only published in 1933.

In ancient times, sailing on the Kara Sea was equal to a fatal feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer it is no more than +16. The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time is the polar day. In winter, stormy winds often blow, blizzards and blizzards rage. Fogs come in in summer, and the north wind brings snow charges. The sea is covered with ice for most of the year. Even modern nuclear icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.

Plant life in the Kara Sea, with its harsh climate, cold water and a powerful ice shell, which cannot be called animated. But it still exists here, although it is several times poorer than in the neighboring Barents Sea. Several types of bottom algae grow here: some types of fucus, rodimenia and odontaria, porphyry, ulva, which is also called "sea salad" and kelp "- seaweed". In the icy water of this northern sea, unicellular algae and phytoplankton also thrive. Zooplankton also lives in the waters of the Kara Sea, which serves as food for cetaceans.

Unlike plants, the fauna is somewhat richer. For example, in the waters of this sea there are many invertebrates and fish: pink salmon and chum salmon, chinook salmon and salmon, omul and muskun, nelma and char, navaga and flounder. In addition to them, salmon and whitefish go out to the sea, not far from river mouths, to spawn in rivers.

Just like in other northern seas, there are many small fish in the Kara Sea: European smelt and capelin, sculpin and liparis, chanterelles and some other fish. In total, there are about 54 species of fish in this sea. Some of them are of great commercial importance.

The Kara Sea is inhabited by seals and walruses, seals, bearded seal and beluga whales. Among the cetaceans, there are 5 species of minke whales: fin whale, sei whale, small whale, and humpback whale. Of the sharks in the Kara Sea, only the polar one lives, which is not afraid of the icy water of this northern sea.

There are a great many birds on the islands; they form noisy bird colonies. Most of them are guillemots and auks, as well as lyuriki.

There are still not so many tourists going to the icy coast of the Kara Sea. But those who have visited these parts, talk about their vacation avidly. Of course, you shouldn't count on five-star hotels in this harsh region. But the hotels here are quite decent and you will not stay hungry for sure. But what kind of fishing and hunting awaits you in the Arctic! You can catch fish even in summer, even in winter. Here any kid will teach you this.

If you wish, you can take part in a seal or seal hunt.

Of course, you need to be careful, as the owner of the north can do this close to you.

And of course it's worth getting to know the customs of the locals better, ride a snowmobile or.

The Kara Sea and the islands lying in its water area are a real pearl of the Russian North. It is impossible to describe in words, it must be seen and felt .;

Video: Kara Sea: ...

On the question of salinity, the temperature of the Kara Sea, asked by the author User deleted the best answer is Kara Sea, marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. Located between the coast of the West Siberian Plain, the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. The area is about 880 thousand square meters. km, average depth 127 m, maximum 620 m, water volume 112 thousand cubic meters. km. The greatest length of the sea from the South-West to the North-East is about 1500 km, the width (in the northern part) is up to 800 km. The main bays (Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays, Yeniseisky, Pyasinsky and Taimyrsky) are cut into a low, in some places gently sloping coast of the mainland. The largest rivers flowing into the sea - Yenisei, Ob, Pyasina, Kara, which gave the name to the sea, have an annual flow of about 1300 cubic meters. km, of which 80% in summer. There are a large number of islands in the Kara Sea (total area of about 10,000 sq. Km), concentrated mainly in the northeastern part: the Minin skerries, the Nordenskjold archipelago (more than 70 islands), etc. In the central part of the Kara Sea - the islands of the Arctic Institute, Izvestiya TsIK , Sergei Kirov, Uedineniya, Vize, Ushakov, Schmidt and others. There are many low-lying sandy islands (White and others).
The Kara Sea is located within the continental shoal, therefore about 40% of its area is occupied by depths of less than 50 m and only 2% - more than 500 m.The shelf is cut from the North by two wide deep-water trenches - St. Anna (along east coast Franz Josef Land, up to 620 m deep) and Voronin (along the western coast of Severnaya Zemlya, up to 450 m deep). Between the troughs there is the Central Kara seamount (less than 50 m deep), above which the islands of Vise and Ushakov rise. The Novaya Zemlya depression (200-418 m deep) stretches along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya.
The water area of the Kara Sea has repeatedly undergone transgressions and, in its present form, was formed as a result of the retreat of the Pleistocene glaciation, traces of which are found under a thin layer of sediments - brown, gray and blue silts in troughs and deep-water depressions, sandy silts on seamounts and shallow water. In the northeast of the sea, there are stony soils. Sand predominates on the shoals and near the mainland coast.
The climate is arctic, harsh: 3-4 months. the polar night lasts a year, 2-3 months. - polar day. air temperature below 0 ° C is kept in the North of the sea for 9-10 months. , in the South - 7-8 months. The average January temperature is from -20 to -28 ° С (the minimum reaches -46 ° С), in July from 6 to -1 ° С (the maximum is up to 16 ° С). The number of days with frost in July ranges from 6 in the South to 20 in the North. In winter, stormy winds, blizzards and blizzards are frequent, in summer - snow charges and fogs. The sea is covered with ice for most of the year. Ice formation begins in September in the North and in October in the South. In winter, fast ice forms near the coast and between the islands, behind which drifting ice is located. By summer, fast ice breaks down, and ice in the South and North of the sea forms stable ice massifs. In years unfavorable for navigation, ice occupies in summer almost the entire sea, in others - significant areas are cleared of ice.
Water masses are strongly cooled and stratified. Most of their thickness is water with a temperature below -1.5 ° C, and only warm Atlantic waters from the Arctic basin penetrate into the troughs, having a temperature of up to 2.5 ° C at a depth of 150-200 m. In winter, the water temperature in the under-ice layer is from -1.5 ° C to -1.7 ° C; in summer, the surface water temperature among the ice only slightly exceeds it, and in ice-free areas it reaches 6 ° С in the southwestern part of the sea and 2 ° С in the north.
The upper layer of water is strongly freshened by river runoff and summer ice melting. In a year river waters could form in the Kara Sea a layer of fresh water 160 cm thick - the largest among all the seas of the Earth (in the World Ocean this value is on average only 10 cm). Salinity near the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei is 10-12 ‰, at Cape Desire it rises to 30 ‰, and at Franz Josef Land - up to 33 ‰. In the southwestern part of the sea, the salinity of surface waters ranges from 20 to 25 ‰, increasing towards the southern straits to 30-31 ‰.
The currents form two slow gyres, oh

The Kara Sea is located to the east of the Novaya Zemlya islands. Its northern border runs from Cape Arctic (Komsomolets Island, Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago) to Kolzat Cape (Graham Bell Island, Franz Josef Land Archipelago). The western border of the sea runs from this cape to Cape Zhelaniya on Novaya Zemlya, then along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya, along the western border of the Kara Gates Strait, along the western coast of about. Vaygach and along the western border of the Yugorskiy Shar strait to the mainland. The eastern border of the sea runs along the shores of the islands of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the eastern borders of the Red Army, Shokalsky and Vilkitsky straits, and the southern border runs along the mainland coast from Cape Bely Nos to Cape Pronchishcheva.

The Kara Sea is wide open to the Arctic basin of the Arctic Ocean. Most of its water area lies on the continental shelf, so it belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Its area is 883 thousand km 2, volume - 98 thousand km 3, average depth - 111 m, maximum depth - 600 m.

There are many islands in the Kara Sea. The vast majority of them are small in size and located along the Asian coast. The largest islands are Bely, Shokalsky, Vilkitsky, Dikson, Russky, etc., and the archipelagos are the Arctic Institute, Izvestiya TsIK, Sergei Kirov, Nordenskjold, etc. large islands(Schmidt, Ushakova, Vize) are located far from land, in the north of the sea.

Yamal Peninsula

The coastline of the Kara Sea is very winding. Eastern shores Novaya Zemlya is cut by numerous fjords. The mainland coast is considerably dissected. The Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays protrude deep into the land, between which the Yamal Peninsula lies, and to the east there are large bays: Gydansky, Yeniseisky, Pyasinsky.

Sections of the coast, diverse in their external shape and structure, belong to different morphological types. Abrasion shores prevail, but accumulative and ice shores are found. The eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya is steep and hilly. The mainland coast is low-lying and gently sloping in places, steep in places.

Climate

Located in the high latitudes of the Arctic and directly connected with the Arctic Basin, the Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate. Relative proximity Atlantic Ocean somewhat softens the climate of the sea, but Novaya Zemlya serves as a barrier to the warm Atlantic air and waters, therefore the climate of the Kara Sea is more severe than the climate of the Arctic Barents Sea.

In the autumn-winter time, the Siberian anticyclone is formed and established over the Kara Sea, the Polar Maximum increases, and the trough of the Icelandic minimum affects the atmospheric processes over the sea. At the beginning of the cold season, the north wind prevails in the northern part of the sea, while in the south the winds are unstable in direction. The wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m / s. The winter baric situation determines the prevalence of southerly, southwestern and southeasterly winds in most of the sea. Only in the northeast do the winds of the northern points often blow. The average wind speed is 7-8 m / s, often it reaches storm force. The largest number of storms is observed in the western part of the sea. On the shores of Novaya Zemlya, a local hurricane wind often forms - Novaya Zemlya bora. It usually lasts several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. Southerly winds, as a rule, bring continental air strongly cooled over the mainland to the Kara Sea. The average monthly air temperature in March at Cape Chelyuskin is –28.6 °, at Cape Zhelaniya –20 °, and the minimum air temperature can reach –45-50 °. However, with southerly winds, relatively warm polar sea air sometimes enters the western part of the sea. It is brought by cyclones that come from the west and, meeting the chain of Novaya Zemlya mountains on their way, deviate to the south and southeast. The most frequent inflows of warm air occur in February, which is associated with even a slight increase in average temperature air. In addition, these incursions of warm air and Novaya Zemlya bora cause unstable winter weather in the western part of the sea, while relatively stable cold and clear weather is present in its northern and eastern regions.

In the warm season, the Siberian Maximum collapses, the low pressure trough disappears, and the Polar Maximum weakens. In this regard, in the spring winds blow, unstable in direction, the speed of which usually does not exceed 5-6 m / s. Cyclonic activity is weakening. Spring warming up occurs rather quickly, but a significant increase in air temperature does not occur. In May average monthly temperature the air is kept about -7 ° in the west and about -8 ° in the east of the sea.

In the warmest month, July, the average air temperature is 5-6 ° in the western part of the sea and 1-2 ° in the east and northeast. In some areas of the mainland coast, the temperature can rise up to 18 and even up to 20 °. Snow can fall in any summer month.

The Kara Sea accounts for about 55% (1290 km 3 / year) of the total runoff to all seas of the Soviet Arctic. The Ob annually brings an average of 450 km 3 of water, the Yenisei - about 600, Pyasina - 80, Pur and Taz - about 86 and other rivers up to 75 km 3. Approximately 80% of river water comes to the sea in late summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter, in very small quantities, water is poured into the sea only from the most large rivers... Almost all continental runoff enters the Kara Sea from the south. In general, almost 40% of the area of this sea is under the influence of continental waters, which create a surface freshened layer with a pronounced density gradient. For the Kara Sea, western, eastern and fan-shaped variants of the distribution of freshened waters have been established. The runoff, concentrated in the area of about. Dixon, influences the development of the currents system. Thus, continental runoff is an important factor in the formation of the hydrological features of the Kara Sea.

Water temperature and salinity

The structure of the Kara Sea waters is formed by surface arctic, estuarine and deep Atlantic waters.

Most of the sea area is occupied by surface Arctic waters. They are formed as a result of mixing of waters coming from other basins and continental runoff, and their further transformation. The thickness of the layer of surface Arctic waters in different areas of the sea depends mainly on the bottom topography. At great (200 m and more) depths, these waters lie down to the horizons of 150-200 m, and in shallow water areas they spread from the surface to the bottom. In general, they are characterized by a temperature close to the freezing point and somewhat lower salinity (29-33.5 ‰). Arctic surface waters are divided into three layers. The upper one (0-50 m) has a uniform temperature and salinity, which is explained by the active mixing of waters during the winter vertical circulation. It is underlain (from 20-25 to 100 m horizons) by a layer with the same low temperature and sharply increasing (up to 34 ‰ and more) salinity. Deeper (from the horizon 100 m to 200 m) lies a layer with characteristics intermediate between the subsurface and deep Atlantic waters. In spring and summer, a thin (5-10 m) layer of increased temperature and low salinity is distinguished in the upper layer of the surface Arctic water in the ice-free areas of the sea.

Near river mouths during the warm season, river waters mix with cold and salty Arctic surface water. As a result, a kind of water is formed here with a high temperature, low salinity and, accordingly, with a low density. It spreads over the surface of denser Arctic waters, on the border with which (horizons 5-7 m) large gradients of salinity and density are created. Desalinated surface water sometimes spreads over considerable distances from the places of formation. Under surface arctic water in the troughs "St. Anna ”and Voronin are relatively warm (0-1 °) and salty (about 35 ‰) Atlantic waters. They come from the Central Arctic Basin and transform as they move from north to south, and their upper boundary (0 ° isotherm) rises from a horizon of 100 m to a horizon of 75 m.The quantity and characteristics of Atlantic waters entering the sea change from year to year ...

Located in high latitudes and throughout the year completely or largely covered with ice, the Kara Sea warms up very weakly. At the surface, temperatures generally decrease from southwest to northeast. In the autumn-winter season, the sea surface is intensely cooled, and in open spaces the water temperature drops rapidly. In winter, in the under-ice layer, it is everywhere close to the freezing point of water and is equal to –1.5-1.7 °.

In spring, solar heat is spent primarily on melting ice, so the water temperature on the surface is practically the same as in winter. Only in the southern part of the sea, which is freed from ice earlier than others and is influenced by continental runoff, does the temperature on the sea surface gradually rise. In summer, in the warmest months - July and August - in ice-free spaces, the water temperature on the surface is 3-6 °, and under the ice it is slightly higher than the freezing point.

The vertical distribution of water temperature varies with the seasons. In winter, from surface to bottom, the temperature is almost everywhere close to the freezing point. Only in the gutters "St. Anna ”and Voronin, through which deep Atlantic waters of the warm layer of the Arctic basin penetrate into the sea, it begins to rise from the horizons of 50-75 m and in the 100-200 m layer reaches values of 1-1.5 °, and decreases deeper again. In the southernmost parts of these troughs, the temperature rises slightly at the depths of 100-200 m. In spring, in the ice-free southern regions of the sea, the water temperature above 0 ° is observed up to horizons of 15-18 m in the southwestern part of the sea and up to horizons of 10-15 m in the east. Deeper, it drops sharply to the bottom. In the northern part of the sea, the vertical distribution of the water temperature in winter is preserved. In the warmest summer months, the water temperature in shallow waters in the southwestern part of the sea rises above zero from surface to bottom. In the western regions, a relatively high water temperature is observed up to 60-70 m, and deeper it gradually decreases. In the east of the sea, the water temperature at the surface is 1.7 °, with depth it rapidly decreases and reaches -1.2 ° on the horizon of 10 m, and -1.5 ° at the bottom. In the ice-covered northern part of the sea, the vertical temperature distribution in summer is the same as in winter. At the beginning of autumn cooling, the water temperature on the surface is somewhat lower than in the subsurface (up to 12-15 m in the southwest and up to 10-12 m in the east) horizons, from which it decreases to the bottom. With autumn cooling, the temperature levels out throughout the entire water column, excluding the areas where deep Atlantic waters are distributed.

Free communication with the Arctic basin, large continental runoff, formation and melting of ice are factors that determine the magnitude and distribution of salinity in the Kara Sea. The salinity of its surface waters varies from 3-5 ‰ in the area of about. Dixon up to 33 and even 34 ‰ on the high seas.

In the cold season, when the river runoff is small and intensive ice formation occurs, the salinity is relatively high.

As a result of the spring inflow of river waters, the surface salinity in the estuarine areas and in the coastal strip decreases. In summer, due to the melting of ice and the maximum spread of river waters, the surface layer is freshened. The lowest salinity (less than 5 ‰) is observed in the areas of the mouths of the Ob, Yenisei and other large rivers. North of the Ob-Yenisei shallow water, the salinity of surface waters increases to 15-20 ‰. For the northern regions of the Kara Sea (north and northeast of Cape Zhelaniya), the salinity of the surface layers rapidly increases from south to north to 34 ‰.

The salinity distribution is influenced by the process of ice melting. Among ice, salinity on the surface is 7-8 ‰ lower than in ice-free areas of the sea. In the water column, salinity increases from the surface to the bottom. In winter, over most of the sea, it rises relatively evenly from 30 ‰ at the surface to almost 33 ‰ of the bottom. Even near river mouths, bottom waters can have high salinity.

In spring, especially at the beginning of the season, the vertical distribution of salinity is similar to that in winter. Only off the coast does the increased inflow of continental waters freshen the most surface layer of the sea, and with depth the salinity sharply rises to a horizon of 5 - 7 m, below which it gradually increases to the bottom.

In summer, salinity from low values on the surface (10-20 ‰) sharply increases with depth and at horizons of 10-15 m is equal to 29-30 ‰. From here, it increases more smoothly, and at the bottom its values reach 34 ‰ and even higher.

Such a character of the vertical salinity distribution in the summer months is especially pronounced in the eastern half of the sea - in the zone of distribution of river waters and among drifting ice in the northern regions of the sea. In stormy weather, the wind mixes the upper 5-meter layer of water, so a homogeneous but slightly higher salinity than before mixing is established in it. Directly under the mixed layer, its value immediately increases sharply, below it gradually increases with depth. The western part of the sea receives relatively homogeneous and salty Barents Sea waters, therefore salinity here is slightly higher, and with depth it does not increase as sharply as in the east of the sea.

By autumn, river runoff decreases, and ice begins to form in the sea. As a result, the salinity on the surface increases, the salinity jump begins to smooth out, and vertically it changes more evenly.

Bottom relief

The relief of the bottom of the Kara Sea is very uneven, depths of up to 100 m prevail. In the shallow waters of the southern and eastern parts of the sea, adjacent to the mainland, there are numerous small depressions separated by uplifts of various heights. Relatively flat bottom - in the central regions.

To the north of the continental coastal shallow water is the Central Kara Upland, extending to the continental slope. It separates two trenches: in the west, the St. Anna Trench (the sea is at its deepest here), and in the east, the Voronin Trough with depths of more than 200 m.Along the coast of Novaya Zemlya, there is an isolated Novaya Zemlya depression with depths of more than 500 m.

The relief of the bottom and current of the Kara Sea

Currents

The density of water in the southern and eastern parts The Kara Sea is lower than in the northern and western regions. In autumn and winter, they are denser than in spring and especially in summer. Density increases with depth. In autumn, winter and early spring, the density gradually increases from the surface to the bottom. In summer, during the maximum spread of river waters in the sea and during the melting of ice, the density of the upper layer 5-10 m thick is lowered, and under it it sharply increases.

Thus, the increase in density with depth occurs in a very sharp jump. The water column is, as it were, divided into two layers. This is most pronounced in the east of the sea, in the zone of distribution of river waters, less clearly in the north, where a decrease in the density of surface waters is associated with desalination during ice melting. In the western part, the density gradually increases with depth, since the homogeneous waters of the Barents Sea penetrate here.

Wind mixing of waters in open sea areas occurs most intensively in autumn, during frequent and strong storm winds. In the central and western regions, mixing penetrates to horizons of 10-15 m, and in the Ob-Yenisei shallow water, the depth of its distribution does not exceed 5-7 m, which is associated with a sharp stratification of waters in terms of density due to desalination.

Autumn-winter convection is much more developed. The most favorable conditions for density mixing are formed near the western shores of Severnaya Zemlya, where a rather weak water stratification, rapid cooling and intense ice formation are observed. Convection here penetrates to horizons of 50-75 m. Similar conditions for the development of convection and approximately the same depths of its propagation are noted in the southwestern and northwestern parts of the sea. In the central regions and in the Ob-Yenisei shallow water, under the influence of continental runoff, convection develops only due to salinization during ice formation and reaches the bottom only by the end of winter. The sliding of waters along the underwater slopes enhances vertical circulation in areas with sharply changing depths.

A relatively stable system of currents is created in the sea, connected with the circulation of the waters of the Arctic basin and neighboring seas. The continental runoff maintains the stability of the currents. The Kara Sea is characterized by a cyclonic circulation in the southwestern part and multidirectional flows in the southern, central and northern regions. The western ring of currents is formed partly by the Barents Sea waters, flowing here through the southern Novaya Zemlya straits and moving to Yamal and further north along its western coast. At the northern end of the peninsula, the Yamal current is strengthened by the Ob-Yenisei current, and even further north it branches off to Novaya Zemlya. Here this stream turns to the south and, in the form of the East Novaya Zemlya Current, moves along the shores of Novaya Zemlya. At the Kara Gates, this current branches into the Barents Sea (Litke Current), where it merges with the Barents Sea waters entering the Kara Sea and closes the cyclonic circulation. With a significant development of the Siberian maximum, atmospheric pressure and the relatively northern location of the Icelandic minimum, this ring of currents covers the entire western part of the sea. In cases of intensive development of the Polar Maximum and displacements to the west of the Icelandic minimum, the cyclonic water cycle is limited by the extreme southwestern part of the sea, and the currents in it are somewhat weakened.

In addition to the Ob-Yenisei Current, the West Taimyr Current begins in the Dikson area, the waters of which are mainly carried out into the Vilkitsky Strait, and partially spread along the western coast of Severnaya Zemlya to the north.

Above the St. Anna ”, the flow of the same name can be traced as a continuation of the Yamal (or Ob-Yenisei) flow. It is directed to the north and goes beyond the Kara Sea.

The velocities of currents in the sea, as a rule, are not high, however, with prolonged and strong winds, they increase. As for the patterns of movement of deep waters, they are still not clear enough (with the exception of the patterns of distribution of deep Atlantic waters penetrating from the Central Arctic Basin into the sea through submarine trenches).

Within the limits of the Kara Sea, currents carry relatively homogeneous thermohaline parameters of water; therefore, the frontal sections are not clearly expressed in it. Areas of contact between river and sea waters and edge waters. Their position and size often change during the warm season, and they are absent during the cold season.

The tides in the Kara Sea are very distinct. One tidal wave enters here from the Barents Sea between Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya and spreads south along the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya, another from the Arctic Ocean goes south along the western shores of Severnaya Zemlya. Regular semi-diurnal tides prevail in the sea, but diurnal and irregular tides are observed in some areas.

Speed tidal currents reaches significant values. For example, about. Bely, in the Kara Gates, on the western coast of Taimyr, it significantly exceeds the speed of constant currents in the Kara Sea. The magnitudes of the tides are relatively small. At all points on the coast, they are on average 0.5 - 0.8 m, but in the Gulf of Ob they exceed 1 m. ice-free seasons reach 2 m and even more.

Frequent and strong winds develop significant waves in the Kara Sea. However, the size of the waves depends not only on the speed and duration of the wind, but also on the ice extent. In this regard, the strongest excitement is observed in low-ice years in late summer - early autumn. Waves with a height of 1.5-2.5 m have the greatest frequency of occurrence; waves of 3 m and more are less frequently observed. Maximum height waves - about 8 m. Most often, strong waves develop in the southwestern and northwestern, usually ice-free parts of the sea. In the central shallow areas, the waves are weaker. During storms, short and steep waves are formed here. In the north of the sea, the excitement is extinguished by ice.

Ice cover

The Kara Sea is completely covered with ice in the autumn-winter time, and only part of its surface is freed from ice in summer. Ice formation begins in September in the northern regions of the sea and in October in the south. From October to May, almost the entire sea is covered with ice of various types and ages.

The coastal zone is occupied by fast ice. In the northeastern part of the sea, stationary ice forms a continuous strip extending from about. White to the Nordenskjold archipelago and from there to Severnaya Zemlya. In the summertime, this strip of fast ice breaks up and breaks up into separate fields. They persist for a long time in the form of the Severozemelsk ice massif. In the southwestern part of the sea, landfast ice occupies small areas.

Seaward of stationary ice there is a zone pure water or young ice. This is an area of dry land. In the southwestern part of the sea there are the Amderma and Yamal polynya, and in the east of the central part of the sea - the Ob-Yenisei polynya. In the open areas of the sea, drifting ice is widespread, among which annuals of local origin prevail. Their maximum thickness (in May) is 1.5 - 2 m. In the southwest there is the Novaya Zemlya massif, which melts in place during the summer. In the northern regions, ice remains permanently. The spurs of oceanic ice massifs descend here. The distribution of ice in spring and summer is very diverse and depends on winds and currents.

Economic value

The fish population of the Kara Sea is not rich and is concentrated mainly in the southern part, off the coast of the mainland and Novaya Zemlya. Here you can find omul, vendace, smelt, navaga and Arctic cod. Near the straits of the Kara Gates and Matochkin Shar, there is a cod that comes here from the Barents Sea. In summer, herds of beluga whales are concentrated in the Ob Bay, Yeniseisky and Pyasinsky bays.

Posted Thu, 23/04/2015 - 08:32 by Cap

In ancient times, sailing on the Kara Sea was equal to a fatal feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer it is no more than +16.
The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time is the polar day. In winter, stormy winds often blow, blizzards and blizzards rage.
Fogs come in in summer, and the north wind brings snow charges. The sea is covered with ice for most of the year. Even modern nuclear icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.
The Kara Sea can be safely called the most extreme sea in Russia!

There are many islands in the sea, which are included in the Great Arctic State Natural Reserve. It is the largest in Eurasia. One of the most famous islands of the Kara Sea, Vaygach Island, is a special place where the secrets of bloody rituals and pagan cults of ancient peoples who in ancient times inhabited these lands are kept. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island an anomalous mystery that they cannot solve for a long time. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood is improved.

The Kara Sea is the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.
Previously, the sea was called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - this is how it was named in the story of 1601 about the journey to Mangazeya of a resident of Pinega Leonty Shubin (Plekhan) and in the petition Andrei Palitsyn from 1630 (the etymology of this name is unknown). And the name "Karskaya" belonged to the Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the Kara river flowing into it. According to the version given by V. Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare", meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Ice, which echoes the Nenets word.
For the first time, the sea was named Karsky on the map of V.M.Selifontov in 1736, compiled based on the results of the work of the Dvinsko-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

schooner Polar Odysseus in the Kara Sea

Geography
Location
The sea is bounded by the northern coast of Eurasia and Geiberg. In the northern part of the sea is the Land of Vise - an island, theoretically discovered in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the Izvestia CEC islands.

The sea is located mainly on the shelf; many islands. Depths of 50-100 meters prevail, the maximum depth is 620 meters. The area is 883,400 km².

Full-flowing rivers flow into the sea: the Ob, so the salinity varies greatly. The Taz River also flows into the Kara Sea.

The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0 ° C. Fogs and storms are frequent. The sea is covered with ice for most of the year.

Bottom relief
The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. Two gutters - St. Anne with maximum depth at 620 meters (80 ° 26 ′ N 71 ° 18 ′ E) and Voronin with a depth of up to 420 meters - cut the shelf from north to south. The East Novaya Zemlya trench with depths of 200-400 meters runs along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The shallow (up to 50 meters) Central Kara Plateau is located between the troughs.

The bottom of shallow waters and hills is covered with sand and sandy silt. The gutters and hollows are covered with gray, blue and brown silts. At the bottom of the central part of the sea, there are ferromanganese nodules.

Kara Sea Sibiryakov Island

Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is formed under the influence of heterogeneous climatic and hydrological conditions in the north and south. The neighboring basins also have a great influence, due to the penetration of some thermophilic forms (from the Barents Sea) and high-Arctic species (from the Laptev Sea) from them. The ecological boundary of their distribution is approximately the eightieth meridian. Freshwater elements also play a significant role in the life of the Kara Sea.

Qualitatively, the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. This can be seen from the comparison of their ichthyofauna. 114 species of fish are found, in the Kara Sea - 54, and in the Laptev Sea - 37. Commercial value in the Kara Sea are: from whitefish - omul, muksun and vendace; from smelt - smelt; from cod - navaga and pollock; from salmon - nelma. Fisheries are organized only in bays, bays and lower reaches of rivers. Pinnipeds of various species are found in the sea: seals, bearded seals, less often walruses. In summer, beluga whales come here in large numbers - a herd animal that makes regular seasonal migrations. There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea.

THE COAST OF THE KARA SEA
The coastline of the Kara Sea is complex and winding. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are cut by numerous fjords. Significantly dissected, the mainland coast, where the Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays protrude deep into the land, between which large bays are located far to the east: Gydansky, Pyasinsky, starting from which coastline outlines many small bays. Less tortuous West Coast Northern Land.

The coast of the Kara Sea, which is diverse in external forms and structure, in different areas belongs to different morphological types of coast (). The sea is surrounded mainly by abrasion shores, but accumulative and ice shores are encountered. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are steep and hilly. The mainland coast is low-lying and gently sloping in places, steep in places. Mostly low shores near

Gydan Bay, Kara Sea

ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA AND WIND
Located in the high latitudes of the Arctic and directly connected with the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate. The relative proximity of the Atlantic Ocean somewhat softens the climate of the sea, in the way of warm Atlantic air and waters, therefore, the Kara Sea is climatically more severe. The large length of the Kara Sea from the southwest to the northeast creates noticeable differences in climatic indicators in its different regions in all seasons.

The location, intensity and interaction of the main centers of atmospheric action largely determine the state of the weather and the magnitude of meteorological elements throughout the year. In the autumn-winter time, the Siberian anticyclone is formed and established, the Polar Maximum increases, and the effect of the Iceland Minimum trough extends to the sea. At the beginning of the cold season, the north wind prevails in the northern part of the sea, and the winds are unstable in direction in the southern part. The wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m / s. The winter baric situation determines the prevalence of southerly, southwestern and southeasterly winds in most of the sea. Only in the north-east winds of northern points are often observed. The average wind speed is 7-8 m / s, often it reaches the force of the storm. The largest number of storms occurs in the western part of the sea. On the shores of Novaya Zemlya, a local hurricane wind often forms - Novaya Zemlya bora. It usually lasts several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. Southerly winds, as a rule, bring continental air strongly cooled over the mainland to the Kara Sea. The average monthly air temperature in March at Cape Chelyuskin is -28.6 °, at Cape Zhelaniya -20 °, and the minimum air temperature in the sea can reach -45-50 °. However, with southerly winds, relatively warm polar sea air sometimes enters the western part of the sea. It is brought by cyclones coming from the west and deviating to the south and southeast, as they meet the chain of Novaya Zemlya mountains on their way. The most frequent inflows of warm air occur in February. These invasions and Novaya Zemlya bora make winter weather unstable in the western part of the sea, while relatively stable cold and clear weather is in its northern and eastern regions.

In the warm season, the Siberian maximum collapses, and the low pressure trough disappears. The polar maximum is shifting to the north. In this regard, winds blow in the spring, unstable in direction, the speed of which usually does not exceed 5-6 m / s. Cyclonic activity is weakening. Spring warming up occurs rather quickly, but does not lead to significant increases in air temperature. In May, the average monthly air temperature is about −7 ° in the west and about −9 ° in the east of the sea.

In summer, a local area of increased pressure forms over the sea, which leads to a predominance of northern winds with speeds of 4-5 m / s. In the warmest month (July), the average air temperature is 5-6 ° in the western part of the sea and 1-2 ° in the east and northeast. In some areas of the mainland coast, the air temperature can rise to +18 and even + 20 °. There can be snowfall in any summer month. V general summer short and cold with cloudy rainy weather. Strong winter cooling and weak summer heating, unstable weather in the cold season and a relatively calm state of the atmosphere in summer are characteristic features of the Kara Sea climate.

Baydaratskaya Bay Kara Sea

STOCK OF THE KARSKY SEA
On average, this sea accounts for about 55% (1290 km3 / year) of the total runoff to all seas of the Siberian Arctic. The Ob annually brings about 450 km3 of water, Pyasina - 80 km3, Pur and Taz together - about 86 km3, and other rivers - about 74 km3. With such a significant river flow, it is distributed very unevenly in time and in the space of the sea. Approximately 80% of river water comes to the sea in late summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter, only the largest rivers flow into the sea in very small quantities. Almost all continental runoff enters the Kara Sea from the south. Under the influence of mainly the prevailing winds, river water spreads over the sea area, its distribution is not the same from year to year. Based on the generalization of long-term observations for the Kara Sea, the western, eastern and fan-shaped variants of the distribution of freshened waters in it have been established.
In general, almost 40% of the area of this sea is influenced by continental waters. They have a very diverse effect on natural conditions seas. The heat brought by them somewhat increases the water temperature on the surface in the estuarine areas, which contributes to the breaking of fast ice in spring and somewhat slows down ice formation in autumn, river waters reduce the salinity of sea waters; mechanically, river runoff affects the direction of movement of sea waters, etc. Continental runoff is an important factor in the formation of the features of the Kara Sea.

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

Portnyagino, Kungasalakh, Labaz, Kokora.

Largest bays:
Middendorf, Pyasinsky, Simsa, Taimyr Bay, Teresa Klavenes, Thaddea, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay.
Administratively it is part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, forming a special Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets District in it.
The largest city is Norilsk.

NUMBER OF PEOPLES
The number of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North - as of 01.01.2008 - is 10,217 people or 27.0% of the total population, of which:
Dolgans - 5,517 people;
Nenets - 3 486 people;
Nganasans - 749 people;
Evenki - 270 people;
Enets - 168 people;
other peoples - 27 people.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
Team nomad
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