Youth tourism in the region. Youth tourism in Russia

The secret to successful rabbit breeding is to develop a balanced diet that will allow these gentle animals to grow and reproduce quickly. It is very important for the farmer to learn to distinguish between healthy feed and harmful products that threaten the life and health of eared rodents. What can not be fed to rabbits, and what food will keep their health in order - we will consider in this article.

Unlike cats, dogs, and some other pets, rabbits should not be fed leftover food from their table. Their diet should include green, juicy, roughage and concentrated feed.

Green feed

The group called "green food" includes wild and cultivated grasses, beans and cereals, leaves of root crops and tuberous plants. These foods form the core of the rabbits' diet in the warm season, or rather, from mid-spring to mid-autumn.

The following wild and cultivated grasses are suitable for feeding rabbits:

• peas (vetch);
• stern clover;
• feed corn;
• sweet lupine;
• alfalfa;
• young greens of oats;
• young greens of winter rye;
• barley.

Beans and grains are rich in vitamins and minerals, but using them in the main diet (in pure form) can cause flatulence in rabbits. The greatest effect from these plants can be obtained in the composition of feed mixtures.

Rabbits love to crunch delicious and juicy tops of root vegetables and tubers:

• tuberous nightshade (potatoes);
• tuberous sunflower (Jerusalem artichoke);
• forage turnip (turnip);
• fodder and sugar beets;
• swede.

4-5 days before harvesting potatoes, its aerial part is carefully cut off, dried and fed to rabbits. In the total mass of green forage specific gravity tops should not exceed 15%.

Video - Useful plants for rabbits

Roughage

Roughage is a dry plant-based food rich in fiber. These feeds include:

• quality hay;
• branch feed;
• flour made from hay and various herbs.

Roughage should provide about 25% of the diet of eared animals. Due to their high fiber content, they give rabbits a feeling of fullness and make digestion as comfortable as possible.

For the winter, farmers store 40 kg of hay for each adult rabbit. If a litter is planned in the winter months, then you will need to stock up on 10-15 kg of hay for each newborn baby. If for some reason there is not enough hay, then the remains are distributed between the lactating rabbits and young animals, and the main herd is transferred to oat, lentil, pea or millet straw. This measure is temporary, since such straw is of little nutritional value.

Making hay for rabbits

Step 1. The grass is mowed before flowering.

Step 2. The cut grass is laid out in the sun and slightly dried.

Step 3. Leave the hay under cover in a well-ventilated area.

Step 4. They control the readiness of the hay: it should be green, slightly dried, with a pleasant herbal aroma.

Step 5. Hay is transferred to closed senniki and placed on dry pallets 0.5 m from the ground.

In winter, when the rabbits are deprived of fresh green grass, they are offered branches of deciduous plants harvested in the fall, including fruit trees and berry bushes.

Alder and oak strengthen stool for diarrhea. The branches of these plants will help cope with digestive upset and diarrhea in rabbits.

You can find out more about twig rabbit food in the article:

The health benefits of twig food for your rabbit. How to collect, dry, harvest branches and how to feed rabbits with them.

There are also poisonous plants, the branches of which should not be fed to fluffy pets. It:

• wild rosemary;
• bird cherry ordinary;
• elder;
• wolf bast (wolfberry);
• magpie (buckthorn);
• apricot.

Stone fruits and birch branches contain hydrocyanic acid, a high concentration of which can be dangerous to rabbits. The branches of these trees can be fed to rabbits rarely and little by little.

The branches are harvested for future use in early summer. To do this, cut thin, fresh twigs no longer than 0.5 m and no thicker than 0.5 cm, knit them in brooms with a diameter of about 10-12 cm and hang them in well-ventilated drying rooms.

In winter, instead of greenery and dried branches, rabbits are given branches of coniferous trees. Needles are gradually included in the diet of eared rodents, as shown in the following table.

After 15-20 days of regular use, the needles of rabbits are transferred to a regular diet, then the "coniferous menu" can be repeated again. Eating pine needles increases the appetite of rabbits and promotes their rapid growth.

Juicy feed

Succulent feed is a plant-based product with a high water content. They include root crops, tubers, vegetables, silage and food industry waste.

In succulent feed, water occupies from 65% to 90%, the rest is protein, fats and fiber. They are rich in vitamins and are well digested and absorbed.

Types of feed	Beneficial features	Feeding recommendations
Potato	nutritional value	The rabbits are given mashed potatoes with the addition of bran and compound feed. Peelings and raw potatoes rarely and little by little
Cabbage	minerals; vitamins of group E, C; improves coat	They are given raw, fermented, boiled. May cause gas formation in the intestines, therefore, complementary foods are introduced gradually and the animals are observed
Carrot	carotene; vitamins of group B, C	Raw carrots are washed thoroughly, frozen are thawed. Give whole or cut into cubes 3-4 cm high
Pumpkin	improves digestion; improves coat	They are given raw or boiled. Pumpkin puree is prepared for kids. Pumpkin seeds are used to prevent worms
Zucchini	increases the digestibility of feed	They are given raw. Has a short shelf life
Kuusika	high nutritional value	For adult rabbits, the vegetable is cut into cubes, for babies it is rubbed on a grater

The diet of rabbits can include turnips, melons, radishes, tuberous sunflowers, watermelons and fodder turnips (turnips), but the nutritional value of these roots and melons is low.

Succulent feed can be used to make rabbit silage, which improves digestion, tastes good and has a high nutritional value. Silage is prepared from tops, grass, melons, vegetables and vegetable waste. This type of food increases lactation in lactating rabbits and accelerates the development of babies.

Many people think that storing silage for future use is the privilege of large farms. However, it can be easily prepared at home as well. Here's what you need to do this:

1. Prepare a spacious container, such as a wooden barrel or an earthen hole, reinforced with wooden planks or cement.
2. Take the required ingredients and cut into 1 x 1 cm cubes.
3. Place the silage in a container and compact it thoroughly.
4. Insulate the container so that oxygen does not enter it.
5. Leave the silage to mature for 2 months.

To increase the nutritional value of silage for fattening meat rabbits, mashed potatoes and legumes are added to it.

Concentrated feed

Concentrated feed is characterized by high nutritional value and low fiber and water content. These include:

• legumes (lentils, peas, soybeans, beans);
• cereals (corn, oats);
• industrial crop waste (bran, oilcakes, meal, bagasse);
• compound feed;
• animal feed (bone, blood, fish meal).

Concentrated feed should make up 30-40% of the rabbit's diet. Their use contributes to the intensive growth of animals and increased lactation in lactating rabbits.

General characteristics of concentrated feed for rabbits

Feed	Submission form
Oats	Whole, crushed, crushed
Corn	Crushed, pre-soaked in water, sometimes in the form of porridge. Give with other concentrates
Barley	Crushed or crushed
Wheat bran	Pre-moistened. Together with coarse, juicy and green feed
Compound feed	Loose or granular. If necessary, vitamins and medicines are mixed into the granules
Oilcakes, meal	Steamed or crushed. Mixed with boiled potatoes
Acorns	Fresh, dried, in briquettes. Pre-soaked in 2-3 water changes

Thus, the range of "permitted" feed for rabbits is quite wide. Now let's talk about what kind of food can harm the health of furry pets.

Foods prohibited for rabbits

Poisonous plants and herbs

Some grasses can cause severe digestive upset in rabbits and, in some cases, food poisoning. A novice farmer should know the list of these herbs and avoid their presence in the diet of their pets.

Herbs that can cause poisoning in rabbits

Name of the herb	The photo	Signs of food poisoning
		gastritis; loose stools; vomit
		disturbances in the work of the heart; prostration; renal failure; intense salivation; loose stools; vomit; paralysis
		low temperature; low pressure; slow breathing; rare pulse; loose stools; intense salivation
		low temperature; gas in the intestines; prostration; loose stools; intense salivation
		intense salivation; gas in the intestines; restless behavior
		low temperature; convulsions; hind limb failure
		restless behavior; convulsions; gas in the intestines; lung failure
		heart failure; paralysis
		loose stools; vomit; convulsions; paralysis
		gas in the intestines; loose stools; colic; staining urine in a different color; frequent urination
		loose stools; vomit; intense salivation; gas in the intestines; sharp pain
		loose stools; vomit; convulsions
		tachycardia; arrhythmia; dyspnea; cramps in the abdomen; loose stools; vomit; convulsions
		slow heartbeat; dyspnea; loose stools; convulsions
		breathing disorder; intense salivation; loose stools; shiver; vomit; convulsions
		prostration; loose stools; diarrhea; convulsions

Rabbits, with their delicate digestive systems, should not be fed plants and herbs collected along highways... Exhaust gases and dust, which are generously covered with these greens, can provoke digestive upset in rabbits. Pre-washing the grass in running water will help to partially neutralize this problem.

Conditionally permitted types of feed

Rabbits are unpretentious animals with an excellent appetite. But with visible omnivorousness, they are very sensitive to the content of the feed. Even among the common vegetables, fruits, grains and legumes for rabbits, there are species that should be eaten with caution.

Vegetables. Everyone knows that rabbits love vegetables. However, some types of vegetables should be given to eared rodents in limited quantities, since excessive consumption of them can lead to intestinal dysbiosis. These vegetables include:

• tomatoes;
• cucumbers;
• onion;
• red cabbage;
• radish;
• beetroot;
• eggplant;
• green potatoes.

Fruits. Rabbits can be fed fresh and dried pitted apples and pears. Store-bought dried fruits belong to the category of conditionally approved feed, since they are treated with sulfur to increase the shelf life. Having eaten such dried fruits, rabbits will not die, but they will not get any benefit either.

But exotic fruits should be completely excluded from the diet of pets. They should not be given:

• mango;
• avocado;
• oranges;
• figs.

Cereals. Some grains, entering the digestive system of rabbits, significantly increase the amount of mucus in the stomach, and thus do not bring any benefit to the animal. Other grains are too hard or contain little of the insoluble fiber needed to improve bowel function and high digestibility.

Here is a list of crops that will not benefit the animal:

• rye;
• millet;
• millet.

Legumes. Some legumes can cause gas, bloating, and severe pain in rabbits. The "prohibited" types of legumes include:

• black beans;
• the beans are red;
• green pea.

Also, rabbits should not be given ready-made cereals and mashed peas, especially those cooked in milk with added sugar.

Dairy products. Some inexperienced farmers feed their pets with milk and dairy products, justifying their actions by the fact that rabbits need protein for normal development. Protein is really necessary, but not animal, but vegetable, which is found in abundance in dry yellow peas and barley.

Baking, sweets. Treating your rabbits with cakes, croutons, yeast bread, cookies, crackers, ice cream, or other sweets, you're doing them a disservice. Modern baked goods and sweets contain colorings, flavor enhancers, refined sugars, high amounts of fat and yeast - all of which are bad for rabbits and can cause obesity if consumed regularly.

If you decide to pamper your pet with something tasty, buy special dry treats for him at the pet store. Such delicacies are harmless to eared babies and will not harm their health.

Compound feed. Rabbits are happy to eat compound feed. Some breeders, wanting to quickly fatten their herd, give the animals compound feed for pigs and cattle. If compound feed for pigs does not harm rabbits, then compound feed for cattle contains a significant concentration of salts, which obviously will not benefit the rabbits.

Do not feed the rabbits any animal feed. They add ground shell and small stones, the sharp edges of which are very dangerous for the delicate rabbit stomach.

Potatoes in the diet of rabbits: pros and cons

Rabbit breeders cannot unequivocally answer the question of whether potatoes can be added to the diet of animals or not.

The following facts speak in favor of tuberous nightshade:

• this inexpensive food product significantly reduces the cost of the rabbit diet;
• potatoes contain vitamins of group B and C;
• potatoes are rich in trace elements, in particular calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and phosphorus.

On the other hand, raw potatoes don't do any good for your rabbit. Firstly, starch without preliminary heat treatment is not well absorbed by animals, provoking gas in the intestines and indigestion. Secondly, raw potatoes cause blockage of the milk ducts in rabbits feeding babies. Therefore, raw potatoes and potato peelings cannot be categorized as good for rabbits.

As for boiled potatoes, it consists of 20% starch, from which rabbits gain weight intensively. This property of potatoes is successfully used by farmers in raising meat rabbits. Their main goal is to accelerate the growth of the animal and make a decent profit from the sale of rabbit meat.

But domestic rabbits, which are not raised for meat, should not be given potatoes. Such rabbits lead a sedentary lifestyle, so eating potatoes can lead to accelerated formation of subcutaneous fat, obesity and death of the pet.

• feed rabbits of meat breeds that are fattening up to 200 g of potatoes per day;
• to pets and general favorites to give 50-70 grams of potatoes with a sedentary lifestyle and 80-10 grams in the presence of physical activity;
• potatoes should be excluded from the diet of male producers and lactating rabbits.

Please note: potato tops, even the most juicy and appetizing, cannot be fed to rabbits. It contains solanine, a poisonous substance that can cause severe poisoning in animals.

Fodder beets, canteen beets, sugar beets: which can be given to rabbits, and which cannot?

In Russia, three types of beets are widely used: fodder, table and sugar. Beets are not suitable for feeding rabbits. By eating such beets, they may die.

Remember! The beets we use to make borscht should not be included in the rabbit diet. It can seriously damage your pet's digestive system.

Whether it is fodder beet. Its name alone - "fodder" means that it is suitable for animal nutrition. As a juicy and nutritious product, fodder beets are suitable for fattening meat rabbits, feeding lactating rabbits and recuperating weak and sick animals.

But the most useful is sugar beet, which is well absorbed by rabbits. Such beets are dried, made into silage, and given raw or boiled.

Beet tops, which are offered to rabbits in a slightly dried (dried) state, are no less useful. The tops of this plant have antiseptic properties.

Beets can be prepared for future use. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Harvest root crops.
2. Spread the fruits under a canopy on a tarp or net.
3. Sort out the beets, remove damaged areas.
4. Place the dried beets for storage in a basement with an air temperature of at least 10-15 ◦С.

In rabbits that regularly eat this juicy root vegetable, the meat becomes very tasty, tender, soft and healthy.

Video - Little rabbits eat beets with pleasure

Watermelon and other berries

To feed rabbits, you can use watermelons and other berries, which are a valuable source of vitamins and minerals. It should be borne in mind that:

• berries are given not as a main food, but as a top dressing;
• the pulp of berries can cause gas in the intestines in rabbits;
• in the process of eating berries in rabbits, the muzzle gets wet, and subsequently dust and dirt adhere to the wet wool.

Berries are perishable foods. Having fallen to the bottom of the cage, soft berries quickly rot and become moldy. If the animal finds such a berry and eats it, he will have a digestive upset.

Of the available berries, raspberries, strawberries, watermelon, currants, gooseberries, rose hips, blueberries, sea buckthorn and very few grapes can be given to rabbits. In the cold season, rabbits are fed both dried and frozen berries.

Table of allowed berries for rabbits

Berry	a brief description of
Grape	The concentration of sugars is off scale. Berries give seedless
Blueberry	Low in calories, rich in minerals. Overfeeding causes diarrhea. Can be given with the whole bush
Melon	Has a slight diuretic effect, relieves fever. Berries give seedless
Blackberry	Helps relieve airway inflammation. Contains tannins, vitamins A and C
Cranberry	Strengthens the immune system. Relieves Bladder Inflammation
Strawberry	It contains many vitamins and is juicy. Animals can be given a whole bush
Gooseberry	Improves appetite and strengthens the immune system. Contains a lot of sugars and vitamin C. Can be given as a whole bush
Raspberries	Low in calories, rich in vitamins. Reduces temperature, restores appetite. Can be given with the whole bush
Sea buckthorn	Strengthens the immune system, contains a lot of sugar, vitamins A and B
Currant	Strengthens the immune system. Contains a lot of sugar. Affects the color of urine. Can be given with the whole bush
Rose hip	Strengthens the immune system. Contains minerals and vitamins B and C. You can feed rabbits with fresh and dried seedless berries

Many breeders offer their pets not berries, but juicy leaves of berry bushes. Rabbits can use greens of strawberries, currants, wild strawberries, raspberries in raw and slightly dried form.

Video - How to make DIY rabbit food

Video - How to feed rabbits for fast weight gain

Video - Feeding little rabbits. What and how to feed

Bran is often used to feed farm animals, because with low material costs for their acquisition, they well saturate the wards. In fact, this is a waste of milling production, which is a hard shell of grains of crops such as barley, wheat, buckwheat, rye, etc. Is it possible to introduce all this into the diet of rabbits, and what standards should be followed - read the article.

Can rabbits be given bran?

Some rabbit breeders advise not to use bran for regular feeding of eared ones, or to introduce only a small amount of them into the diet. However, observing certain rules for dispensing, such a product is not only possible, but also must be used when feeding, which is explained by the positive effect of all its species on the animal's body.

Wheat

The calorie content of this type of bran is 296 kcal per 100 g of product, which ensures a feeling of fullness for a long time. The product contains a huge amount of useful fiber, in addition to which there are no less valuable phosphorus and B vitamins. This type of bran is used mainly for feeding rabbits for fattening; it is not recommended to give it to young females to avoid obesity.

The issuance form is very diverse:

• as an independent product;
• in combination with silage, pulp, pulp.

The main thing is to moisten it with hot water in advance.

Important! When steaming bran mash, it is very important to follow the calculation of the required amount. After standing for a while, such food can go bad, and after eating, the eared ones will have digestive problems.

Barley

The calorie content of barley bran is even higher than that of wheat, amounting to 337 kcal per 100 g. The product also contains a large amount of easily soluble fiber in the body - there is more of it than all other types of bran. Of course, in order to avoid obesity in pets, it is necessary to dose the amount of bran used by adding the product to the usual mash or mixing it with juicy feed.
In addition to fiber, there is a considerable amount of manganese, zinc, cobalt, iron, as well as starch, which significantly affects the calorie content.

Rye

This option can be called relatively dietary, since 100 g of rye bran accounts for only 200 kcal. However, rabbit breeders advise using it only in the absence of more nutritious species, and then in small quantities.

In combination with other feeds, rye bran helps to prevent dysbiosis, liver problems and digestive disorders of the animal, while preventing it from gaining excessive weight.
The product contains such useful components:

• fiber (about 40%);
• minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, iodine, selenium and chromium;
• vitamins of group B, A and E;
• enzymes;
• fatty and organic acids, amino acids.

In terms of chemical composition and nutritional value, a rye product is very close to wheat, but still inferior in nutritional value.

Did you know?Rabbits chew food so fast that their jaws clench twice a second.

Buckwheat

Another fairly high-calorie product, because 100 g contains as much as 365 kcal. However, this does not mean that the animals will begin to gain excess weight, because there is much less gluten here. At the same time, buckwheat husk contains quite a lot of fiber (34–48%), but the problem is that it is poorly digested, and rabbits may have problems with its digestibility.
Of the positive characteristics, it is worth highlighting a large amount of amino acids and protein, therefore, in the absence of wheat and barley bran, a small amount of this type of product can be introduced into the diet.

All the types of bran listed above play an important role in the general well-being of the animal, since with the correct calculation of the dosage and compliance with the delivery standards, the following results can be achieved:

• improve metabolic processes in the body;
• normalize the activity of the digestive, nervous, cardiovascular and muscular systems;
• improve the appearance of the skin and coat of rabbits, tissue regeneration;
• increase the protective functions of the body.

In addition, with regular use of a moderate amount of such a dietary supplement, the likelihood of developing cancer in the intestines and colon is reduced.

Did you know?If the summer turned out to be too hot, there is no need to wait for a large offspring of rabbits. Often, under such conditions, males lose the ability to successfully fertilize females, and it returns only with the onset of cold weather.

Feeding rules

In different periods of life, rabbits require different amounts of nutrients, so it is not surprising that there is no uniform rate of bran distribution. Consider the intake doses for young animals, adults, pregnant and lactating females.

At what age can

There is no consensus on this matter, but many farmers talk about the possibility of feeding young stock with bran, starting from the second month of life. Of course, we are not talking about large doses, but the same wheat product mixed with juicy feed can be quite useful.

How to give

As we have already mentioned, bran can be dispensed both independently and as part of wet mash, the main thing is to monitor their freshness and timely consumption by animals. So, in winter, one adult rabbit can have up to 50 g of various bran mixed with boiled potatoes or other mash (before serving, the product is soaked in warm water).

Important!Never feed poisonous herbs to rabbits: spurge, foxglove, hellebore, poisonous milestone, hemlock, crocus. If you are not sure about the safety of a particular herb, it is better to consider it dangerous.

Small rabbits at the age of 1-3 months are given 15-25 g of feed, for pregnant females - 60 g, and lactating rabbits are brought up to 100 g per day.

It is strongly discouraged to exceed these values, because an excess of nutrients in the body can be no less dangerous than their lack.

Contraindications

In both humans and rabbits, the main contraindication to bran consumption is problems with the digestive system, in particular diarrhea. In addition, it is not recommended to give them to rabbits with a high salt content in the body and ailments of the gallbladder.
Prolonged feeding of pets with bran can also lead to a weakening of the digestive organs, so you should not give this product continuously.

What else can you feed rabbits

Rabbits are not very whimsical animals, so there should be no problems with the selection of their diet. The basis of the eared menu is:

1. ... Rabbits' favorite foods in this group are oats, barley and corn, although they also readily eat wheat and millet. Forage legumes and peas are used only for feeding adults, and then in a crushed form, usually in combination with boiled potatoes and bran. Almost any feed mixture is suitable for feeding rabbits, with the exception of products designed specifically for poultry. The compound feed quickly saturates the body and satisfies the feeling of hunger, while replenishing the supply of nutrients.
   
2. Usually in the diet of eared such food is represented by potatoes and fodder beets, although they are often fed with carrots. All of these vegetables are very rich in vitamins and minerals, and can be served eared both raw and cooked - however, the latter is more about potatoes.
   
3. The most popular option for such feed is a carrot and cabbage mixture of fodder cabbage and carrot tops in a 1: 1 ratio. The main thing is to grind the green mass well and tamp it thoroughly when laying it. When done correctly, the silage should have a fruity smell and deep green color. Silage fodder is a good way to somehow diversify the menu of the eared, especially in winter, when there are no more fresh sources of vitamins.
   
4. Roughage. These include hay, dry twigs, hay flour, and haylage. Often, such food is very rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, but their amount will depend on the correct preparation: it is advisable to dry the hay as soon as possible, placing it on trestles, pyramids or hay racks. For example, 1 kg of clover hay will contain 35 mg of carotene, vitamin B1 - 2.5 mg, B2 - 19 mg, PP - 41 mg, while in bad meadow hay the amount of carotene will not exceed 8 mg, B1 - 1.1 mg, B2 - 9 mg, PP - 38 mg. Dry branches of deciduous trees contain less nutrients than hay, so their share in the diet should not be more than 30–40%.
   
5. Food waste. With the help of the leftovers from the home table, you can well saturate the eared ones, replacing them with a significant proportion of the rest of the feed. For these purposes, bread crusts, porridge, potato peelings and even the remains of the first courses are often used. As for the type of serving, animals perfectly consume both raw and boiled or dried food; the main thing is that it should be free of signs of sourness and mold. If desired, compound feed can be added to liquid food residues. The regularity of giving food waste to rabbits should not exceed several times a week.
   
6. Green feed(clover, alfalfa, sweet clover, peas, oats, rye, forage cabbage, dandelion, plantain, nettle and even artificially sown herbs). All the nutrients and vitamins contained in them are absorbed in their entirety, while improving the digestive processes. In the summer, grass is fed in almost unlimited quantities, often using vegetable waste in the diet (for example, beet and carrot tops). To avoid indigestion, the proportion of such food in the diet should not exceed 1/3 of the total amount of feed used.
   

As you can see, the bran in the diet of rabbits can only be considered as an additional source of nutrients and, if necessary, they can be easily replaced with other types of food. In any case, the breeder is required to control the quality of all products, because only in this case it is possible to guarantee its harmlessness to the health of the eared.

Due to the drought, grain in our region is likely to be expensive to buy in the near future. Already, the price for it has grown dramatically. And we recently brought in two dozen rabbits. Can I feed them from my garden?
T. Zhitova, Penza region

The rabbit's diet should be 80% dry food and only 20% wet food.... Wet foods include all fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as various green herbs. All this is in your garden. In the spring, as soon as the snow melts, it is very useful to give the rabbits rhizomes of wheatgrass, you can feed the rape - one of the first vitamin herbs that appear in the garden.

The earliest food for rabbits of all ages - nettle... Mix the chopped nettle well with boiled potatoes and steam. This mash is sprinkled with bran, cooled and given to rabbits. From this feed, the rabbits quickly recover, the young grow well, and the lactating queens have more milk.

Potato it is better to give it boiled. Potato tops and raw tubers are very harmful and can cause diarrhea in young animals or kill rabbits. The best tops are carrots, you can give them ad libitum. The tops must be completely clean, not contaminated.

Rabbits are very fond of root vegetables, carrots, turnips... It is better not to give the leaves from turnips, beets, rutabagas to the eared ones. Nutritious and wholesome food for animals - Jerusalem artichoke(earthen pear), which grows in many gardens. Zucchini, pumpkin Should be given to rabbits over 3 months of age in small quantities, but not all animals like these fruits. Cabbage introduce into the diet of adult rabbits little by little (1-2 times a week), and it is better not to give it to young animals at all.

In the southern regions, rabbits are given melons and watermelons, but also only for adult animals and little by little.

There is always green food in your garden, which is a source of nutrients, however, care must be taken: some herbs are poisonous. Such as euphorbia, celandine, buttercups, hellebore, lumbago, dope, belladonna, black root cannot be put in the trough. They contain poisons that cause poisoning and death of animals.

Useful herbs: burdock (burdock), dandelion, plantain, mother-stepmother, wheatgrass, rape, nettle. Mother-stepmother can be fed in a mixture with other herbs to improve appetite and digestion, with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Dandelions should be given in a mixture with other herbs. Moreover, in the diet of young animals, dandelion should occupy no more than 30% of the total share of green feed, otherwise the growth of rabbits is delayed. Parsley and celery increase the sexual potency of producers. Mint, caraway seeds, sage improve the taste of meat. Feed the animals from time to time on branches of fruit trees such as apple and pear.

As you can see, you can feed rabbits from the garden, but from such feed they will grow more slowly and gain weight. For full-fledged feeding, use compound feed and grain mixture (oats, corn, peas, wheat).

At the end of the 20s of the XX century, the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions announced the All-Union research campaign "For raw materials for five-year machine tools", in which a large number of groups of young tourists took part. Academician A.E. Fersman, who immediately appreciated the possible benefits of hiking, wrote that "from tourism we are moving on to a whole series of stages of our work in the field of not only scientific discoveries, but also conquests of great economic importance."

In the thirties of the XX, tourist trips and excursions occupied a significant place in the practice of many Soviet teachers. The experience of A.S. Makarenko, who widely used collective campaigns for education. The outstanding teacher used the hikes as an incentive, as a gift to the team for the success of the academic and working year. Analyzing the experience of tourist work in the commune named after F.E.Dzerzhinsky, Makarenko believed that there is no better method of education and development of youth than summer excursions and hikes, annually arranging them for his pupils.

In the pre-war years, a number of measures contributed to the strengthening of tourist and local history work among children. In 1932, the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR adopted a resolution "Excursion and tourist work among children at the highest level", which instructed the "regional, regional and district departments of public education, together with children's communist organizations, to districts of children's excursion and tourist stations and bases on them, carrying out methodological work through the last ”. In 1937, the All-Russian campaign of pioneers and schoolchildren for mineral raw materials was announced.

In 1940, the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR "On children's tourism" was issued. Young tourists' clubs were established in schools. "Children's tourism and excursions, - said the People's Commissar of Education Potemkin at the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Education, - this is a type of educational work in which all students should be involved." Tourism and excursions pursue, first of all, general educational tasks and in their very organization carry elements of physical conditioning and training of the future fighter. In 1940, 261 thousand schoolchildren were involved in the campaigns. At the beginning of 1941, the All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren were announced to places of military glory of the Civil War and to study small rivers.

During the Great Patriotic War, the tourist and local history activities of schoolchildren were aimed at helping the front and rear. Children collected useful wild plants, wrote down biographies of heroes of the Great Patriotic War, helped families of front-line soldiers and disabled people.

In the post-war and early 50s, children's tourism became widespread. Many teachers - former front-line soldiers - organized campaigns to places of battles, introduced children to the glory and heroism of our people. It was at this time that many teachers began to use tourism as an effective means of education and training. V. A. Sukhomlinsky wrote: "Real moral education is impossible without emotional communication with nature." His numerous walks with children into the forest, to the river, in the field were of an educational nature, were lessons of humanism. In the late 40s and early 50s, annual gatherings of young tourists from cities, regions, and later - All-Russian and All-Union ones became a practice.

On December 24, 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the law "On strengthening the connection between school and life." New curricula and programs were approved, which emphasized the special role of the local history approach to teaching school subjects, the value of excursions and observations in nature.

In the mid-60s, the All-Union campaign "Road to the Glory of the Fathers" began. The first All-Union meeting of the participants of the campaign to the places of revolutionary, labor and military glory took place on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress Brest. More than three million people took part in the campaign. During the campaigns, monuments to the dead were erected, burial sites were put in order, the names of those who were buried in mass graves... There were 11 stages of the trip. All-Union rallies were held in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Minsk, Yerevan, the 12th (and last) rally was held under a different name.

In the 70s, the practice of conducting All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. The All-Union Expedition "My Motherland - USSR" was announced.

The expedition was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Soviet Union and the 50th anniversary of the assignment of the name of V.I. Lenin. The main goal was to educate students on the revolutionary, military and labor traditions of the Soviet people, on the examples of friendship and brotherhood of the peoples of our multinational country. In schools, an expeditionary detachment was supposed to be created in each class. As the field reports later showed, such units were created in more than 20% of the classes. Gatherings of the best expeditionary teams, conferences, exhibitions of local history materials were held, museums were created, patronage work was carried out with veterans.

For a more active participation of tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions in conducting a tourist expedition of Soviet youth "My Motherland - USSR", the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions decided to propose to republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions: to more widely involve working and student youth in hiking, travels and excursions around the native land with a visit, comprehensive acquaintance and in-depth study of the objects of the All-Union tourist expedition "My Motherland - USSR", paying special attention to the active participation in the expedition of youth of draft and pre-draft age; more effectively use the tourist routes of the expedition to pass the standards for the "Tourist of the USSR" badge and the All-Union physical culture complex "Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR"; with the participation of the Commissions of the Tourism Federation, to develop new tourist routes around the native land, weekend hikes and multi-day trips with the obligatory inclusion of the expedition objects program in them; to determine the list of topics of excursions organized by excursion institutions for the participants of the tourist expedition; to include in the curricula and programs of training seminars and fees for the training of public tourist personnel of all categories and links sections related to the organization and conduct of the expedition; to make wider practice of holding evenings and meetings of members of the expedition "My Motherland - USSR" with noble workers, leaders and heroes of the five-year plans, participants in the Great Patriotic War, veterans of tourism and excursions; to regularly cover the progress of the expedition in the local press, by means of radio and television to promote the experience of the best tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils and tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, educational institutions.

In the thirties - early fifties, children's excursion and tourist stations (DETS) were created, which become

instructional, methodological and organizational centers of tourist, local history and excursion work in the field. In their circles, the research method in the tourist and local history activities of students is widely developed.

Analyzing the work of the circles of the stations of young tourists and the Houses of Pioneers S. Istomin wrote: "The forms and methods of search and research work in school tourism are so multifaceted that they can satisfy the ever-growing interests of schoolchildren."

With the aim of developing youth international tourism in June 1958 the international youth bureau "Sputnik" was formed. The Bureau dealt with the exchange of youth groups of the USSR with other countries. However, in the period from 1960 to 1970, only 0.4% of the citizens of the USSR went on foreign trips.

In the 60s of the XX century, the development of tourism during this period took place in accordance with plans, the implementation of which was mandatory. They were developed on long terms(5-10 years) and approved by the highest tourism authorities. The normative indicators of the plans, which were taken as a basis for the development of the tourism industry and services, were subject to strict control.

Tourism was used as a means of educating the younger generation. So, in the 1970s, all-Union campaigns and expeditions of schoolchildren and youth were carried out. The goals of such mass tourist enterprises were to foster patriotism, excursion and local history work, sports training and conditioning.

From that time on, new forms of recreation began to be introduced: some camp sites began to accept parents with children. The range of tourist services in tourist farms has increased.

In the period 1980-1992. the material and technical base of medical and health tourism gradually grew, new hotel complexes appeared in large cities of the country (Izmailovo and Salut in Moscow, Tourist in Pskov, Velingrad in Kislovodsk, etc.), new types of service - family holiday and course treatment. During the course of treatment, vacationers lived in apartments and houses of the private sector, and received a course of treatment and health improvement in a sanatorium. Recreational services have been well developed in sanatoriums as well as holiday homes.

The main features of the administrative-normative period are: the development of tourism in conditions of strict regulation and planning; distribution of new forms of service (family vacations, course treatment); creation of large and comfortable hotel complexes; creation of a scientific basis for the study of tourism.

In 1986 in the Soviet Union there are 17 horse trails in Altai, South Urals, North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and other regions. Cycling routes have appeared in a number of places. Transport trips were also among the planned local routes: ship, rail, and air.

Organized and sea excursions along the Black Sea, the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the White, Barents, Red Seas. In the 80s, air tour routes became widespread. More than 160 bureaus used aviation services, which allowed 2 million people to rest annually.

In June 1958, the Sputnik Bureau of International Youth Tourism was established to address issues of youth international exchange.

The restructuring of the second half of the 1980s ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

Since 1990, the period of development of Russian tourism has been characterized by a transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws concerning both entrepreneurship and the market in general, and tourism in particular.

Since 1992 in Russian Federation the program of the tourist and local history movement "Fatherland" is being implemented, which replaced the expedition "My Motherland - USSR".

1.2 Tourist societies, their educational role for young people

Consider the main tourist societies that have existed in Russia since the 20th century.

In 1900, the Russian Mining Society was founded. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. In 1901, the Russian Touring Club was transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists, which existed until the summer of 1928. According to the charter, students, youth and low-ranking military personnel could not be members of the ROT. The members of the ROT were privileged money people. Society set itself the task of organizing tourist travel in Russia and abroad, acquaintance with the sights of Russian cities, as well as organizing travel "to holy places."

In 1907, under the "Russian Society of Tourists" a commission was created to organize educational excursions in Russia for schoolchildren, which was engaged in excursions across Russia and acquaintance with the ancient Russian cities. In 1911, the board of the society moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1914, the Russian Tourism Society numbered 5 thousand people.

ROT published the magazines "Russian tourist", "Excursion bulletin", "School excursions and the school museum" (Odessa), "Russian excursionist" (Yaroslavl), theoretical, methodological and reference books, guidebooks. After the 1917 revolution, many organizations and societies were banned.

The emergence of Soviet tourism can be attributed to the 20s of the XX century.

In 1918, the first tourist organization, the Bureau of School Trips, was created. In 1919, decrees on medicinal areas were adopted. Resorts of various directions began to be built on their basis. In 1920, a decree was signed "on the use of Crimea for the treatment of workers."

In 1921, a decree was adopted on the organization of rest homes. The active construction of tourist centers, sanatoriums, health resorts, pioneer camps, etc. begins. Churches, country houses, landowners' estates and other houses of wealthy people, which today are considered architectural monuments, were given to rest houses.

Since the 1920s, the Russian Tourism Society has begun its active work again. In 1928, the ROT was closed, and on its basis the "Society of Proletarian Tourism of the OPT of the RSFSR" was created, and in March 1930 - the "All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" - the OPTiE, 6.5 million people were members. The "Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions" united excursion and tourist societies and organizations such as "Soviet Tourist", "Tourist of Georgia" and others.

In 1929, the All-Union Joint Stock Company "Intourist" was created to serve foreign tourists and organize tourist trips of USSR citizens abroad. Over time, Intourist opened branches in many cities of the USSR and representative offices in foreign countries... Subsequently, the USSR State Committee for Tourism owned 4 travel companies and over 20 representative offices abroad, some of which were registered under the sign of Intourist.

In the spring of 1936, the management of domestic tourism and excursions was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Center for Tourist Excursion Administration was established, with corresponding administrations in the republics, territories and regions.

In 1958, the Central Committee of the Komsomol created its own tourist organization - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" to organize trips of Soviet youth abroad and foreign youth in the USSR. The organization of tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren is carried out by the Central Children's Tourist Organization, created in 1918 and reorganized in 1932.

On May 31, 1983, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the society was transformed into the Committee for Foreign Tourism of the USSR.

Youth tourism is a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, implemented in the form of recreation and socially useful activities, a characteristic component of which is travel (excursion, walk, hike, expedition). This definition first of all indicates that tourism should integrate all the main aspects of education: ideological and moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, patriotic and international, mental development, polytechnic education, etc. Based on the history of development tourist activities, the cognitive function is in one way or another inherent in any tourist event, therefore, the knowledge of new and unusual things for children on excursions, hiking, expeditions, field camps is based on one of the main components of tourist activity.

This form of organizing the educational process in children's tourism is based, in addition to the above, on the theoretical foundations of the research method of teaching in hikes, which determines the activities of the leader of the children's group in the preparation and conduct of educational events and participants in the hike.

It should be noted that when organizing and conducting this form of the educational process, a personality-oriented pedagogical paradigm is used. Within the framework of this paradigm, the following basic principles and approaches to educational work in a tourist camp with vacationing children are implemented:

Personal and activity;

Dialogue or polysubjective

Individual and creative;

Cultural conformity;

Expediency;

Conformity to nature;

Local history;

the integrity of the educational process and the unity of the pedagogical influence.

Based on these theoretical positions, it is possible to determine those fundamental pedagogical views that should be based in the practice of organizing and conducting tourist camps for children. The main task of a teacher in a health camp is to create a certain hypothetical model for the formation of a developing and learning environment for children.

It is the teacher-educator, the tourism instructor in the children's tourist camp that should set the conditions, forms and methods of research activities in the hikes, thanks to which the child will form an internal motivation to approach any first information that appears in front of him from a creative standpoint.

From this it follows that one of the most significant tasks is to solve the question of how to form internal motivation, that is, the transformation of the external need to study new and unknown things that a child meets in tourist trips into an internal need.

One of the most important principles of organizing educational recreation of children in tourist camps, especially successfully carried out in the process of tourist and local history activities, is the principle of the integrity of the educational process and the unity of pedagogical influence. This activity is able to simultaneously influence the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of the personality of a young tourist, to carry out an organic fusion of educational, upbringing and health-improving processes.

The joint practical activity of children on the hike should be based, first of all, on interest, passion for a specific business, understanding of work, and, secondly, on theoretical and practical classes to study the basics of tourism and health improvement.

The tourist and local history form of educational work is an emotionally bright and very meaningful side of the life of children. This form of work promotes health improvement, versatile upbringing, the formation of civic consciousness and patriotism of the younger generation. Particularly relevant now for residents of urbanized spaces are: strengthening the health of students through dosed physical activity, acquaintance with the most beautiful landscapes of the country, direct contact with nature.

For students in adolescence and adolescence, a variety of travel, acquaintance with different parts of their country, the study in practice of their historical, cultural, natural attractions is the most natural, or, as the classics would say, nature-friendly activity.

The use of a variety of tourist and technical means in a health tourist camp: climbing rocks, swimming in kayaks, boats and catamarans, working with various devices and mechanisms, conducting radio communications, in which middle-aged and older children have an increased interest, creates an additional attractive factor of participation on a camping trip.

Youth hiking trips and expeditions are held in a form that is as close as possible to a real research expedition in sports tourism.

1.3 The main achievements and problems of the Soviet youth tourism system

After the liquidation of the Russian society of tourists in 1928, a society of proletarian tourism was created on its basis in 1929, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Russian society of proletarian tourism and excursions.

On April 11, 1929, the Resolution of the Labor and Defense Council "On the organization of the State Joint Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR" was adopted. In fact, from that moment on, there was a division of tourism into external and internal. The management of external tourism is transferred to the State Committee for Tourism.

In 1936, the leadership of domestic tourism was entrusted to the trade unions represented by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourist-Excursion Administration was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this office was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, which in 1959 creates its own tourist structure- Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik". In addition, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments organizing the recreation of workers in their industry were involved in tourism.

Of a single normative act regulating tourism activities did not exist. Legal regulation of tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.

The transition from command and control of the economy to a market economy has also affected the tourism sector. The former monopolists of tourism "Sputnik", "Intourist", the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions were transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.

After the liquidation of the USSR State Committee on Tourism in our country for three years, there was no department responsible for the development of the tourism sector in general and youth tourism in particular.

The main achievements of the Soviet system of youth tourism was attracting young people to the cognitive and health-improving value, ideological and patriotic orientation hiking trips, content and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.

Soviet mass tourism was one of the most effective means of communist education. The educational value of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism, using specific examples it was shown how a camp life, passing in a team and associated with overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, hard work and etc.

The educational significance of Soviet mass tourism lies in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means of instilling practical skills that are useful both in professional activity and in service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first-aid medical care, organization of search and rescue operations, technique for transporting a victim with improvised means, technique of movement and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.

In Soviet times, trade union organizations, as well as tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and military districts, were engaged in solving the problems of developing tourism and excursion business in the country.

Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the mass physical culture along with gymnastics, jogging, skiing, swimming, and sports games. Certain types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports hiking also mountain, auto, motorcycle, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: skiing, cycling, rowing, auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to orientate on the terrain. This inevitably aroused interest in sports, involved in cross-country running, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the TRP complex for athletics, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, cross-country skiing became norms for tourists, and these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through the system of tourist clubs under the Councils for Tourism and Excursions.

The number of republican, regional, regional, city and district clubs in 1989, which can be regarded as a turning point, in the RSFSR was more than 700. About 80 regional sports tourism federations were formed on the basis of the clubs. More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on a voluntary basis at enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. More than 3 thousand classified sports and recreational routes have been developed and operated. By 1989, 5240 passes in high mountain areas and about 1 thousand caves were classified and included in the all-union list.

The tourist asset and its public organizations were able to engage 6.8 million people a year in tourism, and at the same time organize hikes, rallies, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category hikes, giving the right to assign sports categories and titles, was 136,021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups - 14252.

This work was carried out at the expense of insignificant allocations - about 6 million rubles. a year, received in 1989 from the funds of the trade unions.

The state system of children's and youth tourism in Russia is based on federal and municipal educational authorities in the structure of which there are about 500 centers, stations, clubs and bases for young tourists, as well as over 2000 palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, in which departments and sections of tourism function ... More than eleven thousand qualified teachers work in specialized tourist institutions for children.

In 220 centers and stations for young tourists, tourist training grounds and climbing simulators (climbing walls) are equipped, about 400 equipped educational tourist and excursion trails are constantly used.

More than 3400 specialized camps are organized in the Russian Federation annually, in which more than 350 thousand children receive tourist skills and heal.

More than 300 thousand children are constantly engaged in tourist and local history circles and sections of institutions of additional education alone, and more than 1.5 million children participate in campaigns, expeditions and travels organized by them.

Since the 90s, many of the former structures of sports tourism management have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budgets of trade unions and sports organizations have significantly decreased, and in some places they do not provide for the allocation of financial assistance to sports tourism at all.

The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300; territorial federations of sports tourism continue to operate on their basis. A significant number of clubs have lost their premises and operate on a voluntary basis.

The number of people involved in sports tourism has approximately decreased in comparison with 1989 by 3-4 times, and the proportion between organized and unorganized sports tourism has changed from 1/3 to 1/9, traffic controllability has dropped noticeably.

Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment, means of transportation for tourists themselves, as well as transport services have increased - all this primarily influenced the flow of sports tourism, even to such well-known and traditional regions as Karelia, Ural, Altai, Sayany, Baikal and dr.

The social and amateur foundations of sports tourism are being replaced by commercial technologies, which noticeably affects the inner spirit of the movement.

Budget funding has decreased tenfold compared to 1989 and does not meet even the minimum needs for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the approximate amount of funding for sports and health tourism from budgets of all levels and other non-budgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, while there are no appropriate conditions for investors willing to invest in sports tourism. This moment is aggravated by the fact that there is a noticeable skew in the distribution of budgetary funds at all levels in favor of elite sports of the highest achievements.

If earlier sports tourism still somehow used the most seedy property of trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist centers and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and the natural environment (shelters , tourist camps, tourist centers).

Due to the continuing departmental structure of the organizational and managerial structures of sports tourism (the State Administration for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Federation of Sports Tourism on the one hand) and children and youth (the Ministry of Education and the stations of young tourists on the other hand), the gap between children and adults is constantly growing. tourism, there is a duplication of the regulatory framework, few joint activities. On the other hand, today, with one stroke of the pen, in a number of regions, without due reason, children's institutions are being merged, reorganized or simply liquidated. The leaders of the social movement - basically representing the technical intelligentsia, eke out a miserable existence, while the administrative staff of clubs, federations, state bodies, compared to the period before the 90s, has decreased by at least 30 times.

The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of the state policy in the country in the field of socially oriented sports and health tourism, currently does not guarantee its development. The 1996 Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation" is reduced to international outbound and inbound tourism. Sports and health tourism, which in 1987 made up one third of the country's tourist flow, completely falls out of the general scheme of the law, it is practically only mentioned in passing, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into the ruble equivalent. At the same time, the unique social significance of sports and health tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourism industry.

The drop in the current level of citizens' involvement in sports tourism is largely due to the almost complete lack of promotion of a healthy lifestyle in the media, especially on television; ineffective economic levers of regulation and promotion of sports tourism and curtailment of forms active rest in recreation establishments.

Since 1998, sports tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and there have been positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism, the efforts of the public tourist asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves in a cheap and effective way to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in the difficult situation of the city. ... Against this background, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creating full-time units dealing with the development of sports and health tourism. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation is showing great interest in the movement, as a source of specialists with the skills of rescue operations and having unique equipment for action in extreme situations.

Considering that today the most acute problem of the country is children and youth, who continue to lose their last healthy moral guidelines and are increasingly slipping into the soulless, drug-addicted and criminal environment of the city, and also taking into account the fact that the majority of the population cannot recover from stress and find the strength to survive in extreme situations, the state and public institutions should demand sports and health tourism, as one of the most modern technologies for the production of healthy, spiritual and physical qualities in a person, as well as cognitive and self-preserving principles at minimal costs of the state and the very traveling.

Youth tourism at the present stage requires special attention to itself. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are a sufficient number of tourist bases built on the principle of collective accommodation in rooms, with amenities in the territory, which today are experiencing difficulties in occupancy due to the moral and physical deterioration of fixed assets and the low quality of the services offered. Investment in the construction of new and reconstruction of existing youth hostels is required. The financial situation of student and student youth, their undemandingness to living conditions make it possible to reorient tourist bases for youth camps with the provision of a complex of animation, tourist, sports and entertainment events.

In the Russian Federation, competitions in tourist sports all-around are regularly held, namely: pedestrian, water, mountain tourist all-around. Orienteering competitions are also held, tourist rallies are held 4 times a year. All the necessary Natural resources for the above events, except for conditions for extreme tourist and sports competitions. The positive dynamics of the involvement of the population of all age groups in the field of sports tourism is traced. Sports and health tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of a person, which allows to harmoniously solve the problems of improving the personality and preserving nature by means of sports tourism. Over the past three years in the Russian Federation there has been a steady increase in those who are fond of sports and health tourism. According to the Federation of Sports Tourism of the Russian Federation, in 2004, in comparison with 2001, the number of people engaged in sports tourism increased 2.25 times, the number of participants in touristic all-around competitions - 1.5 times. The number of tourist clubs and sections is growing. The direction of sports tourism is most attractive for socially unprotected segments of the population: people with disabilities, orphans, families with low monetary incomes, children, youth and families in general. Unfortunately, the level of development of sports and health tourism in the country does not meet the requirements of the time. Little attention is paid to sports tourism in many regions of Russia. In view of the lack of promotion of tourist and sports events in the regions of the Russian Federation, an insufficient number of young people are attracted to competitions in sports tourist all-around.

2. FEATURES OF YOUTH TOURISM ORGANIZATION

2.1 Features and directions of youth tourism

Traveling for young people is a lifestyle of a developed social society. There is a concept that young people, at the stage of their life up to the age of 25, until they have had a family and children, should see the world, travel, find out how other peoples live. This will help them choose the right path in life, form their own life principles. Students of day educational institutions and non-student youth under 25 years old are everywhere provided with significant benefits for travel, reduced tariffs are set for transportation by almost all types of transport (but in the tourist or economic class), for accommodation in special youth hostels (hostels), for visiting museums, attractions and theme parks. Moreover, they are given a special discount in price, and sometimes they even have the opportunity to call their parents free of charge.

There is a concept that young people have a freer mode of life in the sense of having time for rest and travel, they have long vacations in winter and summer. Students travel in groups accompanied by a teacher or employee of an educational institution. Often, students unite in small groups of 3-5 people and independently make fairly long trips around the country and abroad. It is noteworthy that the accompanying person is also provided with certain discounts.

International youth organizations are involved in the organization of preferential travel arrangements. For example, travel arrangements for young people are part of the functions of the Federation of International Youth Travel Organization - the International Federation of Young Travel Organizations. The Federation was founded in 1951, the headquarters is located in Copenhagen, the federation functions under the auspices of UNESCO.

2.2 ISIC and other international youth credentials

Young people and students are the most traveling part of the world's population. At the same time, representatives of this category cannot be called wealthy people.

Travel students are:

· Thrifty consumers using specialized travel products, services and routes that suit their individual needs, interests and wallet;

· Frequent traveling consumers, going to study or on vacation;

· Independent travelers who prefer more flexible prices;

· Entrepreneurial, for whom travel is an integral part of their life experience;

· Loyal consumers, loyal to companies that provide quality products and services at affordable prices;

How do they manage to actively travel not only to the capitals of many countries of the world, but also to get into the deep jungle of the planet? Everything is very simple. The interests of student youth were taken care of by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC), established in 1949, which includes 5 associations, including the International Student Identity Card Association (ISIC).

Transport companies have a unique opportunity to take their place in this expanding market through the highly specialized network of student offices of the International Students Land Tourism Association (ISSA).

IRANT was established in 1992 as one of the five Associations of the International Student Tourist Confederation SITC (ISTC).

The aim of IRANT is to support the development of a land-based tourism product for students and young tourists around the world, to help develop coordinated marketing strategies, and to encourage practical cooperation between its members.

Through SITC, IRANT members work together to create programs and services specifically for student travelers from around the world. The International Student Tourism Confederation sets the standards of conduct for students holding the ISIC International Student Identity Card (ISIC), represents the interests of students and youth and negotiates beneficial services on their behalf.

Most of the IRANT members are official companies focused on student tourism in their countries. SITC members annually serve more than 10 million tourists and receive a trade turnover of about $ 3 billion.

The International Student Tourism Confederation is a worldwide student tourism network. As a member of the SITC International Student Ground Transportation Association, it is an integral and active part of the worldwide student tourism network. ISIC is a confederation of 5 associations active in the field of student tourism services.

Land Travel (ISSA)

International Student Identification Cards (ISIC)

Air travel (SATA - Student Air Travel Association)

Insurance (IASIS - International Student Insurance Association)

Exchange programs (IAEWEP - International Association for Educational and Exchange Programs)

With 50 years of experience, an international network spanning every continent, customized products and services, and a commitment to making travel affordable and affordable for students, SITC members empower ground tourism operators to take a place in local and international markets. IRANT (ISSA) works closely with its sister association of International Student Identity Cards, which works with various organizations to provide discounts.

Today's students are the vanguard of the future world community - informed, knowledgeable and very interested in various types of tourism.

The student tourism market has great potential in rail, bus, sea, road and city transport. IRANT members give direct access to about 4 million potential clients - full-time students are clearly identified by International Student Identification Cards. Holders of these cards have a unique opportunity to use all products and services around the world at a discount agreed upon for them in the specifically specified special ISIC guides issued by the ISIC Headquarters in Holland.

Attention to the student body is an important and profitable market strategy, as brand preference, consumer loyalty, and purchasing power that have developed in the past influence future purchasing decisions.

IRANT members work together with transport companies to present and market a special student tourism product. They help develop and manage a network of special student passes and assess customer feedback.

ISIC is the only officially registered international identity card.

Young people are given the opportunity to purchase international student and youth cards ISIC and G025, which provide ample opportunities to travel to almost any region of the world. International Student Idenity Card (ISIC) - IDs of an international student organization. Similar certificates are issued not only to students, but also to young people under 25 - International Youth Travel Card (GO 25), as well. also for teachers (accompanying groups of students on tourist trips) - International Teacher Idenity Card (ITIC).

The main goal of the International Student Identity Association (ISIC), established at the initiative of UNESCO, is to promote the development of student tourism, educational and cultural exchanges, to encourage the spread of knowledge about other countries and cultures and, thereby, to promote mutual understanding between peoples. The introduction of a single student card with a fixed period of validity (16 months) has become a simple, but quite effective step towards creating a whole system of benefits and discounts, direct access to which has significantly expanded the possibilities of student tourism.

Since the foundation of the Association, more than 30 million students around the world have become happy owners of ISIC at various times. The card has proven its viability by immense popularity among student youth. Not so long ago, the ISIC card could only be used abroad (90 countries, 17,000 discounts). Today this can be done without leaving Russia:

Cardholders can get discounts on accommodation and meals in hostels, visits to museums and attractions, as well as transport passes, for example, at the STA or KILBOY air fare. Air tickets of these fares have significant benefits (validity period of one year, the possibility of changing the route, unlimited terms for purchasing tickets and booking them, the possibility of canceling the flight with the lowest penalties, etc.). ISIC cardholders are provided with medical, financial and other assistance in critical situations that happened abroad.

To protect against counterfeiting, increase trust and recognition, the ISIC card is equipped with:

1.Strong topographic layer to protect student data and photography

2.Micro-printed and four-color design

3.Magnetic tape

4. place for the cardholder's signature

5.Unique identification number

IS 1C and ITIC cards are valid for a calendar year, G025 cards are valid for one year from the date of purchase. Detailed information on how to obtain ISIC, GO 25 and ITIC cards can be obtained from the International Student Idenity Card Handbook or on the Internet.

For small youth groups, it is possible to travel with minimal transport costs to 14 countries in Europe and the UK using the EUROBUS discount program. General distributor in Russia is Sinbad Travel.

2.3 Benefits provided by ISIC in the world and in Russia

The bearer of the certificate is entitled to significant discounts (up to 50%) when using air, rail, water transport, buses, car rental; when placing in youth hotels, hostels; when visiting museums, exhibitions, parks, attractions, cinemas, cultural and historical centers; when eating in youth cafes, restaurants, visiting nightclubs, discos, libraries ...; when visiting sporting events and renting sports equipment. In addition, the holder of the certificate has the right to urgent information assistance on visa, legal issues, on issues of obtaining preferential and medical assistance.

ISIC - Campus Access Card

ISIC - Card of access to international preferential communication

HELP LINE support information service

ISIC - Discount card providing discounts on:

· Air-railway tickets;

· Travel by intercity buses, accommodation in hotels, motels, hotels, youth hostels;

· Visiting museums, exhibitions, cultural and historical centers;

· Visiting restaurants, cafes, nightclubs, discos;

· Visiting sports events, renting sports equipment;

· Up to 70% discount on international phone calls (more than 80 countries);

· Free e-mail;

· Virtual telesafe;

· Fax;

· Free service in many languages.

For example, in Europe, ISIC cards provide the following benefits:

1.from 33 to 50% of the cost train tickets;

2. up to 50% of the cost of railway tickets on international routes from any EU country to more than 2,000 European cities (for young people under 26);

3. up to 33% of the cost of tickets for international buses;

4. from 15 to 45% of the airfare (for young people under 26);

5.up to 50% of the cost entrance tickets to museums, castles and other attractions; many museums are open for free visits once a week (month or on certain days);

6. from 25 to 45% of the cost of tourist excursions.

ISIConnect is a new system that allows you to use an ISIC card to receive communication services:

a long distance and international telephone calls. To do this, you need to buy phone time by properly charging the card. This can be done the first time you contact a multilingual operator, who will activate the card and provide you with your personal four-digit PIN. The card can be recharged using your own credit card or cards of your friends or parents. At the same time, it is important that when negotiating through the ISIConnect system, favorable student telephone rates are provided;

a voice mail. Voice messages can be left for you, which are sent by your friends or relatives from any part of the world. These messages can be read on any cell phone. You can also receive autoresponder messages by e-mail. Thus, when leaving home on a trip, it is enough to leave your ISIC card number and communication will be provided through the fSIConnect operator in the USA, tel: 1-732-365-5000.

a telefax. If you have a fax machine, using the ISIC card, you can receive and send fax messages at a reduced rate;

a telesafe. This is a unique new virtual telesafe service. In case of loss of documents, their photocopy can significantly facilitate the process of resolving conflicts, issuing new documents that replace them. Therefore, when leaving for a trip, you should make copies of the documents and send them by fax to TeleSafe. Once the documents have been deposited, copies can be retrieved by e-mail or fax at any time;

a email. All ISIC owners receive free e-mail services and their personal mailing address - [email protected]. In any Internet cafe you can use e-mail services, get access to special databases designed for students, for example, the ISIC student discount database.

2.4 Hostels in Russia

Hostel (or, in English, youth hostel) literally translates as a youth shelter. The French say "Auberge de jeunesse", the Germans say "Jugendherberge".

A hostel is a cheap youth hostel type hotel. Usually has a corridor system, shared toilets, showers, kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves on each floor, a common lounge with a TV, a payphone. Meals are organized in a cafe or a cheap canteen. Rooms in hostels are usually from 2 to 6 beds (and sometimes more). Hostels are not comfortable, but almost always very clean, they are intended for young people, but they are popular with tourists with low incomes due to the cheapness of services.

It can be noisy for a middle-aged tourist in hostels, often young people have fun long after midnight. However, many tourists who are already far out of their youth use hostels. They are accustomed to the youthful spirit and way of life, and the cheapness of services also plays an important role. There are hostel options where you can even use your own bedding. Many hostels close during the day for cleaning, and your luggage can be stored in the luggage room. Among the services provided by hostels are laundry, sale of tickets with discounts to museums, theaters, cinemas, buses and trains, organization of individual excursions, Internet service, etc.

Student hostels are a great alternative to a hotel if the tourist is staying for a short time and prefers active and independent travel. It is also a great opportunity to meet like-minded people from all over the world and find a travel companion.

Hostels are common all over the world, but they are most popular in Europe, where hotels are traditionally expensive. In large cities, there are several hostels; in the summer, their number increases, since student dormitories are used for hostels. As a rule, hostels are located near the train and bus stations, not far from the center.

The fact that hostels are student hostels does not mean that only students can live in them. Even an over-aged tourist can get accommodation in a hostel. The exception in this sense is Bavaria, which has set the age limit for hostel residents - 26 years, and the Scandinavian countries, where a membership card of the International Hostel Association is required for hostel accommodation. If you have an international or national student card (voucher), you can get a big discount in the price in any hostel hotel services and catering services.

In the famous Finnish hostel "Eurohostel" in Helsinki, the usual prices are normal rate for YHA members: single, 160 FMK, 145 FMK; double, 2x100 FMK, 95 FMK; triple 3х110 FMK, 95 FMK; family room, 210 FMK. For groups: min 11 pax - 95 FMK room 2-3 bed, every 16 pax bed free charge. Meals: breakfast 25 FM; lunch 35 FM; diner 35-50 FM.

Hostels are combined into large hotel chains and are available in almost every major European city and in countries on other continents. The international federation of youth hostels - Hostelling International is organized. Special catalogs of hostels are published, a reservation service has been created.

Youth hostels began in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1901. a youth society "Migratory Birds" (Wandervogel) was formed, whose members were fond of long hiking trips for educational purposes. In addition to gathering for political reasons, they studied German folklore, folk dances, and often spent the night outdoors in the open air. In 1910. on the initiative of this society, a special hostel was opened - the simplest and cheapest youth hostel. The idea of ​​creating hostels quickly spread, and they began to be created not only in Germany, but also in the Netherlands, Switzerland and further in other European countries. The First World War somewhat slowed down the process of the spread of hotelei, but already in 1930. the first youth hostels association, the Y.H.A., was created in England.

In 1932. organized by The International Youth Hostel Federation - YHF, headquartered in Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire (England). Association of Youth Hostels is an organization that provides young tourists with places in hotels, hostels and camp sites around reasonable prices... The association includes more than 5500 hostels in all countries of the world. In Australia, the YHA system includes 140 hostels linked by a single booking system. Today the federation includes 70 countries of the world. In 1934. the American Youth Hostels Association was founded in the USA. The hostel chain in the USA and Canada is described in a special guide: Hostelling North America: A Guide to Hostels in Canada and the United States. Also known are the guides to the hostels of the world Fodor and Michelin Guides.

The Russian Association of Youth Hostels was founded in 1992. - Russian Youth Hostel Association - RYHA. The center of the association is located in St. Petersburg. The association includes 7 hostels. The Association has been a member of the IYHF since 1993. Hostelling International Card actively distributes national discount hostel cards (RYH Card) for IYHF and RYH members in Russia, which allow you to get substantial discounts on accommodation in more than 5500 hostels around the world.

St. Petersburg International Hostel is a popular hostel among student traveling youth in St. Petersburg, owned by RYH - Caron Inc. The hotel was opened in 1991. and is conveniently located in the city center near the Moscow railway station and Nevsky Prospekt. This was the first hostel in Russia. It is a member of the Russian hostels association. The hotel has 56 beds in 2 and 5-bed rooms. The hostel staff is exclusively young. Responsible and friendly customer service.

The hostel provides cheap service for tour groups and individuals. Toilets, washrooms and showers are on the floors, the hostel has an Internet cafe. The cost of living is from 12 to 15 USD, breakfast is included in the price of the room. The hostel operates a travel agency "Sinbad Travel", where you can book a place in any of the 5500 hostels in 77 countries of the world. Appropriate visa support is organized. Reservation of any tourist services is carried out. There are five terminals automated system booking Amadeus. The sale of air tickets of 15 airlines for students (with discounts on student and youth fares) is also organized right there. Payment for services by credit cards of leading payment systems is accepted. The hostel has an international telephone connection (payphone). The receptionist is on duty around the clock. There is a separate desk for issuing ISIC student cards.

2.5 Analysis of the most popular tours in the youth tourism market

2.5.1 Sports Tours

The demand for sports tours among young people is very high.

Within the Russian Federation, the main interest of travelers who have applied to travel agencies in the Novosibirsk region is the following regions: Republic of Altai - 79%, Altai region- 13.5%, Krasnodar Territory - 1.2%, Novosibirsk Region - 1.7%.

As for inbound tourism, out of the total number of tourists sent to the Russian Federation, 8 thousand people (31%) rested in the Altai Republic, 6.9 thousand (26.5%) - in the Novosibirsk region, 4.4 thousand. (17%) - in the Altai Territory, 2.8 thousand (10.6%) - in Krasnodar Territory, 1.2 thousand (4.8%) - in the Kemerovo region, 1.3 thousand people (4.9%) visited St. Petersburg.

Barnaul travel agencies offer the following types of recreation on the territory of the Altai region: recreation at tourist centers and resorts, horse and hiking routes, rafting on mountain rivers, mountain climbing, ski tours, fishing and hunting. In 2002, Russian tourists preferred passive recreation at tourist centers (58% of tourists who visited the Altai region), in second place were rafting and resorts - 12% each, horse trails - 7%, slightly inferior to them on foot - 6%. Fishing, hunting and mountaineering each attracted 1.2% of Russian tourists.

According to marketing research conducted by Russian tourist firms located in the Novosibirsk region, among active types of tourism, rafting is of the greatest interest - rafting on rapids on inflatable frameless boats, horse trails, hunting (Fig. 1)

Figure 1 - the preferences of tourists in the Novosibirsk region in the choice of tours

Foreign citizens vacationing in the region were more inclined towards active types of tourism. So the share of foreigners vacationing at tourist centers in 2002 was 25%, adherents hiking trails(trekking) - 40%, horse travel - 5%, fishing and hunting - 10%, rafting - 10%, mountaineering - 10%.

Ski tourism has begun to revive recently. Since there is snow in Siberia for several months a year, this species is quite promising. However, snowmobile rest was added to it. Today, water tourism is developing dynamically - the organization of travel along rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Tourist trips to the Eastern and Western Sayans are also popular. More and more campgrounds can be seen in Ergaki. And do not forget that foreign tourists go to Siberia for exotic, not European service. They are only interested in hotel amenities at the exit from the route.

2.5.2 Educational (excursion) tours

Excursion (cognitive) tours are also in high demand. It can be noted that in 1997 in Moscow a special youth-tourist program “Moscow - the capital of the Russian state” was developed.

For the purposes of this program, the purposeful formation of young people's interest in history, culture, and the present day of Moscow, the heart of Russia, was indicated. This program was aimed at developing and supporting educational, educational tourism for children and adolescents.

The Bureau of Youth Tourism "Sputnik" offered 2-, 3-, 4-hour, one-two-day excursion programs in Moscow and its sights in line with the curriculum of the subject "Moscow Studies". Considering the important role of nearby cities in shaping the history of Moscow, Sputnik has developed interesting routes to Sergiev Posad, Vladimir-Suzdal, Borodino, Ryazan-Konstantinovo, Tula Yasnaya Polyana, St. Petersburg, Novgorod and others.

The goal of the program was to create optimal conditions for a wide range of Moscow schoolchildren, students, and students when choosing targeted trips that encourage young people to travel, expand their horizons, get an education in the world's best educational centers, and expand contacts with peers.

Along with trips across Russia, Sputnik offers educational and cognitive tours abroad:

To England / London, Oxford, Brighton / - English classes;

To France / Paris / - French classes;

To Italy / Rome-Florence-Venice / - historical.

Stay programs in these countries include courses to improve knowledge of a foreign language. Classes are taught by experienced teachers. Excellent linguaphone, audio-video equipment. Another option for training can be the residence of children in / English, French / families, which gives an additional opportunity to improve language knowledge. In addition to the curriculum, tours include excursion activities (5-6 excursions) to the sights of the cities visited.

Unfortunately, there is no such program in the Novosibirsk region, but the administration of the Novosibirsk region is also considering various projects for the development of student tourism.

2.5.3 Local history

The formation of interest in studying the history of their own land among schoolchildren and students is also a popular direction of tourism at the present time.

The history of the city of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region is reflected in the expositions of museums with more than 4 thousand exhibits in the main fund. Painting, archeological objects, numismatics, photographs and documents are widely represented there.

The leading museums are the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore with branches and the Novosibirsk Picture Gallery. There are 145 monuments of architecture, history, monumental art and archeology in the city under state protection, among them there are interesting examples of wooden and stone architecture that form the image of modern Novosibirsk.

Suzun copper smelter with the Mint. (Suzun. Suzunsky district of the Novosibirsk region).

On the territory of modern Suzun, the remains of ancient buildings have survived, in the place of which there was once a copper smelter with the Mint. This is a unique object of the history of Siberia.

The mint in Suzun was the only one from Ural mountains to the shores The Pacific... For almost a hundred years, Siberian copper coins were minted here. Stone walls and ditches, a place of ore mining - witnesses of the events of the 18th century.

At the beginning of the 18th century. in the foothills of the Altai, local miners discovered deposits of silver and copper ores. This became known to the Ural industrialist A. Demidov - the largest businessman in Russia of this period. He built metallurgical plants in Altai, which laid the foundation for the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district.

In 1729. The first copper-smelting plant, Kolyvansky, began to operate in 1744. the Barnaul plant comes into operation. (Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked at the Barnaul plant since 1747, who in 1763 developed a project for a universal steam engine- the world's first two-cylinder machine of continuous action, which he failed to carry out.) Along with copper, the ores contained silver and gold, but Demidov had no right to mine them, since, according to the law, the land and its subsoil were the property of the state or the sovereign, and only they could mine precious metals. The breeder nevertheless took the risk of starting illegal smelting of silver. After that, the factories were taken away from the Demidovs and became the property of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (daughter of Peter the Great), under the control of the Tsar's Cabinet. In 1764, the construction of the Suzun copper smelter and the Mint began on the banks of the Nizhny Suzun River.

Huge Siberia suffered from a shortage of coins; merchants were often forced to use payment in kind in their calculations. The plant and the Mint came into operation in 1766. A large settlement arose at the plant, inhabited by artisans. And the factory buildings, and the mint and the settlement had fortifications in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden palisade.

At the Suzun Mint, coins were issued in denominations of ten kopecks to half a penny (0.25 kopecks). The Siberian coin differed from the all-Russian one in its appearance. Initially, it was even larger. On the obverse, framed by laurel and palm branches, there was a monogram of Catherine II - the letter "E" with the Roman numeral II woven into it. On the reverse side of the coins of all denominations, except for the polushka, the coat of arms of Siberia was depicted - two sables holding in their front paws an oval shield crowned with a crown with the designation of the value of the coin. The entire composition was covered by a circular inscription - "Siberian coin". After 1781. at the Suzun Mint, they began to make a copper coin of the all-Russian sample. Minting of coins in Suzun stopped after the fire of 1847. and was no longer renewed.

In terms of production scale, the Suzunsky plant and the Mint were the largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the 18th century. in Russia.

Historical and Architectural Museum - Reserve (in the open air) SORAN.

A memorable object of the history of the city of Novosibirsk is the railway bridge over the Ob, built at the end of the last century. The appearance of Novosibirsk is connected with its construction.

In 1891. railway engineer and famous Russian writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky led an exploration party that chose the site for the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob near the village of Krivoshchekovo (located on the left bank of the Ob) and the mouth of the Kamenka river on the right bank. at the construction of the bridge near Kolyvan, then Railway would pass through the center of the province - Tomsk. N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky convincingly proved and economically substantiated the Krivoshchekov variant. Here as they said locals The Ob flows like in a rocky pipe, which does not allow the river to deviate anywhere.

In March 1897. the bridge was open to traffic. During this time, a settlement of workers - builders arose and grew on the site of Novosibirsk. The author of the project of the bridge over the Ob is Professor N. Belelyubsky. The bridge construction system proposed by him became known in the world bridge building practice as the "Russian system". The railway bridge across the Ob, along with other bridges of the Trans-Siberian Railway, became the largest and most perfect structure in Russia at the end of the 19th century.

In 2002, the bridge was dismantled and moved to the shore and serves as a historical monument of the city. # "_ Toc135793895"> 2.5.4 Entertainment tours

The target group of tourists consuming the services of the entertainment sector of tourism is tourists visiting various countries for the purpose of consuming entertainment services, as well as all vacationers (being treated) at the Stavropol resorts.

The basis of a competitive tourist product of the modern entertainment industry is made up of resorts with casinos, clubs, water parks, ice rinks, amusement parks, hippodromes, events dedicated to memorable dates.

The resorts provide short rest and entertainment from 2-3 days to 2 weeks in order to have time to spend the money allocated for the pleasures.

2.5.5 Extreme tours

Extreme tourism includes water, land, mountain and exotic types of tourism.

TO aquatic species extreme tourism include:

Diving, wakeboarding, water skiing, windsurfing, kayaking, rafting.

Therefore, many of our fellow citizens prefer to travel to Sharm el-Sheikh or Southeast Asia than in Sochi. For a slightly higher price, they will get much more pleasure, not cheap. General training and equipment will cost a beginner up to $ 1000, but then he will be spent only on tickets and hotels. If you don't buy equipment, then the cost of preparing for the first round is reduced to $ 250. True, then you will have to pay $ 30-40 for renting a suit, scuba gear and other things that are necessary in the depths. Well, really good equipment costs from $ 1500 for a complete set.

Russian divers are mostly young - their average age is 30 (in the USA - 36). These are intelligent urban youth: in Russia the vast majority (77%) of divers have a higher education (in the USA - 50%).

In general, diving is very poorly developed in our country, and is very expensive by our standards. And there are few travel agencies in Russia offering this type of recreation directly in our country.

Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat is towing a raider standing on a short, wide board. Moving at a speed of 30-40 km / h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave that the raider uses as a springboard. You can perform many different tricks while jumping.

Wakeboarding began to develop especially dynamically in the early 90s. He revolutionized water sports in the same way that snowboarding was in alpine skiing. From a hobby of a small group of enthusiasts, it has turned into a popular sport with its own philosophy and culture. A lot of tricks came to wakeboarding from related "board" sports - snowboarding, skateboarding. And this gives the wakeboarder the opportunity to progress all year round. All you need to do is change the board!

The cost of a complete set of wakeboarding equipment is from $ 400. For wakeboarding, you need a specialized boat, but such boats are expensive, which is why they rarely appear in Russia. Consequently, in our country, this type of recreation is almost undeveloped due to its very high cost.

Water skiing is one of the most famous types of outdoor activities. It is a worthy replacement for downhill and cross country skiing.

Water skiing first appeared in 1922, when an American, a resident of Minnesota, Ralph Samuelson, experimenting with ordinary winter skiing, decided to try them on the water. He fitted two wide pine planks with fasteners for the legs. After that, the inventor successfully tested skiing on the waters of the lake in Lake City. Then this sport was constantly progressing. Today it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Greek Olympic Committee recommended the introduction of water skiing into the program of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. True, the IOC has not yet made a final decision on this issue.

Well, for water skiing you will need four things: the actual water ski, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.

The cost of skis ranges from $ 120 to $ 1000, plus the rest of the equipment (wetsuit, gloves, life jacket) costs somewhere around $ 150.

Water skiing is now actively practiced on the Black Sea coast. But they ride there for a fairly short period of time, for which you will have to pay a lot of money. Therefore, in Russia, it is really difficult for an ordinary tourist to enjoy water skiing, or rather, it is very expensive.

Windsurfing is an oval CFRP board with a rough surface for stability and stabilizer fins on the underside, and a small sail that attaches to the board. Surfing is the same without sail. Windsurfing itself is derived from surfing. With a good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10-12 m / s. Well, the record for today is more than 70 km / h.

And all the equipment is not cheap either. Windsurfer included $ 1000, spare sailing set (mast, boom, sail) $ 500, wetsuit $ 200, total $ 1700.

Kayaking is very popular abroad, and is gaining more and more popularity in Russia. This single sport, although devoid of team spirit, makes it possible to challenge the elements and stay alone with it.

In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak while feeling the boat and the water.

Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle on a kayak is the performance of various tricks on a boat due to the features of the relief of the river.

And finally, the alloy. On a kayak, you can go on a water trip along the river of any complexity, or play rafting on a small section of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, shafts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to master the basic slalom and rodeo techniques.

The kayaker's outfit includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (prevents water from entering the boat), rubberized slippers and a paddle.

Rafting is an exciting descent down a mountain river by canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, completely safe even for the youngest tourists. In recent years, it has attracted such tremendous interest from lovers of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been mastered by professionals, who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world.

Raft tours are mainly as follows: day trips (from $ 60 to $ 150) or half day (around $ 25-75), and multi-day trips. During the latter, tourists find themselves in remote corners of the mountains, with untouched nature, camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the camps. The minimum cost of such raft tours is from $ 1000-1500.

Terrestrial types of extreme tourism include mountain biking, speleology, spelestology, X-races.

Mountain biking is becoming more and more popular, despite its high cost. To seriously engage in mountain biking, you will have to spend a lot of money. So a bike for a beginner costs from 300 to 500 dollars, and there are mountain bikes with a rear shock absorber costing up to $ 10,000. And of course, you will need to spend money on ammunition and various spare parts, which is more than $ 800. And then such an amount is aimed at a beginner, and a professional biker spends much more money.

But even though it is an expensive form of recreation, dozens of international mountain bike competitions are held every weekend in the world - from the World Cup and National Mountain Bike Association Championships to festivals in a Scottish town or Polynesian atoll. Among all this competitive variety, there are starts that are held for non-professional mountain bikers from around the world. Such events become for them a real test, and a holiday, and the discovery of a new place and new friends.

Speleology is a branch of geology, namely karst studies and hydrogeology. And most importantly, the caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only a person's foot has not stepped, but also where the gaze of his eyes or cameras has not fallen. Speleologists are engaged in the study of this mysterious underworld.

Of course, not everyone is engaged in serious, scientific speleology. Beginners take part in educational and training expeditions. There are "teams" that only go on recreational or "sports" trips.

To practice speleology, you need to have serious training, and not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. After all, a cave is a completely different world, where a person is deprived of his usual landmarks: the sky above his head, the horizon line ... It can only be compared with the underwater or outer space.

Spelestology is a fascinating mixture of tourism and science, exploring artificial cavities. In the broadest sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures.

Spelestology is closely related to speleology, only spelestologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetration into any underground city structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to others.

In order for any dungeon to interest spelestologists, it must be unused at the present time, and be of a certain historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, water conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on.

X-races are when the same people are so well and universally trained that they can climb rocks, ride a horse, kayak or raft along rapids, rush through the mountains on a bicycle and descend on ropes under a waterfall ... These people unite in teams and participate in competitions, where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundred kilometers as quickly as possible using their skills. This is called "multisport", or "extreme" (and more often even "adventure") races.

More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest racing in Great Britain, organized by the "Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland".

Mountain views extreme tourism are represented by mountaineering, alpine skiing and snowboarding.

Mountaineering is considered the most extreme vacation. Today mountaineering is a whole industry that is steadily developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for climbing, when the weather allows with minimal losses get to the intended summit. However, thrill-seekers do not stop in winter either. Difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add to the thrill of the trip. They go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. The taste of victory is sweet, even if the climber did not conquer Elbrus, but only the wall at the local climbing wall. To do this, you need to be well physically prepared, it is desirable to have strong forearms, good "stretch" and a small weight, which will have to be kept on only one fingers. When lifting, you will have to work not only with your muscles, but also with your head in order to correctly choose which hooks to grab onto.

Climbing gear is expensive, a full set of high-quality equipment will cost an extreme person $ 1500-2000. However, if you just want to climb Elbrus once in your life, you can rent equipment. Such a 10-day tour will cost about $ 200.

The main problem of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is the small number of experienced instructors. But they are necessary for climbing amateur climbers. Basically, there are few instructors because of the small salary. By the way, it is not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad.

Alpine skiing is one of the oldest outdoor activities. Over the years, the number of people wishing to go skiing has not decreased, but rather increased. In addition, the ski service is much better and more diverse now than 10 years ago, not to mention the 80s and 70s. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Which local instructors can always teach how to ride correctly. Equipment: a set of skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves will cost an average of $ 700-800. And rent is about $ 30-40 per day.

Snowboarding - downhill skiing from mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme sport than alpine skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the XX century. Furious fans of the newfangled hobby were mostly surfers who did not want to sit around waiting for summer days. In our country, snowboarding received mass recognition only in the mid-90s. However, now in Russia you can buy a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers and get riding lessons from experienced instructors.

Now there are many special tracks with jumps and other all kinds of obstacles, on which snowboarders can get up to various acrobatic stunts. But recently, the half-pipe (from the English half-pipe "half-pipe") has become especially popular among snowboarders - a structure made of snow, similar to a skating ramp.

In general, extreme hobbies associated with alpine skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups: freeskiing or freeride is a descent along steep unprepared slopes with difficult terrain; heliskiing - the same, but using a helicopter as a delivery vehicle to the mountain; ski-touring (randonee ski) - ski tour, mountain tourism using skis and special mounts for climbing uphill;

ski-mountaineering (ski mountaineering) - climbing a mountain in order to descend from the top on skis or snowboard (the use of insurance, or any additional equipment, except for ski, on the descent violates the "purity" of such an ascent); in recent years, a new school has appeared - something like a snowboard freestyle.

Ski tourism is perhaps the most developed of all types of extreme tourism in Russia. We have ski resorts of a fairly high standard. And although they are significantly inferior to their counterparts, for example, in European countries, our tourists with an average income are happy to visit Russian resorts. And the Krasnaya Polyana ski resort is popular among foreigners, mostly from Eastern Europe. And this resort is still actively developing.

Exotic types of extreme tourism are represented by space tourism, kitesurfing, jailoo tourism, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic, extreme places.

Space tourism is the most expensive and perhaps the most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to Earth's orbit. While space tourists can be counted on one hand, they are American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleward. The first one week stay on the International Space Station cost $ 12 million, the second - $ 14 million. Later, the soloist of the N "Sync group Lance Bass was preparing for the launch on the ISS, but due to lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel. from any citizen of the Earth.

But after famous crash"Shuttle", sending tourists into space has stopped indefinitely.

The essence of kitesurfing is that a person standing on a board is accelerated with the help of a kite, the rope from which is in his hands. You can go kitesurfing both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is the wind. You can even ride on any field, however flat or bumpy. But it is considered special glamor to ride on a board through ponds covered with an ice crust and powdered with snow. In addition, river or lake beds are usually the most windy places. Amazing all-season versatility allows kites to be used in winter and summer. And some professionals make jumps up to 100 meters long and 30 meters high. The kite allows you to develop a speed exceeding the wind speed by more than two times. The realistically achievable speed of movement is 60-70 km / h, and the highest speed was recorded on September 22, 1990 in Ocean City, USA - Pete Jaconno, driving an aerobatic kite, developed a speed of over 193 km / h.

Kiting is more popular in Europe, namely in France, than in Russia.

Jailoo tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of a nomadic life. This fascinating type of tourism is successfully developing in the high-mountainous pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It is offered to sleep right on the floor of the shepherd's yurt, next to the smoky hearth, fresh lamb and kumis, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. A great opportunity to take a break from the big city.

Cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic have started relatively recently. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and see exotic animals such as the penguin. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth.

There are also such exotic tours like a trip to Chernobyl or a trip through the jungle.

For obvious reasons, there are not many who want to go to Chernobyl. After all, even after 16 years, the ecological situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers in special costumes are sent there, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the forbidden 30-kilometer zone is closed for pregnant women and minors, since radiation directly at the power plant many times exceeds the permissible limits.

For $ 105, you can see a breathtaking picture: an extinct city, everywhere the highest grass and wild nature... Without human intervention, the zone has become a unique nature Park... New species of plants have appeared here, populations of extinct animals have revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, feral horses have taken over the area.

When hiking in the jungle, the tourist has the opportunity to literally fit into nature, but at the same time be cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a tour group has modern satellite communications, it may take several hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.

Extreme tours are not very popular with young people, as they are very expensive.

2.5.6 Study Abroad

Education abroad is carried out according to student exchange programs. Student exchange programs between different countries as a form of international cooperation appeared in the late 1940s. Their goal is to empower young people from different countries get to know each other better, get acquainted with the culture of other countries. To make these programs available, students are given the opportunity to work in the host country, which pays for part of the cost or the full cost of the programs. Since 1989, students from the former USSR have also had the opportunity to participate in similar programs.

These programs include: Work & Travel, Anglo Training, Au Pair, CAMP AMERICA, Florida Summer Term, International youth camp AFS, Internship, American Work Experience, English Work Experience and IHTTI: Studying the Hotel Business in Switzerland.

Work & Travel members get a real opportunity to make their American dream come true. Everyone, without exception, is provided with work in the service sector for a period of 2-4 months, and then another travel across the United States for a month.

In order to become a member of Work & Travel you must:

· Be over 18 but under 24;

· Be a student of not the last year of one of the universities of Russia;

· Be physically able to work 40 hours a week;

· To be acutely aware of the need to receive for their work from $ 5.45 per hour.

Now England can be visited not only by those who want to admire the beauty of this unique country, but also those who want to work there.

The student is 18 years old, but not yet 26 years old;

Full-time student of the university;

The student specializes in hospitality, tourism or catering;

The student is fluent in English.

Anglo Training participants get jobs in good hotel anywhere in the UK except London for 3 to 12 months.

Au Pair for those who

· Wants to see the life of the country "from the inside", since the main duty of the participant - looking after children - requires living in a foreign "cell of society";

· Wants to get acquainted with a new culture, improve knowledge of a foreign language, communicating with members of the host family, as well as attending language courses (2 - 3 times a week);

· Do not mind receiving a sufficient amount for the work performed (usually 400 DM) for pocket money.

Age: 18-26 years old

Student graduated from high school

The student speaks a foreign language

Have some experience with children

As an Au Pair participant, it is the responsibility of

Babysitting (up to 40 hours per week)

Keeping order in their room (and also in theirs)

The Au Pair must never do heavy housework, gardening, mowing lawns, looking after pets or running the entire household.

If it becomes necessary to change the family, you can contact the supervising organization and explain the motives for replacing the family.

In this program, counselors from around the world usually teach American "pioneers" to shoot archery, cross-stitch, and sculpt clay toys. Camps are "ordinary" scout, family, student, religious, farm.

The minimum term of work is 9 weeks, after which you can work more - for additional money or go on a journey across the American expanses, which must be left no later than September 30th.

International youth camp AFS. Schoolchildren of 12-17 years old can spend their holidays in the camp, where teenagers from different countries will take part in the work of the camp with them.

For 50 years, AFS has been running training camps for students around the world as part of its exchange programs. In Russia, AFS international camps have been held since 1996 as an independent program, open not only for foreign students coming to Russia, but also for Russian teenagers interested in learning foreign languages ​​and international communication.

AFS conducts international exchange programs and is today the world's largest community of organizations representing 55 countries in Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa, as well as Australia and New Zealand... About 10,000 students and schoolchildren participate in AFS programs annually, and more than 100,000 volunteers ensure the high quality of these programs according to uniform international standards.

The Tutorial Program provides lessons in small groups (4-5 people) at the teacher's home or at the local library. Classes are held in the morning - from 9 am to 12 am. The total duration of the program is 4 weeks, 3 of which are devoted to classes. Those who are 13-18 years old can take up teaching.

Home Lessons is distinguished by the fact that the lessons are taught by a visiting teacher. This trainer knows the language of the participant. You can choose the intensity of training - 15, 20 or 25 hours per week.

ESL Courses & Activities are group lessons (12-15 people in a group with the same level of language proficiency). Classes are held in the morning, the rest of the time is devoted to the various interests of the participants. One day a week is fully occupied with excursions. You can choose one of several options for this program: 12 hours of classes per week; 9 hours of English / 9 hours a week of training in your favorite sport; 15 hours of language per week.

English Courses & Sport Activities. By becoming a member of this program, you will study English will be able to devote 27 hours a week to your favorite sport. In addition, excursions will be organized for you, and on Saturdays - youth parties and discos. The duration of the program is 1 month.

Discovery Tours: a group of 20-50 people aged 15-25 exploring Canada, the USA, the European Union or New Zealand. For those wishing to travel for a short time (7-10 days) - Mini Discovery Tours.

Internships is a specialty internship for 4-8 weeks. You can get started on any Monday! The main thing that such practice gives is work experience. Internships are designed for 4-8 weeks and are held in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, USA. If you are interested in any other country, the internship will be ordered according to your wishes.

Now everyone can take part in the following special internship programs:

Hotel Management in Paris is a practice in the hospitality industry for those who are over 18 years old and whose specialty is directly related to the field of internship. The duration of the internship is 8 weeks.

Work Study Experience in Australia is an internship in your specialty for a period of 4 weeks to 6 months. An application for participation is submitted at least half a year before the expected start of the practice.

Work Study Program in London - you can apply for an internship in the field of hospitality in London. You can choose the duration of the internship yourself - 8, 10, 12, 14 weeks.

Students can study in a country whose name is synonymous with stability and quality.

Switzerland is a country where tourism originated and developed in a multinational and multicultural environment. Tourism is a sector of the world economy that is developing at a very fast pace. Therefore, many people can find themselves in this area, realize their abilities and make their dreams come true.

IHTTI is not just education, but also the world of individual development, real experience work and research opportunities.

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Date of publication or update 01.01.2017

Pros of youth hostels

The concept of "tourism" includes many moments, including travel by country, playing sports, there are also various types of tourism, ranging from car trips to long sea cruises.

Youth tourism is a special type of travel that includes a variety of recreational activities, as young people often gather in hobby groups and go to places of interest. If we talk about youth tourism, it should be especially noted that this particular field of tourism is considered very promising.When, after seeing the fabulous views of nature and hearing the amazing sounds of the world, you can fully feel the greatness and power of the world around you. Excellent prospects opening up on the trip will allow you to learn history and a lot of interesting things.

Tourist trips ... most certainly, anyone with a similar experience can imagine how interesting it is. Young travelers expect accomplishments and victories, discoveries and discoveries, new acquaintances and new friends. Often, young people, having met on a tourist trip after it, continue their relationship. Since in a mountain hike or traveling along the river, there are a lot of prospects to accomplish an act, to prove yourself, to show your intelligence and resourcefulness, strength and masculinity.

The popularity of youth tourism in the world today is clearly growing. This is facilitated by the fact that the majority of travelers are young people aged 20-25. For European countries, the concept of youth tourism has become common for a long time, thousands of young people every year go on a variety of trips.

In our country, youth tourism was developed in the middle of the last century, at that time young people had the opportunity to visit tourist bases, sport sections. It was difficult to find a person who would not have visited many cities of the country, usually they were university students and working youth.

In our country in recent times we can note the increase in the popularity of youth tours and their number is growing every year. Travel companies pay great attention to this type of tourism, develop exciting routes that differ in the level of comfort and other parameters. There are a lot of options, ranging from sightseeing tours to Russian cities and ending with all kinds of extreme tourism, for example, horseback riding or cycling.

Hostels will be another option for young tourists who do not have much money to stay in an expensive hotel room. Hostel (HOSTEL) is a cheap youth hostel-type hotel. Usually young travelers have limited means, which is why they are offered accommodation not in luxury hotels, but in small cozy hostels, similar to student dormitories Due to the fact that young people often do not have young people, as a rule, are not very demanding on comfort, and sometimes they are limited in money, then expensive hotels in this case are not the best option, small youth hostels are an alternative. Rooms for accommodation in hostels can accommodate from two to six people, the kitchen has a full range of household appliances, guests from several rooms use it, as well as the toilet. Hostels are not very comfortable, however, as a rule, they are quite clean. During the daytime, hostels are closed for cleaning, guests do not have to worry about their luggage, as there are special storage rooms. Guests of hostels are offered additional services, so, as a rule, there is an opportunity to eat inexpensively, buy tickets for transport, learn about excursions, and so on. The worldwide popularity of hostels is growing every year.

Our country is just starting to open hostels, now this type of housing is not very common. In 1992, the first association of Russian hostels for tourists was created in St. Petersburg; seven such hotels are included in it.

If travelers have special youth cards, then the hostels provide all kinds of bonus programs... Youth cards can be purchased by students, teachers who accompany groups, as well as young people up to twenty-five years old. Holders of such cards receive significant discounts on travel, hotels and excursions, traveling in almost any region of the world.