The history of South America's research briefly. Mainland South America

27.09.2019

South America's discovery and study is closely connected with the name of the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus. Thanks to him, he learned the world about new, previously unknown lands. However, this discovery turned out to be random, since the main task of the Columbus expedition was short path to India.

South America's opening history

Up to the 15th century, the territory of South America was inhabited by indigenous people - the Indians who had their own unique culture, traditions and customs. Their civilization developed in a closed territory, without any influence from the outside.

The long-term isolation of the American Indians was violated on October 12, 1492, when the Christopher Expedition of Columbus came across one of Bahamas Islands. After a month of wandering over the Atlantic Ocean, his ships "Santa Maria", "Ninya" and "Pinta" moored to the ground, which the navigator mistakenly accepted for the west coast of India. After the surface study of the islands and coastline Northern Shore of South America, the navigator returned to his homeland.

Fig. 1. Christopher Columbus

Notifying your opening of the King of Spain, Columbus received significant financial support, and with 17 ships returned to West India - Western India. - How he continued to count. The purpose of this expedition was simple - the search for gold in new lands. So it was conquered and mastered Haiti. In the future, Christopher Columbus made two more expeditions to the shores of South America, but he never realized his mistake.

This opening of South America as a new continent occurred in the 16th century due to the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci. Escape to the shores of "West Indies", an experienced sailor quickly realized that Columbus was wrong.

Table "Openers of South America"

*date*	*Traveler*	*Opening*
	H. Columbus	First expedition - Large Antilles and San Salvador
	H. Columbus	Second Expedition - Small Antilles and Puerto Rico
	H. Columbus	Third Expedition - Trinidad Island and North Coast of South America
	H. Columbus	Fourth Expedition - Caribbean Coast of Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
	A. Vespucci	Eastern shores of South America, "New Light".

Geographic studies of South America

The opening of the Columbus of America forever changed the representation of people about the globe. This event has become one of the most important in the history of all mankind.

Having learned that new lands were opened by the Spanish navigator, the flow of fans of light profit was hung there. Travelers dreamed of inconspicuous treasures that could be found in the new light. Such people are invaders from Portugal or Spain - called conquistadors.

Fig. 3. Conquistadors

In the blind desire for wealth, they ruthlessly destroyed local residents, robbed their settlements, devastated the captured territories. However, together with this barbarity, there was a study of new lands: the maps of the mainland and the coast, descriptions of nature and relief were created.

A great contribution to the study of the mainland has made one of the most famous researchers in its time - German scientist Alexander Humboldt. For 20 years, he thoroughly studied South America: her vegetable and animal world, indigenous population, geological features. The book written by them later became almost the only full and reliable source of information about the new light.

What did we know?

Studying one of interesting topics According to the 7th grade geography, we learned who opened South America, as the process of its conquest and research took place, and how the discovery of this mainland affected the presentation of medieval people about the structure of our planet.

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The first Europeans who visited the XVI and XVII centuries. In South America, there were adventurers and missionaries. In the XVIII century Scientists followed them, who sought to make a mainland card and explore it with geology, as well as the plant and animal world. The first scientific expedition went in 1735 in Peru.

Alexander von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) is one of the largest scientists and travelers (in the picture on the left), brilliant naturalist, astronomer, biologists geologist, magnificent linguist. In June 1797, Humboldt was serving from Berlin to Paris. In June 1799, he, together with the French doctor, Amy Bonplen (1773-1858, in Fig. Right) sailed from Europe to South America. Next month, they reached the northeast coast of the continent near Caracas, on the territory of modern Venezuela. One of the first planners of the expedition was the study of p. Orinoco. But on the way to her travelers had to cross the dry, dusty, anhydrous steppe - Llanos, extending to the south. In the way, the researchers conducted the records of all the types of plants, animals and birds, even in the deserts, where they were tormented by thirst and burned the scorching rays of the sun. Travelers went down the fast rivers and made their way through the stuffy jungle, in which the silence was disturbed only by the cries of parrots and monkeys, and people tormented the clouds of bloodsowing insects.

Through the mountains to the south

The second journey of Humboldt and Bonplan in South America began in 1801. In January 1802, travelers got to Quito, one of the most highly mountainous cities in the world, having traveled the wagon on the rivers and the mountains. Near Quito, they rose to the height of 5878 m and almost reached the top of the chimborace volcano. Then the travelers headed south through the virgin forests and the devils of the Andes and finally arrived in Lima (Peru). Here they studied the ruins of structures created by civilization (their culture reached his heyday in Peru after the XIII century. And in the 30s. The XVI century. Was erased from the face of the Earth by the Spanish conquisites, see the article ""). Humboldt also put a powerful cold course on the map along the coast of Peru and bringing rich fish shoals. Subsequently, this flow received the name of Humboldt, and now it is called the Peruvian current.

Back to Europe

When, in 1804, scientists returned to France, there were huge crowds of the people. In total, they passed 64 thousand km in South America and collected 30 sample boxes, as well as 60 thousand species of plants, many of which were previously unknown. Humboldt returned to Germany and dedicated 23 years of his life preparation for the publication of his own works, which amounted to 29 volumes.

Charles Darwin (1809-1892) - English naturalist and traveler. In December 1831, from the ship "Beagle" on the expedition to the shores of Chile. Darwin described in detail everything seen, and although on the ship was cradled, he collected a huge collection of minerals, fossil fossils, plants, animals, birds and shells. All that the scientist saw on the expedition, made him reconsider the usual views on the origin and development of life on.

Land Giants

In the spring of 1832, the expedition arrived in Bahia (Brazil). Darwin was affected by an incredible set and brightness of flowers and birds that appeared before his eyes. Further "Bigl" went south, to the shores of Patagonia. There, researchers found the fossils of some disappeared animals, including the giant sloth and armadapors. Then the ship swam along the windy and cold shores of Terra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America. Darwin traveled through the Argentine degree - Pampam, lived among Gaucho (Cowboys).

lost World

In September 1835, the expedition reached Galapagos Islandslocated 965 km from Ecuador Coast. Here, Darwin discovered species of birds, animals and plants, no longer met anywhere on Earth. Sliced \u200b\u200bfrom the mainland, they were in isolation from the rest of the world. These findings played an important role in the creation of Darwin theory on the origin of animals and humans (more about this in the article ").

Doubts about the accuracy of the Bible

In October 1836, Bigl returned to England, and Darwin devoted 20 years to describing his discoveries. In 1859, he published the work "The origin of species", where he outlined his theory of evolution, refuted the teaching of the Church. One of the most brave was the statement of Darwin that all living beings developed for millions of years. It caused a scandal, because he contradicted the said in the Bible that God created the world for six days and since then he was unchanged.

Percy Fosette

Perscy Fosette (1867-1925) is an officer with twentieth work experience in South America. He was inspired by the legend of Eldorado, the "golden man", and he believed that somewhere in the depths of the Brazilian jungle remains ancient civilization. In 1921, not far from Salvador (Bahia), Fosette discovered the ancient ruins. It came across it to the idea to test his theory and find one of the lost cities, which he called the city "z" (Zet).

Unsolved mystery

On April 20, 1925, Fosette, together with his eldest son, Jack and his school friend, Raily Rimall went on a journey. According to rivers, sising Piranham, they swam in Brazil, in Mato Gross. There the traces of them were walked forever. For several years from the jungle came different rumors about what happened to them. Perhaps Fotette and his satellites fell from the hands of the Indians, but there are no confirmations of this version. Their disappearance remains the same mystery as the mysterious city of "Z" of Fosette.

The history of the study of South America can be divided into two stages:

First stage
The Europeans became reliably about the existence of South America after swimming H. Columbus in 1498, which opened the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, explored the seaside site from the Orinoco River Delta to the Paria Peninsula. In the XV-XVI centuries. The largest contribution to the study of the continent was made by Spanish expeditions. In 1499-1500, Spanish Conquistor A. Otheda headed the expedition to the northern coast of South America, which reached the coast in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Guiana and, following in the north-western direction, examined the coast of 5-6 ° YU. sh. Before the Venezuelan Gulf.

Later, the ketage was examined by the North Coast of Colombia and founded the fortress there, putting the beginning of Spanish conquests on this continent. The Spanish Traveler R. Bastidas is completed the survey of the Northern Coast of South America, which in 1501 studied the mouth of the Magdalena River and reached the Bay of Uracha.

The expeditions of V. Pinson and D. Lepye, continuing to move south along the Atlantic coast of South America, at 1500 opened one of the sleeves of the Amazon River Delta, explored the Brazilian coast to 10 °. sh. H. Solis further went to the south (up to 35 ° H. sh.) And opened the Bay of La Plata, the grassroots of the largest rivers Uruguay and Paran. In 1520 F. Magellan examined the Patagonian coast, then passed to the Pacific Ocean through the strait, named after his name, completing the study of the Atlantic coast.

In 1522-1558 It was studied pacific coast South America. F. Pisarro held along the shores Pacific Ocean up to 8 ° sh., in 1531-1533 He won Peru, deliriving and destroying the state of the Inca and founding the city of kings (later called Lima). Later - in 1535-1552. - Spanish conquistadors D. Almagro and P. Valdivia descended along the coast up to 40 °. sh.

The study of intocontinental regions was stimulated by the legends of the hypothetical "country of gold" - Eldorado, in search of which Spanish expeditions D. Ordas, P. Elea and others in 1529-1546 crossed different areas Northwestern Andes, traced the flow of many rivers. Agents of German bankers A. Ehinger, N. Federman, and others examined, mainly northeast of the continent, the rover of the Orinoco River. In 1541, the detachment F. Orelyans first crossed the mainland in its widest part, tracing the average and lower flow of the Amazon River; S. Cabot, P. Mendoza, etc. In 1527-1548, passed through major pool rivers Parana - Paraguay.

Extreme southern Point The continent - Cape Horn - was opened by Dutch navigators Ya. Lever and V. Schauten in 1616. The English navigator D. Davis in 1592 opened the "land of the Virgin", assuming that it represents a single land; Only in 1690 D. Strong proved that it consists of a variety of islands and gave them the name of Falkland Islands.
In 16-18 centuries. The detachments of Portuguese Metis Mamilukov, who committed conquering campaigns in search of gold and jewelry, repeatedly crossed Brazilian plateore and traced the course of many of the bortions of Amazon. Missionaries-Jesuit also took part in the study of these regions.

Second phase
To verify the hypothesis about the spherical shape of the Earth, the Paris Academy of Sciences for measuring the arc Meridian sent in 1736-1743 to Peru an equatorial expedition under the leadership of P. Buger and Sh. Kondamin, confirmed by the justice of this assumption. In 1781-1801, Spanish Topographer F. Asar held comprehensive studies of the Bay of La Plata, as well as Parantine and Paraguay River basins. A. Humboldt examined the Orinoco River basin, Quito's plateau, visited the city of Lima, setting out the results of his research in the book "Journey to the equino and new light in 1799-1804."

English hydrograph and meteorologist R. Fitzroy in 1828-1830 (F. King's expedition) performed shooting southern coast South America, and later led the famous around the World Travel On the ship "Beagle", in which C. Darwin also took part. Amazon and the brightening to it from the south of Brazilian Plateau investigated the German scientist V. Esheghe (1811-1814), French biologist E. Joffrua Saint-Iller (1816-1822), Russian Expedition under the direction of G. I. Langsdorf (1822-1828), English Scientist A. Wallace (1848-1852), French scientist A. Kudro (1895-98). The German and French scientists studied the Orinoco River pool and Guiangskoye Plateau, American and Argentinean - the lower rivers of Parran and Uruguay in the area of \u200b\u200bLa Plata.

In the study of this continent, Russian scientists N. M. Albov, which in 1895-1896 studied Fire Land, M. Manizer (1914-1915), N. I. Vavilov (1930, 1932-1933).

Pretty extensive. Who and when discovered this mainland? Even the schoolboy of junior classes knows that it was Christopher Columbus. But there are no serious scientists, and there are doubts about this. Perhaps the fearless navigators of the early Middle Ages, Normans, reached the island of Greenland and the shores of North America much earlier than Columbus. Or Chinese ships crossed the Pacific Ocean and it was the sailors of the Criminal Empire that are nonetitular larders of the mainland. In addition, Christopher Columbus, until the end of his life, was confident that his foot was not going to a new continent, but on west shore India. In this article we will try to understand numerous researchers of South America. Each of them made their contribution to the development of a new mainland. Were in the list of discovers and Russian scientists.

Western West West History

The list of researchers of South America is headed and necessary to appreciate his merit. In those days, Europe experienced difficulties in the trading communication with India. The road to silk and spices was long and dangerous. Based on the postulate on the circular form of the Earth, Columbus put forward the hypothesis that in India from Europe can be saved, moving not to the east, but following the west. It was there, behind the Atlantic Ocean, the navigator of his sponsor, the Spanish king, lies the cherished ground of sandalwood and spices. And the same has grown money for the expedition gear. In 1492, Columbus crossed the Atlantic and opened the big one success allowed him to equip two more expeditions. In 1498, Columbus opened water into the sea at his shores seemed to the sailors too low-salted. This presumption can only bear a very large mainland river - I decided to admiral. His ships entered the mouth of Orinoco and explored the coast of South America up to the Paria Peninsula.

Expeditions of Amerigo Vespucci

The Portuguese kingdom, having learned about the success of Spanish researchers in South America (then thought it was - the West Bank of India), equipped his three transatlantic expeditions. They commanded the navigator, he did not limit himself to swimming along the coast, and did fearless trips to deep into the mainland. As a result, he opened and described the Brazilian Highlands, the lower course of the Amazon River and the bay, where the city of Rio de Janeiro is now. Gradually, Vespucci began to disturb doubts. On India, newly open areas were not at all similar. He wrote to his homeland in 1503, that this is a new part of the world. And this name has been fixed. North and South America are still referred to as "India" and "New Light".

The contribution of Amerigo Vespucci is invaluable. It was he who presented to Europeans knowledge about the existence of a new continent. Therefore, both continents are named after him. Already in 1507, the cartographer from Lorraine Martin Waldzemueller dubbed the southern part of America's continent (Latinized writing "Amerigo"). In 1538, this name was distributed to the northern part of the continent.

Fabulous Earth Eldorado

Inspired by the success of Portuguese researchers in South America, whose ships were returned, loaded with gold, in 1522-58, the Spanish navigators reached the new light. Under the pretext of the appeal of local tribes in the Christian faith, they began to capture the lands. This conquest (in Spanish "Conquista") was accompanied by mass executions of people at a fire, robbery and other violence. Europeans believed that the new mainland was the Golden Earth, Eldorado. But together with conquistadors and religious fanatics in South America, there were also real researchers who have made maps describing the types of plants and animals who have studied the customs and culture of local tribes. Through Panaman, the Spaniards penetrated the West Coast. Expeditions P. Andagoy (1522), F. Pisarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540-E), H. Ladrilenero (1558), P. Sarmiento de Gamboa (1580) advanced by the Pacific Ocean South to Chile.

Foreproofers and researchers of South America

Not only Spaniards and Portuguese took part in the conquest of new lands. German bankers Ekhinger, Velzera and others received in 1528 from Emperor Karla fifth permit for the colonization of the northeast coast of South America, washing the Caribbean Sea. France and Holland also "taught" to themselves on a piece of new land. British sailors J. Davis, R. Hawkins and J. Strong was opened and Dutch women V. Skhauten and Ya. Lemer in 1616 rented Cape Gorn. Thirst for naughty attained the Spanish conquistadors deep into the mainland. In search of the legendary golden spears, they crossed the North-Western Andes and descended to the Spanish and Portuguese researchers and South America travelers also penetrated the Laa River pool, described Paranu, Grand Character, Paraguay. The first intention from the quiet to the Atlantic Ocean Expedition F. Orelyans in 1541.

Scientific researchers of South America and their discovery

The main goal of all the expeditions listed above was the seizure of new lands. Scientific research (mapping, the description of the seen on the way) was carried out only because it helped the promotion of the Konkistador team. But with the arrival of the era of enlightenment, the target of the discoverers changed. The Germans of Alexander Humboldt and Frenchman Eme Bonplan are considered the first serious scientific researchers in South America and French. Five years (from 1799 to 1804) they spent on the mainland, collecting a collection of plants, animals and minerals. After that, A. Gumboldt dedicated about thirty years of writing a grandiose 30-languid labor "Journey to the equinal (i.e. Equatorial) lands of new light."

Other scientific research

We owe an accurate map of the continent of the English expedition R. Fitzroja and F. King. In the nineteenth century when northern part The American continent was already mastered, South - due to difficult jungle and high mountains - remained unknown. And "terra incognita" manila to themselves scientists different countries. In the XIX century, such mainland researchers South America are known as the Germans V. Esveg K. Steinen, French J. Sent-Ilher and A. Kudro, Austrians and Bavarza I. Natterer, I. Paul, I. Spex and K. Martius, British J. Wels, W. Chandles, Bates and A. Wallace. Charles Darwin made an invaluable contribution to the study of the new land. It is the nature of South America who pushed a scientist to the thought of the evolutionary development of life on Earth.

Russian expeditions for mainland

The first journey took place in 1822-28. The Russian Academic Complex Expedition was led by G. I. Langsdorf. Her members studied the internal regions of Brazil. On this scientific research on the mainland did not end. Such Russian researchers of South America as A. S. Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. G. Manizer, A. I. Waikov described geography, climate, tribal culture, flora and Fauna of the Fire Earth. Biologist N. I. Vavilov visited the mainland in 1932-33. And installed the sources of origin of various agricultural plants.

Opening

On the existence of South America, the Europeans became reliably known after the navigation of Christopher Columbus in 1498, which opened the islands of Trinidad and Margarita, explored the seaside site from the Orinoca River Delta to the Paria Peninsula.

In 1499-1504, Amerigo Vespucci made three navigation to the South American continent at the head of the Portuguese of Expeditions, opening the northern coast of South America, the Amazon Delta, Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazilian Highlands.

Research. In the resulting waters along the northern and eastern coast The new-open land, A. Vespichi has developed a correct idea of \u200b\u200bit as a southern castlantic mainland, and in 1503 in a letter to his homeland, he suggested that the mainland is called the new light. In 1507 Larring cartographer Martin Waldzemueller attributed the opening of the "fourth part of the world", made by Columbus, A. Vespucci and "Obseril" this continent of America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. In 1538, this, already recognized name, was distributed on a Mercator map and North America.

First sailing Columbus

On August 3, 1492, three ships were published from the port of Palace: "Santa Maria", "Pint", "Ninya" with 90 participants. Crews of ships consisted mainly of convicted criminals. After the repair of the ship "Pint", the Canary O-Went reached offense. 33 days passed, as the expedition left Canary IslandsAnd the land all was not visible.
The team began to rap. To calm her, Columbus recorded the distances in the ship's journal, deliberately understood them. Watching the compass arrow, he once noticed that it behaves unusual, deviating from the normal direction to the polar star. This has shown to the confusion of the species of the admiral. He did not know and could not assume that there were regions of magnetic anomalies, then they were not yet known.

Soon there were signs of the proximity of the sushi: the color of the water has changed, the birds of birds appeared. And here from the observation barrel on the mast aperture notified: "Earth! "But the navigators waited for bitter disappointment - it was not dry, but the mass of floating on the surface of long algae. Ships entered Sargassovo Sea. Hope dispersed like a mirage. Soon the signs of sushi appeared behind this sea. October 12 did see the dark strip of the earth on the horizon.
It was a small island with lush tropical vegetation. Static high people with dark-skinned skin lived here. Natives called their Guanahani Island. Columbus called him San Salvador and announced the possession of Spain. This name has so fasted at one of the Bahamas. Columbus was confident that Asia reached. Having been on other islands, he asked local residents everywhere, is Asia.

Natives called their Guanahani Island. Columbus called him San Salvador and announced the possession of Spain. This name has so fasted at one of the Bahamas. Columbus was confident that Asia reached. Having been on other islands, he asked local residents everywhere, is Asia.
But I did not hear anything consonant with this word. Participants of swimming in gold jewelry of local residents were especially interested. There were few them, and the inhabitants appreciated the decorations no more than beautiful shells. Columbus and his companions noticed that the islanders chew or harness, holding in teeth, some dry grass. It was a tobacco, first seen by Europeans.

Columbus left on the island of Espanyol, part of people led by her brother and sailed to Spain. In proof that he opened to Naja in Asia, Columbus took with him a few Indians, the feathers of unprecedented birds, some plants and among them Mais, potatoes and tobacco, as well as gold selected from the inhabitants of the islands. March 15, 1493 in Palos, he was met with a triumph as a hero.

So the first visit to the European Islands of Central America was made and it was necessary to start the further discovery of unknown land, their conquest and colonization. For the first time, the width of the Atlantic Ocean was reliably known; The existence of the course from the east to the West was established, Sargassovo Sea was found, the incomprehensible behavior of the magnetic arrow was noted for the first time.
The return of Columbus caused an unprecedented "fever" in Spain. Thousands of people were eager to go with him to Asia in the hope of devouring easy prey.

Second sailing Columbus

Columbus went from Cadix to second swimming, which continued from 1493 to 1496. Many new lands were opened in the ridge of small Antille Islands (Dominica, Guadeloupe, Antigua), Puerto Rico Islands, Jamaica, the southern coasts of Cuba, Espanyola were examined. But this time, Columbus did not reach the mainland. With rich prey, ships returned to Spain.

Third sailing Columbus

This navigation of Columbus took place in 1498-1500
On six ships. He sailed from the city of San Lucar. On the island of Espanyola Columbus expected a heavy blow. Spain's treacherous rulers, fearing that Columbus could become the ruler of the lands of them, sent the ship with order to arrest him after him. Columbus challenged into the shackles and delivered to Spain. On a false charge in the winking of royal incomes, he was deprived of all the ranks and privileges recorded in the contract. Almost two years spent Columbus to prove his innocence. In 1502, he reappeared in his last west sailing. This time, Columbus visited many of the islands discovered by him, crossed from southern Shore Cuba Caribbean Sea and reached

Fourth sailing of Columbus

From the fourth diving, Columbus returned in 1504. Glory to his star. The contract with him, the Government of Spain did not intend to perform. In 1506, Columbus died almost forgotten in one of the little monasteries. The researchers of the life and activities of Columbus argue: until the end of the life, he was convinced that he opened the way to Asia.

In the open Columbus of the Earth From Spain, a stream of thirsty is harvested. It was especially strengthened in the first decades of the XVI century. In just twenty years, Spanish ships visited almost all Bahamas, large and small Antille IslandsThey crossed the Caribbean Sea, held along the southern coast of North America from Florida to Yucatan, examined the eastern shores of the Isthmus between the American continents, got acquainted with the northern shore of South America from the mouth of Orinoco to the Darya Gulf.
There were many Spanish settlements on the islands of Central America. At the same time, the colonialists not only took the land and gold from the indigenous people of Western India, as these lands were called (hence the name of the residents themselves - "Indians"), but also severely dealt with them, turned them into slaves.

Opening of South America by Portuguese and Spaniards

First swimming in Vespucci

In 1499-1500, Vespucci was a navigator on the expedition Alonso Okhaya (on three ships), commanding two ships, equipped at his own expense. In summer, 1499 flotilla came to the northern coast of South America in 5 ° or 6 ° of the northern latitude, where it was divided. Veszpucci moved to the south-east, on July 2, he opened the Amazon Delta and her basic sleeve of a couple, the boats penetrated at 100 km. He then continued to swim in the southeast to the bay of San Marcos (44 ° West longitude), revealed about 1,200 km of the northern seaside band of South America, discovered the Guiangic current. From there, Vespucci turned back and in August, caught up with Alonshi echo near 66 ° Western longitude. Following the West together, they opened more than 1600 km of the South Coast of the Neckcake with Paraguian and Guahir Peninsulas, Trista and Venezuelan Bays, Lagoon Maracaibo and several islands, including Curaçao. In the fall of Vespucci, he again separated from OKHA, examined the coast of South America by 300 km to the southwest and returned to Spain in June 1500.

Second swimming

In 1501-02, Veszpucci consisted of Portuguese service as an astronomer, a navigator and a historiographer in the 1st Portuguese expedition to Gonzalu Kuelu in 3 ships. In mid-August 1501 they approached atlantic coast South America in 5 ° 30 "South latitude and passed up to 16 °, repeating the opening of the Spaniard Borotol Rollyan (1500). On January 1, 1502, the expedition found the Rio de Janeiro bay (Guanabara), followed the shore for 2000 km to the south-west (before 25 ° Southern latitude) and, making sure that the Earth still stretches in the same direction, turned back. One Caravel arrived in Portugal at the end of June, the other with Cuela and Vespucci in early September (the third who came into disrepair, had to burn) .

Third swimming

In 1503-04, Vespucci commanded Karavella in the 2nd expedition to Gonzalu Kuelu in six ships. At the beginning of August 1503, the Outdoor Ascension Island (8 ° of South Little) was sank, 3 went missing. Cravella Vespucci and Kuelu reached the Bay of All Saints, discovered in the previous swimming in 13 °. The detachment dropped on the orders for the first time climbed onto a steep obset of Brazilian Highlands and penetrated 250 km deep into the country. In the harbor in 23 ° south latitude during a 5-month parking, the Portuguese built a fleet, where 24 sailors left, and with a load of sandalwood returned to Lisbon at the end of June 1504.

As a result of swimming pools along the northern and eastern shores of the newly open land, Veszpucci has developed a correct idea of \u200b\u200bit as a southern castlastic mainland, and in 1503 in a letter to his homeland, he proposed to call the mainland with a new light. In 1507 Larring Cartogrand Martin Waldzemueller attributed the opening of the "fourth part of the world", made by Columbus, Vespucci and "Ocsetle" this continent of America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. In 1538, this, the already recognized name, was distributed on the map of the Mercator and North America. In 1505, after the secondary crossing to Spain, Vespucci received Castilian citizenship. In 1508, appointed to the newly ancestral position of the Chief pilot of Spain and held it until his death.

The Pacific Coast of South America was opened in 1522-58 by Spanish marine expeditions. In 1522 P. Andagoy traced the North-West Coast of South America. up to 4 ° C. sh. In 1526-27 F. Pizarro called the coast up to 8 ° Sh., Opening Guayaquil's Bay on the way, from where he began in 1532 to conquer Peru. After the country's conquest and the founding of Lima (1535), the Spanish seawards were familiar with the coast at least until 12 °. sh., and after trips to Chile D. Almagro (1535-37) and P. Valdivia (1540-52) - up to 40 ° sh. In 1558 H. Ladrillero opened between 44 and 47 °. sh. Chonos Archipelago and Titao Peninsula, A P. Sarmiento de Gamboa in 1579-80 - a number of islands between 47 and 52 ° YU. sh. In 1616, the Dutch Ya. Lemer and V. Schauten opened and reinforced Cape Horn (56 ° H.). In 1592 Englishman J. Davis opened in Atlantic Ocean 52 ° sh. "Earth Virgin", R. Hawkins in 1594 described her northern shores, adopted for a single land, and J. Strong proved that it is divided into two large and many small islands, and called them Falkland Islands (1690).

In 15-16 centuries. The largest contribution to the continent's study was made by Spanish Expeditions of Conquistadors (from Spanish Qoncuista - conquest).

In search of "Golden Country - Eldorado" Spaniards D. Ordas, P. Eereda, Kesada, S. Bellaksar and agents of the German Bankers of Velzer and Ehinger (A. Ehinger, N. Federman, Hoevermut, F. Khuteten), who received In 1528 from Karl V patent for colonization of the southern shore CaribbeanIn 1529-46 discovered and crossed in all directions North-Western Andes and Llanos-Orinsko, followed the course of all the large left tributaries of Orinoco and Magdalena with Kauche. G. Pharroy in 1541-42 descended by r. Heads to Amazonian lowland, and the separated F. Eagelian separated from his squad in 1541 went down the Amazon to the sea, making the first intersection of South America. In search of silver to the La Cabot pool in 1527-48 S. Cabot, P. Mendoza, H. Aiolas, A. Kavesa de Vaca, D. Iral opened and explored several large rivers Parana systems - Paraguay and crossed Grand Character. The bottom of the tributaries p. Amazon was opened by the Portuguese Expedition P. Teixira - B. Akoshta 1637-39, rising from the city of Couple to Equatorial Andes and returned down the river. In the 2nd half of 16 and in 17-18 centuries. Portuguese methuses (Mamiluki), connecting to the detachments for the hunting of Indians-slaves, searching for gold and precious stones, Crossed Brazilian plateau in all directions and followed the course of all the large tributaries of the middle and lower amazon. Upper Amazon System at 17 V. And in the 1st half of the 18th century. Mainly the Missionaries-Jesuits were investigated, including Czech P. S. Fritz.

In 1520, Fernan Magellan examined the Patagonian coast, then passed to the Pacific Ocean through the strait, named after his name, completing the study of the Atlantic coast.

In 1522-58. Spanish conquistadors studied the Pacific Coast of South America. Francisco Pisssaro passed along the shores of the Pacific Ocean to 8th. sh., in 1531-33 He won Peru, deliriving and destroying the state of the Inca and founding the city of kings (later called Lima). Later in 1524-52. Spanish conquistadors organized expeditions along western coast South America won Peru and Chile, led the fierce struggle against Araucanov. Go down along the coast up to 40 yu. sh.

The extreme southernmost point of the continent Cape Mountain was opened by Dutch LEMER (Le Maire) by Jacob (1585-1616), the Dutch merchant and the navigator.

In 16-18 centuries. The detachments of Portuguese Metis Mamilukov, who committed conquering campaigns in search of gold and jewelry, repeatedly crossed Brazilian plateore and traced the course of many of the bortions of Amazon.

Opening of South America. In 1799 - 1804, the Expedition of Geographer A. Humboldt

Alexander Humboldt examined the Orinoco River basin, Quito's plateau, visited the city of Lima, setting out the results of his research in the book Journey to the equinogenic areas of the New World in 1799-1804.

In 1799-1804, Humboldt, together with the French nerd, E. Bonplen traveled through Central and South America. Returning to Europe with rich collections, he processed them in Paris for more than 20 years along with other prominent scientists. In 1807-34, 30-Tomny "journey into the equinogenic areas of the new light in 1799-1804 was published.", Most of which are the descriptions of plants (16 tt.), Astronomer-geodesic and cartographic materials (5 TT.), Other part - Zoology and comparative anatomy, description of the journey, etc. According to the materials of the Expedition, the city published a number of other works, including the "paintings of nature"

The first scientists - researchers of South America were the French participants of the equatorial expedition to measure the arc of Meridian 1736-43 (the leaders of Sh. Kondamin and P. Bugger). At the end of the colonial period, comprehensive scientific studies of the La Board basin were held (Spaniard F. Asara) and the river basin. Orinoco (German A. Humboldt and Frenchman E. Bonplan). The exact outlines of South America were established mainly by the English expedition of the 2nd quarter of 19 V. (F. King and R. Fitzroy).

English Hydrograph and Meteorologist Fitzroy (Fitzroy) Robert (1805-1865), Vice Admiral B1828-30 made shooting the southern coast of South America.

In 19-20 centuries. Studies of Brazilian Plateau and Amazonian Lowland (German V. Eshvega (1811-1814), Frenchman E. Joffrua Saint-Ilher (1816-22), participants of the Austria-Bavarian Expedition 1817-20 K. Martius, I. Spex, I. Paul , I. Natterer; Participants in the Russian comprehensive academic expedition of 1822-28 I. Laigsdorf; French Complex Expedition F. Castelno (1844-45), British A. Wallace (1848-52), Bates (1848-58), W. Chandless (1860-69), J. Welles (1868-84), German K. Steinen (1884 and 1887-88) and Frenchman A. Kudro (1895-98)].

Gwyan Plateau and Orinoco Pool studied: in 1835-44 Germans in English service, Robert Brothers and Richard Schomburg: In 1860-72 Pole in the English service K. Appun; In 1877-89, French J. Krevo, A. Kudro and J. Schaffanjon, who opened the source r. Orinoco (1887). Bass. La fees studied American hydrograph T. Page (1853-56) and Argentine Topographer L. Fontana (1875-81).

In the Northern and Equatorial Andes worked: Frenchman J. Boussengo (1822-1828); German geologists A. Stewubel and V. Flight (1868-74); English topograph F. Simon (1878-80 and 1884); German geographers A. Gertner (1882-84) and V. Sivera, who mainly studied the Sierra de Periha ridges, Cordillera Merida (1884-86) and the seaside Caribbean Andes (1892-93). Central Andes investigated Naturalists - German E. Pöppig (1829-31) and French A. orbinhi (1830-33); In 1851-69, Peruvian Andes and the La Montanyan region studied and filmed a geographer and anopographer, an Italian on the Peruvian service A. Raimondi. South Andes - Chilean-Argentine Cordillers and Patagonian Andes - studied Europeans in Chile: Pole I. Domeiko (1839-44), Frenchman E. Pissy (1849-75), German Botanist R. Philippi (1853-54) . In Argentina, English Sheptuer J. Master crossed the entire Patagonia from the south to the north and laid the beginning of the study of the basin. The Chubut (1869-70) was then advanced Argentine topographers F. Moreno (1874-97), K. Myano (1877- 1881), L. Fontana (completed the study of the pool r. Chubut in 1886-88).

The large volume of research Yu. A. was fulfilled by Russian scientists and travelers: diplomat and geographer A. S. Ionin (1883-92), researcher of the fiery lands Botanic N. M. Albov (1895-96), ethnographer G. G. Manizer (1914 -15), Botanist and Geographic N. I. Vavilov (1930, 1932-33).