Every person needs rest. Some people prefer to lie at home with a book, some like to go out into nature, while others even choose to travel abroad or within their own country. In Russia on this moment Tens of thousands of agencies are registered that help organize vacations. By contacting them, you don’t have to worry about booking hotels, tickets, insurance and visas. So what are the most popular travel destinations? We'll talk about this in the article.

Why do people travel?

Regardless of what purpose of travel is chosen, the main thing is to go on a trip, taking with you a good mood and a positive attitude.

What tasks do tourists set for themselves?

The purpose of the trip directly depends on the chosen purpose of the trip:

If this is a vacation, you need to find out the main points: where you will live, how to get there, whether you need a visa to cross the border and much more. All these tasks can not be solved independently, but rather transferred to the shoulders of a travel agency.

With pilgrimage tourism, everything is much more complicated. Here the main task facing the tourist is to know the main points of the tour. Be prepared to wake up early as all services are held in the morning. Don't count on staying in 5* hotels and luxury rooms. In addition, get ready for walking, long journeys by bus. But the purpose of such a tour is spiritual enlightenment, not relaxation.

If you are going on a trip to collect scientific information, the main task is to find out details about the excursion program and the operating hours of historical and cultural sites. All this can be found in the tourist guide.

The task of a tourist going on a trip for the purpose of recovery is not to forget to first consult with his doctor. So that later there are no sad consequences from such a vacation.

When going to support your favorite team, do not forget to book tickets for the match in advance; risk is a noble cause, but not justified.

The purpose and objectives of the trip are the primary points that the tourist must decide on. If you can’t figure it out on your own, it’s better to contact a professional agency.

Don't forget about rest

Goals tourist travel citizens may be different, but in 70% of cases they are committed for the sake of recreation. What could be better than soaking up the warm sand after work? For these purposes, citizens usually choose international famous resorts or islands. In these cases, a travel agency will help. All a vacationer needs is to decide on the place of travel, pay for the trip, pack his bags, and not miss the plane. The managers will do the rest for you.

IN Lately It has become fashionable and prestigious among Russian residents to vacation in Sochi. Luxurious infrastructure, new hotels, high level of service - all this attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Traveling for the purpose of relaxation is perhaps the most enjoyable.

There are situations when a busy work schedule does not allow you to get out somewhere even for a couple of days. What to do in this case? An excellent option would be to organize a weekend in your city. You can finish this off with a small picnic in the park or on the river bank, if there is one. Many people are interested in: “What is the purpose of traveling around your city?” Of course, this is relaxation, entertainment, and you can also add an excursion program, visit museums and other cultural and historical sites.

Trip around Russia

Foreign tourists love to travel around Russia, as it is extremely rich in many historical and cultural attractions. A country with such rich history interesting and at the same time not understandable for visitors. To truly feel like a Russian, you need to plunge into local traditions and try to get to know everything better national characteristics. That’s why tours to the country’s ancient cities are so famous.

The most popular route is " Gold ring" Tourists are offered to visit 8 cities of Russia, which are its pride and heritage. The purpose of traveling around Russia is to examine historically important and cultural places and objects, to become familiar with the traditions and customs of the country.

Sometimes a program is built in a way that seems surprising at first glance. You can find items in it that no one expected to see, for example, a visit to the Rostov Zoo. The organizers specifically add such objects to the tour in order to change the emotional background of tourists who are tired of large quantity information received. But what is the purpose of traveling to the zoo? Acquaintance, broadening horizons, cultural recreation. Probably, few people know that this zoo is one of the largest in Europe, not only in area, but also in the number of animals.

What are the differences between religious and pilgrimage tourism?

Traveling to visit holy places was especially popular in Russia before the advent of Soviet power. Afterwards they lost their former glory, and many objects (temples, monasteries) were completely closed. In the early 90s it was revived again. People became more interested in spiritual life, traditions and customs.

Many people ask, is there a difference between pilgrimage and religious trips? Experts assure that there are significant differences. Pilgrims, as a rule, are of the religion to which holy places they came to bow their heads. Similar tours take place on major holidays and significant dates.

For religious purposes, people often choose to travel when some important moments occur in their lives. People often come to holy springs and places when they hope for God’s help. In addition, such tourism implies familiarizing a person with church art. This may include visiting all religious sites, regardless of whether it is a temple, a church or a mosque. Such a program may include evening entertainment, hotel accommodation, non-Lenten meals, and so on.

Pilgrims do not need such conditions; in some cases they may take this as a personal insult. Direct participation in church processes, prayers, and services is important for them.

Traveling to visit holy places attracts a huge number of people. Russia is known for many monasteries and temples, where both foreigners and residents of the country come every year. For example, the Church of the Savior on Blood, the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg and many others.

Recently, tours to villages with small old churches have become very popular. They have no less attractiveness and historical significance. In such places you can find unique icons. And folklore, the traditions they talk about local residents, will only add color. Quite often, whole performances are put on for visiting travelers. This is especially interesting for foreigners who take part in this kind of entertainment with great pleasure.

Many tourists, choosing a similar tour for the first time, are interested in: “What is the purpose of the trip?” Experts say that there are several of them: rest, broadening one’s horizons, unity with God.

What you need to know when going to holy places

When going on a tour of holy places for the first time, you need to know and adhere to the following tips:

Women should wear modest clothing and not wear bright cosmetics.

When entering the temple, be sure to cover your head with a scarf; for men, on the contrary, remove your headdress.

Sportswear is not allowed for visiting monasteries and churches.

Taking photographs and filming is only possible in places where there is permission.

Religious tourism involves long walks, so take comfortable shoes with you.

These simple tips will help you feel comfortable on such a journey.

The most famous places of pilgrimage

There are places on earth that are saturated with God's grace. Millions of people come there to get spiritual peace and pray.

Briefly about the main thing

When determining your travel goals, do not forget to pay attention to the following points:

Financial opportunities. If you don’t have enough money to choose decent living conditions, it’s better to reconsider your chosen resort and find a decent option.

Health status. If you get motion sickness on a bus, do not purchase excursion or pilgrimage tours that use this type of transport.

When choosing tours to familiarize yourself with cultural and historical sites, ask if they are open on these dates.

The purposes of tourist travel may be different. The main thing is to immediately decide what kind of tour you need. Perhaps you are tired of everyday work, then it’s best to just soak up the sea or ocean, go to Vacation home rest - it all depends on your financial capabilities. If this option seems boring, you want to relax and renounce all worries and problems, there is an option with pilgrimage tourism. Do you want to expand your knowledge base? Set your goal correctly. Travel to the local history museum, various palaces, art galleries - this is only a small part of the objects that can be visited. There are a lot of interesting things in the world.

Compiled for tourists in Moscow. Valid until the approval of a similar document by the TSSR. Option "0-1" Agreed: Arsenin, Kostin, Nizhnikovsky, Pigulevsky, Nikonorov, Renteev, Smirnov, Khoroshilov.
Developed by Alekseev.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, the quality of reports on tourist trips submitted to the ICC at all levels has noticeably decreased. In many cases, reports do not meet the requirements for these documents. It is not always possible to get an idea of ​​the actions and real qualifications of the group from such reports. Poor quality reports cannot be used in preparing routes, which leads to the aging of information stored in libraries and can significantly affect the safety of trips.
At the same time, MCCs at all levels have reduced their requirements when considering submitted reports. Certificates of passing a trip are often issued based on reports in which the technical description is reduced to a detailed calendar plan for the trip. It is extremely rare for low-quality reports to be returned for revision.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION

Report on tourist trip- this is the document by which the ICC evaluates real experience groups, evaluates the actions of tourists on the route and the competence of tactical decisions. Based on the reports, the ICC decides the issue of qualifying the campaign and assigning ranks. Based on the reports, the panels of judges hold tourism championships.
Reports are one of the main sources of information about the travel area. Tourists prepare for hiking along them. Based on materials from the reports submitted when approving the route, the ICC decides whether the complexity of the declared hike corresponds to the qualifications (capabilities) of the group. The library of tourism reports serves as the information basis for the work of specific and interspecific commissions of tourism federations.

3. PURPOSE OF TOURIST REPORTS

The main task of a tourist report is to convey the maximum of reliable useful information about the area of ​​travel and about specific local obstacles. It should contain information about routes of communication with the hiking area, features of the organization of movement, nature reserves and border zones, natural obstacles, climatic features etc. The report should tell how the group acted and contain recommendations for subsequent trips.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR TOURIST REPORT

4.1. The report must contain only reliable information.
The report must clearly answer the question: where and how the route ran, how the group acted while passing it.
The report, in addition to purely technical descriptions, may contain the impressions of group members about the area, the route and the obstacles passed.
4.2 The report on the tourist trip can be written or oral. Submission of a written report is mandatory for hikes of grades 4-6, as well as for hikes participating in tourism championships. In all other cases, as well as for hikes 1-3 k.s. the form of the report, its volume and content are established by the ICC when considering application materials, taking into account the novelty and availability of information on the given area in the ICC library. The decision of the ICC is recorded in the route book. The “Technical description of the route” section in connection with the “Expanded route schedule” (see 5.5) is required for all reports.
4.3. Along with the report, the route book or its photocopy and documents confirming the passage of the route, completed certificates of travel credit in the established form for all participants are submitted to the ICC.
4.4. An oral report is made by the leader and group members at the ICC meeting. In this case, the documents listed in clause 4.3, photographs, video materials, etc., as well as maps and route diagrams are presented. The oral report is built on sections of the written one (see 5.)
4.5. The written report must be typewritten (computerized), have continuous page numbering, and MUST HAVE HARD BACKING, ensuring long-term preservation of the report. For the content of the written report, see section 5.
4.6. Photographs and sketches included in the report should characterize difficult sections of the route and the group’s actions on them, provide subsequent groups with orientation, and display the nature and attractions of the area. The photographs are marked with the traveled and recommended route, and dangerous zones are highlighted. Photographs must have continuous numbering and MUST have captions that allow the displayed object to be identified without referring to the text of the report. The text of the report must contain links to photographs and other illustrated material.
4.7. Attached to the report overview map(diagram) of the hiking area with a plotted route, alternate options, directions of movement and possible evacuation, as well as overnight stays indicating their serial numbers and dates, and the main obstacles. The map can be supplemented with sketches or large-scale diagrams of complex areas, indicating the route, landmarks and photographic points.
For hikes with significant elevation changes, water and caving hikes, a route profile (elevation chart) is drawn up.
In reports on water trips directions are provided indicating obstacles and their landmarks, diagrams of obstacles with the route of passage, belay and mooring places.
The reports on caving trips provide topographical materials on underground cavities.
Reports on motor vehicle trips indicate points for possible refueling and repair of vehicles.

The text part must contain the sections specified in the “Standard form and content of a report on a hiking trip, travel and sports tour” (see Appendix I). Individual sections are discussed in detail below, as well as in the “methodological recommendations” (see Appendix 4).
5.1 Title page (see Appendix 2).
5.2 Contents (Table of Contents).
5.3 Background information about the hike.
The name of the conducting organization, country, republic, city, type of tourism, category of difficulty of the hike, length and timing of the hike, route book number and information about the powers of the IWC are indicated. This is followed by a detailed route, identifying obstacles, a list of the group indicating the year of birth, tourist experience and responsibilities in the group, and addresses for consultations. 5.4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area. Includes the geographical location of the area, its tourist opportunities, options for entry and exit, characteristics of vehicles, including the cost of travel and transport schedules, emergency and backup options for a given route, information about medical centers, retail outlets, the location of border and protected areas, order obtaining passes to restricted areas, addresses and telephone numbers of relevant organizations, location and addresses of PSS and PSO, the most interesting natural and historical sites, climatic and other characteristics of the route.
5.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIP.
The features of pre-march preparation, the features of the chosen route are described, the rationale for the choice of the main and backup options, and the organization of drops is given. The section should answer the question of why this particular route was chosen; how successful the initial plan of the campaign turned out to be. This section provides the declared route line and the separately actually traveled one in a form convenient for comparison.
5.6. DETAILED TRAFFIC SCHEDULE.
It is presented in the form of a table, for which the following columns are recommended: travel day, date, route section, length (km), net walking time, obstacles defining the section, weather conditions, elevation difference (for mountain hikes). At the end, the total duration, length, and elevation difference are indicated. For hikes in the mountains, an altitude chart is given, and for water hikes, a route profile is given. THE INFORMATION FROM THIS SECTION IS DISCLOSED IN DETAIL IN THE NEXT SECTION.
5.7. DIARY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.
Main section of the report. Includes a detailed, without any exceptions, description of the route in the order in which it is passed, difficult sections according to the diagrams below, technique and tactics for passing the route, dangerous sections and safety measures. Without this section, the report cannot be considered by the ICC.
The route description is broken down by days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The heading of each day indicates the date and day of the journey, as well as, for the convenience of users, the route section, mileage, elevation difference, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day. A sample title is given in Appendix 3.
The text indicates the object (the point to which the group is striving), landmarks and direction of movement. Descriptions of the sections are given in strict sequence; the characteristics of the section to be overcome (obstacles), the time of movement, the equipment and tactics used, dangerous sections, and methods of insurance are indicated.
To make working on the report easier, it is convenient to use the ready-made diagrams given below. Examples of their application and methods that facilitate the preparation of this section are given in Appendix 4.

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF A LOCAL OBSTACLE (using the example of a pass)

1. Name, category of difficulty (c.t.), height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. Where it is visible from, where it is located, landmarks for searching.
3. Characteristics (description) of approaches and transfer takeoffs, dangerous areas.
4. Group activities, insurance, running time.
5. Description of the saddle.
6. View from the pass.
7. Characteristics (description) of the opposite slope.
8. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time.
9. Recommendations for those walking the pass in the opposite direction.
10. Total time movements.
11. Places of possible overnight stays.
12. Required special equipment.
13. Recommendations for equipment and insurance.
14. Evaluation by a group of c.t. obstacles and options for passing them.
See also Appendix I

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE (using the example of a valley)

1. Indicate the final goal (landmark) of the movement, for example, a local obstacle (pass, crossing) towards which the group is going and its location.
2. Indicate landmarks, direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the goal of movement are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path to the chosen goal (road, path, forest, scree, etc.)
4. Movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the time of movement, characteristics of obstacles and group actions, insurance, dangerous places.
5. Total driving time, purely running time.
6. Places for possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for groups going in the opposite direction.
8. Evaluation by a group of c.t. obstacles.

5.8 MATERIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE GROUP
A list of special equipment, features of personal and public equipment and comments on them are provided. Calculation of the weight of the backpack is also given here.
5.9. CAMPAIGN ESTIMATE
The cost of travel, accommodation, food and all other expenses is given. Recommendations for optimizing costs are given.
5.10. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes the results and draws conclusions about the achievement of the goals. The correctness of tactical decisions, the choice of route line and the movement schedule are analyzed, recommendations are given for its passage and possible changes. The compliance of the category of difficulty of the route and individual obstacles with the declared ones, and the reasons for changing the original plan of the hike are analyzed.

ANNEX 1

STANDARD FORM AND CONTENT OF A REPORT ON A TOURIST CAMPAIGN, TRAVEL, SPORTS TOUR

1. Title page. (see Appendix 2)
2. Contents (table of contents)
3. Background information about the hike.
3.1. Conducting organization (name, address, telephone, fax, e-mail, www)
3.2. Country, republic, region, region, district, subdistrict, massif (venue)
3.3. General reference information about the route (in a column or in table form).

3.4. Detailed itinerary.
3.5. Defining obstacles of the route (passes, traverses, peaks, canyons, crossings, rapids, vegetation, swamps, screes, sands, snow, ice, water areas etc.) in the form of a table to determine the complexity of the route using the TSSR method.

3.6. Group list.
3.7. Full name, address, phone number, e-mail, leader and participants.
3.8. Address where the report is stored, availability of video and film materials.
3.9. The hike was reviewed by the ICC __________________

4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the area.
4.1. Geographical position and tourist features of the area.
4.2. Arrival and departure options.
4.3. Emergency exits from the route and its alternate options.
4.4. Characteristics of vehicles, weather conditions and other information specific to the area and type of tourism.
4.5. The location of border zones, nature reserves, the procedure for obtaining passes, the location of the PSO, medical institutions and other useful data.
4.6. List of the most interesting natural, historical and other objects (activities) along the route.

5. Organization and conduct of the trip.
5.1. Goals and objectives of the route. Preparation, route selection. Tactical ideas, novelty.
5.2. Changes in route and their reasons.
5.3. Detailed motion schedule. Present it in the form of a table, briefly presenting the main information disclosed in the section “Technical description of the group’s route.” Recommended columns: Travel days. Date of. Section of the route (from-to). Length in km. Pure running time. Defining obstacles on the site. Weather conditions.

6. Technical description of the route.
The main section in the report.
Difficult areas: passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc. ≈ are described in more detail, indicating the time intervals of their passage and the group’s action on them. Particular attention should be paid to the description of traffic technology and tactics, as well as measures to ensure safety along the route and extreme situations. The text “Technical description of the group’s route” must be “linked” to the text of the “Extended traffic schedule” through dates and days of travel.
Potentially dangerous areas along the route are described separately.
The technical description is broken down by days of travel or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The title of each day indicates: Date, day of travel, and it is also advisable to indicate the section of the route, mileage, elevation changes, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day (see Appendix 3).

7. Material support for the group.

8. Cost of accommodation, food, equipment, transportation costs.

10. The report is accompanied by an overview and detailed map route indicating backup options and emergency exits, photographs of identifying obstacles confirming that the group has passed them (all photographs must be numbered, linked to the text of paragraph 6 and signatures that allow identification of the depicted object without referring to the text), passports of local obstacles passed for the first time . To create a data bank of routes traveled and simplify the exchange of information, it is recommended, in addition to a written report to the ICC, to provide a report “done (preferably with maps, photos, etc.) on a CD (floppy disk) in one of the formats pdf, html, rtf, doc, txt - text format.

APPENDIX 2

TITLE PAGE

REPORT
about (type of tourism) hiking
_______ difficulty category by (geographical area)
committed by a group of tourists (city, group)
in the period from _________ to ________ 200__.

Route book No.___________
Team leader ____________
Address, phone number, e-mail of the manager

The route qualification commission reviewed the report and believes that the hike can be classified as a difficulty category for all participants and the leader.
Use the report in the library ____________

City __________ 200_g.

APPENDIX 3

POSSIBLE OPTION FOR THE TITLE OF THE DAY OF RUNNING. (example)

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING A TOURIST REPORT

Cool at first
and then it settles down...
(Description of the pass ZB c.s.)

We go on hikes for ourselves, but many tourists write reports not for themselves, but for others, and consider the preparation of a report to be an outdated, unnecessary sad duty, without the fulfillment of which the “evil uncles from the MKK” will not give the coveted certificates of standing and will not be allowed into more difficult hike. “We are athletes, we are technicians, not writers,” this opinion can often be heard on the sidelines of tourist clubs.
“Colleagues, (I would like to object to this), what materials did you use to prepare the routes? Maybe the reports are written for you by some non-athletes, support staff, second-class tourists or hired workers?” Nothing of the kind, they are written by your comrades and, moreover, not always by your elders. Reports, and especially good reports, are written by honest athletes, those who not only use (for free!) the experience of others, but also help their friends and colleagues with their experience.
Let's be honest with ourselves and our friends, and this manual will help us fulfill our responsibilities minimal costs labor and maximum benefit.
A person enjoys any job (including technical work on a tourist route, if he is good at this work). But in order to succeed, you first need to learn, “But at school we had C grades in essays, well, we weren’t able to write,” the stubborn ones will continue to object. However, throughout the world, millions of non-writers and non-journalists write industrial and scientific reports, instructions, articles, statements and explanatory notes. The task of these non-writers is to bring any information to interested parties. And well-developed document diagrams help them with this. If all the elements of the scheme (points of the plan) are met, you will be understood, even if you write clumsily, boringly and ponderously.

I. HOW TO WRITE A REPORT

If you want to make your work as easy as possible, start writing your report well before your hike. During the preparation period, you can write a draft of “general geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area.” Since you will still have to research the area before going on a hike, there is nothing stopping you from putting your findings on paper or magnetic media in advance. After the hike, all that remains is to make small corrections, add the information received during the hike, and start the printer. The same applies to some other sections. In order not to suffer with the technical description, it must be written on the route, following fresh tracks; in the form of a diary. It is best at rest stops, after each transition, to describe the area covered. You can write yourself, or you can dictate to a participant with good handwriting (the ideal option is when several people keep diaries on a hike, for example: a leader, a chronicler and a timekeeper). In this case, your comrades will be able to make amendments and additions, and, at the same time, learn to write themselves. Then after the trip all that remains is to edit and retype the text. It is dangerous to postpone the description until the evening. Much will be forgotten, and there may not be the conditions and time for writing. And it is absolutely unacceptable to write a report from memory after arriving home. Important details will be missed, timekeeping will be forgotten, and, moreover, there will most likely not be time for lengthy writing after the hike.
But most importantly, authenticity will be lost. And the report should contain only reliable information! It is not for nothing that participants in geographical expeditions professed and profess the principle: “what was not recorded in the field journal was not observed”!
Here is an example: well-known to many travelers, the editor of the newspaper “Volny Veter”, SV. Mindelevich walked according to the report of E.A. Ionikh in the Elbrus region, Yusengi pass (2B). Ionikh passed this pass second; there were no other materials in the library. From the report it followed that the bend of the glacier “in the central part ends with a smooth rollout onto the tongue. But instead of a rollout behind the bend there was a rollout - onto sheep’s foreheads with a drop in height of about 300 meters! There was a thin layer of fresh snow on the ice, and the bend did not allow one to look down. Having started the descent without crampons and ropes, the group found themselves on precarious steps above a cliff... Later, the author of the description tried to justify himself by saying that they described the pass in a hurry at home, after the hike...
Another tragicomic incident: a group of MEPhI tourists passed pass 1B in Digoria. According to the description, there was a smooth snow slope straight from the saddle to the gentle part of the glacier. From the pass the slope was not visible. Without a shadow of a doubt, the leader sat down on the plastic and disappeared behind the bend. Those remaining heard a frightened scream, but then the leader drove out onto level ground and waved his arms invitingly. The second participant disappeared behind the bend, and again there was a scream and again a wave of his hand that allowed. The third participant sat down on the polyethylene and after a few seconds saw a huge (perhaps it seemed out of fear) bergschrund underneath him. Fortunately, there was a small springboard above the top edge. Slowly, very slowly, a gaping bottomless mouth floated below. Hit, slide, roll out!
Both were lucky. Both of them used unfair descriptions.
To keep a diary along the route, you need a hardback notebook, pens or pencils, a compass, an altimeter or a GPS. Diary entries and, accordingly, a description of the route must be kept in strict sequence, without interruptions (breaks). They must have accurate timing. However, it is necessary to indicate not “Live time”, it is unlikely that anyone will be interested in the fact that you walked from 7-00 to 7-30 from the place where you spent the night to the ford, but pure running time, that is, “it took 30 minutes”. It is even more useless to point out that, for example, you walked from the crossing to the glacier from 10:00 to 15:40, since it is not clear how long you rested, whether or not you had a snack, etc.
You need to describe the route from one noticeable landmark to another, indicate what can be seen from where, and in what weather conditions stage passed. In some cases it is useful to mention the state of the group. All this may be useful to those who follow you.

2. WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REPORT

At the beginning of the description of the walking day, it is necessary to give its characteristics (see Appendix 3). Those reading the report should be able, without flipping through the entire text, to find a description of the section of the route they need and, without turning to other sections of the report, immediately determine where and where you were going from. In the text of the report, after the title of the day, it is necessary to indicate where the group begins to move, even if this is clear from the description of the previous day. And then outline WHERE THE GROUP IS GOING. For example, we start the path to Round Lake from the bus stop in the center of the village of Igoshino along a dirt road that runs between the houses to the northwest. Or: from an overnight stay at the confluence of the Bystraya and Kedrovaya rivers to the Sosnovy pass, we go along the left bank of the Bystraya River along a well-developed path to the southeast. At the same time, these phrases contain information about the nature of the beginning of the path (trail, road) and where this path begins from (there may be several roads and trails).
Then, if possible, you need to indicate distant landmarks. For example, you will have to walk for about 1.5 hours (5 km) to the confluence of the second large right tributary, the valley of which is visible from the overnight stay (from the turn of the main valley to the right, etc.). - This will allow less experienced travelers following your description do not miss the required turn in bad weather, or due to absent-mindedness.
Now let's proceed to the description of the route. We indicate the nature of the path (trails, off-road), forests, swamps, crossings. We indicate the time of movement between noticeable landmarks, for example, to the next tributary, clearing, river bend. Here we also describe the group’s actions in difficult areas, berry thickets, places for overnight stays and others. useful information. And interesting objects, passes, waterfalls, canyons, forks of trails and roads. If orientation when moving in the opposite direction is difficult, for example, because of a steep bank the bridge is not visible or the path when entering a clearing is lost and it is difficult to find it when moving in the opposite direction, we give recommendations for those walking towards you.
Respecting your colleagues, do not clutter the text with abbreviations like “kpu” and “mn” (the end of the previous section and the place of overnight stay), and also avoid everyday details, perhaps very nice, but not related to the passage of the route - there are newspapers and magazines for them .
In no case should descriptions be limited to only a narrow corridor or thread, as is done at rallies and competitions at the “movement according to legend” stage. Without a landmark visible from afar or knowledge of the general direction of movement, a small inaccuracy in the description, inattention or a slight change in the terrain (a snowfield has melted!) and it will be impossible to restore your location.
Let us give an approximate scheme for describing a linear section of the route using the example of a river valley, following which you can confidently present all the necessary information

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE OR LINEAR PART OF THE PATH

1. Indicate the starting point of movement and the final (intermediate) goal to which the group is going and the location of this goal.
2. Indicate landmarks (the nearest one and subsequent ones as you move), the direction of movement, the points from which landmarks or the final destination of the path are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path (trail, road, forest, slopes, scree, etc.)
4. Describe the movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the net walking time, characteristics of the path and obstacles, the actions of the group when overcoming obstacles, dangerous places, as well as the types of insurance used.
5. Travel time between the most important landmarks and the total travel time to the selected destination or per day.
6. Places for possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction.
8. If necessary, recommendations on equipment. If there is a pass or other local obstacle on the group’s path that requires detailed description, at the beginning we give it brief description, then we orient the readers of the report where it is located and from where it can be seen, and only after that we write the description itself, according to the diagram given below for the case of a pass - the most common local obstacle.

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF THE PASS (LOCAL OBSTACLE)

1. Name, category of difficulty, height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. Where is it visible from, where is it located in the circus or on the crest of the ridge, other landmarks that provide confident orientation.
3. Characteristics (description) of a transfer takeoff, dangerous areas.
4. Actions of the group, organization of insurance, walking time, possible options, total walking time for the climb.
5. Description of the saddle, possibility of overnight stay.
6. View from the pass.
7. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction, if due to the shape of the slope it is not visible from above and at the same time it is possible to reach dangerous or unreasonably difficult sections.
8. Characteristics of the opposite slope along which the descent is to be made.
9. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time, possible options.
10. Recommendations for those walking in the opposite direction, if the path, especially in the upper part, is poorly visible from below.
11. Total travel time for descent and ascent, recommendations for passing, necessary equipment, insurance organizations, conclusions.
12. Places of possible overnight stays. (See also Appendix 3). Below we will give examples of how not to and how to write descriptions for simple and complex passes, give recommendations for determining the steepness of the slopes and wish you successful hikes and good reports.

SIMPLE PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

08/26/2001 From the overnight stay (there is not a word about its place on the previous sheet) we move to the Dzhankuat glacier and along the path on the tongue of the glacier we cross the Dzhankuat stream (it is not clear which bank). We climb the path to the crest of the glacier moraine (it is sometimes called Dinosaur). We climb a steep conglomerate slope (it is not clear how to find the path on the slope). We go out onto the path on the moraine ridge (50-60 minutes). We walk along the trail for about 300 meters and leave it opposite the stream flowing from under the Koyavganaush pass (the first mention of the goal in the description of the day!). We climb the path along the stream to the Spartak Nights. Here perfect place for overnight stays before the pass (the nature of the slope is not indicated, it is not clear where the overnight stays are, there is no time to climb to them).
Ascent to the saddle of the pass along a barely noticeable path along small moving black scree, in some places crossed by snowfields. It is better to cross the pass early in the morning, when the scree is frozen and does not creep. The ascent from the overnight stays takes an hour and a half (there are no instructions on where to look for the pass in the circus, a false saddle is missed, the glacier at the foot of the pass is forgotten, there is no total ascent time).
The saddle is wide, scree, you can put up several tents. From the saddle there is a good view of the Adyrsu valley.
The descent from the saddle through snowfields and small live scree to the Koyavgan glacier takes from 20 minutes to 1 hour (a dangerous section has been skipped, it will be given in the “correct description”; it is not clear what caused the threefold variation in descent time). Having reached the flat surface of the open glacier, we move closer to the left edge along the slopes of the Koyavgan peak (the peak is not visible, its mention is meaningless). After 30-40 minutes we reach the final moraine, leaving the steep tongue of the glacier on the right along the way (there are no instructions for finding the pass on this side, the passage of the glacier is not described in detail).
There is water and platforms on the moraine. From here begins a terrible path, which in an hour and a half leads to a green island on the bank of the Adyrsu River. This is an ideal place for a day - pine trees, a clear stream... - (the description of the valley and the “terrible path” is not detailed, there is no total time of descent and the total time of passing the pass).

2. How to write a description

Today we have to take the last and easiest Koyavganaush pass (IA, 3500, sn.-os). The pass is located in the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Koyavganbashi and VIATau and connects the valleys of the Adylsu and Adyrsu rivers. Leads from the tongue of the Dzhankuat glacier to the Koyavgan glacier and to the ruins of the Dzhailyk a/l.
From our overnight stay at the Green Hotel hut in the upper reaches of the Dzhankuat stream (2400 m) we can see the Dzhankuat glacier and the stream breaking through its right-bank moraine near the tongue. Along the stream there is a path to the pass.
Having walked along moraine deposits and pebbles along the Dzhankuat stream, we cross the glacier to the right bank. Further, along the left bank of the stream along a path made in the conglomerate, we rise into the pocket of the right bank moraine of the Dzhankuat glacier. Along the pocket and along the ridge there are trails to the upper reaches of the valley to the Training Pass (Gendarme). A moraine slope leads to our pass from the pocket, cut by gullies in which snowfields lie. On the slope along the stream flowing from under the pass there are paths leading to a small circus. On the left along the way are grassy areas for “Spartak overnight stays” (3 hours).
From here, on the right side of the circus, under the Koyavganbashi rock massif, near the pyramidal gendarme, a pass is visible. Closer to the top of VIATAU there is a false saddle. The further path runs along a small flat glacier, the lower part of which is open, and the upper part may be snow-covered, but there are no cracks here. Having passed under the false saddle, we climb to the pass along a wide snow-talus slope. If the scree is saturated with water and creeps under your feet, you can go to the left, along simple rocky outcrops. The saddle is quite wide and scree. It is possible to bivouac there. Tour from the north side on the rocks. (5 hours from the "green hotel"). The pass is one of the best panoramic points Elbrus region. From here the upper reaches of the Adyrsu valley and the Adyrsu ridge from the Freshfield pass to the Kulumkol pass open up. Elbrus and the Donguz-orunbashi massif are visible in the western sector.
The descent to the Koyavgan glacier takes place along a wide slope (30°, 400m). In its upper part there is usually a snowfield, the steepness of which can reach 40°. If the snow density is high, you can move a little to the left onto a ridge of destroyed rocks. Below begins the famous Koyavgan “powder”, which, depending on the humidity, moves under your feet or turns into a solid conglomerate.
The end of the snowfield is not visible, so we decided not to risk it and walked around it to the left. They did the right thing: at the end of summer the snow cover shrank, and in the event of a failure, it would have been difficult to hold off until flying onto the scree.
Further along the paths laid in the black shale scree, we descended onto the glacier (1 hour). When going up this slope, it is advantageous to go to the right at the top onto a larger scree. (Rockfalls on the right!). We walked along the glacier to the left, avoiding the zone of swelling and ice ruptures (rockfalls from rocks, open radial cracks). Having passed the turn along the ice littered with debris, we go to the left-bank moraine and along it we descend to the sites at the upper edge of the terminal moraine of the glacier (upper Koyavgan overnight camps) (50 minutes). You can also get here along the center line of the glacier. In this case, the descent onto the moraine does not reach the steep part of the tongue. Then, having passed the moraine, along the left bank of the stream (there is an avalanche danger here in the off-season) we come out to the grassy “lower overnight camps”. From here a steep, deeply trodden path descends into the Adyrsu valley with frequent serpentines. Turning right, up the valley and crossing the stream from under our pass, we find ourselves in a pine grove, where there are numerous parking lots (2200, 4 hours from the saddle). We note that it is difficult to walk this pass from grass to grass, but we have the end of the route and the experience of the “four” is behind us.
When moving in the opposite direction, you must keep in mind that the first to open is the false saddle under the slopes of VIATau. There is usually a cornice hanging on it. The pass is located on the left side of the circus behind the rocks and is not visible until the glacier turns. If a group is descending towards you from the pass, it is better to wait behind the rock separating the main and false saddles, so as not to get caught in a rockfall

DIFFICULT PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

6	08.08	1	Mn - gorge of the Tyutusu river	2,4	1.20	Three moraine terraces with coarse scree slopes between them, at the bottom there are outcrops of rocks traversed at the left slope. Ridge of the right-bank moraine (separate sections with a steepness of up to 30°)	7.00 clear, Т+6°С 12.00 clear, Т+22°С 19.00 cloudy. Thunderstorm at night.	Half-day, reconnaissance and processing of the beginning of the pass slope
		2	Kpu-Tyutyu glacier	3	1.00
		3	Kpu - median moraine	3	1.05	Moraine cover, open glacier with transverse cracks
7	09.08	1 F.11-13	Mn - Semenovsky Lane	1,8	2.05	Gentle closed glacier ~ 1100 m. Glacial rise ~ 300 m, steepness up to 30°. Firnovy - pass takeoff with a bergschrund in the lower part ~ 400 m, steepness in the upper part up to 40°. Descent along the ascent path.	7.00 fog. Т+14°С 12.00 cloudy, Т+18°С 19.00 snow Т+10°С	Radial exit. Bundles, cats
		2	Back	1,8	1.00
8	10.08	1 F.14	Mn - bergschrund under the north-east buttress in Tyutyu.	0,4	0.20	Closed, gently sloping glacier. Snow-firn takeoff ~ 100 m, steepness up to 25°.	7.00 clear, Т+11°С 12.00 clear, Т+16°С wind, 19.00 clear, Т+20°С	Ligaments, cats. Separate transportation of backpacks. Watching for rocks when crossing gutters. A total of 330 m of railings (9 ropes) were hung. Ligaments.
		2 F.15-16	Kpu is a wide ice-snow couloir with avalanche chutes.	0,2	2.25	Bergschrund with a height difference of up to 4 m, a snow slope of ~40 m, a steepness of up to 40°. Narrow bergschrund, ice-firn slope ~80 m, steepness up to 45°. Railings, hook belay, the first one without a backpack. Open ice~ 20-25 m, steepness up to 50°. Railings, hooks.
		3	Kpu - the upper end of avalanche chutes.	0,25	2.15	Snow-firn slope, cut by avalanche chutes up to 1.5-2 m deep, slope length ~250 m, steepness more than 45° (railings, belay through an ice ax), movement along the edge between the chutes. The stones in the lower part are on the right along the path, and in the middle and left - from the slopes. Simple rocks ~ 10 m.
		4 F.17-21	Kpu - Suvorov pass	0,2	0.30	Snow-ice couloir up to 200 m long, steepness 45°, in the upper part up to 50°, the saddle of the pass is a rocky ridge ~3m
		5	Kpu is a lake under the Western glacier. Dzhailyk	4,5	2.10	Medium clastic scree ~ 1000 m, steepness up to 30°. Closed gentle glacier ~ 1000 m. Large and medium rocky slope - trail.

No other texts were found in this report.

2. How to write a description

SUVOROV pass(variant of the Dzhailyk pass) (ZA, 4100, ice., - sk., 132, fig.) is located in the northwestern branch of the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Dzhailyk and Tyutyubashi in the southern shoulder of the latter. It connects the Kulumkol (Adyrsu) and Tyutyu (Baksan) valleys, leading from the Tyutyu glacier to the Western Dzhailyk glacier. Completed for the first time
In the upper left cirque of the Tyutyu glacier, to the right along the path from the Dzhailyk peak, a snow-ice bridge with rocky teeth is visible on the Dzhailyk Pass. Suvorov Pass is located to the right along the path behind a low rock pyramid. The pass requires the use of the entire arsenal of ice and rock equipment. The defining side is described as rising. All along the ice and snow slopes there is a rock hazard. The lower part of the takeoff can only be done in the morning.
Depending on the snow and ice conditions, the optimal ascent path may vary significantly. It is planned to install up to 600 meters of railings, of which about 150 meters are on ice.
From the overnight stops "Tyutyu lower" we climb the Tyutyu glacier and move to the upper part of the middle moraine under the pass, where we organize the initial bivouac (1st hour). From here you can see the pass takeoff with a hanging glacier, in the lower third of which the left side meets the avalanche runoff.
The stem is torn apart by two bergschrunds. We cross the lower one along the bridge, pass the upper one on the right along the way, and head towards the tongue of the hanging glacier. On the ice (40-50°, walls up to 60°) we climb to the circus under the pass (railing 150m). Directly above us is one of the saddles of the Dzhailyk Pass (PZ), a long rock-hazardous snow-ice couloir leads to our pass. By closed glacier(20-30°) we go up to the right under the rocks, to the right along the couloir, and, having walked about 80 meters along its edge, we come out onto the rocks (8 hours). We climb along the rocks (20-30°, 80m) to a buttress jutting into the couloir. Then we climb along the buttress (40-60°, 80m) to a wide grassy shelf. Along it we cross the side couloir (40m) and come out to the next buttress with a characteristic rock tooth. Along this buttress (40-60, in some places up to 80°, 100m) we rise to the scree. Along it up and to the left (along the way) we go out under the pass couloir and along it (40-60°, 30m) we come out to the ridge. (8 hours from the pass circus). Semi-sedentary overnight stays are possible in the area of ​​the buttresses.
From the pass there is an excellent view in both directions. A bivouac is possible on the ridge, but there is no water. The descent towards the Adyrsu valley along small scree leads to the Western Dzhailyk glacier. We continue our descent along the right edge of the glacier. We pass convenient sites under the Dragon's Tail Pass (IA) (2.5 hours).

Introduction

Classification of tourism - identification of internally homogeneous taxa (groups) tourism activities on accepted grounds. The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, types and forms. The type of tourism is determined by the nationality of tourists.

Classification of tours according to recreational purposes. Types of recreational activities

Educational tours. Goals - to see interesting or simply beautiful natural and cultural sites, get new information about these objects, and also visit unique places, so that later with a feeling of deep satisfaction you can think and say: “And I was there.” Objects visited for educational purposes are: monuments of nature, history, architecture, places associated with the lives of remarkable people, museums, art galleries, exhibitions, theaters, etc.

Basically, educational tourism includes ecological tourism (ecotourism) - traveling and visiting natural areas that are relatively well preserved and little touched by human activity.

Distinctive features of ecotourism:

• - it implies the presence of fairly strict rules of behavior in nature in order to preserve it, which is a fundamental condition for the existence of this industry;
• - the impact on nature is relatively weak;
• - it is assumed that local residents not only work as service personnel, but also continue to lead the same way of life on the territory they use, and engage in traditional types of farming that ensure a gentle regime for environmental management.

Varieties of ecotourism include visiting unique natural areas, watching animals and birds in wildlife, scientific tourism - outdoor travel for educational (for students) and research (for scientists) purposes, etc.

Educational tourism can also include ethnographic tourism- acquaintance with the traditional life of the local population. In world practice, this type of tourism is quite developed. Examples of elements of ethnotourism:

• - visiting a Papuan village in New Guinea and Indian settlements in the Andes mountains and Amazon forests (Team Gorky company);
• - visit to the site of Mongolian cattle breeders with the possibility of spending the night in a yurt.

Sports tours. The goal is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours divided by means of transportation. Tourism is divided into hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horseback riding, and cycling. Also separately distinguished are speleotourism - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing Mountain peaks. Separately allocate mountain tourism- hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism- various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, para- and hang-gliding, etc.)

Health tours. The goal is rest from everything, without any stress. Examples: beach holiday outside the city, both short-term at the nearest river and multi-day at Black Sea coast Caucasus; picnic in nature on weekends. (The term “health-improving” in the context of today’s Russian traditions is not always suitable for the last example, but there is no other term yet).

Medical tours. The goal is treatment or prevention of health. This is a vacation in sanatoriums or resorts. Medical care must be provided, which differs depending on the prescribed course of treatment - procedures of various types, physical therapy, dietary nutrition, etc. Currently, most sanatoriums offer both therapeutic programs and “wellness” ones - without providing medical services. In the latter case, the sanatorium is used as a comfortable holiday home. The cost of the trip is cheaper. Such events can also be short-term, for example, celebrating the New Year with subsequent relaxation.

Consumer tours. The goal is to collect gifts of nature not for sale. This includes picking mushrooms and berries. This also includes sport fishing. Sport hunting in the USSR was not considered tourism, since its organization was the responsibility of the hunting department of the Ministry of Agriculture, which had nothing to do with tourism. Hunting legislation is also not directly related to tourism. But from a semantic point of view, hunting, as a vacation outside the place of residence, can also be classified as tourism.

Dacha tours - visiting dacha plots, it is understood that for the purpose of relaxation. Agritourism is close to dacha tourism - recreation in rural areas (in villages, on farms, in peasant houses). Tourists lead a rural lifestyle, get acquainted with national songs and dances, local customs, take part in rural work, folk holidays and festivals. In Russia, such events have existed for a long time at the amateur level (a trip to visit relatives in the village) and have never been perceived as tourism, although they fall under the definition of tourism.

Religious tours - pilgrimages to holy places. For example, trips of Christians to Jerusalem to venerate the Holy Sepulcher, a trip of Muslims to the holy city of Mecca, pilgrimage to venerate the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Diveevo (Nizhny Novgorod region).

Business tours - trips for negotiations, participation in presentations, conferences, exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, visits of official delegations, etc.

Hobby tours - trips to do what you love: wine tasting, collectors' conventions, etc.

Educational tours - for the purpose of studying language, applied arts, Wushu gymnastics in China, etc.

Nostalgic tours are trips to memorable places that are individual for each person, for example to their homeland, places of study, to relatives, etc.

Event tours - trips to one-time public events: festivals, concerts of popular artists, sports competitions as fans, carnivals, city days, etc.

recreation;

social goals;

business and professional goals;

visiting friends and relatives;

religion (pilgrimage);

other purposes.

Let us briefly consider the types of tourism depending on the goals.

Recreational tourism. This is tourism with the main purpose of recreation, treatment and other health purposes. It offers a wide variety of sports activities and entertainment to fill leisure time; for some reasons, it includes such types of tourism as excursion, specialized, educational, sports, adventure, exotic, environmental.

Excursion tourism. Is one of the most popular types educational tourism. It is carried out with the aim of getting acquainted with tourist attractions (monuments of history, architecture, art, etc.).

Excursion routes, as a rule, pass through several cities and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the most outstanding monuments. You can call those who have become classic tours in Germany: Cologne - Bonn - Dusseldorf - Frankfurt am Main - Nuremberg - Munich; tours in Italy: Rome - Venice - Florence.

Specialized tourism. Unlike ordinary vacationers, travelers in this category have a specific purpose, their stay is usually connected with this purpose, be it participation in sports competitions, watching animals, participating in horseback riding routes, visiting a number of places associated with a certain historical event or personality.

In specialized tourism, there is a group of tourists united by the desire to stay in an unusual accommodation facility, such as a health farm or a peasant house. Research conducted on this segment showed a higher level of education, personal income, and high social status of participants (managers, unique specialists and other high-class professionals).

Educational tourism. Traveling for the purpose of training and advanced training is relatively new in international tourism. The most popular trips are to study a language, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.

Sports tourism. The main task of sports tours is to practice the chosen sport. Such tours are divided into active and passive. In the first case, the basis is participation in some kind of sport, in the second - interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.

Adventure tourism. It is a unique type of recreation and ensures not only that tourists stay in an attractive place, but also engage in unusual activities. Adventure tourism is divided into several types:

hiking expeditions;

safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.);

sea ​​and river travel (yachting).

A specific feature of such tourism is the need to obtain licenses (hunting, fishing, import of trophies), as well as ensuring security, which requires the participation of highly qualified instructors. This type of tourism has a fairly high cost - it is an elite vacation.

Exotic tourism. This type of tourism is associated with travel to exotic countries, to islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, or with travel on an unusual vehicle. IN last years tours appeared that were striking in their unusualness. The most incredible and expensive so far is considered to be a flight into space. After the first tourist Denis Tito's flight on a Russian spaceship, traveling into space no longer seems like a distant dream. A list has been compiled of those wishing to make a short space journey on the Russian Buran spacecraft and willing to pay for it exotic trip$100,000 USA.

An example of exotic tourism is a trip to the Arctic on comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. There are many people who want to get acquainted with the underwater world and travel on a submarine. In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists who love exotic things, where you can feel like a prisoner.

Ecological tourism. Ecotourism attracts close attention in recent years. For residents of Europe and America, travel through protected natural areas has become one of the most common types of recreation. The main distinguishing feature of this type of tourism is that the focus of travel is the natural environment and tourists try not to damage natural complexes, promote nature conservation and improve the well-being of the local population: Ecotourism is designed to create economic incentives for conservation environment. This is a wide range of trips - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and nature reserves. Proceeds from this type of tourism are partially used for environmental protection activities.

Social tourism. These are trips subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. The purpose of social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support people with low incomes to realize their right to vacation.

Tourism for business and professional purposes. In the hospitality industry of individual countries, there is a steady focus on one of the two main categories of tourists - business travelers.

The peculiarity of this type of tourism is that tourists who come for business purposes spend most of their time at meetings or meetings and have a strict program and schedule of events. They often visit the same city with which their interests are connected, stay in expensive hotels, use customized transport, specially equipped rooms for business meetings, receptions are organized for them, as well as individual excursions.

In general, business tourists differ more high level expenses compared to vacationing tourists.

One of the most common types of business tourism is congress tourism (Conference Travel). In the Russian version it is usually called scientific tourism. The purpose of congress tourism is to conduct scientific and practical seminars, conferences, and conventions. Sometimes business tourism has elements of recreational or educational tourism.

Business tourism also includes incentive tourism. The clients of incentive tourism are large corporations that pay for group trips for their particularly distinguished employees.

There are two large segments in business tourism: individuals or groups traveling for business purposes, and employees of various companies who often have to travel on company business. The latter is the so-called corporate tourism.

Visiting friends and relatives. As tourism statistics show, this type of travel represents a large segment international tourism. Very often, trips to meet with relatives occur repeatedly, and the duration of stay exceeds recreational and business trips. For example, guests from England constantly come to Arab countries, India and Pakistan to visit friends and relatives living there. Members of families with Slavic roots come to Russia and Ukraine from Canada and the USA.

This segment tourist market Also called ethnic, or nostalgic, tourism, which is associated with the need of people to visit relatives, places of birth and residence of loved ones and occupies an important place in international tourist exchange. Typically, several travel agencies specialize in working with this market segment.

Religious (pilgrimage) tourism. Currently popular. There are several types of it:

• · pilgrimage (visiting holy places to venerate relics);
• · educational trips (acquaintance with religious monuments, history of religion, etc.);
• · scientific trips (trips of historians and other specialists dealing with religious issues, etc.).
• 1.2.4 Classification by mode of transportation

Depending on the method of travel and the chosen type of transport, one can distinguish such types of tourism as aviation, rail, auto tourism, bus, water, walking, cycling, etc.

Whatever type of transport a traveler chooses, a necessary condition today is to ensure the safety and comfort of travel. Indicators of travel safety are the accident rate (the number of accidents per year by mode of transport) and personal safety, characterized by the number of deaths in road accidents per 100,000 people. In Russia this figure is higher than in many countries with a high degree of vehicle use.

Tourism and transport are so interconnected that one cannot be imagined without the other. Examples of mutual influence: “Recreational vehicles” (RV) - motor homes such as caravans or trailers (like our "Skiffs") - an integrated means of transportation and accommodation in one object. The growth in sales of caravanning requires the expansion of specially equipped parking lots in campsites for such motorhomes, which will allow them to be immediately included in the camping infrastructure - connecting them to electricity, water supply and sewerage at the parking site.

For Russia, this type of transport is promising, provided that our roads gradually approach the international standard.

Many tourists travel on special buses with observation windows, comfortable reclining seats, air conditioning, a bar, a toilet cabin, music, a microphone, and a TV. These buses allow you to get to places where trains do not go and planes do not fly. The condition of the bus fleet is a determining indicator of the quality of ground service.

Tourists love cruise travel, which uses a special type of transport. It is not simple vehicles, transporting passengers from one port to another, and the place of accommodation (overnight) and food is a worthy, if not the best, part of the tourist product. Modern cruise ships have the following equipment for tourists: gym, swimming pool, cinema, video salon, disco, shops, restaurants and bars, concert halls. Some ships have conference rooms with simultaneous translation equipment, allowing for business meetings and scientific conferences. One of the great advantages of cruise ships is food. Stabilizers reduce the negative impact of pitching on the human body. Many ships have extensive garage space, allowing you to travel by sea with your car and use it while docked in ports in different countries.

Tourism is not only about warm seas, yellow sand and endless entertainment under palm trees. Travel is different, and any connoisseur can choose a vacation to his liking. Active, youth, health, children's, religious, beach, rural... These are just a few popular destinations.

“I’m a tourist!” - this is what any modern person can say about himself:

• travels out of curiosity
• goes on voyages for work,
• goes to the PVD to sleep in a tent in the forest,
• goes outside hometown for rest and treatment,
• attends training seminars or master classes in other countries.

The root of the word "tourism" is presumably French, from tour - "trip". But this name has long been applied not only to travel. Tourism and its types are developing so rapidly that it is difficult to calculate them!

Classification of main types of tourism

Traveling is a way to relax, forget about problems, and relax your soul and body. Guides to the main types of tourism suggest dividing it according to geographical principles:

• Domestic – vacation within one’s own country. Who said that vacationing in Russia is not prestigious? This country has mountains, seas, places of pilgrimage, fishing, hunting and other entertainment;
• International – traveling outside your country. Russians love to vacation in Turkey, Egypt, Spain, Greece and other places. A foreign holiday is not necessarily more expensive than a domestic one.

The classification of tourism by main types involves the division of flows depending on the direction of travelers. Types of tourism are divided into inbound and outbound. In the first case we are talking about foreigners who come to us - they are especially popular Russian resorts enjoyed by Chinese guests. Outbound tourism is when Russians travel abroad.

According to the objectives of the activity, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

• Educational – sightseeing, historical monuments, architecture, visiting museums, art galleries;
• Religious or pilgrimage – visiting temples, cathedrals, monasteries and other shrines;
• Wellness – associated with relaxation in sanatoriums, resorts with healing water, mud, clean air;
• Active - this includes such types of recreation in tourism as sports, fishing, hunting, visiting attractions;
• Recreational means relaxing on the beaches, swimming in the sea, a carefree pastime, when you can do nothing and just enjoy your vacation.

But these are only the main and popular types of tourism and their characteristics. Travelers love shopping tours, business holidays, and exotic... Some are looking for adventure, dancing until the morning, others dream of silence or pursue other goals. It is difficult to say exactly how many types of tourism exist: their number is so huge that it will be difficult to try everything in this life.

Travel is a broad concept, and there are also many types of tourism. Have you already chosen a suitable vacation for yourself? Even if you've only spent your holidays at the beach before, that's no reason not to try something new. After studying the types of tourism and travel, find the best option and experiment!

The most popular types of tourism

List the types of tourism that you know! Typically, travelers name several popular destinations that receive special attention. And only people for whom vacation has become not just a hobby, but a lifestyle, are well aware of the characteristics of a much larger number of types of tourism. But not everything is so simple in modern times. What types of tourism are there?

sea ​​sunbeach

Perhaps the most popular type of tourism in the world is holidays at resorts surrounded by palm trees, sea and sand. The main goal is to relax, get an even tan, swim, and forget about pressing problems for a long time. This type of tourism has a special feature: it is universal and suitable for any person. Families with children, newlyweds, older people, and friends go on vacation.

Among other types and types of tourism by purpose, recreational is the most extensive, as it allows you to combine relaxation on the beach and visiting attractions and entertainment. Naming popular places For this type of tourism, we can highlight the south of Russia, Turkey, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries.

Cultural and historical tourism: for the most curious

The motivation for this type of tourism and recreation is the traveler’s desire to expand his horizons, get acquainted with national culture the country where he is heading, with its historical and architectural monuments, museums, remarkable routes. This also includes those trips during which a person acquires an understanding of music, theaters, cinema, painting of the state, studies the local language, and attends educational lectures or seminars.

Medical and health tourism: good for health

The entire high society of Russia in the 19th century enjoyed relaxing “on the waters” and did not even imagine that they were engaged in medical or medical tourism. The main goal of the traveler here is to improve health, increase the body’s defenses or get rid of an acute or chronic disease. This area includes visiting sea ​​resorts, sanatoriums, health centers, water and mud baths, mineral, thermal or radon springs. There is such a variety as climatotherapy. For example, in the high mountain region of the Caucasus, in Teberda, there is a sanatorium where respiratory diseases are treated with clean mountain air. Or boarding houses in Abkhazia, where a unique combination sea ​​air, subtropical climate, proximity boxwood grove give an amazing healing effect.

Sports and extreme tourism: for those who appreciate adrenaline and obstacles

These varieties are the most variegated and are divided into many categories. All sports tourism is usually divided into passive and active. In the first case, the traveler does not personally participate, but observes a certain sporting event, and in the second, accordingly, he participates.

Let us note right away that representatives of sports and extreme species tourism, the rest are not even considered tourists. There is often a funny misunderstanding between certain groups: climbers don’t like speleologists, cyclists don’t like pedestrians, watermen don’t like everyone else, but as a joke. Sports and extreme tourism is divided into narrower areas according to the type of sport, method or degree of extreme sports.

All types are considered sports:

• water tourism - windsurfing, kayaking, rafting, sailing, water skiing, diving;
• mountain - mountaineering, rock climbing, mountain trekking;
• caving tourism;
• air - balloon flights, hang gliding, parachuting (sea, mountain, etc.)
• winter destinations (skis, sleds, snowboards, snowmobiles, etc.), summer destinations (bicycles, motorcycles, ATVs, horses), as well as hunting, fishing and even golf!

The difference between sports and extreme tourism is sometimes poorly distinguishable or completely absent! But when grading, the following are taken into account: the degree of risk, loads, potentially dangerous or difficult conditions, obstacles.

Business tourism: business without barriers

Entrepreneurs also love to travel, but they prefer to benefit from travel, although in business tourism it is not of a material nature. Can:

• present your product,
• gain new knowledge and experience,
• establish strong partnerships for future cooperation,
• support existing contacts,
• conduct negotiations in an informal setting.

This type of tourism, after all, is more like a business trip. This category also includes all kinds of professional congresses, conventions, conferences, salons, and fairs. Let’s say the Le Bourget air show in France or the international exhibition Expo, which took place in Astana in 2017.

Event tourism: where the fun is!

It's simple - there are events that some consider unacceptable to miss! The visit of event tourists is always conditioned by some kind of event - these can be world-famous festivals (carnival in Brazil, a festival of young wine in France, Oktoberfest), but not only! The event can be cultural, sports, historical, business...

Perhaps every region has its own significant events, and all of them are worthy of attention and find their fans. Let’s remember the jazz festival in Koktebel, the blooming of tulips in Kalmykia or lotuses near Astrakhan, “Rock over the Volga” or “Cherry Forest” - you can’t count them!

Ecotourism: for those who seek the purity of nature

Such tourism is often confused with rural or farming tourism, when a person tired of city life breaks out of the metropolis to live a simple life in contact with nature, choosing special campsites, camps or eco-settlements that allow outsiders onto their territory. The essence is correct: all eco-tourism is built on the fact that the traveler finds himself alone with nature. To do this, people usually rush to wild places untouched by civilization. And although the genre involves living in a primordial natural environment, special campsites, shelters and hotels are now appearing to make living “in the wild” more comfortable.

A striking sign of ecotourism is that the tourist must certainly perform some actions that are beneficial to the environment, from basic garbage collection to cleaning streams, eliminating the consequences of accidents, and rescuing animals. Eco-tourists often engage in research into uninhabited territories: their geography, climate, flora and fauna, etc.

Whatever type of tourism you choose for yourself, it’s great! Any trip expands the picture of the world and horizons, and has a positive effect on health and life perception.

Promising types of tourism

There are types of tourism that in modern times are of increased interest, attract more and more travelers, and are the most promising. And just a few decades ago the demand for them was minimal. How to keep up with the times and master new types of tourism? Pay attention to areas such as:

• Gastronomic tourism is visiting resorts around the world to try national cuisine, visit many restaurants, enjoy drinks and delicacies. Among the various types of tourism, this one does not require much expenditure, since travelers will buy food in any case;
• Space tourism is the most promising type of tourism, which has not yet been developed, but they are already talking about its widespread introduction. The ticket price is over $100,000, excellent health is required, but this is an excellent option for those who dreamed of becoming an astronaut as a child;
• Accommodation tourism is not exactly a growing type of tourism, but it is now experiencing a new surge. Guests go for the winter to Cambodia, Vietnam, Montenegro and other warm countries, where they experience bad weather - they stay for several months, after which they return to their homeland;
• Rural tourism is not widespread in our country, but is already popular in the USA and Europe. The idea is to get away from skyscrapers and cars, throw away your phone and spend a week at the “dacha”, digging beds or caring for flowers. However, life on a farm does not appeal to Russians yet.

By the way, in the near future the concept and main types of tourism will remain unchanged. Travelers will continue to be attracted to relaxing on the beaches, skiing down the mountains, and visiting bars and restaurants. Although the development of types of tourism is happening, it is more aimed at improving the conditions and level of service.

Unusual types of tourism in the world

There are non-traditional types of tourism that are not widespread, but have an army of fans and are of certain interest to connoisseurs. What are we talking about?

• Urban tourism is an unusual type of tourism in which travelers make “stalks”, inspect old destroyed factories, metro subways, catacombs and other man-made and gloomy structures;
• Digging is another type of tourism, which consists of forays into caves and miraculous structures underground;
• Virtual tourism as a new type of tourism - sightseeing using a computer, 3D tours, panoramas. Such a trip, of course, will not allow you to get real emotions, but overall it is interesting, and most importantly, completely free;
• Military tourism - a traveler goes to a place where active military operations are taking place. What could be better than being under a hail of bullets, grenades and bombs? Despite the fact that such trips are similar to suicide, they are still in demand among extreme sports and adventure lovers. Tourists often lose their lives during such a vacation;
• Types of tourism for people with disabilities are essentially no different from traditional travel, but the route and hotel are chosen taking into account the characteristics of the person, so that it is easy and convenient for him to move;
• Illegal types of tourism attract our compatriots interesting views tourism associated with risk. Get into Chernobyl, into the territory of a military unit, a guarded facility... The main thing is not what you see there, but the drive due to the fact that you can be caught at any moment.

These new types of tourism have extensive development prospects. The beaches, sea and attractions are already quite boring, I want something unusual, interesting and rich. So why not climb onto an abandoned metro line, the most high building in Moscow or not to go to the Dyatlov Pass?

Types of tourism depending on the season

The most popular time to visit resorts is high season When the weather is pleasant with sunny days, swimming in the sea is pleasant, and there is a huge amount of entertainment on offer. However, there are types of tourism that are generally in demand at any time of the year. When do travelers visit resorts?

• High season continues to enjoy increased popularity and attention. Tourists love to bask on the beaches, sunbathe, and enjoy the service. True, this type of tourism has a drawback - due to the abundance of guests, there are not enough places, hotels need to be booked in advance, there is a crush, and municipal beaches become dirty;
• Velvet season - such tourism, as a specific type of leisure activity, involves rest when the bulk of travelers have already gone home. There is no usual crowd, and the weather is still beautiful. True, there may already be a cooling, a decrease in temperature, especially at night;
• Low season - in most resorts it is not possible to swim at this time of year due to the cold. On the other hand, you can go sightseeing, enjoy beauty salons and tranquility. The advantage of such a pastime is increased care from the staff, because you will be one of the few guests.

When choosing when to go to a resort, consider the climatic conditions and weather. There have been cases when travel agency employees sold a trip to an unsuspecting traveler, and on the spot it turned out that it was not the season in the chosen country and the vacation was ruined.

Risk factors for various types of tourism

Tourism as a species active rest is not completely safe, since no one can guarantee that you will not fall on your skis, get bitten by insects in the jungle, or have another misfortune. Most dangerous species holidays are active entertainment. There are several risk factors while on vacation:

• Danger of injury - of course, you can get a fracture at home, but if you climb mountains, conquer rivers, jump with a parachute, the likelihood of damaging something increases;
• Poisoning – this factor is especially dangerous in developing countries, so buying food from street vendors is not recommended. Be careful about the water you drink – it is not always safe;
• Exposure to the environment - you can get burned from the sun, get caught in a downpour, or squally wind. Be careful, especially if you are traveling during the off-season. A tsunami or hurricane predicted by weather forecasters is a reason to cancel the tour;
• Terrorism and national conflicts - unfortunately, when going to another country, you should find out in advance how safe it is to vacation there. There may be cases of attacks on tourist buses, other events. If a country is on the verge of a revolution, political processes and actions are taking place, it is not worth going there.

Tourism always involves some risk, however, there is no guarantee that you will not get injured at home. The safest holiday is within your own country, at resorts where there is no risk of floods, landslides and other disasters. To reduce the likelihood of negative consequences, choose your vacation destination wisely.

Main types of tourism updated: March 30, 2019 by: GlonassTravel