What was the name of Volgograd before? Brief history of the city. Biography of Volgograd (Tsaritsyn, Stalingrad)

Since ancient times, the interfluve of the Volga and the Don has been a crossroads of water and land trade routes. The most convenient transports and portages between the rivers were located here.

After the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia in the mid-50s of the 16th century, summer archery guards were placed at strategically important points on the Volga trade route, which monitored the maintenance of order on the Volga and adjacent steppe roads.

Numerous complaints from Nogai ambassadors about the robbery of "thieves" Cossacks, as well as frequent attacks by nomads on merchant ships, the campaign of Turks and Crimeans through Perevoloka to Astrakhan in 1569 in the hope of expelling the Russians from the Lower Volga region forced Ivan the Terrible and the boyars to engage in the transformation of the stanitsa and guard service in the south of the country. During the reform, the network of summer guards in the Lower Volga region was strengthened.

In the second half of the 80s HCh! v. The Russian government, after numerous Tatar invasions and popular uprisings of the Volga peoples, who almost ended Russian rule in the Lower and Middle Volga regions, began to improve the Volga defensive system. In the shortest possible time, the fortresses (prisons) Tsarevokokshaysk, Sanchurin, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Terki, Tsarev-Borisov were built.

The Tsaritsyn fortress, according to the documents of the Discharge Order, was built in 1589 on Tsaritsyn Island. At first she was called New town on Tsaritsyno Ostrov", then "Tsar's City on Tsaritsyno Ostrov" and only a few years later "Tsaritsyn". In 1589-1608 the administration of the Tsaritsyno Fortress was usually headed by two governors and the clerk. Administratively, the garrison and the fortress obeyed the order of the Kazan Palace, where they received grain and monetary salaries. The Tsaritsyn archers and Cossacks, in addition to guarding the fortress, carried out "outgoing service": they accompanied caravans of merchant ships, embassies, caught robbers and " walking people", followed the actions of the Tatars and free Cossacks. The hard times of the early 17th century destroyed in the Lower Volga region much of what the Russian people created for decades. Astrakhan was devastated, the fortresses of Tsaritsyn and Saratov were burned. The guard service, trade fell into decay, salt mines and fishing were abandoned.

Since 1614, the government of the new tsar, Mikhail Romanov, set about restoring the guard service on the Volga. The new Tsaritsyno Fortress was already restored on the high right bank of the Volga at the confluence of the Tsaritsa River. Judging by old engravings and descriptions, it was built in accordance with the technical rules for building Russian cities on the outskirts in the 17th century.

Tsaritsyn belonged to the category of "custom" cities, in the vicinity of which the tsar, because of the military danger, forbade the allocation of land for settlement and the distribution of estates to service people. All the buildings were located on the territory of the fortress: the voivodship yard, customs, a glass yard, a granary, a green cellar and other government buildings, as well as archery yards. There were also two churches here. Outside the walls of the city, near a small bay on the site of the modern river station, there were port buildings.

In the 17th century the main population of the fortress was still made up of archers - from three hundred to four hundred people who guarded the fortress, accompanied river boats, embassies, trade caravans.

As a rule, Moscow nobles or stolniks were sent as governors to Tsaritsyn, so he had a higher status than Saratov.

In the early 20s of the XVII century. the garrisons of the restored Volga fortresses managed to restore order on the Volga. Along the great Russian river caravans went to Persia, Central Asia and Transcaucasia.

Mass influx to the Don in the first half of the XVII century. fugitives led to the overpopulation of the old Cossack towns and yurts, causing serious difficulties in providing the villages with food. The Cossacks tried to solve their problems in the traditional way - military raids. Saratov and Tsaritsyn, restored after the Troubles, prevented the Don people from "Cossacking" on the Volga and the Caspian Sea. The free Cossacks did not want to break the ties between the Don and Russia, they did not engage in "thieves' business" on the Volga, which is why the Tatar and Turkish settlements along the shores of the Azov and Black Seas were chosen as the main target of attacks. In 1632 Kalmyks settled on the left bank of the Volga.

In the mid-40s of the 17th century, after the Cossacks left Azov, the Crimean and Kuban Tatars, and the Turks walked with fire and sword along the Don and southern Russia. The new tsar, Alexei Mikhailovich, had to mobilize significant forces and resources to stop the invasion of Russia. Tsaritsyn, located in the area shortcuts from the Volga to the Don, turned into the most important supply point for the Don Army, which was at war with the Turks and Krymchaks. Tsaritsyno archers transported provisions and equipment to the Don.

In the second half of the 17th century, relations between the Moscow authorities and the Don Cossacks deteriorated. Failures in the war with the Krymchaks and Turks closed the Don Cossacks access to Chernoye and Sea of ​​Azov. The tsar and his entourage headed for a more rigid administrative subordination of the Don Cossacks to Moscow. A wave of Cossack uprisings arose on the Don, the largest of which were riots led by Stepan Razin and Kondraty Bulavin. The Cossacks tried to break through the Volga to the Caspian Sea. But Tsaritsyn stood in the way. Several times the city was in the hands of the rebels. The uprisings of the Cossacks served as an impetus for strengthening government control on the Don and strengthening the Volga defensive system. The Tsaritsyno fortress was repaired, and the number of its garrison was increased to 748 people.

Peter 1 was the first of the Russian tsars who visited Tsaritsyn - during the Azov (1695) and Persian (1722) campaigns. Attaching great importance to Tsaritsyn as a guard fortress on the southeastern borders of the Russian state, Peter 1 personally participated in the development of the project for the reconstruction of the Tsaritsyn fortress. And shortly before that, in 1718 - 1720, at the direction of Peter, a unique fortification for that time was built - a guard fortified line 60 km long between the Volga and the Don - Tsaritsyn and Panshino. In 1731, the Volga Cossack Army was established with its center in Dubovka.

The construction of the guard line opened up wide opportunities for settling the lands north of Tsaritsyn by Don Cossacks, residents of the Great Russian lands, Ukrainians, and the peoples of the Volga region. Since 1765, the first foreigners began to settle on the banks of the Volga, attracted by the large benefits promised in the manifestos of Catherine II. As a result, 102 German colonies arose along the banks of the Volga. At the same time, 28 kilometers from Tsaritsyn, on the Saratov-Astrakhan postal route, the Sarepta colony appeared. In the same years, the villages of Beketovka, Otrada, Vinnovka, Gorodishche and others were founded.
The civic appearance of the city, like population growth, changed slowly. The only thing that contributed to the restructuring and expansion of the city was the often repeated fires (1728, 1791, 1793), which forced residents to move to new places. The city was mostly wooden, and only stone churches towering over it: John the Baptist (the most ancient building in the city, built of wood in 1664 and restored of stone by 1703), Uspenskaya (1718), Holy Trinity (1720) and Preobrazhenskaya (1771).

In 1774, Tsaritsyn tried unsuccessfully to take Yemelyan Pugachev.

In 1776, with the annexation of the Crimea and Kuban to Russia, the borders of the state moved far to the south. Tsaritsynskaya was abolished guard line, the Volga Cossack army was transferred to the Caucasus. Tsaritsyn lost its importance as a guard fortress.

At the end of 1796, by decree of the Senate, Tsaritsyn was transferred from the abolished Saratov province to the Astrakhan province, which included it until 1798. The fortress gradually began to turn into a city. At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, a little more than a thousand inhabitants lived in it.

The plan for the reorganization of Tsaritsyn, approved by Alexander I in 1820, became in essence master plan, which streamlined the chaotic development of the city, "spreading" from the fortress by the suburbs. The Zatsaritsynsky and Preobrazhensky suburbs received the correct square layout.

Tsaritsyn was built according to the plan of 1820 extremely slowly. By 1838, the city had a district school, a treasury, a post office, a military hospital, a living stone row, many private establishments, a large number of wooden barns and shops. Two newly built churches, Preobrazhensky and Skorbyashchenskaya, a prison castle, state-owned bread and wine shops, and merchant barns appeared in the Preobrazhensky suburb. There were two fairs in Zatsaritsynsky suburb - Troitskaya and Ivanovskaya.

The city developed more dynamically from the second half of the 19th century. In a short time, Tsaritsyn turned into the largest commercial and then industrial hub of the Lower Volga region, through which the ever stronger ties between the central and southern parts of Russia ran. The importance of trade routes between the Volga and the Don began to increase.

The third in Russia Volga-Donskaya was built in the region Railway. Six years later, in 1868, the construction of the Gryase-Tsaritsynskaya railway was started and completed in the same year, and in 1897, the Tsaritsyn-Tikhoretskaya railway was opened. The connection with the piers was carried out by the Volga station and the railway, which connected the forest and salt berths along the banks of the Volga with the main railway lines. The city has become a powerful junction of railway and shipping routes. In a short time, it has grown into the largest trading and transit point not only on the Volga, but also in the country.

The development of trade contributed to the rapid growth of industry in Tsaritsyn. At first, the processing of timber, salt, fish, mustard developed rapidly, and later on, the metallurgical, metalworking and oil refining industries. The sawmills were located in three nodes: in the Zatsaritsyno part, Elshanka (four Maksimov's plants) and Beketovka. The salt quay and with it five salt mills, six steam mills were located in the city, mustard processing plants - in Sarepta.

In 1880, an oil-industrial town was built, which belonged to the Swedish company Nobel. In 1897, with the attraction of capital investments from French and Belgian firms, the Ural-Volga metallurgical plant of the DUMO was built (now the Krasny Oktyabr plant). The construction of a metallurgical plant led to the emergence of 16 metal processing enterprises (nail, wire, etc.).

The rapid commercial and industrial development of Tsaritsyn was accompanied by an exceptionally rapid population growth, which in turn caused an intensive development of the city.

By 1900, 63 thousand people lived in the city, there were 189 operating enterprises. In 1913, a tram appeared. Before the First World War, the Russian Joint Stock Company of Artillery Plants, with the technical guidance and assistance of the British company Vickers, began construction of the largest gun plant not only in Russia, but also in Europe (now the Barrikady plant). Tsaritsyn became industrial and shopping mall the entire southeast.
In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the city. Due to its strategic position, being a link with the Caucasus, the city was of great importance in supplying the country with food and fuel. Therefore, in the years civil war Tsaritsyn and its environs were the scene of fierce battles between the Red Army and the White Guard.

For the heroic defense of the city on May 14, 1919, he was awarded the honorary revolutionary Red Banner, and on April 14, 1924 - the Order of the Red Banner. The civil war caused great damage to the city: residential and cultural buildings were destroyed, the city's power plant, water supply and sewerage were disabled, and many industrial enterprises were almost completely destroyed. The restoration of Tsaritsyn began with metallurgical, sawmilling and woodworking plants, which in the pre-revolutionary period produced almost a quarter of all industrial output. Gradually, enterprises of the food, flour-grinding, and confectionery industries revived, and new ones were built. Already in 1924, a hosiery factory and a clothing factory named after March 8 began to function, as well as newly built woodworking and food industries.

Information and photo.

The original location of the settlement was an island opposite the mouth of the Tsaritsa River, which has long been gone. The reason for the formation and development of Tsaritsyn was the historical need to gain a foothold on the banks of the lower Volga in order to ensure security. southern borders Russia, and, in addition, to create a so-called "transportation" for the transportation of timber from the Volga to the Don. Geographic location"transportation" at the junction of the Volga and the Don, in the place of their closest convergence, has attracted the attention of various peoples to this area since ancient times. A few centuries before our era, "transportation" served as a trade route, along which goods flowed from Greece, and later from Rome, in exchange for raw materials and slaves supplied by nomads and semi-sedentary tribes.

Volga-Donskaya

In the VIII-IX centuries of our era, this region was in the possession of a huge kingdom of the Khazars, which were feudal associations of semi-nomadic heterogeneous tribes. Among the large Khazar cities and settlements on the lower Volga, the capital of the kingdom, Itil, located at the mouth of the Volga, became most famous.

In the XI-XII centuries, the vast territories of the Lower Volga and Don steppes were inhabited by numerous nomadic tribes. Cuman-Kipchaks, who have long roamed the vast expanses near the Volga and Don. In the second half of the 13th century, the powerful Golden Horde Tatar kingdom arose in the Lower Volga region, which had a certain influence on life in the Volga basin.
The founder of the kingdom was Khan Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, who glorified himself with devastating wars. One of the centers of the Golden Horde kingdom was the city of Sarai-Berke on the Akhtuba River, the left tributary of the Volga, where the village of Tsarev still exists near the city of Leninsk.

memorial pillar

The surviving maps, compiled in the 14th century, note the existence of a large city in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bpresent Volgograd, which was, in essence, the predecessor of Tsaritsyn. One of the Khan's headquarters was located in the city, and in the place where the Church of the Baptist stood before the revolution, there was Batu's palace. Traces of this city, in the form of ruins of stone walls, heaps of stones, fragments of bricks, as well as silver, gold and other things, were found until recently in the area of ​​​​the former village of Mechetnoye, which entered the boundaries of modern Volgograd.

Excavations

From these places, the Tatars staged raids on Russian lands. From the lower reaches of the Volga and Mamai, in 1380, he began another campaign against the Russian land, and here, after the defeat on the Kulikovo field, he sought refuge.

Weakened by the Battle of Kulikovo, the Golden Horde became easy prey for the formidable avalanches of new conquerors that fell upon it. Tamerlane ravaged the capital of the Golden Horde - Saray and other Tatar cities and settlements of the Lower Volga region. As a result, this entire region was devastated for a long time. In 1476, a Venetian envoy traveling from Astrakhan to Moscow along the Volga, in his words, "found in this area terrible and vast deserts without roads and housing." In 1556, the Russian rati of Ivan the Terrible forever destroyed the remnants of the Golden Horde Khanate - the Astrakhan kingdom, opening a new page in the history of the Russian state.

With the fall of the Kipchak kingdom, and then Kazan and Astrakhan, Russian settlements began to appear on the banks of the Volga. These were small fortresses or outposts, one of which was located on the Volga Island opposite the mouth of the Tsaritsa River. By the name of the river and the island began to be called Tsaritsyn.

Tsaritsyn 16th century

At that time, the Tsaritsa was a high-water river about 10 kilometers long, which originated on the upland of the Volga and Don watershed and flowed from west to east. Large Tatar settlements were concentrated in the area of ​​this river for several centuries.
There are many legends about the origin of the name of the river. It is possible that it arose from the consonance of the Tatar words "sari-su", which means "yellow water" or "sari-chin", i.e. "yellow island
with the word "Tsaritsyn". Other legends include the legend that the daughter of the Khan of the Golden Horde, who converted to the Christian faith, was thrown off a steep cliff into the river named "Tsaritseva". There are also suggestions that the city was named after Ivan the Terrible, who erected a small fortress here in 1556 in honor of his wife Anastasia.
Tsaritsyn is one of the oldest Russian cities located on the Volga, on the land of which, as history says, Scythians, Huns, Khazars passed, after them Avars, Ugrians (Hungarians), Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Tatars and, finally, in the XVII-XVIII centuries Kalmyks and Kazakhs. Some peoples stayed here for a short time, leaving burial mounds and ruined cities as evidence of their stay.

For the first time the city of Tsaritsyn appeared on the map in 1614, and it was already located on the right bank of the Volga. At that time, only three cities were shown on the map below Sviyazhsk and Kazan: Tetyush, Saratov and Tsaritsyn. According to some sources, it can be assumed that Tsaritsyn was founded in 1558, according to others - in 1559, and according to the historian Karamzin, Tsaritsyn was founded around 1600 under Tsar Boris Godunov. It is generally accepted that the city was founded in 1589. The founder of the modern city is Grigory Zasekin, who arrived in these parts from Kazan and was engaged in trade.

Grigory Zasekin

At the beginning of its existence, Tsaritsyn was one of the many military towns built by Moscow Rus after the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan Tatar kingdoms.

archers

Documents dating back to 1636 that have survived to this day say that “Tsaritsyn is located 350 versts from Saratov, lies on the right bank on a hill, is small, built in the shape of a parallelogram ... and inhabited by archers alone, of whom 400 people live in it. These archers are obliged to keep guard against the Tatars and Kazakhs and serve as a guard for passing ships. The Tsaritsyno Fortress, according to the same sources, measured "80 fathoms in length and 40 in width". To one of the descriptions of the journey along the Volga through the Caspian Sea to Persia, surrounded by a wooden wall with 12 towers. Outside the walls of the city there were up to three dozen houses, a church with three domes.
Founded in the Lower Volga region, far from the main settlements of Russia, surrounded by steppe nomads, for many years Tsaritsyn was one of the strategic points of the Russian state.

Rice. 3. Tsaritsyn's plan of 1697.

Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky

June 13, 1901 - a great fire broke out in the city, raging for several days. Alexander Kuprin was in Tsaritsyn in the summer of that year. He visited the site of the fire, talked with eyewitnesses, carefully studied the materials of local newspapers, and wrote the essay "The Tsaritsyno Fire" (1901)

Daily News:

From Nizhny Novgorod telegraphed that the fire in Tsaritsyn did not stop. 28 Belyans burned down, 12 barges with coal, timber and tar, all sawmills, a village of 500 households, a village, private houses for a verst. Losses up to 6 million. Most of the burnt - not insured.

daily News:

PROVINCE TSARITSYN: Rumors about arsonists continue to circulate. One suspicious subject was captured during a fire, and the crowd wanted to commit lynching over him, but the gendarmes saved him from reprisal and, putting him on a steam locomotive, sent him to the station. Volga. It was as if flammable objects, some kind of liquid and tow were found in his hands.

Rice. 4. Tram in Tsaritsyno.

In the summer-autumn of 1918, Tsaritsyn defended himself against the army of Ataman Krasnov, thereby inscribing his lines in the annals of the Civil War. The city survived, but a year later, on June 30, after two weeks of fighting, it fell under the blows of the Caucasian army of General Wrangel. On the evening of July 2, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia Denikin arrived in the city, on the morning of July 3 he received a parade of troops, after which he announced the directive signed that day on the attack on Moscow. This directive went down in history under the name "Moscow". The operation to capture the city made the personality of General Wrangel very popular in the White Army as the "hero of Tsaritsyn." The Soviets regained control of the city on January 3, 1920.

“The first inhabitants of Tsaritsyn were Neanderthals . Their parking was found in the floodplain of the Mechetki river. There are only seven stations in the world ancient man and it is a great honor that we have one of them . Now melons are in the parking lot, but the progressive public is ringing the bells in order to erect an acropolis there with donations from the townspeople. So that tourists have something to see.

On June 30, 1808, the first school for teaching children to read and write was opened in the city. This day went down in the history of the city as the day of knowledge. It is noteworthy that the first teacher was a retired sergeant Vlasov.

Before the official measures of length were approved, the Tsaritsyno people used folk measures, which were based on the length of different parts of the human body. :

Span- the distance between the thumb and middle finger of an outstretched hand.

Elbow- from the elbow to the middle finger of the right hand.

fathom- with arms extended horizontally, the distance from the finger of the middle left hand to the middle finger of the right.

half a fathom- outstretched hand. Distance from middle finger to neck.

Step- about the same distance as half a yard.

Gak- an indefinite distance after two growls.

In 1806, in Tsaritsyn, in the City Duma, they discussed the highest decree “ About Yabedniks and Yabednik Petitions". The decree said to publicly discuss them and, if it doesn’t help, then beat them with a whip. According to Nyura's grandmother, they discussed little, they immediately began to beat…

From generation to generation, a beautiful legend about ancient city Golden Horde Shed-Berke, What's on Akhtuba. A contemporary of that time, the historian and traveler Ibn Batuta compares it in beauty and grandeur with Domassk and Constantinople. At the end of the 14th century, the great Timur destroyed it, razing the city to the ground. The reason was the non-payment of tribute by Khan Takhtamysh to Timur . Until now, local residents from Verkhne-Akhtubinsk to Kolobovka (90 miles down the Akhtuba) replenish their family budget in search of treasures. And, oddly enough, they find it.

The inhabitants of Tsaritsyn saw the first steamboat in 1818. And only 20 years later - navigation was opened, and a second one came from somewhere ...

1808. This year, the first medical worker was appointed to our city - midwife Uliana Andreeva, who graduated from the St. Petersburg Midwifery Institute. It is noteworthy that the grandmother was 20 years old . Doctors of Tsaritsyn honor this holiday and make gifts to each other on this day.

In Gorodische and Root beam there is a source of the Great Martyr Paraskeva Pyatnitsa. The feast in honor of the icon is celebrated on the 9th Sunday from Pascha. People come not only from the nearest villages, but also from Astrakhan and the Don Cossacks. On this day, everyone, from young to old, douses themselves with water and prepares it for future use.

The first Russian aeronaut was Captain Kashirsky, who made his flight over Moscow in 1805. The second, according to grandmother Nyura, was our queen, who took off on a balloon ten years later . It is noteworthy that the ball was made of sturgeon bubbles and patriarchal glue . This type of material was not used by anyone, so our fellow countryman became a pioneer in this.

On September 11, 1911, pilot Vasilyev laid the first air path over Tsaritsyn. On this day, the Tsaritsyn head gave a ball in honor of such an event: the young ladies alternately invited the pilot to a waltz. On the hundredth, the pilot got dizzy and had to be pumped out . It is interesting that just a month before that, Vasilyev became the winner in the airplane competitions held between St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Let's not dissemble that within 300 years the capital of Russia was Great Sarai-Berke and later Sarai-Batu , because it was here that Russian princes came for labels to the principality . Thus, the political center of Russia in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries was precisely our Lower Volga.

In 1721, Tsaritsyn was given the status of a city, but of the lowest, 5th category. This rank was received settlements not exceeding 250 households.

Tsaritsyno prices for 1910:

sturgeon - 4 rubles 50 kopecks per pood,

stellate sturgeon - 3 rubles per pood,

sterlet, bream and asp - 4 rubles per hundred,

watermelons - from 4 to 100 rubles per 1000 pieces, depending on the size ...

In 1884, in Tsaritsyn, one of the first in Russia, lanterns were lit on the embankment. The city owes this firework of light and celebration to the Nobel oil company. According to Grandma Nyura one of the men from Ezhovka “banged ” flashlight, but was forgiven by the population.

On October 21, 1890, the first water supply system was built in Tsaritsyn. Project author - mechanic Bromley. The price of water is 1 kopeck for 4 buckets. At that time, the inhabitants of the water pipeline underestimated and more willingly used water from wells and the Volga.

The archaeological expeditions of Tereshchenko, Vodolagin, Semyon and others, who visited the ruins of the capital of the Golden Horde on Akhtuba at different times, are looking for a mysterious gulustan - the garden of blooming roses, where the Golden Horde coin was forged . The locals are also looking for the mint, it seems that together they will find it!

1913 in the annals of Tsaritsyn must be written in gold letters , because it was on this year and day that the first tram rushed along the bumpy streets of Tsaritsyn, marking the revolution in the transport of the city with its appearance . However, the fare was expensive and the townspeople preferred to walk or travel by cab.

1695 is the year of founding a post office in Tsaritsyn to serve the embassy order. Hence, the post office is one of the oldest services in our city. The postal workers were treated with great respect and reverence, because it was they who opened an accessible and easy form of communication for the population to everyone and, secretly, every girl in the city dreamed of marrying a postal worker.

The first hospital was opened in 1811 . The institution was so unusual that not only the sick, but also the healthy wanted to lie down in it. According to the stories of Nyura's grandmother, the merchant Shlykhov paid a tidy sum to lie there for a week, he really liked the nurses in white coats.

1806. There are already 687 houses in Tsaritsyn, 1117 inhabitants, of which :

nobles - 13,

merchants - 330,

petty bourgeois - 422,

workshops - 11,

beans and state peasants - 181,

landlord peasants - 62,

retired soldiers and Cossacks - 98.

The city and the surrounding area are unreliable, so a garrison with 1361 soldiers is stationed in Tsaritsyn.

Efim Novikov was the first Russian self-taught who invented the submarine and in 1720, in the presence of Peter I, made a test. The second, according to Nyura's grandmother, was our countryman Makar, Makar's son. He made a shell out of calfskin, in which he could stay in the water for a long time and catch fish. . Thus, in one dive he caught a whole chuval of crayfish, although, unfortunately, the time spent in the water is not brought to us.

One of the first in Russia, thanks to the Nobel oil company, a telephone appeared in Tsaritsyn. The victims of telephone communications were local swindlers who stole the device. The thieves were found along the wires that ran along the fences from the police station to the hut of the main thief Bubny .

On September 16, 1901, the first pawnshop was opened in our city. . And on the same day, retired lieutenant Zolotukhin wanted to pawn his wife. The public of the city was extremely outraged by such a heinous act and forced the lieutenant to apologize to his wife.

In 1888, the largest tanker in Russia with a carrying capacity of 120 thousand pounds was launched at the shipyard, which was used not only to export kerosene, but also fish and crayfish.

Near the Kachalinskaya village, just below the mouth of the Ilovlya River, according to some historians, there was Sarkel, the capital of the Khazar Kaganate, where the Khazars professed the Jewish faith. locals, entirely curly and lupy, but for some reason people call them gypsies .

On January 2, 1885, the first Tsaritsynskaya newspaper was published, with the title "Volzhsky - Don sheet". The event was so important for the city that they asked the priest to sprinkle the first set of holy water and serve a prayer service. The ceremony was attended by the best people of Tsaritsyn: a gendarmerie colonel and a fellow prosecutor .

In 1872, the first theater appeared in Tsaritsyn. From the report of the policeman “... the theater is located in a private stone building, belongs to the merchant Kalinin. Composition: 15 people, including 8 men and 7 women. Theatergoers celebrate their birthday in Tsaritsyn at the beginning of June, and this event is accompanied by a big booze in Razgulyaevka.

In 1907, 10 brothels with 66 women and 25 secret brothels were officially registered in Tsaritsyn. Visitors to the brothels have not yet been counted. Supervision of prostitution is carried out by a police officer, and examination by a city doctor .

1774 year. In September, two of the most famous people in Russia met in Tsaritsyn: A. Suvorov and E. Pugachev. There were no friendly handshakes, because the first accompanied the second to the city-capital for an inquiry and a place of execution.

One of the best fabrics in Russia in the 19th century was considered sarpinka produced by the Germans from Sarepta. The fabric was so practical and durable that the Volga barge haulers adapted to twist twine out of it..

In 1862, the fourth railway in Russia between the Volga and the Don was put into operation in Tsaritsyn. It had a length of 73 versts. According to the stories of Nyura's grandmother, the Don Cossacks, seeing the “monster”, fired at him with cannons, but, thank God, the attempt to destroy the first steam locomotive was stopped in time.

In 1691, customs was established in Tsaritsyn, and the main source of income for the royal treasury was the duty for fish and salt. According to grandmother Nyura, the first Tsaritsyn bribe-taker was the head of the customs service, Semyon, who was very fond of salted fish .

May, 1670 Stenka Razin walks in Tsaritsyn . By his highest order, all the inhabitants were accepted as Cossacks and Cossack self-government was introduced in the city, thank God not for long.

Prices for one portion in the city canteen for 1906:

Shchi without meat - 5 kopecks, half portion - 3 kopecks

Shchi with meat - 11 kopecks — 6 kopecks

Meat - 6 kopecks. - 3 kopecks

Millet porridge - 5 kopecks. - 3 kopecks

Buckwheat - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks

Hot potatoes. - 7 kop. - 4 kopecks

Peas - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks

Noodles - 7 kopecks. - 4 kopecks

Pies - 3 kopecks.

Doctor - 39 rubles.

Gymnasium teacher - 75 rubles.

Railway worker - from 30–35 rubles.

Laborer - 10-15 rubles.

At the end of the 19th century, Tsaritsyn was called the second Chicago. The once provincial city in some 30–40 years turned into an industrial center with powerful factories, an impressive river port and a competitive railway junction. There were enough workers in abundance, there were not enough specialists, therefore, on September 14, 1896, at a meeting of the City Duma, it was decided to open the first Vocational School ( real schoolgirl) in Russia . Our city was one of the first to forge the "proletariat" of capitalism.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were two troubles in Tsaritsyn: midges and dogs . And if the fight against insects was meaningless, about with dogs it is quite real. In 1902, the City Duma issued a decree “On Dogs”. For our smaller brothers, places for walking and care were determined. At first, however, they wanted to introduce a tax on each head and high-quality artificial regulation, but then they abandoned this.

The geographical map in Russia was published for the first time in 1614 in Moscow . Here, on the Lower Volga, three centuries earlier. The scientist Fra Mauro, who traveled in our region in the middle of the 14th century, gave a detailed plan of our region. Treasure hunters still use this one.

In 1854, a fire department was officially established in the city, headed by a chief flame-extinguishing fireman. The departure of firefighters to the fire for the townspeople was like a holiday. Literally without exception, everyone ran out to look at the fellows rushing to the elements. . Ahead in a white uniform is a fireman, then, as in the picture, firemen in shiny helmets and they are carried to the fire by black men in white stockings with black manes. The spectacle was truly breathtaking - better than a fire.

The population of Tsaritsyn in 1908 was:

Russians - 89 329 people,

Tatars - 3,040 people,

Germans - 2,835 people,

Jews - 2,144 people,

Polyakov - 1,448 people,

Persian - 436 people,

Armenians - 332 people,

Kalmyks - 132 people,

French - 95 people,

English - 15 people.

Petrovsky guard line was no longer Chinese wall, but solid - the largest fortification in Europe of the 18th century: it stretched from Tsaritsyn to Panshino. Entered service in 1721. The service was carried by 1200 Cossacks. It was created to repel the raids of the Crimean Tatars. They say that some foreign scientist at the beginning of the 20th century wanted to pass it in a day, but did not pass it, because in some places it was equal to fields and gophers.

The Lower Volga region is rightfully considered the birthplace of mulberry trees in Russia, because by decree of Peter I, factories for the production of clothes from silkworm worms were founded here. .

In 1913, the city power station was built, and the Tsaritsyno residents saw the light.

1907 By right, this year can be considered the era of cinema in Tsaritsyn. Mr. Parfiano opened the first cinema. The audience at the session smoked, husked seeds, and one Cossack, according to the stories of the Tsaritsytsy, saw Stenka Razin on the screen, began to call on everyone to rebel and join the ranks of the impostor, for which the Cossack was fined.

November 30, 1769 This round date is known to every Tsaritsyno official of the civil service, because it was on this day that a civil government was established in Tsaritsyno, which still lives at the expense of something. To conduct business, ministers were appointed: a secretary of the rank of a collegiate registrar, three clerks, four sub-clerks, four copyists. From that day until now, the Tsaritsyno officials are growing safely, by leaps and bounds ...

1915 The grand opening of the House of Science and Art took place in our city. The hall accommodated 1100 people.

In 1769, a spring was discovered in Sarepta, the healing properties of which were used to treat stomach diseases and rheumatism. The Russian nobility came here to recover from hangover assemblies.

1904 - a municipal service was created in Tsaritsyn, which for some reason is still alive.

In 1901, the Guardianship of National Sobriety was approved in our city and many lovers of the “green snake” began to enroll in this society, but the revolution of 1917 came and the Guardianship was closed as unnecessary.

Sarepta mustard and oil glorified Tsaritsyn for everything near-God space.

In 1730, a coat of arms was given to the city: two white sturgeon flaunted on a red background under the royal crown. After 100 years, the coat of arms was redone - three sterlet sailed to the sturgeons.

The first car to disturb the peace of a provincial town in 1912 had the Ford Plymouth brand and belonged to the merchant Yakov Serebryakov, an Armenian not by surname, but by genus .

In 1910, a bust of Gogol was erected in the city with donations from the townspeople. Before that, neither monuments, nor Gogol, nor even his busts were erected in Tsaritsyn. Therefore, they made it already in the country of Suomi - in Finland itself.

There were many theoretical projects for connecting the Volga with the Don. In practice, they dug twice: in 1569, when the Turkish Sultan Selilim wanted to transfer his fleet from the Don to the Volga, and 100 years later, when Peter I transferred the fleet from the Volga to the Don. Both ventures failed, but will the third succeed?

In 1765, 28 versts from Tsaritsyn was founded German colony Sarepta. The Germans have deeply planted their roots in the Russian land. And, most importantly, what is the use of this: the Tsaritsyn peasants have since become addicted to cigars and schnapps .

On December 17, 1905, the Charter of the Tsaritsyn Mutual Accident Insurance Society was approved. . According to Nyura's grandmother, all the people who insured themselves in the first week were injured the next. . Their cases were considered by the court. , which occupied part of the modern (pool; shuttle. party. - Wiktionary - http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5

One comment: “The history of the Motherland must be known, loved and not allowed to be corrected for the sake of time. Old Tsaritsyn”

I am rereading your last post about Tsaritsyn. It is amazing what the history of this legendary city is, no matter how it is called later. History is made up of names. And the memory of them is a sign of a civilized society. Detailed story about the people who took part in the construction of the city, the formation of its culture, the development of education and the creation of other values ​​of life, fill the soul with joy and pride for their homeland and their people. If each of us looked into the past of the corner of the earth where he was born, lived, received an education, he would see all the advantages of his small Motherland. Many would lose the passion to make revolutions, would be engaged in creation, life would be meaningful and happy. I'm sure there are a lot of things to remember. Thanks for the good posting.

In the lower reaches of the great Russian river Volga, which freely and widely flows through the feather grass steppes, on its right steep bank, the city stretches for a record long stretch, one of the three names of which is Stalingrad, the whole world knows. Volgograd is a hero city, a hard worker city, a workhorse of Russia.

History of Volgograd

The history of the city's origin dates back to the first half of the 16th century, although many scientists believe that a large settlement has been located on this site since the time of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The city was founded as a guard fortress after the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to the Moscow state. Therefore, the first inhabitants were exclusively military. The garrison of military Cossacks, at the behest of the Russian tsar and under the leadership of governor Grigory Zasekin, founded a watch fortress on Sarpinsky Island at the mouth of the Tsaritsa River in order to protect the borders of the Russian state and the Volga trade route from nomadic raids. On the watchtowers archers were on duty around the clock, who raised the garrison on alarm.

After the final pacification of the wild hordes, the city moved to the right bank of the Volga and began to grow rapidly. The people who inhabited it have always been enterprising and resourceful. Therefore, from a provincial, semi-military town on the border of the Russian state, Tsaritsyn quickly turned into a large merchant city. Although throughout its existence in the unstable and rebellious times of Russian history, Tsaritsyn often found himself in the thick of the “low freemen”, as the Lower Volga was often called.

Runaway peasants and serfs from all over Russia found shelter in the Don steppes. Until now, the names of famous fighters for free people's life flash in folklore - Kondraty Bulavin, Emelyan Pugachev. Local old-timers will find the place where Stenka Razin threw the Persian princess into the Volga for the sake of free brotherhood or where the troops of the “people's king” passed.

The history of the name of the city Tsaritsyn

People who are not very familiar with Russian history are sure that the city is named after the great Russian Empress Catherine the Great. But this is not so, although, thanks to her, the city began to develop rapidly, having lost its military purpose. The city got its name Tsaritsyn by the name of a very small river Tsaritsa, from which only a dried-up channel and several springs remained. But in the distant 16th century, the river was quite stormy and swiftly carried clay water into the Volga. For its color, the Mongol-Tatars called the river Sary-Su, which translates as “yellow water”. Later it began to sound like the Queen, hence the original name of the city.

Although the legend that Catherine the Great is related to the name is not without meaning, because thanks to her German colonists appeared here, who began to cultivate a large amount of land, along with settlers from Ukraine. Until now, the local population prefers the famous mustard oil of Sarepta to all the most branded vegetable oils. And it was the German settlers who began to skillfully cultivate mustard and process it. Although long before Catherine, the Russian reformer Tsar Peter also turned his eyes to these places, suggesting to connect the Don and Volga rivers with a man-made canal.

The remains of this project can be seen by everyone traveling along the modern Don highway. A few centuries later, this project was carried out, but in a slightly different place. The famous Volga-Don shipping canal allowed modern Volgograd to become a port of the “five seas”. Before the October Revolution, Tsaritsyn was a large and developed, but still, by and large, a merchant city. Russian merchants are a stingy people, not forgetting about their own benefit, but generous. Therefore, the city had running water, a tram was launched, the main streets were paved with cobblestones, there were many educational institutions, churches, but the culture was worse.

Only at the end of the 19th century, the entrepreneur Shuvalov built the Concordia summer garden theater. Touring artists from metropolitan and provincial theaters performed here. In 1908, the foundation was laid for the creation of the Tsaritsyn Opera. For a provincial town with a population of 100 thousand people, the event is extraordinary. A new building with steam heating was built for the opera and well-known metropolitan primas were invited. Traviata, Life for the Tsar, Eugene Onegin were presented to the audience.

Too much expensive tickets performances were not allowed to enjoy a wide range of operatic art. But this was more than supplemented by a cinematograph, which at the turn of the century became a fashionable and very popular novelty of Tsaritsyn. Several cinemas and even one floating one that existed on the landing stage were very popular. By the way, the most expensive cinematograph tickets cost almost three times more than beef!

The October Revolution took place in the city stormily and very bloody. The city found itself on the very frontier of battles between the White and Red armies. The White Guards who captured the city brutally dealt with the captured red fighters - they were chopped down by sabers. During the years of the first five-year plans, Tsaritsyn turns into an industrial city. The famous tractor plant began to produce tractors, Red October produced metal, the Barrikada plant specialized in military equipment. But the outbreak of war completely changed civilian life.

The city, which at that time bore the name Stalingrad, was destined to become a critical point in the course of the war, its turning point. On the fiery one, the enemy was not only stopped, he was defeated physically and morally. But the city lay in ruins. Through the efforts of the whole country, Stalingrad was restored and turned into a clean and beautiful modern city with a large number of not only industrial enterprises, but also theaters, universities, stadiums. Unfortunately, over the past two decades, Volgograd, which was renamed in 1961, has completely lost its former greatness as a large metropolis.

The closure of large industrial enterprises and mediocre, and sometimes even criminal management, had a negative impact on the infrastructure. The city is now famous for its lack of good roads and the disappearance of life-giving for this southern city greenery. The famous pyramidal poplars, which were the hallmark of the cleanest city of the Lower Volga region, are disappearing from the city streets.

The lilac dries up, and even the famous birch on the slope of Mamaev Kurgan, to which the Volgograd poetess Margarita Agashina dedicated her poems, was cut down. But still, thousands of tourists come to our city to visit the main height of Russia - Mamaev Kurgan and see with their own eyes the 85-meter sculpture "Motherland Calls", which is one of the seven most important places in our country. As before, on May 9, Volgograd residents and guests of the city come to the Square of the Fallen Fighters to the Eternal Flame, the Alley of Heroes, to the Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad, to honor the memory of the heroes who gave their lives for the freedom of the Motherland.

Historians consider July 2, 1589 to be the day of the founding of Tsaritsyn. It was during that period that the settlers built a wooden fortress that defended the island from nomads. But she could not save the settlement from the royal troops, who took the city by storm in 1607. Soon, the first stone church was built in Tsaritsyn, which received the name of John the Baptist. It stood until the 30s of the XX century, and in the 90s it was restored in the same place.

In 1615, Tsaritsyn continued to rebuild, but already on the right bank of the Volga. It was in this place that Stepan Razin stopped in 1667 and 1669 on his way to Persia and back. A year later, his squad captured the city for Cossack self-government. Two strong fires in a row (in 1727 and 1728) almost completely destroyed the buildings of Tsaritsyn, and people moved across the river (now the Voroshilovsky district). In 1765, Catherine II gave permission for the settlement of the first colonists, and a German settlement was founded near the Sarpa River. In 1774, the troops of Emelyan Pugachev tried to take Tsaritsyn by storm., but were defeated by the troops of General Ivan Mikhelson.

With the advent of the XIX century, the city began to develop rapidly. First, in 1808, the first school was opened here, where children were taught to read and write. Then the first medical specialists appeared in Tsaritsyno. And in 1812, a mustard plant began to operate in the city. After 8 years, in 1820, Tsar Alexander I signed an order to build up Tsaritsyn. In the middle of the 19th century, the fields of the Volga region were first sown with potatoes.

1814 was marked by the beginning of shipping, and in 1857 passenger traffic along the Volga became regular. The first theater appeared in Tsaritsyno - in 1872, and three years later - the first men's gymnasium. In 1885, the first issue of the newspaper "Volzhsko-Donskoy listok" was published, and in 1890 the grand opening of the city public library. In the same period, metallurgical and sawmill factories were opened, an oil depot was built and the city water supply system began to function.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, a major fire broke out again in Tsaritsyn which raged for several days. The results of its consequences were very deplorable - the city had to be rebuilt almost from scratch.
In 1913, the first tram started operating in Tsaritsyn, and the construction of the bridge was completed. In the same period, electric lights, cars and paved roads appeared. 1914 and 1915 were marked by a number of important events:

• laying the cannon factory,
• founding a pedagogical museum,
• the opening of a meteorological station,
• and the construction of the House of Science and Arts.

In 1916, the construction of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was completed, which lasted 15 years (in 1932 the temple was destroyed). In 1917, during the days of the October Revolution, a revolutionary headquarters was organized in Tsaritsyno. The leadership was taken over by the Bolsheviks Yakov Yerman and Sergei Minin.

Stalingrad.

In 1924, by decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Tsaritsyn received a new name - Stalingrad. There are documents proving that I.V. Stalin was categorically against giving the city its name, and did not even appear at the Congress of Soviets. In 1925, Stalingrad was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

Until the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, social and industrial construction continued in Stalingrad:

1. launched a tractor plant,
2. the construction of the power plant began
3. opened medical and pedagogical institutes,
4. the museum of defense began to function,
5. and earned the Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren.

And literally a year before the start of the war, the first in the USSR children's river flotilla was built in the city, which had its own pier and ships.

July 17, 1942 was marked by the heroic defense of Stalingrad. The defense lasted until February 2, 1943, this day is considered the end of the Battle of Stalingrad. Almost immediately after that, the ruined city began to be restored, and in In 1945, Stalingrad was awarded the title of Hero City.
After the war, before the city became Volgograd, another significant event took place. In 1958, the Stalingrad television center began its broadcasting for the first time.

Volgograd.

The city received its new name - Volgograd - on November 10, 1961. By that time, Volgograd had already been almost completely restored, the construction of residential buildings and industrial / social facilities continued.
In the 60s and 70s the following was done:

• soot and motor plants began to function,
• a new building of the city circus was built,
• erected a monument to the "heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad",
• and the Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was opened,
• Shoe factory started
• The Theater for the Young Spectator opened its doors,
• and also Volgograd was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In the 1980s, a state university was founded in the city., the grand opening of the "Battle of Stalingrad" panorama took place, the first high-speed tram was launched and the date of a new holiday, City Day, was introduced. At the very end of the 80s, on May 3, 1989, Volgograd celebrated its 400th anniversary.

The 1990s were also marked by important events. A state historical and ethnographic museum-reserve, a center of Russian spiritual and singing culture, a regional Armenian Cultural Center, a private art gallery and a children's art gallery. Also in 1991, the State Don Cossack Theater was established in Volgograd.
A little later, a customs office was formed, the first issue of the City News newspaper was published, a cardiological center, a management institute and a religious school were opened. Also during this period, the Olympic Academy was created and the local television and radio company began broadcasting.

The 21st century was marked by the opening of the center of gerontology, the International Association for the Fight against Drug Addiction, and re-granting Volgograd the status of a million-plus city.