How to start the tour with what words. How to make a good tour

13.01.2022

I drink coffee and stick cloves in oranges - I'm getting ready for the tour ..

Aromas of citrus and cloves remind others of winter. People smile as they pass by my table. The orange-clove therapy also works for me: I joyfully run out into the street, and there is snow ... the first one this year.

Hello Christmas Tour! No, today is my birthday. The kids are amazing and the parents are amazing!

I am often offered to lead excursions with children, considering this to be something rather complicated. In my opinion, a children's excursion is an amazing thing, simple and complex at the same time, but it is important that you immediately feel return, appreciation and love from children.

What is the most important thing in a children's excursion?

A few tips for moms, dads, grandparents who walk around St. Petersburg with their children and want the children to listen and hear your historical stories:

1. Think in vivid images that are understandable to children.

First, you yourself must see the image of what you are talking about. The picture should be in color, detailed and evoke feelings for you personally.

For example, the gardener Eliseev grew strawberries in the greenhouse for Count Sheremetyev on Christmas Day. The guests are in amazement, the count exclaims in excitement: "Ask what you want!"

I imagine everything very vividly: the count's camisole, and the wicker basket, and the snow outside the window, frost down to -40 and the aroma of wild strawberries. So it's easy to tell. And by themselves questions are born to the children: "What happened next, what do you think?" If the picture is bright, then the guys easily come up with and immerse themselves in the story. Where did the Eliseevs go when they became free? What did they start doing? Was it easy for them in Petersburg? And what would you do in their place, if you had 100 rubles? And here it would be good to move from words to deeds.

2. Find a thing, a detail that characterizes your hero, a story.

It is easier, of course, to use an illustration, a picture, a photograph. But it is best to find a thing that you can touch, smell, guess the riddle associated with it. For example, with the merchants Eliseevs, I give the guys an orange, the letters of the surname are laid out on it with a carnation. The letters are scattered and it is necessary to make a word out of them (Eliseev began to sell oranges on Nevsky Prospekt).

When talking about Peter I, I like to give children a map of the area of St. Petersburg of the 18th century and suggest laying out a rough plan of the city (this is for older children, of course). When we go to the Photo Salon, I give a photo and offer to find the point from which it was taken. In the Summer Garden, I suggest that the children sculpt some of the sculptures on their own. Everything that the children touched, made efforts to unravel - they will remember for a long time.

It is not easy to find something that falls into the top ten, as they say, but the process itself is worth it! For me personally, this is the most interesting part of the excursion: the process of searching for that very historical detail.

3. Less is better, but better.

Children do not remember the date, especially when they are standing, they listen to even the most interesting stories from the strength of 5-7 minutes. Therefore, the entire historical story should be put in 15-20 minutes, and the entire excursion in 1.5 hours maximum.

And after such an immersion, leave the children with a desire to learn more, but on their own. Not so, "that I told you everything, but I also remembered, listen to me carefully." Not! Fill your communication with dialogue, searching, running, taking photos and discovering places.

4. Encouragement, prize, yummy at the end of the historical walk.

After the tour, we go for lunch, dinner or an afternoon snack. It's great if the food you offer the guys is related to today's walk. Let not all, but again, the detail will be remembered for a long time and will make the meal "historical" and exciting. And even if you feel that the children are tired of historical information, you can simply say that our hero loved this.

If you have boys and you have visited the Suvorov Museum, then eating buckwheat porridge and cabbage soup in bread is a must. And if emperors are your heroes, take a lace napkin and a couple of porcelain plates with you. Even in military campaigns, the emperors ate simply, but always with silver and porcelain. And this day will be special.

5. And lastly, my favorite: it's easy to forget everything that you are told and everything that is shown, but we will never forget the atmosphere when we feel good.

Be surprised, play, discover the story with the children! Love for the city is inside of us, and the child feels and understands everything, just talk about this love creatively. I have about the same approach to adult excursions. And although colleagues in the shop do not always understand this, it is very exciting to wake up the inner child in a serious adult!

On the splash screen is a photo fragment jasoncedit/Flickr/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

2.5. Excursion technique

The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its conduct, the relationship between the methodology and technique of conducting. A number of requirements are imposed on the technique of conducting an excursion. These include the introduction of the guide to the group, the correct arrangement of the group at the object, the exit of the excursionists from the bus and returning to the bus (another vehicle), the use of the microphone by the guide, keeping the time allotted for the tour as a whole and the disclosure of individual subtopics, answering the questions of the excursionists etc.

Acquaintance of the guide with the group. The guide, entering the bus, gets acquainted with the group. He greets those present, calls his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution that he represents, introduces the tourists to the bus driver, that is, he begins the tour with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide subordinated his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance takes place, further contacts of the guide with the group largely depend on it. The sightseers gradually fall silent, sit down more comfortably, their attention switches to the guide. Tourists estimate what the guide is capable of, what interesting things he will tell them, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rive their attention to the topic.

With the correct organization of excursion work, preparation for it should take place in advance. This is done by tour organizers or travel agents.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The excursionist must know the topic of the excursion. It is extremely important that advertising activities and the purchase of a tour package be separated from the tour by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that during this period of time a certain psychological attitude of the excursionist will occur. He will have time to think and get used to the plot of the tour.

Each topic has its own introduction. If the composition of the group is different (for example, the local population and visiting tourists, adults and children), the same excursion will have different introductions. The guide pays special attention to the preparation and execution of the introduction, which gives a specific setting to the tourists, allows you to establish contact with them.

The exit of tourists from the bus (trolleybus, tram). Tourists need to prepare in advance for the exit. In cases where this is not done, a significant part of the group remains on the bus, not leaving to observe the monuments at their location. Thus, tourists lose the opportunity to personally get acquainted with the object.

At stops where the exit of the excursion group is provided, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases where other stops are arranged in the excursions, for example, sanitary or for the purchase of souvenirs, the guide reports the exact time (hour and minutes) of the bus departure. It is necessary to require tourists to comply with the rules of the tour, which affects the schedule of the bus along the route. If the parking time in a country excursion for some reason is reduced or increased, the guide informs all sightseers about this.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for placing a group to observe the excursion object are determined. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine into the eyes, making it difficult to inspect the object. There are other reasons that prevent the use of the recommended place. In hot weather, opportunities are used to locate groups in the shade. In case of rain, the option of placing tourists under the roof, under the crown of trees, is provided. In some cases, the technique requires that several points be selected to inspect the object: far, if the object is shown together with the environment or other objects; near, if individual details of a building, structure, terrain, natural object are analyzed. These features are reflected in the column "Organized guidelines for methodological development." Each guide carefully studies these instructions and, before going on the route with the group, clarifies issues related to the arrangement of the group to observe objects. It is also necessary to ensure the safety of sightseers when inspecting objects and when crossing motorways.

With the simultaneous location of several groups near one object, such a distance must be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other with his story, so that one group does not obscure the other object of observation. Known difficulties in observing this condition are the placement of groups to show the museum exposition.

Movement of sightseers from the bus to the object, from the object to the bus, between the objects is carried out by the group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, a few people go in front, a few are nearby, the rest are behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who go last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that when the group moves along the route, integrity is not violated. With a long group, not everyone will hear the guide's story, his explanations and logical transitions that are presented along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement on the route.

The pace of the movement of the group depends on the composition of the group (children, youth, middle age, the elderly), on the terrain, for example, climbing uphill, poor roads, overcoming ditches of dangerous zones in working shops, etc.

In a walking tour, the pace of movement of tourists is slow, unhurried, since the display objects are located next to each other.

It is more difficult to set the required pace of the group's movement on a bus tour. Here, getting off the bus, the guide does not start moving immediately, especially if the object is located in the distance. He allows most of the sightseers to get off the bus and then, slowly, but not too slowly, leads the group towards the goal. Approaching the object, he does not begin his story immediately, but after the whole group has gathered.

The guide directs the movement of tourists and in the course of their independent work on the route. Tourists walk around the object to read the inscription on it themselves, to enter inside it, to see the peculiar features of the architecture. They climb a hill to determine its height, climb a bell tower, a minaret to make sure of the unusual "step" of the steps of a steep staircase, go down into the moat to determine its depth, etc. These movements of sightseers enrich them with additional information and new impressions. , make it possible to feel the unique features of the objects, the features of the events to which the excursion is dedicated.

The return of tourists to the bus. During the movement of the group, it is led by a guide. When a group boards a bus, it stands to the right of the entrance and counts the sightseers who enter the cabin. This is done invisibly. After making sure that all the participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a signal to the driver about the start of the movement.

It is necessary to avoid counting tourists who have already taken their seats on the bus. This introduces unnecessary nervousness, sometimes causing comical situations, thereby disrupting the course of the excursion.

Tour guide location. The guide on the bus should take a place where he can clearly see the objects that are discussed on the tour, but so that all the tourists are in his field of vision. At the same time, tourists should see it. Typically, this is a dedicated front seat next to the driver (the seat behind the driver is reserved for another driver). The guide is not allowed to stand while the bus is moving (as well as sightseers) for safety reasons.

On a walking tour, the guide should be half-turned to the object. Conducting a display of visually perceived objects requires that they be in front of the eyes of the guide, because he analyzes them based on his visual impressions. This is especially important in out-of-town excursions, when the guide, while the bus is moving, sitting in his place with his back to the sightseers, looks into the front window of the bus and talks about what the sightseers already see or are about to see.

Compliance with the time in the excursion. The methodological development indicates the exact time allotted for the disclosure of each subtopic in minutes. Everything is provided here: showing objects, the guide's story, moving along the route to the next one and the movement of the group around the observed objects. The ability to meet the allotted time for the guide does not come immediately. This requires a lot of practice, including conducting an excursion with a watch in hand: at home, at a specific object. It is necessary to achieve compliance with the time when conducting a logical transition, highlighting a single sub-topic and main issues. Helps the guide timekeeping the time spent on individual parts of the tour. On the basis of such timing, taking into account the comments of the listener, the guide makes appropriate adjustments to his story. Everything superfluous is removed from the tour, which leads to a waste of time. Often, for reasons beyond the control of the guide, the tour is significantly reduced in time. The reason for this is the protracted gathering of the group, breakfast served to tourists at the wrong time, the bus being late, etc. As a result, the tour starts late. The guide has only one way out - to reduce the time allotted for the disclosure of the topic. This should be done by keeping everything important in the content of the excursion and removing the secondary. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in the material of the excursion.

Technique for conducting a story while the bus is moving. The story while driving on the bus should be conducted by a guide through a microphone. If the equipment does not function well or there is no microphone at all, it is useless for the guide to talk while driving. The noise of the engine and the shaking of the bus limit the audibility, so that the explanations will be audible only to the sightseers sitting nearby. In this case, the guide gives materials about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement he reports only the names of objects or areas. If there are important objects or settlements, it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine, and only then give explanations. This must be agreed in advance with the driver.

Answers to the questions of tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of questions has developed. They are divided into four groups: the questions of the guide, which are answered by the tourists; questions posed during the story, which the guide answers; rhetorical questions that are posed to enhance the attention of tourists; questions asked by the participants of excursions on the topic. The first three groups of questions are related to the methodology for conducting excursions, and only the fourth group of questions is related to the technique of conducting excursions. Their content is different - sometimes they are associated with objects, sometimes - with the life of famous figures, and often - with events that are not related to the topic of the excursion. The main rule for dealing with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them, and you should not also answer questions at the end of each of the subtopics. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from the perception of the content of the topic being disclosed, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but at the end of it. The content of the answers should not be debatable, i.e., make the tourists want to argue, continue the topic raised in the question.

Making an introduction to the topic, the guide informs his listeners about this order of answering questions.

Breaks in the tour. The tour guide should not talk continuously. There should be small breaks between the individual parts of the story, the story and the excursion information on the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses pursue the following tasks:

The first is semantic, when the time of breaks is used by people to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate the factual material in memory, formulate their conclusions and remember what they saw. It is important that the sightseers have time free from showing and telling each object for self-examination, preparation for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop;
- the second - to give a short rest to the tourists. It does not carry any semantic load. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of cultural and educational work as an excursion.

Pauses in out-of-town excursions are combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 min. after each hour of work (for the guide, the hour of the tour is 45 minutes). This rest can be summarized and used by the guide at the end of the tour. There may also be pauses in excursions - free time used to purchase souvenirs, printed materials, quench thirst, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

The technique of using the "guide's briefcase". The content of the "portfolio of the guide", its significance and role in the use of methodological techniques of the show is related to the methodology for preparing and conducting the tour. Each exhibit - a photograph, a drawing, a reproduction of a painting, a portrait, a drawing, a copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to the tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, handed over to the tourists in the rows for a more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes, in accordance with the methodological development, the guide organizes the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check in advance the serviceability of the equipment, the availability of the necessary records, to ensure audibility for all participants in the tour. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During the tours, elements of the ritual (a ceremonial developed by folk customs) are used. Tourists at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the dead with a minute of silence, are present at the changing of the guard of honor, participate in processions and rallies, and listen to mourning melodies. The guide needs to know the procedure for laying flowers, the passage of sightseers at the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, in a minute of silence, the rules of conduct at the Eternal Flame and at the burial sites of heroes of the Civil, Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and others wars. Before the start of the tour, the guide informs about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical sites.

conclusions

The importance of issues related to the technique of conducting excursions can hardly be overestimated. Neither a fascinating story about objects, nor methodical methods of displaying monuments will give the necessary effect if all aspects of its implementation are not seriously thought out, if conditions for observing objects are not created.

test questions

1. The concept of "excursion technique".
2. Contents of the column "Organizational instructions".
3. Organization of the guide's work with the group.
4. Skillful use of excursion technique.
5. Skills in using the technique of conducting excursions.
6. The pace of movement of the group, its significance.
7. Using the microphone. Work in the absence of a microphone.
8. Establishing the necessary order in the group.
9. Use of free time during the excursion.
10. Answers to the questions of tourists.
11. Technique for using visual aids.

Introduction…………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ides of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methodology ...... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of teaching methods………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques of display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Receiving a demonstration of a visual aid………35

3.2Assimilation by the guide of methodological techniques………………………………………………………..39

4. Technique of conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique of conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………..51

Bibliographic list……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological methods for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

A tour is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, a display based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he understands and perceives what he sees and hears.

The guide, with his explanations, leads the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects that are in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge on the basis of one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for excursions, as well as the sum of the methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The tour guide answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content about)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more than usual and, together with the effective merit of the goal of the excursion, to help the excursionists easier and more firmly to finally learn the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general receptions are, as usual, the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. It must be said that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people are accustomed to express themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's not a secret for anyone that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and concretize more effective methods of conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many people say, 1 object or a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and, finally, are used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, single techniques also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, to a certain time of the year or day.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects: as the basis of the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. This happens because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting excursions; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skill of the guide, the mechanism for supplying material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as storytelling and showing. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling in a guided tour, the methodology gives an unequivocal answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of the object to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological methods of conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, clarification and practical application of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques, with the help of which employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of the subtopic excursions. The head of the creative team unites and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e., the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on this topic), carried out by the creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing of factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological methods of showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide portfolio" is formed, and an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology should be used to effectively conduct the excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the "guide's portfolio" and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

An individual text is also a mandatory document, which gives the guide the right to conduct an excursion on this topic. Properly compiled methodological development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.

I am not a big fan of excursions, I like to read about interesting places myself, look for them in an unfamiliar country, and also consult with local residents. But in order to have time to get acquainted with a large number of unique places unique for a particular country or city, you will have to go on an excursion. If you yourself decide to become a guide or help someone you know, I think it will be a great experience.

Ways of writing excursions

Before you start writing an excursion, you should know that this is a very laborious and painstaking process, if the difficulties do not scare you, and you also have a large amount of knowledge, then you will definitely succeed. To begin with, I would like to point out knowledge in what areas must have:

cultural studies;
history;
psychology;
rhetoric;
making plans.

So, the range of areas and skills is quite wide, so writing excursions is a very difficult, but important work for tourists. It is excursions that help guests of countries and cities to get acquainted with the culture of local residents, learn the history of the appearance of certain places, as well as learn the signs and characteristics of countries. At the same time, many excursions are quite boring and cannot interest tourists for a long time. Therefore, it is important for professionals to be able to create an atmosphere of comfort and interest to make the trip memorable for years to come.

route development;
determination of time for each place of the route;
accounting for bus traffic patterns, if necessary;
writing the text of the excursion;
taking into account all historical facts;
saving links to sources (for curious tourists);
docking of the text of the excursion and the route.

When writing text, try use more logical connectives so that the facts are not “torn out” of context, and the logical sequence is preserved. Don't use complex language, the text should be clear to every tourist.

Do not write "dry" texts, make the tour bright and memorable. Tourists will not remember a lot of dates, surnames and other historical formulations, fill the test with "sharpness" and "piquancy" so that attract listeners.

Excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with such a two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting an excursion. The main emphasis in the tour is on the show, on introducing the sightseers to objects that are new to them, on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the reception of the main display, the reception of a preliminary inspection, the reception of a mental reconstruction of the excursion object, the reception of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, the reception of comparison, the reception of abstraction, the reception of discussion, the reception of reporting, the reception of complicity, the reception of personification, the reception of a problem situation , retreat technique, attention activation technique, use of visual aids from the “guide’s portfolio”, display and characterization of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, brief description of the display object, brief information about a unique historical or natural object, a detailed description of the features of the object, explanations and comments during the tour, the inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering the questions of the tourists.

When designing an excursion, the guide should take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o maximum display time of one excursion object - 4 minutes;

o for every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodical methods of conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of conducting, the content and subject of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of movement.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (informative excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common cognitive excursion (previously called educational), almost all methods are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used for conducting an individual excursion), the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and answers to the questions of the tourists will be optimal.

In an excursion-game, most often conducted for younger students, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, a panoramic display, the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help to keep the attention of children.

During an excursion-walk, in order to keep the attention of children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, sightseers are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause often and for a long time, because of which the concentration of attention is weakened.

In adult groups, in addition to the main show and a more detailed story, the methods of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and the reception of comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on their mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the place of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the methods of comparison, reporting, problem situation, panoramic display.

In museum excursions with the use of expositions, the best will be a combination of display and story techniques, a technique for mentally creating a historical background, a personification technique, and an explanation technique.

When conducting a thematic tour in an open-air museum, the methods of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, abstraction techniques, reporting, and the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of a particular exhibit will be optimal.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the mode of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum tour.

Regarding the bus tour with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed that regulate boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, exiting the bus. The best techniques when driving on the bus: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the "guide's briefcase", the reception of comments and the techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. Walking tours use the techniques of preliminary inspection, detailed display and comments, comparison technique, abstraction technique, participation technique, personification technique.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its subject matter. In sightseeing city tours, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all the techniques, but the best are the techniques of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example, in a natural park, it is advisable to use the method of the main display, the method of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, the reception of a problem situation, the reception of the main show, the reception of complicity, the reception of a report will bring success. The religious tour will be more effective using the techniques of the main show and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the method of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell a story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the sightseers on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production excursion is, first of all, a reportage technique, a participation technique, a main show technique, a problem situation technique, a discussion technique. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical tour, one cannot do without the use of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, the use of abstraction, the use of reporting, and the use of participation.

Features of displaying objects along the bus without stops and exits from the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from the place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city limits) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide's story is conducted directly during the movement. Showing objects in the direction of travel should be prepared in advance. The guide can first give a brief description of the object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly “wraps around” it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance to the appearance of the object of interest and its location.

1. “Peter I stopped in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right in the direction of the bus you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian Tsar during his short stay in our city.
2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. Ahead, in the direction of the bus, you can see the mainstream of the Volga, and the bridge on which we pass is one of the 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of a well-known St. Petersburg architect.
3. “In a few minutes we will drive up to the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space.”

panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex from a high point is the decoration of the tour. Panoramic display can serve as a bright start to the tour, be its climax or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you see and hear. It is advisable to give the tourists the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic show (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation platform in the mountains to the picturesque foothills, city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. In excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; most of Moscow is perfectly visible from the observation deck of the Ostankino tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

1. Panoramic display before the start of the tour (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “In front of you is a Volga city surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. The largest temple with a high bell tower is the cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The building of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard, which is viewed from a height. To the right of the cathedral you can see the old bridge across the Volga. It is 3.5 km long and is one of the largest bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains, new sleeping areas are located, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We get on the bus and continue our journey.
2. Panoramic display as a climax: “We got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. See the temple on the left? This is the cathedral you were looking at. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, on which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit the open-air ethnographic museum.”
3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the tour: “In front of you is a city, the journey through which we have already completed. Now from a height you can once again see all the memorable places about which you learned a lot. If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum tour. When conducting a museum tour, most of the main methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.

The guide meets the group who came to the museum at a place specially allocated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the tour and leads the group along to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the theme of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum excursion, the group should be briefed (no more than 2-3 minutes) about the history of the creation of the museum, recall the rules of conduct in halls with a lot of glass cases and fragile objects. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the tour, standing half-turned to the showcase or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most sightseers will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the tour, the results are summed up, information is provided on the other halls of the museum, where tourists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the participants of the tour and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional teaching methods. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a quality learning process and a pleasant time.

1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the tour with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest caused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the excursionists.
2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the tour. Innovative moments bring a special flavor to the tour, enhance the visual impact on the participants of the tour. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the tour. Active actions help tourists to improve the process of cognition of new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be given the opportunity to find any artifacts, objects of study on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (ornamental stones, gems);

o herbarium items (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to be taken with you, if this does not harm the monument.

4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the tour process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, a guide may suggest that group members recall the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can invite the tourists to determine what architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions can be offered along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think, according to what principle was the name of the Russian city most often given:

o by the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

o by the name of the river on which the city is founded?

Of course, the guide must not only reasonably prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and such cities as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc. can serve as examples.

5. Inclusion of elements of the conversation in the excursion. The guide, who got acquainted with the group, during the tour can include elements of a conversation in it, activating the attention of the group and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group arrived in the northern city from the Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or find out from the guests what especially surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. . The counter interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the tour, leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the tour- participation in a folk festival, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have long been included in tourism and, as it were, turn participants in educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the tour and on the formation of a general impression of the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests get to see a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or several participants of the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching the stunt fight, taking pictures with the participants of the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Similar theatricalizations are successfully held in the Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Local Lore, guests will certainly be greeted by a beauty in the costume of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abbreviated version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic tour of the ancient history of the region.