Information about the city. Panorama Susaninskaya Square
Address: Russia, Kostroma
Start of construction: 1781 year
Completion of construction: 1784 year
Coordinates: 57 ° 46′4.4 ″ N 40 ° 55′37.5 ″ E
Architect: Karl von Claire
The central square of the city is interesting in that it has preserved an integral architectural ensemble, consisting of buildings built at the beginning of the 19th century. Borshchev's house, fire tower, guardhouse and public places perfectly fit into the spatial perspective and perfectly harmonize with each other. In addition, the main square of Kostroma is a favorite place for walks for city residents and tourists who come here.
View of Susaninskaya Square from Sverdlova Street
How Susaninskaya Square was created
The history of the square, named after the Kostroma peasant, has more than 230 years. It began to be built after the adoption of the general urban planning plan in the city - in the 80s of the 18th century. It was during the reign of Empress Catherine II, and it is not surprising that the new Kostroma Square was immediately named Catherine Square.
According to the original plan, the area was supposed to be made semicircular, but later it acquired the shape of a polyhedron. In 1823 the square was covered with cobblestones. And in 1835, by the decision of Emperor Nicholas I, it was renamed into Susaninskaya. Today this part of the city consists of a large public garden located in front of Gostiny Dvor, and the square itself, from which the streets radiate out like rays throughout the city.
Fire Tower
City architect Pyotr Ivanovich Fursov became the author of the tallest building in the central square of Kostroma - the fire tower. Today it is rightfully considered one of the city's visiting cards.
Fire tower on Susaninskaya square
The tower was built in the style of mature classicism in the late 1820s. According to the plan of the then governor K.I. Baumgarten needed a tall building both to decorate the main square and to alert residents in the event of a fire. The two-story base of the watchtower turned out to be so spacious that all the necessary divisions of the city fire service were freely located in it.
At the top of the tower, as if "growing" from the main building, a beautiful lantern with a balcony was erected. When, in the mid-1830s, Emperor Nicholas I, who was passing through Kostroma, publicly expressed his admiration for the tower, it was considered the best in the Russian province. Almost all the time the building of the fire tower was used for its intended purpose. And only recently it was transferred to the city museum, and there are expositions that tell about the history of firefighting in Russia.
Guardhouse on Susaninskaya Square
Guardhouse
On the right side of the watchtower there is an unusual building, which in previous years housed a guardhouse. It was erected in the mid-1820s to replace a dilapidated wooden structure. Kostroma Architect P.I. Fursov, a recognized master of the Empire style, created the building extremely magnificent for the places of detention of the guilty. True, it was not ordinary soldiers who served their sentences here, but only noble officers. Therefore, the deliberate solemnity of the facades of the "military prison" turned out to be quite appropriate.
Today, the guardhouse building is given to the city museum, and military-historical collections are exhibited in its halls. Here you can see rare exhibits from the 12th century to the present day: ancient weapons, ammunition, maps of military campaigns and personal belongings of soldiers.
Borshchov's mansion
Perhaps the most representative building overlooking Susaninskaya Square is a large classical mansion, which is more like a palace in its dimensions. It is called Borshchev's house.
Borshchov's mansion on Susaninskaya square
The exact date of the construction of the mansion has not been preserved. Some historians say that it was erected in 1824, others claim that it happened 6 years later. The architect who prepared the project of the building is also unknown. It could have been N.I. Metlin, and P.I. Fursov.
The owner of the mansion was the famous Kostroma, Senator and Lieutenant General Sergei Semenovich Borshchov. He came from a noble family of nobles who served at the royal court for several centuries. In 1817, Borshchov resigned and decided to build a stone house for himself instead of the old mansion. Construction began in 1819 with the first wing. And then they built the whole large building as a whole.
The facade of the central part of the magnificent mansion is decorated with eight austere columns and a portico. And its side parts have two floors. Among the famous guests, Tsar Nicholas I and the future Emperor Alexander II visited the house. Poets also came here - Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky and Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov.
Public places on Susaninskaya Square
Official places
For a long time, the city did not have a separate place to house the provincial authorities. Due to frequent fires, the administrative services found shelter either within the walls of the Epiphany Monastery or in the Trading Rows. And, finally, at the beginning of the 19th century in the center of Kostroma, a special building of Public Places was built, the design of which was carried out by the provincial architect Nikolai Ivanovich Metlin.
The facade of the house, built in the style of classicism, is decorated with four columns and a strict Ionic order. And the portico on which they stand is so high that arched openings were made under it especially for pedestrians. Initially, a wide white-stone staircase led to the square from the building. But during the reconstruction, which was carried out in the 1830s, this staircase was removed. Today, the offices continue to be used for their intended purpose - they are occupied by the services of the city mayor's office.
Monument to Ivan Susanin on Susaninskaya Square
Monument to Ivan Susanin
The very first monument to the savior of the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was erected in the city by order of the Russian Tsar Nicholas I. In 1851 it was created by the talented sculptor Vasily Ivanovich Demut-Malinovsky. The majestic monument, located on a high column, depicted the young king. And at the foot of the monument, a peasant was kneeling, who did not spare his life for the sovereign. At the very beginning of the 20th century, the Kostroma authorities laid out a beautiful park in front of this monument.
In 1918, the young Soviet state approved its own ideology and adopted a decree on the demolition of monuments associated with the tsar and his servants. This document became the basis for the decision of the Kostroma authorities, and the old monument was dismantled.
The monument that can be seen on the square today was erected in 1967. The 12-meter tall figure of Susanin, facing the Volga, was made by the Moscow sculptor-monumentalist Nikita Antonovich Lavinsky.
Zero Meridian at Susaninskaya Square
How to get there
The square is located in the historical center of the city, on the left bank of the Volga.
By car. The road from the capital to Kostroma takes 4.5-5 hours (346 km) and runs along the Yaroslavl highway and the M8 highway (Kholmogory). In Kostroma, cross the road bridge to the left bank of the Volga and turn left to st. Soviet, along which you can get to the square.
By train or bus. From the Yaroslavsky railway station to
Susaninskaya Square is the central square of the city of Kostroma. Arose according to the regular plan of Kostroma 1781-1784. The development of the square is an integral, exemplary of its kind, architectural ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries.
The square arose under the name Yekaterinoslavskaya according to the regular plan of Kostroma in 1781-1784. Before the fire of 1773, since 1619, the territory of the New City of the Kostroma Kremlin was located in its place, and before its construction - the urban settlement. The construction of the area was carried out at the end of the year. XVIII - 1st Thursday XIX century. Initially, the configuration of this area was conceived as a semicircular one, but when implemented, it received a "faceted" shape. In 1823 the square was paved, and in 1835 by the decree of Nicholas I it was renamed from Ekaterinoslavskaya to Susaninskaya. P.I.Sumarokov wrote in 1838: - P.I.Sumarokov "Walks in 12 provinces with historical and statistical notes in 1838" Demut-Malinovsky), around which a public garden was laid out in 1900. Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, the square was an open space of a complex shape, stretched from the south-east to the north-west. The northern semicircular part is formed by the buildings of the watchtower, the guardhouse, the hotel, the Borshchov house and the side facade of the Public Places. The central part is limited by the complexes of the Gostiny Dvor (Red Rows) and Bolshoi Flour Rows. On the southern side of the square above the ramp to the Volga in the early 1880s. the chapel of Alexander Nevsky was built in memory of Alexander II. The square was paved with cobblestones, in its very center there was a square with a monument. The empty space of the square was used to set up temporary trade pavilions. From the south, the area of the square opened to the Volga by Molochnaya Gora Street, and from the other sides of the square the main streets of the city fanned out: towards the Ipatiev Monastery - Moskovskaya Street. (formerly Mshanskaya, now Ostrovsky St.), further Konstantinovskaya (formerly Tsarevskaya, now Tekstilshchikov Ave.), Epiphany (aka Kostromskaya, now Simanovskiy St.), three-ray Eleninskaya (now Lenin St.), Pavlovskaya (Ave . Mira) and Maryinskaya (st. Shagova) streets, to the east it was connected with Voskresenskaya (now Sovetskaya) square and, gradually narrowing, passed into Kineshemskaya street. (formerly Rusin St., now Sovetskaya St.) In 1900, in front of the Public Places building, a narrow square surrounded by a cast-iron lattice was laid out, arranged so that a monument to Ivan Susanin fell into its alignment, and a transverse alley gave a passage to the gallery of the Gostiny Dvor. Dutch linden trees were planted in the park, to which 12 fir trees were added. Officially, the square was called "new", but since the money for its creation - 400 rubles - was donated by the then mayor G. H. Botnikov, the name “Botnikovsky” was assigned to him. In 1918, the destruction of the Susaninsky monument began, at the same time it was renamed into Revolution Square. In 1924, the Alexander Chapel was demolished ...
Ekaterinoslavskaya square,
Revolution square
Susaninskaya square- the central square of the city of Kostroma. Arose according to the regular plan of Kostroma 1781-1784. The development of the square is an integral, exemplary of its kind, architectural ensemble of the late 18th-19th centuries.
History
The area originated under the name Ekaterinoslavskaya according to the regular plan of Kostroma 1781-1784 Before the fire of 1773, since 1619, the territory of the New City of the Kostroma Kremlin was located in its place, and before its construction - the urban settlement. The construction of the area was carried out at the end of the year. XVIII - 1st Thursday XIX century. Initially, the configuration of this area was conceived as a semicircular one, but when implemented, it received a "faceted" shape.
In 1823 the square was paved, and in 1835 by the decree of Nicholas I it was renamed from Ekaterinoslavskaya to Susaninskaya.
In 1918, the destruction of the Susanin monument began, at the same time it was renamed into Revolution square... In 1924, the Alexander Chapel was demolished, and on a part of the square between the Red and Bolshoy Flour Rows, a sports ground was set up, and then a public garden. In 1967, a new monument to Ivan Susanin was erected in the park on the site of the chapel (sculptor N. A. Lavinsky).
The historical name was returned to the square in 1992. In 2008-2009. a large-scale reconstruction of the square was carried out: trees in the center of the square were cut down, lawns were laid, pedestrian paths were laid, elements of small architecture were laid. A temporary memorial sign has been erected at the site of the historical monument to Ivan Susanin.
Currently, the area is used for organizing city festivals. In 2009 and 2010. the operas Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina (a joint project of the New Opera and the Regional Philharmonic Society) were staged on the square. 
Buildings and constructions
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View of Susaninskaya Square before reconstruction (2005)
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The building of the former guardhouse
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House of General S. S. Borshchov
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Monument to Ivan Susanin (1967)
Transport
The radial-semi-circular layout of the historical part of Kostroma has led to the fact that a significant part of traffic flows in the center crosses Susaninskaya Square. The movement of transport on the square is organized by two streams: Sovetskaya Street - Tekstilshchikov Avenue and Simanovsky Street - Lenin Street - Mira Avenue - Shagova Street - Sverdlov Street. There are public transport stops on the square: bus, trolleybus and fixed-route taxis.
- In honor of Catherine II, the square was named Yekaterinoslavskaya. The main axis of the city planning, which runs perpendicular to the Volga embankment - Pavlovskaya Street - is named after the son, the future Emperor Paul I. Four more rayon streets were named in honor of the empress's grandchildren and granddaughters - Aleksandrovskaya, Konstantinovskaya, Mariinskaya and Yeleninskaya.
- The area in everyday life among Kostroma residents is called " frying pan».
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Links
- Bochkov V.N.
Literature
- E.V. Kudryashov The architectural ensemble of the center of Kostroma. - Kostroma, 1993 .-- 64 p .; ill.
Notes (edit)
Excerpt from Susaninskaya Square
“I think, however, that there is a basis in these condemnations as well…” said Prince Andrey, trying to fight against the influence of Speransky, which he was beginning to feel. It was unpleasant for him to agree with him in everything: he wanted to contradict. Prince Andrey, who usually spoke lightly and well, now felt the difficulty of expressing himself when speaking with Speransky. He was too interested in observing the personality of a famous person.“There may be a basis for personal ambition,” Speransky put in his word quietly.
“Partly for the state,” said Prince Andrew.
"How do you understand? ..." said Speransky, quietly dropping his eyes.
“I am an admirer of Montesquieu,” said Prince Andrew. - And his thought that le rrincipe des monarchies est l "honneur, me parait incontestable. Certains droits еt privileges de la noblesse me paraissent etre des moyens de soutenir ce sentiment. [The basis of monarchies is honor, it seems to me unquestionable. Some rights and the privileges of the nobility seem to me to be the means to maintain this feeling.]
The smile disappeared on Speransky's white face, and his physiognomy benefited a lot from this. Probably Prince Andrew's thought struck him as entertaining.
“Si vous envisagez la question sous ce point de vue, [If you look at an object like that,]” he began, pronouncing French with obvious difficulty and speaking even more slowly than Russian, but quite calmly. He said that honor, l "honneur, cannot be supported by advantages detrimental to the course of service, that honor, l" honneur, is either: the negative notion of not doing reprehensible acts, or a known source of competition for approval and rewards expressing it.
His arguments were succinct, simple and clear.
The institution that upholds this honor, the source of competition, is an institution like the Legion d "honneur [Order of the Legion of Honor] of the great emperor Napoleon, not harming but promoting the success of service, not class or court advantage.
- I do not argue, but it cannot be denied that the court advantage has achieved the same goal, - said Prince Andrey: - every courtier considers himself obliged to bear his position with dignity.
“But you didn’t want to take advantage of it, prince,” said Speransky, showing with a smile that he, an awkward argument for his interlocutor, wishes to end it with courtesy. “If you do me the honor of welcoming me on Wednesday,” he added, “after talking with Magnitsky, I will tell you what may interest you, and besides, I will have the pleasure of having a more detailed conversation with you. - He closed his eyes, bowed, and a la francaise, [in the French manner,] without saying goodbye, trying to be unnoticed, left the hall.
The first time of his stay in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrey felt his entire mentality, developed in his solitary life, completely overshadowed by those petty concerns that gripped him in St. Petersburg.
Returning home in the evening, he wrote down 4 or 5 necessary visits or rendez vous [dates] in a memorable book at the appointed hours. The mechanism of life, the order of the day such as to keep up with time everywhere, took away a large share of the very energy of life. He did not do anything, did not even think about anything and did not have time to think, but only spoke and successfully said what he had time to think over in the village.
He sometimes noticed with displeasure that it happened to him on the same day, in different societies, to repeat the same thing. But he was so busy all day long that he didn’t have time to think about the fact that he was not thinking anything.
Speransky, both in the first meeting with him at Kochubei's, and then in the middle of the house, where Speransky, having received Bolkonsky, talked to him for a long time and trustingly, made a strong impression on Prince Andrey.
Prince Andrey considered such a huge number of people to be despicable and insignificant creatures, so he wanted to find in another a living ideal of the perfection to which he aspired, that he easily believed that in Speranskoye he had found this ideal of a completely reasonable and virtuous person. If Speransky was from the same society from which Prince Andrey was, the same upbringing and moral habits, then Bolkonsky would soon have found his weak, human, non-heroic sides, but now this logical mindset, strange for him, inspired him all the more respect that he did not quite understand him. In addition, Speransky, whether because he appreciated the abilities of Prince Andrei, or because he found it necessary to acquire him for himself, Speransky flirted before Prince Andrei with his impartial, calm mind and flattered Prince Andrei with that subtle flattery, combined with arrogance, which consists in tacit recognition his interlocutor with himself is the only person who is able to understand all the stupidity of everyone else, and the rationality and depth of his thoughts.
During their long conversation in the middle of the evening, Speransky said more than once: "We look at everything that goes beyond the general level of an ingrained habit ..." or with a smile: "But we want the wolves to be fed and the sheep safe ..." or : "They cannot understand this ..." and everything with such an expression that said: "We: you and me, we understand what they are and who we are."
This first, long conversation with Speransky only intensified in Prince Andrei the feeling with which he first saw Speransky. He saw in him a reasonable, strictly thinking, enormous mind of a man who, with energy and persistence, had attained power and was using it only for the good of Russia. In the eyes of Prince Andrey, Speransky was precisely that person who rationally explains all the phenomena of life, recognizes only that which is reasonable as valid, and who knows how to apply the standard of rationality to everything, which he himself so wanted to be. Everything seemed so simple, clear in Speransky's presentation that Prince Andrei involuntarily agreed with him in everything. If he objected and argued, it was only because he wanted to be independent on purpose and not completely obey Speransky's opinions. Everything was so, everything was fine, but one thing embarrassed Prince Andrei: it was Speransky's cold, mirrored gaze, not letting into his soul, and his white, gentle hand, which Prince Andrei involuntarily looked at, as people usually look at. with power. For some reason, the mirrored look and this gentle hand irritated Prince Andrew. Prince Andrey was unpleasantly struck by the still too great contempt for people, which he noticed in Speransky, and the variety of methods in the evidence that he cited in support of his opinions. He used all possible instruments of thought, excluding comparisons, and too boldly, as it seemed to Prince Andrew, passed from one to another. Either he stood on the basis of a practical figure and condemned dreamers, then on the basis of a satirist and ironically laughed at his opponents, then he became strictly logical, then suddenly he rose into the field of metaphysics. (He especially often used this last instrument of proof.) He transferred the question to metaphysical heights, passed on to the definitions of space, time, thought, and, bringing forth refutations from there, again descended to the ground of controversy.
In general, the main feature of Speransky's mind, which struck Prince Andrei, was an undoubted, unshakable faith in the strength and legitimacy of the mind. It was evident that Speransky could never have thought of that usual idea for Prince Andrei that it was impossible to express everything that you think, and there never came a doubt that all that I was thinking and all that was nonsense. what do I believe in? And this particular mentality of Speransky most of all attracted Prince Andrei.
At the first time of his acquaintance with Speransky, Prince Andrey had a passionate sense of admiration for him, similar to that which he once experienced for Bonaparte. The fact that Speransky was the son of a priest, who could have been stupid people, as many did, went to despise as a couturier and priest, forced Prince Andrei to treat his feelings for Speransky with particular care, and unconsciously strengthen it in himself.
Some of the survey participants did not grasp the meaning of the proposed discarding of the last letter "o" in the name Parfenevo. The ancient fortress city on It Parfenyev (sometimes its name was still written Parfentiev), in the 18th century it was demoted from city to posad (posad - something between a city and a village). After the resolution and posad Parfeniev began to be listed as a village and its name accordingly became Parfenevo. Of the cities that were previously part of the Kostroma province, the same fate befell the city of Varnavin, which was renamed the village of Varnavin.
At first glance, it all seems like a trifle, but if you think about it - it's not a trifle. It is necessary to return the status of a settlement to the ancient settlement (or, even better, restore it as a city) and with good reason to restore then the original masculine gender of its name - Parfeniev. Such a restoration happened recently not so far from us - on the Upper Volga, when, at the request of local residents, the ancient town of Myshkin, which had been called the village of Myshkino for a long time, regained its original form of name.
The overwhelming majority of respondents supported the idea of restoring the names of Svyatoye Lake and Svyatoye Village, only a few people expressed the opinion that this would be disrespectful towards N.A. Nekrasov. What can be said in defense of these old place names in the vicinity of Kostroma?
Firstly, these are truly sacred places for any cultured person; on the scale of our region, they play about the same role as the Kulikovo field for our entire Fatherland. The shores of the Holy Lake keep the memory of two important events in our military history; battles with the Tatars in 1263 and with the Poles in 1609. Before the resolution, there were two chapels near the lake - monuments to those who fell in these battles. Only one chapel has come down to us, the other was destroyed already in the post-war period.
Secondly, the renaming of both the lake and the settlement on its shore at the beginning of 1923, formally due to the anniversary of N.A. Nekrasov, actually had the goal of removing another "religious" name near the city itself. The name of the great Russian poet was chosen by chance; referred to the fact that Nekrasov, indeed, repeatedly passed through Svyatoe on the way from Greshnev to Kostroma and back. But according to the old Yaroslavl ("meadow" - as it was called) tract, whoever did not pass through the Sacred in the past: most of the Decembrists, and A.N. Ostrovsky, and N.G. Chernyshevsky, and Nicholas I, etc. So that the restoration of the names of the Sacred Lake and the Sacred Seltsy cannot humiliate Nekrasov in any way.
Thirdly, when restoring the historical name of the lake, it should be taken into account that this lake is practically the only one of a number of ancient lakes that were located in the 50s near Kostroma (Velikoe, Borisovo, etc.), so-called ... "Kostroma sea".
Many of those who answered the questionnaire, having come to the names "Bukharino" and "Zinovyevo", decided that it was a question of restoring the names born in the 1920s. Of course, this is not so: both Bukharino and Zinovyevo are old Russian names. They were renamed, as it was written above, either by misunderstanding, or for reinsurance. Bukharino is an ancient settlement in the vicinity of Parfenyev (recently, for example, a local historian M.N. Solovyova donated her work "Bukharin's similar hut 1621-1753" to the regional branch of the Cultural Fund, in which she examines the documents of the XVII XVIII centuries).
Zinoviev is an old village in the vicinity of Kostroma, a noble estate in Zinoviev belonged at the beginning of the 19th century to the famous Russian general P.Ya. Kornilov, who played a prominent role in the Patriotic War of 1812. The estate in Zinoviev perished after the resolution, and the nearby church and cemetery were destroyed. Only a lime park and a small stone outbuilding remained from the once remarkable estate. In autumn 1989, a memorial sign in honor of P.Ya. Kornilov was unveiled in this park.
Of course, the names Bukharino and Zinovyevo need to be returned, especially since the locals still call them that: the Voroshilov and Kirovo, launched from above, did not take root.
The questionnaire of the Cultural Foundation suggests discussing the issue of restoring a number of historical names in the city of Kostroma.
Sculptures in the central park between the Flour and Red rows.
Let's take our old central square - this wonderful example of an ensemble of architectural monuments of the 18th-19th centuries. Appearing during the redevelopment of Kostroma at the end of the 18th century, it was originally called Yekaterinoslavskaya, and since 1842, from the moment the monument to Susanin was laid on it, it was called Susaninskaya square. The square had this name for 76 years - until 1918, when it was renamed into Revolution Square.
The renaming of the square took place simultaneously with the partial destruction of the monument to Susanin. In the summer of 1918, the entire upper part of the monument was demolished - a column with a bust of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and a figure of Ivan Susanin kneeling at the foot of the column. The column was buried in the square, and the bronze figures of the young Romanov and Susanin, according to some sources, were drowned in the Volga, according to others - as if they were buried somewhere, according to the third - they were melted down. The rest of the monument for another 14 years - until it was broken into rubble - was used to install posters and portraits of the leaders.
Those who object to the restoration of the old name say that the square rightfully bears its current name, since the main events of the revolutionary history of Kostroma are associated with it. This, of course, is the case, although most of the meetings and demonstrations of 1917-1918. took place on Voskresenskaya Square (now Soviet). The revolutionary events, of course, could not escape Susaninskaya Square, but after all, the entire official life of Kostroma took place here, here the entire 19th and early 20th centuries. they met and saw off the military units leaving for the war, all kinds of ceremonies were held here, trading life was in full swing here, etc.
It was said above that the name "Resolution Square" has long turned into a stamp, a stencil, a common place for almost every city. In addition to Kostroma, in our region, the central squares are also called in Galich, and in Chukhloma, and in Makariev, and in Bui; from neighboring cities to our region - in Vologda, Ivanovo, Kineshma, Ples. For a long time this name does not "work" in any way, but simply serves as a definite topographic reference point. In addition, in Kostroma there is another square with a synonymous name - Oktyabrskaya.
The old name - Susaninskaya Square - is original - it is specifically Kostroma, there was no such name anywhere else. Official in origin, it is close to popular names and is almost modern to the emergence of the very architectural ensemble of the square.
Renaming the square - no matter how it was presented - was an act of disrespect for the memory of Ivan Susanin, the national hero of Russia, an act of disrespect for our history. Some answers to the questionnaire say that the name "Susaninskaya Square" could be restored if the old monument to Susanin by V.I.Demut-Malinovsky was restored on it. Perhaps, over time, this will be done, but there is also a monument to I. Susanin next to the square, so the return of the old name will be justified in this sense as well.
Or another old square of Kostroma - Sennaya, relatively recently, in 1967, renamed into Peace Square. The toponym "Sennaya Ploschad" in the past was an obligatory part of the names of every more or less large Russian city. There was Sennaya Square in St. Petersburg (now, like ours, called Peace Square, and now the question of restoring its historical name is being resolved), in Yaroslavl (now - Truda Square), in Nizhny Novgorod (in this city, Sennaya Square was preserved under by its name, but this seems to be the only case in Russia).
The old name of the Kostroma Sennaya Square, popular in origin, was associated with the hay trade on the square, with the hay rows that existed here, with the old bazaars; it keeps the memory of the history of this corner of Kostroma. The name is purely Russian, reminiscent of many things. And with what can the name remind us - Peace Square? Why exactly "Mira"? Because Mira Avenue is nearby? So, in the last seven decades, it has changed its name four times: st. Pavlovskaya, st. Lunacharsky, Stalin Avenue, Mira Avenue. Or - because of the rather mediocre monument of Glory, which is now located on the square? What if he was not on Peace Square, but on Sennaya Square, would we begin to treat the memory of the dead or the cause of protecting peace worse? Of course not. As it was written above, the current typically official and falsely solemn name appeared when they began to create a new social and administrative center of the city and were ashamed of the old name - too simple-minded and apolitical. This name - Sennaya Ploschad - must be returned, of course.
As soon as there is a talk about the restoration of old names in Kostroma, the first is always called Nizhnyaya Debrya Street, which for seven decades has been known as st. Cooperation. The formal reason for such a renaming was the fact that cooperative organizations were located on this street, but there were other institutions on it, even the revolutionary history of Kostroma is connected with it, so the choice of a new street name was casual and formal, any other could have been taken instead. ...
But the name "Lower Debrya" is a unique name that goes deep into the history of the city. "Debrya" is the old Russian name for a lowland overgrown with a forest (Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries, M., 1977 vol. 4. - P. 197). This area is indeed located in the lowland, there was once a forest here , and then - part of the Kostroma posad. The name is also associated with literature, let us recall the novel by Vs. N. Ivanova "On the Lower Debra", perhaps the most "Kostroma" of all the fiction books written about our city.
Almost all the participants in the questionnaire supported the return of this old name (only a few names mentioned in the questionnaire met with such unanimous support).
And I would also like to note that for decades the very idea of the cooperative movement was perverted and vulgarized in our country, but we did have a street in his honor. So, maybe now, when cooperation, although with difficulty, but really enters into a mess of life, it's time to return the Lower Debrew?
The second oldest street in Kostroma is Mshanskaya (now Ostrovsky). The emergence of this name refers to the period no later than the 16th century, and probably much earlier. There was a time when this street was renamed Moskovskaya (since the road to Moscow through Kostromka and along the "meadow" tract - in the direction of Yaroslavl) ran along it, but the Kostroma residents continued to call it Mshanskaya. In 1923, the street was renamed into Trudovaya shkola street, and in 1948, in connection with the 125th anniversary of the birth of A. N. Ostrovsky, it was named Ostrovsky street. Formally, they honored the memory of the great writer, but Ostrovsky hardly needs such veneration. Let me remind you that before the resolution on the same street (in the building where the puppet theater is now located) there was a public reading room named after A. N. Ostrovsky, which was abolished immediately after the revolution. This is an example of a respectful, serious attitude to the memory of a classic, when his name gets a center of culture. And Ostrovsky Street is formal, for show. On Mshanskaya Ostrovsky never lived, there is nothing connected with his name on this street, with the same success it could be called any other street of our old city
The proposal to restore the historical name of the street (either from the fact that moss was once mined here, or from the fact that it was sold here) aroused many objections among the survey participants. It again speaks of a possible disrespect for the memory of the playwright. But I think that we should revive respect for the memory of Ostrovsky real, and not ostentatious, in the form of formal anniversaries. In the 30s, the Church of the Annunciation was half destroyed in Kostroma (Sverdlova st., 24), which was built, in which A. N. Ostrovsky's grandfather, Archpriest F. I. Ostrovsky, served for many years (and in it he baptized his children). Until now, a bakery is located in the disfigured building of the church. The house of A.N. Ostrovsky's uncle, archpriest P.F. Ostrovsky, one of the greatest historians of Kostroma, is in an extremely serious condition. Several years ago, there were already talks about the explosion of this house (86 Gornaya st.). It can be recalled that in July 1934, in our visit to the Kremlin, the Epiphany Winter Cathedral was blown up, in which, in recognition of his special merits, P.F. Ostrovsky was buried. And, finally, the current history of construction in the very immediate vicinity of Shchelykovo, 8 kilometers from the grave of A.N. Ostrovsky, a large chemical production ...
It is unlikely in the light of these facts that we can say that the restoration of old Russian names can cause at least some damage to the memory of Ostrovsky.
And the third oldest street in Kostroma is Rusin. In documents that have come down to us, this street is mentioned at the beginning of the 17th century, the name most likely comes from the old Russian male name - "Rusin". This street retained its name for several centuries (there was a period when it was renamed into Kineshemskaya street, but then returned to its original name). In 1918, on the first anniversary of the October Revolution, the street was renamed into st. Sovetskaya (Voskresenskaya Square was also called Sovetskaya at the same time). The name of this street has never been mentioned in any proposal to restore the old names. They feared that the official authorities would regard this as an attempt on Soviet power. But now we can calmly and publicly decide which of the two names is closer to us - the old, somewhat mysterious, and, moreover, the only one in Russia - Rusina, or - Sovetskaya, one of the thousands of Soviet streets in the Soviet Union ...
In the answers to the questionnaire, almost no one spoke out for the current name of the street: half of the respondents supported the restoration of Rusina Street, while others, not objecting in principle, believe that no one will go for it. Some replies include proposals to restore the name of Rusina Street only within its historical boundaries - up to October Square. It is reasonable.
A few more old names, the question of the return of which is being raised by the cultural fund.
Voykov street. Before the resolution, it was Zhokhovsky lane, so called after the estate of the old noble family of the Zhokhovs (the main house of this estate still exists today - Voikova St., 6). One of the ancestors of the Zhokhov family was the boyar Ivan Rodionovich, nicknamed Kvashnya, who was in 1380 on the Kulikovo field a voivode of the regiment, which included the detachments of the Kostroma residents. Of the late Zhokhovs, A.N. Zhokhov, a researcher of the Arctic, is known (the island of Zhokhov in the East Siberian Sea is named in his honor). This sacred memory of history alone should protect and justify for us the need to return the historical name. P.L. Voikov, the Soviet plenipotentiary, killed in 1927 in Warsaw by a Russian emigrant in revenge for his involvement in the execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg in 1918 has nothing to do with Kostroma. There are enough Voikov streets in our country; they are found in almost every city. Zhokhovsky lane was the only one in the whole of Russia.
Tereshkova street. Her old name is Brick Lane (also called Kirpichnaya Street). At first glance, this name is akin to the names: Stroitelnaya, Silikatnaya, etc. But in reality, something ancient is reflected here, leading into the history of Kostroma: the memory of the ancient Kirpichnaya Sloboda that existed here, the memory of the famous Kostroma "brick craftsmen" in the past. Of course, V.V. Tereshkova is a highly respectable person, but the first woman-cosmonaut has nothing to do with Kostroma, and even more so with Kirpichny Lane.
And one more old, going down to the Church of the Resurrection-on-Debre, a small street. Since 1925, it has been called Osypnaya, and why, it is even difficult to guess. The historical name of this street - Rukavishnikovsky lane - comes either from the name of the merchants Rukavishnikovs, who once lived here, or from artisans who made mittens. In any case, given the particular importance of this entire historical area around the ancient Kostroma church, Rukavishnikovsky lane must be restored.
It is also necessary to return the old name of the Museum Lane crossing the current Osypnaya Street. Its historical name is Voskresensky (after the Church of the Resurrection-on-Debre). In 1925 he was named the Firefighter, and in 1938 - the Museum, apparently in connection with the plans to set up a museum in the closed church of the Resurrection. But, as you know, instead of a museum, the Church of the Resurrection was turned into a warehouse, the nearby winter Church of the Sign was half destroyed, and the bell tower was completely destroyed. Only after the war was the Church of the Resurrection-on-Debra reopened and gradually recovered from the defeat, and in the coming years, undoubtedly, the question of restoring the Church of the Sign will be resolved. In this connection, it would be logical to restore the old name - Voskresensky Lane.
It is also necessary to resolve the issue of restoring names in the historical part of Kostroma, perhaps not so original and distinctive, but ancient, strongly associated with the history of the city.
If you can somehow understand the logic of those who turned Nizhnaya Debru into Kooperatsia Street, then the appearance of Tchaikovsky Street in Kostroma is just a classic example of arbitrariness. “The religious name of this street - Ilyinskaya, or Ilyinka - was removed in 1925, renaming it Boulevard. Meanwhile, the old name was firmly "tied" to the history of Kostroma. It goes back to the Church of Elijah the Prophet, which stood here, near the Kremlin, at least since the 16th century. It was said above that the liquidation of "religious" streets was almost always accompanied by the destruction of the churches associated with them. They did exactly the same here: a few years after the street was renamed Ilyinskaya Church, an architectural monument of the 17th-19th centuries. was two-thirds destroyed, only the refectory and the lower part of the bell tower remained from it (Sovetskaya st., 4; now this building is supposed to house a center for social services for the lonely and elderly). In 1940, the 100th anniversary of the birth of PI Tchaikovsky was celebrated, and the street was renamed in honor of the great composer. Of course, PI Tchaikovsky never visited Kostroma, there was nothing on this street connected with music. They chose her, apparently, because there was a directive - to celebrate the anniversary; renaming for this reason has already become the norm. It was impossible to change any other name in the center, where political names prevailed, so the choice fell on Boulevard Street. Celebrate then, and a short period of Soviet-German friendship, Beethoven's jubilee, could also be called Beethoven Street. The old Ilyinskaya street must be pulled by the city.
Peasant Street. It has existed since 1925, and before that it was Borisoglebsky Lane, along the Church of Boris and Gleb, which stood at its end, at the corner with Muravyovka, since at least the 16th century. The wooden stone church built on the site - the most remarkable architectural monument of the early 19th century - was completely destroyed a few years after the alley was renamed.
The third example is Gornaya Street, which runs parallel to Krestyanskaya Street. This is the former Bogoslovsky lane, along the Church of St. John the Evangelist "on Kadkina Gora" (17th-19th centuries), which, fortunately, was only partially destroyed (now this building houses a planetarium). A.F. Pisemsky (house 7) lived in Bogoslovsky Lane, and the above-mentioned historian P.F. Ostrovsky (house 86), A.N. Ostrovsky's uncle, who Ostrovsky himself visited more than once, lived here. This whole small street, which has preserved its old layout and old buildings, is a real museum, so the historical name will return to it naturally and logically.
In support of our proposals, we note that several "religious" names have survived in Kostroma: Pyatnitskaya, Lavrovskaya, Ivanovskaya ... And since the world has not turned upside down because of this, it will not turn upside down if we now restore Ilyinskaya Street together with Bogoslovsky and Borisoglebsky side streets ...
Along with squares, streets and lanes, a number of other objects need to be returned to their historical names.
The pond at the intersection of Shagova and Dolmatova streets is now colloquially called "Dolmatovsky", but this pond also has a historical name - "Kozmodemyansky", given to the church of Kozma and Demyan that stood here since antiquity and was destroyed in the early 30s " in the Blacksmiths "(now on the site of the church there is a so-called" house of specialists "). Why not officially restore this historical name of the last pond in the central part of Kostroma? Moreover, no one seems to have canceled it ?!
Recently, mainly in connection with the City Day, a square called "the square opposite the city executive committee" has flashed in official papers. But this rather old Kostroma square also has its own historical name - "Botnikovsky". It received the name by the name of the initiator of its creation - G.N. Botnikov, who was the mayor of Kostroma and a deputy of the State Duma in the pre-revolutionary period. Since the square did not have any other name, why not remember the old one? Will it spoil the center of Kostroma? After all, the ancient merchant surname of the Botnikovs (known at least since the beginning of the 17th century) is an integral part of the history of Kostroma.
At the intersection of Sovetskaya and Tchaikovskogo streets is the Tsentralnaya hotel, an architectural monument of the 18th-20th centuries. Everything seems to be logical - the hotel is really located in the center. But, firstly, it is not the only one in the center, and, secondly, we know that from about the middle of the 19th century and up to the revolution, this hotel was called the “Old Court”. It is clear that at one time this rather sonorous and beautiful name was “out of place”, but what prevents it from being restored now, instead of the current bureaucratic name “Central”? This idea was supported by almost all respondents to the questionnaire of the Culture Fund.
Close to the old hotel adjoins the first Kostroma cinema, which was named "Palais Theater" when it opened in 1913 ("palais" means palace in French). The names of the cinemas in Russia in the 1910s-1920s, as a rule, were very bright, catchy - "Are", "Orion", "Modern", etc. The historical name of the cinema (the Kostroma people usually called it "Pale") lasted until November 1939 when it came under the campaign to eradicate names of foreign origin. Instead, the present appeared - the cinema "Khudozhestvenny". The voices of the participants in the questionnaire on the question of "Pale" were divided, but, I think, the oldest of the existing cinemas in Kostroma should return its historical name.
It is impossible not to remember about the "Chizhovskoe" school (now - the LB Krasin Chemical-Technological College), built by the will and with the funds left by FV Chizhov.
(1811-1877) was a native of Kostroma, a professor at St. Petersburg University, an encyclopedically educated person, the author of many articles and books. For participation in the liberation movement of the Slavic peoples of the then Austria-Hungary, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and later exiled. After the death of Nicholas 1, FV Chizhov was released from exile and took an active part in the development of Russian industry and the construction of railways. Chizhov was one of the leaders in the construction of the railway that Kostroma residents still use today - Moscow-Yaroslavl. Before his death, F.V. Chizhov bequeathed his fortune to the cause of enlightenment in his native Kostroma province. At the end of the last century, at the end of the last century, five large schools for that time were opened in our province: two - lower and secondary technical - in Kostroma, and one each in Makaryev, Kologriv and Chukhloma. All of them received the name of F.V. Chizhov.
The posthumous fate of everything connected with the memory of Fyodor Vasilievich Chizhov is characteristic in its own way. Chizhov was buried in Moscow, at the cemetery of the Danilov Monastery (near the grave of Nikolai Gogol, with whom he was close in his youth). As you know, this cemetery was liquidated after the closure of the monastery. In the Kostroma Territory, the name of Chizhov was removed from all educational institutions based on his funds, and in the Kostroma Chizhov School, a painting depicting FV Chizhov working at an anvil was destroyed, and a bust of Chizhov was broken. In 1927 the school was named after LB Krasin.
Now the Danilov Monastery has been revived; a small chapel has been erected on the territory of the devastated monastery cemetery in memory of all those buried there. In our homeland of F.V. Chizhov, the best monument to him would be the restoration of the old name of the school - named after F.V. Chizhov. Some of the respondents and many veterans of the school object, believing that this will belittle LB Krasin.
But is it? First, LB Krasin, a truly outstanding leader of the revolutionary movement in Russia, has nothing to do with the old Chizhov school. The assignment of his name to the school was a matter of chance, they could choose the name of Krasin, they could have someone else. Secondly, the plant named after I. LB Krasina (former workshops of the Chizhovsky school). And in general, the memory of L.B. Krasin in our country, judging by the number of streets, institutions and enterprises bearing his name, is far from humiliated. But the memory of F.V. Chizhov, an outstanding figure of Russian culture of the 19th century, was desecrated, and even in his homeland. This is a fact; this must be understood.
After all, the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow could have been renamed in due time, for example, to the A.V. Lunacharsky Gallery, and now imagine that now the public would propose to restore justice, and they would object that although Lunacharsky has no direct relationship to the gallery had, but he patronized art and was generally a very good person. The situation with the Chizhovsky school is about the same.
The centenary of the opening of the school is approaching, really by this time the name of F.V. Chizhov will not take its rightful place in the name of the educational institution founded by his will?
Back in the middle of the century, Kostroma was surrounded by a ring of settlements: Kirpichnaya, Gasheeva, Yamskaya, Spasskaya and Nikolskaya beyond the Volga, Ipatievskaya and Andreevskaya beyond the Kostroma River, Tatarskaya Sloboda beyond the Black River, etc. These settlements in the XVIII-XIX centuries, one after another entered the city limits , but the memory of them was kept by the names of the streets: Yamskaya Street - about Yamskaya Sloboda, Gasheeva - about Gasheeva, Kirpichny Lane - about Kirpichnaya, etc. Trudovaya, Andreevskaya - to Rabochaya, to Spaso-Nikolskaya, located beyond the Volga - to the Metallistov settlement.
Church of St. John the Evangelist in Ipatievskaya Sloboda
The Cultural Foundation's questionnaire suggests restoring the historical name - "". This proposal was supported by all participants in the questionnaire. Of course, the name "Trudovaya" should be removed from the ancient monastery settlement. Sloboda is included in the protected zone, on its territory there are "exhibits" of the museum-reserve - the wooden church of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin of the 16th century, a wonderful monument of architecture of the 17th century - the Church of St. The entire settlement, together with the Ipatiev Monastery, forms a single ensemble, and therefore the restoration of its name - Ipatievskaya - is logical and natural.
In some oral responses to the questionnaire, the very introduction of the question of the fate of certain names (such as, for example, Revolution Square), was extremely negatively assessed. At the same time, it was said about the inadmissibility of "encroaching on shrines" and "destroying everything that was." Such opinions cannot be ignored. But what can you say to this? First, to discuss - publicly and democratically - does not mean “encroach on sacred things”. And secondly, our state has now proclaimed and is pursuing a course towards de-ideologization and de-politicization of interstate relations in the international arena. The same policy of tolerance, humanism, open-mindedness is necessary in dealing with names. The corpus of names, of course, needs to be relieved of obviously superfluous political names. We must realize that the names are not a board of honor. No one has anything, for example, against Karl Liebknecht - an outstanding fighter against wars and militarism, but are the streets of K. Liebknecht needed in every of our regional centers?
Of course, the restoration of historical names is not an easy task. It is not easy in a purely everyday sense - after the return of the original names, people for some time experience various inconveniences, since whole generations have grown up accustomed to the current names. But, as the experience of other cities shows, the returned old names enter life surprisingly quickly. This is explained primarily by the fact that the old names are usually never forgotten at all. Few of the residents of Susanin know that earlier it was called Molvitin; the residents of the village of Ostrovskoye also remember that it was once a village. Semenovskoe-Lapotnoe. They remember in Kostroma both Nizhnaya Debryu and Susaninskaya Square, they remember the ancient names in Galich and Sudislavl ... They also say that changing names is quite an expensive matter. But nevertheless, during much leaner and poorer 70 years, there was money for countless renaming, and even with the everyday inconveniences of people, when everything around was constantly changing names, they did not even think to reckon with.
Much is now being said about national problems, about the revival of national cultures. It must be understood that the thoughtless rejection of many old Russian names is one of the forms of national humiliation of the Russian people. We will not create a truly civilized and democratic society until we cleanse our land of that “verbal rubbish” of names that K. Paustovsky wrote about. Of course, no one calls for renaming everything in Kostroma and the region and restoring all the names that were before the revolution. This is not real and not correct.
But the best of the unjustifiably lost: Molvitino, Semenovskoe-Lapotnoe, Svyatoe Lake, Mshanskaya Rusina, Nizhnaya Debrya, Susaninskaya and Senny squares, etc. - may return to us again.
The administrative center and a large river port on the banks of the Volga. It is located about 340 km from and 324 km from, 106 km from and 82 km from. Population - about 272 thousand people (2014).
Due to the fact that the city did not feel the traces of the Second World War, it was possible to preserve exactly the appearance of the old Kostroma, as it was, starting from the 18th century. Now the city is of considerable "historical" interest for tourists and is included in the famous Golden Ring of Russia.
History of Kostroma
According to legend, Kostroma was founded by Yuri Dolgoruky in 1152. Although archaeological excavations confirm earlier settlements. And the first mention in the annals already dates back to 1213. And this is due to not at all happy events. The internecine war led to the fact that Prince Constantine, in revenge on the residents who supported his brother, Vladimir Prince Yuri, burned the city. Only in 1239 it became the capital of the Kostroma principality, which left the Vladimir-Suzdal Rus. In 1272, Prince Vasily proclaimed it the capital of North-Eastern Russia. At the same time, fortified monasteries were created around the city: Ipatievsky and Nikolo-Babaevsky. And since 1364, after the unification of the lands around Moscow, Kostroma has been included in the Moscow principality, and now its entire history is connected precisely with its development.
Since Kostroma was originally a wooden city, it was subject to frequent fires, and therefore in 1419 the city was moved to an elevated place, calling it the Kremlin. It was there that the famous Assumption Cathedral, the first stone structure, was built.
Hard times came to Kostroma in troubled times. The city was devastated by the Poles, but it was here, from the Ipatiev Monastery, that False Demetrius 2 was expelled, and in 1613 Mikhail Romanov was crowned in the monastery. Since then, the city has become the royal "cradle".
Already in the 17th century, the fortifications of the Kremlin were rebuilt, and trade and craft settlements and settlements were formed around it. And by the middle of the century, Kostroma turns into the third Russian handicraft city, second only to Moscow and Yaroslavl. Textile, icon painting, silver, soap production is developing very strongly. Blacksmith and pottery are developing.
Under Peter I, Kostroma became a provincial city of the Moscow principality, and in 1744 the Kostroma diocese was formed. In 1767, Catherine II grants the city's coat of arms to Kostroma. The city is thriving.
But in 1773, a huge fire destroyed more than half of all buildings. After that, the Kremlin and the adjacent quarters had to be rebuilt. The Gostiny Dvor is also being rebuilt. Since 1778 Kostroma has been the center of the Kostroma governorship. And since 1781, by order of Catherine II, the city began to be built up according to a new plan. Shopping arcades and civil buildings were built. And in 1796 the city became the center of the Kostroma province, one of the most significant in tsarist Russia.
During the revolution, the city suffered quite badly, as a result of which the Kremlin and part of the churches were destroyed. And in 1929 the Kostroma province was abolished, and the city itself became the regional center of the Yaroslavl region. The city is developing a textile and woodworking industry. In 1941, military schools and civilians, including those from besieged Leningrad, were evacuated to Kostroma. The Kostroma region was formed already in 1944, with significant changes: the largest centers of the former Kostroma province remain in the Ivanovo region, and the north-eastern lands of the Vologda region retreat to the city.
Last changes: 12.05.2014Kostroma climate
Despite the fact that the city is not so far from Moscow, the temperature there is several degrees lower. In general, it is characterized by the usual weather inherent in the central regions: cold snowy winters and cool, often rainy summers. There are exceptions.
Last changes: 12.05.2014Attractions of Kostroma
As already mentioned, Kostroma is part of the Golden Ring of Russia. Moreover, it is of interest precisely from a historical point of view. This is, first of all, the central ensemble of the 17th - 19th centuries: round Susaninskaya square, by the local name "frying pan", from which the streets diverge in radii. It turns out according to the principle of the sun with rays. One of the most important buildings of the city is located on the square itself, its symbol is Fire Tower.
At one time it was the tallest building in the city, from which all the fires were visible. Now there is a museum that tells the history and work of the building, as well as a functioning fire station. To the right of the Fire Tower is located building of the former guardhouse, and then in a circle Borshchev's house and - office building.
Panorama of Susaninskaya Square (click on the photo to enlarge it):
Opposite the square, across Sovetskaya Street, you can see the architectural ensemble of shopping malls... They start with large rows of flour that form a circle. From the outside, it is a vaulted structure. Each arch once housed a merchant's shop, and now there are various shops. The central market of Kostroma is located inside the flour rows.
Between Flour and Red rows there is a small square with the famous monument to Ivan Susanin. From it down to the Volga, the once main street stretches: Molochnaya Gora. It was the central entrance to the city for visitors from Moscow. Along it, behind the Red Rows, there are fish rows.
The red rows are built in the same way as the Flour. Inside them are the Small Rows, which end with the Church of the Savior in the Red Rows attached to them. They ate to move along Sovetskaya Street from the center, then they follow the Red Rows. Tobacco rows, and even further - Oil rows... In all the rows there are now boutiques and retail outlets, so we can say that nothing has changed since their foundation.
Another interesting place is embankment... It originates from the famous Ostrovsky gazebos, and extends over several blocks. Walking along it, you can see how various boats, both pleasure and tourist, dock on the Volga. The gazebo is located on a high rampart - the remains of the previous structures.
Famous for its luxurious halls in the style of Petersburg palaces: large white and small gold. Now it also houses a small museum and hosts various cultural events. Both of these buildings are part of
And, of course, the highlight of the tourist program - Ipatiev Monastery... It is located on the arrow of the Volga and the river. Kostroma. Inside it is interesting to see the grand Trinity Cathedral and the Museum of the House of Romanovs. Behind the Ipatiev Monastery there is a museum of wooden architecture.
How to get to Kostroma
The city has a very developed intercity bus service: by bus you can get from Ivanov, Vladimir, Nizhny - Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Moscow. At the same time, both regular buses and fixed-route taxis go from Moscow. If you want to go by train, then only from Moscow: 148 Moscow - Kostroma, or 100 Moscow - Vladivostok. Electric trains run from Yaroslavl.
Last changes: 12.05.2014
