Detailed map of the new land. Novaya Zemlya excursion

And that same morning at 11:32 a.m. over Novaya Zemlya, at an altitude of 4000 m above the land surface, a bomb with a capacity of 50 million tons of TNT was detonated.
The light flash was so bright that, despite the continuous cloud cover, it was visible even at a distance of a thousand kilometers. The swirling giant mushroom has grown to a height of 67 km. By the time of the explosion, while the bomb was slowly falling on a huge parachute from a height of 10,500 m to the calculated detonation point, the Tu-95 carrier aircraft with the crew and its commander, Major Andrei Egorovich Durnovtsev, was already in the safe zone. The commander was returning to his airfield as a lieutenant colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union.

Slavsky and Moskalenko, being delegates to the congress, specially flew to the northern test site early in the morning on the day of the experiment to observe the preparation and implementation of the explosion. From a distance of several hundred kilometers from the epicenter, while on board an Il-14 aircraft, they saw a fantastic picture. The impression was completed by the shock wave that overtook their plane.

One of the groups of experiment participants, from a distance of 270 km from the point of explosion, saw not only a bright flash through protective dark glasses, but even felt the impact of a light pulse. In an abandoned village - 400 km from the epicenter - wooden houses were destroyed, and stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors.

Many hundreds of kilometers from the test site, as a result of the explosion, the conditions for the passage of radio waves changed for almost an hour and radio communications stopped. Those who were at the airfield Kola Peninsula near Olenya, the creators of the bomb and the leaders of the experiment, led by the Chairman of the State Commission, Major General N.I. Pavlov, for 40 minutes did not have a clear idea of ​​what happened and in what condition the crews of the carrier aircraft and the accompanying laboratory aircraft were in Tu-16. And only when the first signs of radio communication with Novaya Zemlya appeared, with command post near Olenya they asked in plain text for information about the height of the cloud. The answer was: about 60 km. It became clear that the design of the bomb did not fail.

Meanwhile, the crews of the two planes flying out on the mission, and the documentary filmmakers who were filming at other points, experienced, as circumstances dictated, the most vivid and powerful impressions. The cameramen recalled: “It’s scary to fly, one might say, astride a hydrogen bomb! What if it goes off? Although it’s on fuse, but still... And there won’t be a molecule left! There’s unbridled power in it, and what kind of it! The flight time to the target is not very long , but it drags on... We are on a combat course. The bomb bay doors are open. Behind the silhouette of the bomb is a solid cotton wool of clouds... And the bomb? Have the fuses been removed? Or will they be removed during the reset? Reset! The bomb went and sank in a gray-white mess. They immediately slammed shut shutters. The pilots in afterburner leave the drop site... Zero! Under the plane from below and somewhere in the distance, the clouds are illuminated by a powerful flash. What an illumination! Behind the hatch, a sea of ​​light simply spilled out, an ocean of light, and even layers of clouds were highlighted and revealed. .. At that moment, our plane came out between two layers of clouds, and there, in this gap, from below, a huge ball-bubble of light orange color appears! It, like Jupiter - powerful, confident, self-satisfied - slowly, silently creeps up.. Breaking through the seemingly hopeless clouds, it grew and grew larger. Behind him, as if into a funnel, the whole Earth seemed to be drawn in. The spectacle was fantastic, unreal... at least unearthly"

Invasion of polar bears on the archipelago New Earth . It is important to note that in the period from December 2018 to February 2019 near populated areas archipelago Novaya Zemlya Local residents have observed a fairly large concentration of polar bears. By decision of authorized persons, starting from February 9, 2019, on the territory of the Russian Arctic archipelago Novaya Zemlya A state of emergency was introduced. This was done due to the massive invasion of polar bears.
For example, in the vicinity of the Arctic village of Belushya Guba, 52 polar bears were observed. In addition, cases of polar bears attacking people have been recorded. Cases of polar bears entering residential and various office premises. It is worth noting that throughout the entire territory of the comfortable village of Belushya Guba archipelago Novaya Zemlya Approximately six to nine polar bears are permanent residents.
According to one famous scientist, the invasion of bears is associated both with the traditional seasonal migration of these animals and the presence of landfills with various food waste in Arctic villages.
It is noteworthy that in order to ensure safety, they began to accept necessary measures precautions. For example, reliable additional fencing was installed in local kindergartens in children's walking areas. In addition, delivery of local children to kindergartens was organized.
It is also already planned to organize a feeding area for polar bears far from the village of Belushya Guba, which will significantly protect local residents from a bear invasion.
After 10 days, namely February 19, 2019, the state of emergency in the Arctic archipelago Novaya Zemlya was canceled due to the “voluntary” departure of the bears.
Location of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago .

Russian territory Novaya Zemlya archipelago is a fairly large archipelago, which is widely spread in the waters of the Arctic Ocean, namely between the Kara Sea and the Kara Sea.
is part of the northern region of the country. in the south it is separated from Vaygach Island by the Kara Gate Strait, the width of which is approximately 50 km.
Characteristics of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago . Extensive Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists of: two fairly large islands, namely North Island and the South Island, which are separated by the narrow Matochkin Shar Strait, the width of which is approximately 2-3 km, and from many relatively small islands, of which largest island is the island of Mezhdusharsky. Northeastern tip of the North Island archipelago Novaya Zemlya Cape Flissingsky is considered. This is the easternmost point.

Length archipelago Novaya Zemlya in the direction from southwest to northeast it is 924.9 km. Northernmost point archipelago Novaya Zemlya counts east island Greater Orange Islands, and itself southern point considered the Pynin Islands of the picturesque Petukhovsky archipelago, the extreme western point is an unnamed cape, which is located on the Goose Land peninsula of the South Island, the extreme eastern point is Cape Flissingsky of the North Island.
total area archipelago Novaya Zemlya is over 83,000 km². It is worth noting that the width of the North Island reaches 123 km, and the width of the South Island is 143 km. According to the 2010 census, archipelago Novaya Zemlya There were about 3,000 inhabitants.
Northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago . Approximately half the area of ​​the North Island is occupied by glaciers. The area, which extends almost 401 km in length and up to approximately 71-74.5 km in width, contains a continuous white ice sheet covering an area of ​​approximately 20,000 km². The thickness of the ice cover here is more than 300 meters. In some places, the ice descends into picturesque fjords or drops steeply straight into the open sea, forming large ice barriers and thus giving rise to huge ice blocks - icebergs, the weight of which can sometimes reach several million tons.
Total area of ​​glaciation archipelago Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which approximately 92% is covered by glaciation and 7.9% is due to unique mountain glaciers.
On South Island Above the above-mentioned archipelago there are areas of the Czech tundra that are surprisingly charming in their beauty.
Climate of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago . On the Russian major archipelago Novaya Zemlya severe prevails, . Winter here is very cold and long strong winds and snowstorms. The speed of winter winds on the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m/s, which is why Novaya Zemlya is sometimes also called the “Land of the Winds”. Frosts on archipelago Novaya Zemlya reach −40 °C. average temperature air in the warmest month of the year - August - varies from +2.5 °C in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 °C in its southern part.
Thus, the difference in temperature between the coasts of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea exceeds approximately 5°C.
It is noteworthy that this temperature asymmetry is explained by the difference in ice conditions above mentioned seas.
On archipelago Novaya Zemlya There are many small lakes, the water in which, under the rays of the sun in the southern regions, can warm up to even +18 °C.

Map of the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.

Novaya Zemlya is an island archipelago located almost at the junction of the Barents, Kara and Pechora seas of the Arctic Ocean, approximately 50 kilometers distant to the north from Vaygach Island by the Kara Gate Strait. It is generally accepted that the islands of the archipelago received their common name“New Land” from Novgorod merchants and explorers, who considered the lands they saw across the strait to be new.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists of the two largest islands, Yuzhny and Severny, separated by the narrow Matochkin Shar Strait, as well as many small islands and rocks located nearby. Other smaller islands and island groups include the Mezhdusharsky Islands (the third largest in the archipelago), Bolshie Oransky, Petukhovsky, Pyniny, Pastukhov and Gorbov Islands.

The total area of ​​the islands of the archipelago exceeds 83 thousand square kilometers.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago belongs territorially to Russian Federation and is included administratively in the Arkhangelsk region with the status of a territorial municipal entity.

View of Severny Island from an airplane.

Story.

In ancient times, the islands of Novaya Zemlya were inhabited by representatives of unknown tribes, which belong to the Ust-Poluysk culture. The reasons that led to the decline of this tribe are not known. Scientists argue that the climate on Novaya Zemlya over the past 1000-1200 years has become much harsher than it was before.

It is believed that the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, deserted and depopulated by the 10th century, was discovered in the period of the 12th-13th centuries by Novgorod merchants and explorers, who, having reached the Yugorsky Peninsula, saw new lands in the distance beyond the Vaygach Island. This name was subsequently assigned to the islands of the archipelago.

In the summer of 1553, the Englishman Hugh Willoughby, who led an expedition sent to discover northern routes to India, he was the first European to see the islands of the archipelago.

According to the records of Hugh Willoughby, the Dutch geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator published a map in 1595 on which Novaya Zemlya was depicted as a peninsula.

The Dutch expedition of Willem Barents in 1596 rounded the Novaya Zemlya archipelago from the north, and also wintered in the Ice Harbor of the North Island.

The Frenchman Pierre-Martin de la Martiniere visited Novaya Zemlya with Danish merchants in 1653 and discovered local residents of the Samoyed tribe on the coast of the South Island, who arrived on the island in search of fur-bearing animals.

Cape Zhelaniya (Northern Island).

Russian Tsar Peter I had plans to build a fort on Novaya Zemlya in order to indicate the Russian presence in these lands.

In the period 1768-1769, the first Russian explorer and traveler Fyodor Rozmyslov visited Novaya Zemlya.

In the 19th century, Russia officially announced territorial claims to the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and began to forcibly populate them with Nenets and Pomors.

In 1910, the village of Olginsky was founded on Severny Island, which at that time became the northernmost locality V Russian Empire.

On September 17, 1954, a Soviet nuclear test site was created on the Novaya Zemlya islands. Its center was located in Belushya Guba, and it included three more sites in different places of the archipelago.

In 1961, the most powerful explosion in the history of mankind, a 58-megaton hydrogen bomb, was carried out at the Novaya Zemlya test site.

Currently, the nuclear test site on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is the only operating nuclear test site on Russian territory.

View of Mount Krusenstern.

Origin and geography of the island.

The Novaya Zemlya archipelago is quite impressive in area, so it geographical coordinates It is customary to determine by the approximate geographical center: 74°00′ N. w. 56°00′ E. d.

The islands of the archipelago stretch in a wide arc 120-140 kilometers wide from southwest to northeast for approximately 925 kilometers. The northernmost point of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is the Eastern Island as part of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost is Pynina Island as part of the Petukhovsky archipelago, the westernmost is Cape Bezymyany of the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula on Yuzhny Island, and the easternmost is Cape Flissingsky on Severny Island, which is the easternmost point of Europe.

The coastline of the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is quite winding and forms many bays and fjords that protrude deep into the land. The largest bays are considered to be on west coast- Mityushikha Bay, Krestovaya Bay, Mashigin Bay, Glazov Bay, Borzov Bay, Inostrantsev Bay, Russian Harbor and Nordenskiöld, in the east - Rusanova, Oga, Medvezhy, Neznaney and Schubert.

The relief of the islands of the archipelago is mountainous, and the shores are rocky and for the most part impregnable. Toward the central part of the islands, the height of the mountains increases. Highest point archipelago is an unnamed mountain on Severny Island, 15 kilometers south of Nordenskiöld Bay (sometimes called Krusenstern Mountain), 1547 meters above sea level. Most of Severny Island is covered with glaciers, which, going down to the coast from the mountains, can even form small icebergs.

On the South and North Islands mountainous areas Many small rivers flow into the Kara and Barents Seas. Among the lakes, it is worth noting lakes Goltsovoye, located in the southern part of Severny Island, and Gusinoye, located in the west of Yuzhny Island.

According to their origin, the islands of the archipelago are classified as mainland islands. Most likely, they were formed during the movement of continents in a period distant from us by 26 million years, and are the same age Ural mountains, a continuation of the system of which they are. There is a hypothesis that the islands (at least Yuzhny Island) until about the middle of the 16th century were a peninsula (initially it was designated as such on maps of that time), and then, when the seabed subsided in the Kara Gate Strait, it became an island. Opponents of this theory argue that the islands are part of a powerful ancient geological platform, and the likelihood of such cataclysms in this area is negligible.

The geological structure of the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago consists mainly of basalts and granites. Among the mineral resources, there are large deposits of manganese and iron ores, in addition to them there are small deposits of tin, silver and lead, as well as rare earth metals.

Lake Gusinoye (Yuzhny Island).

Climate.

The climate on the Novaya Zemlya islands is harsh; it should be classified by type as arctic. Winter here is long and quite cold, with strong gusty winds, the speed of which sometimes exceeds 40-50 meters per second. In winter, blizzards and snowfalls are also frequent. Frosts during this period can reach −40 °C. In summer, the air temperature never rises above +7 degrees.

View of the village of Belushya Guba from an airplane.

Population.

After the creation of the Soviet Union on Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site, indigenous people, which had settled here since the times of the Russian Empire, was exported to the continent. Military and technical personnel settled in the deserted villages and ensured the functioning of the test site facilities. Currently, there are only two functioning settlements on Yuzhny Island - Belushya Guba and Rogachevo; there is no permanent population on Severny Island and other islands of the archipelago.

The total population of the archipelago currently does not exceed two and a half thousand people. These are mainly meteorologists, military personnel and technical personnel of military installations.

Administratively, Novaya Zemlya as a closed territorial municipal entity is placed under the management of Arkhangelsk region Russian Federation.

Residential buildings in the village of Belushya Guba.

Flora and fauna.

The ecosystem of the islands of Novaya Zemlya is classified as a biome characteristic of arctic deserts ( Northern part Severny Island) and Arctic tundra (Yuzhny Island).

Under these conditions, only mosses and lichens survive well on the islands of plants. In addition to them, especially in the southern regions of the archipelago, arctic herbaceous annual grasses also grow, most of which are classified as creeping species. Among them, naturalists in these places highlight creeping willow (Salix polaris), opposite-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), as well as mountain lichen. On Yuzhny Island there are also quite common dwarf birch trees and low grasses. In river valleys and lake areas there are mushrooms, among which honey mushrooms and milk mushrooms stand out due to their abundance.

The lakes and rivers of the islands are home to fish, the overwhelming majority of which are Arctic char.

The fauna of the islands is represented by such mammals as the Arctic fox, lemming and reindeer. During the winter period south coast South Island there are always a lot of polar bears. Of the marine mammals on the coast of the islands, harp seals, ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses make their rookeries. Whales come into the coastal waters and even into the inner bays of the islands.

The birdlife on the islands is represented by guillemots, puffins and gulls, which form here perhaps the largest bird colonies in Russia. The white partridge is one of the non-sea birds nesting on the islands.

Typical landscape of the Novaya Zemlya islands.

Tourism.

The islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago continue to remain closed to visitors big amount willing. The presence of a nuclear test site mothballed here and other military facilities of the Russian army make tourism to these places almost impossible. Visits to the islands of the archipelago are carried out exclusively by special permits Russian authorities with the strictest secrecy. The entry of scientists and naturalists to the islands is also this moment remains almost impossible, which causes a lot of complaints about this from the world community. Environmental organizations are seriously concerned about the environmental situation on the islands of the archipelago, which became significantly more complicated during the period of nuclear testing. On this occasion, UNESCO tried to create a special commission on environmental problems on Novaya Zemlya, but the decision was categorically blocked by the Russian side.

Southern coast of Yuzhny Island.

It is included in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia as the administrative district of Novaya Zemlya and, within the framework of local government, in the status of the urban district of Novaya Zemlya.

Geography and climate

The archipelago consists of two big islands- Northern and Southern, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Vlissingsky - is the easternmost point of Europe.

The archipelago stretches from southwest to northeast for 925 km. The most northern point Novaya Zemlya is the eastern island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost is the Pynin Islands of the Petukhovsky archipelago, the western is the nameless cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula of Yuzhny Island, the eastern is Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Island. The area of ​​all islands is more than 83 thousand km²; The width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South Island is up to 143 km.

Occurrences of native copper and cuprous sandstones are known on the South Island.

All known ore fields require additional study, which is difficult natural conditions, insufficient economic development and the special status of the archipelago.

In the waters of the seas washing the archipelago, a number of geological structures have been identified that are promising for the search for oil and gas fields.

Presumably, Novaya Zemlya was discovered in the 12th-13th centuries by Novgorod merchants, but there is no convincing historical and documentary evidence of this. The ancient Scandinavians also failed to prove their primacy in the discovery of the archipelago. In any case, the name of the island is of purely ancient Russian origin.

Of the Western Europeans, the first to visit the archipelago in 1553 was the English navigator Hugh Willoughby, who, by order of King Edward VI (1547-1553), led the expedition of the London “Moscow Company” to “find the North-East Passage” and establish relations with the Russian state.

On the map of the Flemish scientist Gerard Mercator in 1595, Novaya Zemlya still looks like a single island or even a peninsula.

During his third expedition, Barents in 1596 rounded the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya and spent the winter on the eastern coast of the North Island in the area of ​​​​Ice Harbor (1597). In 1871, the Norwegian polar expedition of Elling Carlsen discovered the preserved Barents hut in this place, in which dishes, coins, wall clocks, weapons, navigational instruments were found, as well as a written report on wintering, hidden in a chimney.

The famous Dutch natural scientist Nicolaas Witsen in the book “Northern and Eastern Tartary” (1692) - the first Western Europe scientific work about Siberia and the Russian North - reports that Peter the Great intended to build a military fort on Novaya Zemlya.

The first two were carried out by him at the Malye Karmakuly station on Yuzhny Island, which was then the only Russian settlement on the archipelago. Its elimination could lead to the loss of Russian control over the islands and their capture by the Norwegians.

Arriving on the coast of Mollera Bay on June 19, 1887, K.D. Nosilov settled in the house of the Water Rescue Society station. Together with the priest Father Jonah, sent by the Arkhangelsk diocese, sailors and several Samoyeds, he restored an Orthodox chapel damaged by a hurricane in Malye Karmakuly, which helped attract Russian industrialists from Arkhangelsk to the island. During these winterings, K. D. Nosilov explored the coast of the island itself and crossed it mountain range, local flora and fauna, directions of animal migration, and also studied the language and everyday culture of the Samoyed families resettled there.

The third wintering of K. D. Nosilov in -1891 took place on the shore of the Matochkin Shar Strait, where he founded the first meteorological station in the archipelago.

New Earth. View from space.

Since March 27, 1927, Novaya Zemlya, like other islands of the Arctic Ocean, was governed by a special Regulation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1929, they came under the direct authority of the executive committee of the Northern Territory.

After the Nenets were evicted to the mainland, by decision of the executive committee of the Arkhangelsk Regional Council of Working People's Deputies dated July 15, 1957, the Novaya Zemlya Island Council was abolished from August 1, 1957 in accordance with Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 764 of August 27, 1956.

From 1988 to 2014, the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MACE) of the Russian Research Institute of Cultural and natural heritage them. D. S. Likhachev under the leadership and scientific guidance of P. V. Boyarsky.

In 2015, hydrographers of the Northern Fleet recorded the formation of seven capes and four straits, and nine islands were discovered in the Russian part of the Arctic.

Population

Flora and fauna

The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to mosses and lichens. The latter are represented by types of cladonia, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.

Arctic herbaceous annuals also play a significant role. Plants characteristic of the sparse flora of the islands are creeping species, such as creeping willow ( Salix polaris), Saxifraga oppositeifolia ( Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others. The vegetation in the southern part is mostly dwarf birches, moss and low grass; in areas near rivers, lakes and bays, many mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, honey mushrooms, etc.

On the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, according to the combined data of various authors, 6 species of bumblebees have been identified. On the South Island of the archipelago, 6 species of diurnal butterflies were found. The coastal location of the areas can significantly limit the number of species in the local butterfly fauna due to unfavorable natural and climatic conditions. The flight time of club-whiskered lepidoptera is usually very short and occurs during the warmest period, while the timing of flight can shift significantly depending on weather conditions.

Common animals include arctic foxes, lemmings, ptarmigan, and reindeer. Polar bears come to the southern regions with the onset of cold weather, posing a threat to local residents. Marine animals include harp seal, ringed seal, sea hare, walruses, and whales.

Nuclear test site

However, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the creation of the test site on Novaya Zemlya, the head of the Russian Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Alexander Rumyantsev, said that Russia intends to continue to develop the test site and maintain it in working condition. At the same time, Russia is not going to conduct nuclear tests, but intends to carry out non-nuclear experiments to ensure the reliability, combat effectiveness and safety of storage of its nuclear weapons.

Disposal of radioactive waste

In addition to testing nuclear weapons, the territory of Novaya Zemlya (or rather, adjacent directly to its east coast water area) in 1957-1992 was used for the disposal of liquid and solid radioactive waste (RAW). Basically, these were containers with spent nuclear fuel (and in some cases entire reactor installations) from submarines and surface ships of the Northern Fleet of the USSR and Russian Navy, as well as icebreakers with nuclear power plants.

Such radioactive waste disposal sites are the bays of the archipelago: Sedov Bay, Oga Bay, Tsivolki Bay, Stepovoy Bay, Abrosimov Bay, Blagopoluchiya Bay, Current Bay, as well as a number of points in the Novaya Zemlya Depression stretching along the entire archipelago. As a result of such activities, many underwater potentially hazardous objects (UPHO) were formed on the bottom of the Kara Sea and the bays of Novaya Zemlya. Among them: the completely sunk nuclear submarine "K-27" (1981, Stepovoy Bay), reactor compartments and assemblies of a number of other nuclear submarines, the reactor compartment of the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" (1967, Tsivolki Bay).

Since 2002, the areas where the POOO is located have been subject to annual monitoring by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. In 1992-1994 there were international expeditions(with the participation of specialists from Norway) to assess the degree of pollution environment Since 2012, the activities of such expeditions have been resumed.

see also

Notes

1. Regional Law of September 23, 2009 N 65-5-OZ “On the administrative-territorial structure of the Arkhangelsk region”
2. Charter of the Arkhangelsk Region
3. Knipovich N. M., Shokalsky Yu. M.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
4. Labyrinth
5. New Earth. Book 2. Part 1. Generally ed. P.V. Boyarsky. M., 1998.
6. The Unknown Arctic // Novaya Zemlya News, Friday, December 6, 2013. No. 49 (417)
7. Charnock, Richard Stephen. Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. - London: Houlston and Wright, 1859. - P. 192.
8. Alexandrova V. D., Zubkov A. I. Physico-geographical sketch of Novaya Zemlya.
9. Georges Blon. The great hour of the oceans. Polar seas. - M., 1984. - P. 22.
10. Tsiporukha M. I. Seas of the Russian Arctic
11. Pierre-Martin de Lamartiniere. Travel to the Nordic countries
12. Everything about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Development of Novaya Zemlya
13. Everything about the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Settlement of Novaya Zemlya
14. Sosnovsky I. V. The most humble report on the state of the Arkhangelsk province for 1909. Arkhangelsk, 1911 (undefined) . Project "Electronic Memory of the Arctic". emaproject.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived February 1, 2013.
15. Nature and People, 1912, No. 21
16. About the municipality
17. Boyarsky P. “Russian Arctic” is unique (undefined) . // Internet edition "Vesti.ru"(June 27, 2009). Retrieved April 23, 2016.
18. Donskikh, Ekaterina. Adventurer in the Arctic. How a unique scientist grew from a romantic // Arguments and Facts. - 2014. - No. 9 (1738) for February 26. - P. 62. (Retrieved April 23, 2016)
19. Hydrographers of the Northern Fleet discovered an island in the area of ​​​​Novaya Zemlya (Russian), TASS. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
20. Novaya Zemlya - history of settlement (undefined) . arhangelsk.allnw.ru. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Archived February 1, 2013.