Russian travelers of the 19th century table. Forgotten Russian travelers of the 19th century

Thanks to them on the map Pacific Ocean Russian names appeared, Persia was studied, but Ethiopia remained independent country- one of the few in Africa at that time...

We continue to publish stories about Russian pioneers who did a lot for the world, but were undeservedly forgotten by their contemporaries and descendants. The first part is , the second part is . In the 19th century, travel, even around the world, became relatively comfortable, but there were still many blank spots on the world map, and our heroes, each in their own way, expanded its geographical boundaries.

Otto Kotzebue. 399 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1815-1818

During his life, Otto Kotzebue made three trips around the world. The first is at the age of 15. As a cabin boy, he took part in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world (1803-1806) on the sloop Nadezhda under the command of Kruzenshtern. The third - in 1823-1826 as captain of the sloop "Enterprise".

One day, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he exchanged clothes with his servant-guide and remained in only a turban and a loincloth. He also smeared himself with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color.

But the most significant in his biography was the command of the brig "Rurik", which committed trip around the world in 1815-1818. The purpose of this expedition was to find the northern passage from the Pacific to Atlantic Ocean. During a storm off Cape Horn, Kotzebue was almost washed overboard. He miraculously managed to grab onto the stretched rope. And during a storm in the Pacific Ocean, the ship’s bowsprit broke, which injured several sailors and Kotzebue himself. Because of this, the final goal of the expedition was not achieved. But its results were still brilliant. It was thanks to Kotzebue that Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean: the atolls of Rumyantsev, Kruzenshtern, Kutuzov, Suvorov and many others.

Egor Kovalevsky. Heroic adventures in Montenegro, Central Asia and China, discoveries in Central Africa. Mid-19th century

Egor Kovalevsky is a figure, although not known to the general public, but professional geographers and travelers, of course, are well aware of him and his services to science. To even briefly mention all his adventures would require several pages of such text.

He took part in the defense of Sevastopol, fought illegally on the side of the Serbs against the Austrians in Montenegro, opened a new route to China, visited Kashmir and Afghanistan, was captured during the Khiva campaign of the Russian army, escaped and defended himself for several weeks with a handful of soldiers in a small fortress from pursuers... Mined gold in Africa, was the first European to reach Moon Mountains- Rwenzori (in the territory of modern Uganda), crossed the Nubian Desert, discovered the left tributary of the Nile, the Abudom River, and pointed out where to look for the source of the White Nile... “We penetrate further than others into Africa,” he wrote in his diary.

Kovalevsky was a talented writer, wrote both poetry and prose, but he went down in history as the author of four books about his adventures.

All of Russia read his books, and at the official level he was also highly appreciated. In 1856, Kovalevsky became assistant to the chairman of the Imperial Geographical Society, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Kashevarov. He was the first to describe the northern coast of Alaska. 1838

The very place of birth of Alexander Kashevarov makes the heart of any traveler tremble. After all, he was born in Alaska! In 1810, when she was still Russian. After studying at the Kronstadt Navigation School, he made two trips around the world as a navigator, and then returned to his small homeland and, at the head of a small group of sailors, made one of the most amazing voyages in the history of the exploration of the North. On leather Aleutian kayaks sewn with whalebone, the travelers walked among floating ice along north coast Alaska from Cape Lisburn to Cape Wrangel, which they discovered, marking the Prokofiev and Kupriyanov bays, the Menshikov coast and Cape Stepovoy on the map of Alaska.

Peter Pashino. The first of the Europeans to penetrate into remote areas of India and Afghanistan. 1873-1876

25-year-old journalist Pyotr Pashino made his first trip to Persia in 1861 as secretary of the Russian embassy. But he soon got bored with paperwork, he took an indefinite leave and went to independent travel across Persia and then through Central Asia.

In 1873-1876 he made two trips alone to India, Burma and Afghanistan. Pashino usually traveled in Arabic or Indian clothes, with a shaved head, posing as a Turkish doctor, a wandering dervish, and sometimes as a beggar tramp. He knew many oriental languages ​​perfectly. This allowed him to visit places where non-Muslims were prohibited from entering on pain of death. But despite all the precautions and tricks, he more than once found himself on the brink of exposure and death. One day, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he exchanged clothes with his servant-guide and remained in only a turban and a loincloth. He also smeared himself with donkey dung to give his skin a dark color. And when one day, dressed as a dervish, he went into the first-class cafeteria to drink tea, he was beaten almost to death by a policeman.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pyotr Pashino described his adventures in numerous essays and feuilletons. Later they were collected into books.

Pashino also made a trip around the world, but it was quite civilized and comfortable, so it was not of particular scientific value.

Alexander Bulatovich. African pioneer, Ethiopian explorer. 1896-1899

In 1896, the 26-year-old cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Alexander Bulatovich, was included in the Russian Red Cross mission to Ethiopia, where he became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained its independence.

With the permission of the emperor, Bulatovich made several trips to the internal parts of this country, where no European had ever been before. Accompanied by just three companions, he crossed the bandit-infested Danakil Desert on camels, then became the first white man to cross the remote province of Ethiopia, the legendary Caffa, from where the best coffee was delivered to Europe. He put the Baro River valley on the world map and discovered mountain range, named after Nicholas II, who later requested Soviet Union was renamed.

Bulatovich became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained its independence.

Detailed reports about these expeditions were published in St. Petersburg: “From Entoto to the Baro River. Reports on travel in the Southwestern region of the Ethiopian Empire" (1897) and "Diary of a campaign from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf" (1900), in which he described not only his geographical discoveries, but also Ethiopian culture and faith, close to the Orthodox, laws , customs, structure of the army and state, made a detailed outline of the history of Ethiopia. For his research, Bulatovich received a silver medal from the Russian Geographical Society. His books inspired many new explorers of Africa to undertake expeditions, in particular the poet Nikolai Gumilyov. Already in our time, Bulatovich’s adventures were described by Valentin Pikul in the story “Hussar on a Camel.”

In 1906, Bulatovich retired, went to the Athos Monastery in Greece and became a monk, but during the First World War he returned to the army as a regimental priest. He was in Austrian captivity, escaped... In 1919 he was killed by robbers on his estate near Sumy.

XIX century became the time of the largest geographical discoveries committed by Russian people. Continuing the traditions of its predecessors - discoverers and travelers of the 17th-11th centuries. they enriched the Russians' understanding of the world around them, and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized an old dream: Russian ships entered the World Ocean.

In 1803, on the instructions of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on two ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). He was one of the greatest navigators and geographers of the century. During the expedition, more than a thousand kilometers of the coastline of the island were mapped for the first time. Sakhalin. The participants of the trip left many interesting observations not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky (1773-1837), discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of interesting data was collected by the expedition members about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The results of the observations were reported to the Academy of Sciences. They were so significant that I.F. Krusenstern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were the basis* for the publication published in the early 20s. "Atlas South Seas" In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society and trained a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

One of Krusenstern’s students and followers was Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a participant in the first Russian round the world expedition, and after her return he commanded the frigate Minerva on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821 he was entrusted with leading a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops “Vostok” (which he commanded) and “Mirny” (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition project was drawn up by Krusenstern. Its main goal was “the acquisition of complete knowledge about our globe” and “the discovery of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole.” On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown to anyone at that time, which Bellingshausen called the “ice continent.” After stopping in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, called the Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of a famous military or naval figure of our country (Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Ermolov, etc.). After a new stop in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where islands were discovered. Peter I and the shore of Alexander I. In July 1821, she returned to Kronstadt. During 751 days of sailing, Russian ships covered a route of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections, observation data on the waters of the World Ocean and the ice coverings of a new continent for mankind were also brought. Later, both leaders of the expedition heroically showed themselves in military service to the Fatherland. And M.P. After the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Navarino (1827), Lazarev was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

The largest researcher of Russian Far East mid-century became Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876). Having since the 18th century. vast possessions in the Far East, Russia never succeeded in developing them. Even the exact limits of the country's eastern possessions were not known. Meanwhile, England began to show attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories. This forced Nicholas I, at the suggestion of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov (Amursky) to equip a special expedition to the east in 1848. Captain Nevelskoy was placed at its head. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev Post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky’s travels were of great importance: for the first time it was proven that Sakhalin is not connected to the mainland at all, but is an island, and the Tatar Strait is precisely a strait, and not a bay, as La Perouse, who had visited these places for a long time, believed.

Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825. traveled around the world and left a description for his descendants of much of what he saw. In 1852-1855, during the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. He became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, which was closed from Europeans and even sign an agreement there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the recognition by Europe of the existence of the Primorsky region (Nikolaevsk) and the fact that it belonged to Russia.

In the first half of the 19th century. Other discoveries were also made. Around the world expeditions have become traditional: V.M. Golovnina; on the sloops "Diana" (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. Litka on the sloop of war "Senyavin" (1826-1829, based on the materials of which more than 50 maps were compiled), etc.

Extremely useful and necessary information on Alaska, Aleutian and Kuril Islands spent 1839-1849; I.G. Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian Sea, which ended 17 years later with the compilation of the first Atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study of the Northern Urals was carried out (up to Kara Sea) expedition E.K. Goffman and M.A. Kovalsky.

The expeditions to the north of Siberia, carried out in 1842-1845, were crowned with the most dramatic results. A.F. Middendorf (who first described the Taimyr region).

P.A. Chikhachev discovered the Kuznetsk coal basin.

The successes of Russian travelers were so comprehensive that it required the creation of special institutions to generalize and use the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845.

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century made a number of outstanding discoveries that became the property of not only Russian, but also foreign and world science. In addition, they made a significant contribution to the development of domestic knowledge and did a lot to contribute to the training of new personnel for the development of marine research.

Prerequisites

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century made their discoveries largely because in this century the need to search for new trade routes and opportunities to support Russia's connections with other countries. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, our country finally strengthened its status in the international arena as a world power. Naturally, this new position expanded its geopolitical space, which required new exploration of the seas, islands and ocean coasts for the construction of ports, ships and the development of trade with foreign countries.

Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century emerged as talented navigators just at the same time when our country achieved access to two seas: the Baltic and the Black. And this is no coincidence. This opened up new prospects for maritime research and gave impetus to the construction and development of fleets and maritime affairs in general. Therefore, it is not surprising that already in the first decades of the century under review, Russian discoverers and travelers of the 19th century carried out a number of outstanding studies that significantly enriched Russian geographical science.

Plan for a round-the-world expedition

Such a project became possible largely thanks to the successful military actions of our country at the end of the 18th century. At this time, Russia received the opportunity to build its fleet on the Black Sea, which, of course, was supposed to stimulate maritime affairs. Russian navigators at this time were seriously thinking about creating convenient trade routes. This was further facilitated by the fact that our country owned Alaska in North America. It was also necessary to maintain constant contacts with her and develop economic cooperation.

I.F. At the end of the 18th century, Kruzenshtern presented a plan for a round-the-world expedition. However, he was rejected then. But just a few years later, after the accession of Alexander I, the Russian government showed interest in the presented plan. He received approval.

Preparation

I.F. Krusenstern came from a noble family. He studied at the Kronstadt Naval Corps and, as its student, took part in the war against Sweden, showing himself well then. After this, he was sent for an internship to England, where he received an excellent education. Upon returning to Russia, he presented a plan for a round-the-world expedition. Having received approval, he carefully prepared for it, purchased the best instruments and equipped the ships.

His closest assistant in this matter was his comrade Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. He became friends with him in the cadet corps. The friend also proved himself to be a talented naval officer during the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-1790. Soon two ships named “Neva” and “Nadezhda” were equipped. The latter was led by Count Nikolai Rezanov, who became famous thanks to the famous rock opera. The expedition set sail in 1803. Its goal was to explore and explore the possibility of opening new trade routes from Russia to China and the coast of North American territory.

Swimming

Russian sailors rounded Cape Horn and, entering the Pacific Ocean, separated. Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky led his ship to the North American shores, where he recaptured the Russian trading city of Novo-Arkhangelsk, captured by the Indians. During this voyage he also spent the first time in the history of navigation sailing ship around South Africa.

The ship "Nadezhda" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern set off for the Sea of ​​Japan. The merit of this researcher is that he carefully examined the shores of Sakhalin Island and made significant changes to the map. The main thing was to investigate what the leadership of the Pacific Fleet had long been interested in. Kruzenshtern entered the Amur Estuary, after which, having explored the shores of Kamchatka, he returned to his homeland.

Krusenstern's contribution to science

Russian travelers significantly advanced Russian geographical science, bringing it to the world level of development. attracted the attention of the general public. After the end of the trip, both wrote books that presented the results of their research. Kruzenshtern published “A Journey Around the World,” but the atlas he published with hydrographic applications is of particular importance. He filled in many blank spots on the map and conducted valuable research on the seas and oceans. So, he studied water pressure and temperature, sea currents, ebbs and flows.

Social activity

His further career was closely connected with the naval corps, where he was first assigned as an inspector. Subsequently, he began teaching there, and then headed it altogether. On his initiative, the Higher Officer Classes were created. Later they were transformed into the Maritime Academy. Kruzenshtern introduced new disciplines in educational process. This has significantly improved the quality of maritime teaching.

In addition, he helped in organizing other expeditions, in particular, he contributed to the plans of another prominent explorer O. Kotzebue. Kruzenshtern took part in the creation of the famous Russian Geographical Society, which was destined to occupy one of the leading places not only in Russian, but also in world science. The “Atlas of the South Sea” he published was of particular importance for the development of geography.

Preparation of a new expedition

Several years after his trip, Kruzenshtern insisted on a thorough study of the southern latitudes. He proposed equipping two expeditions to the North and South Poles, two ships each. Before this, the navigator came almost close to Antarctica, but ice prevented him from going further. Then he assumed that the sixth continent either did not exist or was impossible to get to.

In 1819, the Russian leadership decided to equip a new squadron for sailing. Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, after a number of delays, was appointed its leader. It was decided to build two ships: Mirny and Vostok. The first one was designed according to the plan of Russian scientists. It was durable and waterproof. However, the second one, built in Great Britain, was less stable, so it had to be rebuilt, rebuilt and repaired more than once. The preparation and construction was supervised by Mikhail Lazarev, who complained about such a discrepancy between the two ships.

Journey to the South

A new expedition set off in 1819. She reached Brazil and, rounding the mainland, reached the Sandwich Islands. In January 1820, a Russian expedition discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica. During maneuvers around it, many islands were discovered and described. Among the most significant discoveries are the island of Peter I, the coast of Alexander I. Having made the necessary description of the shores, as well as sketches of animals seen on the new continent, Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen sailed back.

During the expedition, in addition to the discovery of Antarctica, other discoveries were made. For example, participants discovered that Sandwich Land is an entire archipelago. In addition, the island of South Georgia was described. Descriptions of the new continent are of particular importance. From his ship, Mikhail Lazarev had the opportunity to better observe the earth, so his conclusions are of particular value for science.

The meaning of discoveries

The expedition of 1819-1821 was of great importance for domestic and world geographical science. The discovery of a new, sixth continent changed the understanding of the geography of the Earth. Both travelers published the results of their research in two volumes with an atlas and necessary instructions. During the trip, about thirty islands were described, magnificent sketches of the views of Antarctica and its fauna were made. In addition, the expedition participants collected a unique ethnographic collection, which is stored at Kazan University.

Further activities

Bellingshausen subsequently continued his naval career. He took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829, commanded the Baltic Fleet, and then was appointed governor of Kronstadt. An indicator of recognition of his merits is the fact that a number of geographical objects are named after him. First of all, the sea in the Pacific Ocean should be mentioned.

Lazarev also distinguished himself after his famous journey to Antarctica. He was appointed commander of an expedition to protect the shores of Russian America from smugglers, which he successfully accomplished. Subsequently commanded Black Sea Fleet, participated in for which he received several awards. So, the great discoverers from Russia also made their outstanding contribution to the development of geography.

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, merchant, fur trader.

When: 1648

What I discovered: The first to pass through the Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.

Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America– two different continents, and that they do not meet.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

Trips

When: 1820.

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded the Vostok. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

Also, the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “ Southern mainland", which was mistakenly marked on all medieval maps of Europe.

Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, searched without any success in Indian Ocean this “Southern Continent” has been there for more than three hundred and fifty years, and of course, nothing was found.

Who: Kamchaty Ivan, Cossack and sable hunter.

When: 1650s.

What I discovered: peninsula of Kamchatka, named after him.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, officer of the Russian fleet

When: 1742

What I discovered: most northern cape Eurasia, named after him Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack chieftain in the service of the Russian Tsar. Ermak's last name is unknown. Possibly Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What I discovered: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, he entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, Russian navy officer, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: He was the first Russian navigator to travel around the world together with Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. Commanded "Nadezhda"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What I discovered: The first Russian navigator to accomplish this circumnavigation together with Ivan Kruzenshtern on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. Commanded the Neva.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What I discovered: He was the first European to explore the Tien Shan Mountains.

He also later studied a number of areas in Central Asia. For research mountain system and for his services to science, he received from the authorities of the Russian Empire the honorary surname Tien-Shansky, which he had the right to pass on by inheritance.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What I discovered: He was the second (after Semyon Dezhnev) and the first of the scientific researchers to reach North America, passing through the Bering Strait, thereby confirming its existence. Confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Cossack, fur trader

When: 1649-53

What I discovered: mastered part of Siberia and the Far East for the Russians, studied the lands near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian naval officer.

When: 1820

What I discovered: Antarctica together with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny.

Commanded the Mirny. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshausen, nothing was known about the existence of this continent. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth about the existence of the mythical “Southern Continent”, which was depicted on the medieval European maps, and which sailors searched unsuccessfully for four hundred years in a row.

Of particular importance were the achievements of Russian scientists in the field geographical research. Russian travelers visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half XIX century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.

Expeditions into the depths of Asia began Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914), geographer, statistician, botanist.

He made a number of trips to the mountains of Central Asia, to the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.

The activities of others were also associated with the Russian Geographical Society Russian travelers- P.

A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayan Mountains and the Vitim Plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) He made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible areas of Central Asia.

He crossed Mongolia several times, Northern China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died on the way, at the beginning of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such “ascetics are needed like the sun.” “Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society,” he added, “they excite, console and ennoble...

Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)

If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond all price.”

Overseas Russian travel scientists in the second half of the 19th century.

have become more targeted. If previously they were mainly limited to describing and mapping the coastline, now they studied the life, culture, and customs of local peoples. This is a direction that began in the 18th century. put by S.P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888).

He made his first trips to Canary Islands and by North Africa. In the early 70s, he visited a number of Pacific islands and studied the life of local peoples. He lived for 16 months among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast).

Russian scientist won trust and love local residents. Then he traveled through the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and again returned to the “coast of Maclay”. Compiled descriptions to scientists life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania were largely published only after his death.

World geographical science in those years relied heavily on the achievements of Russian researchers.

By the end of the 19th century. The era of geographical discoveries has ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian explorers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.

§The first Russian Marxist V.

G. Plekhanov
§The beginning of Lenin's revolutionary activity
§The beginning of the reign of Alexander I
§The beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812
§End of the Patriotic War of 1812

>>Russian discoverers and travelers

§ 16. Russian discoverers and travelers

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched Russians' ideas about the world around them and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized a long-standing dream: her ships entered the World Ocean.

I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.

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