Where in the Middle Ages, Arab Marithels traveled. Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E

23.11.2019

Despite the developed pilgrimage and missionary system in Europe, the dominant position in the field of travel and the discoveries of the Middle Ages belongs to Arab travelers. In the VII century Arabs, who lived in the Arabian Peninsula, won a huge territory. In the East - Iranian Highlands and Turkestan, north of Arabia - Mesopotamia, Armenian Highlands and part of the Caucasus, in North-West - Syria and Palestine, in the West - all of North Africa. In 711, Arabs crossed through Gibraltar and won almost the entire Pyrenean Peninsula. By VIII century Arabs owned Western, Eastern and southern coast Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf Coast, as well as the Northern Coast Arabian Sea. They owned both the most important land roads connecting Europe with Asia and China.

One of the first Arab travelers was a Basra merchant Suleiman. In 851, he traveled from the Persian Gulf through the Indian Ocean to China. Along the way, he visited Ceylon, Sumatra, Nicobar and Andaman Islands. During the trip, Suleiman led the record. Subsequently, these records were complemented by Arabic geographer. Labo Zeid Gassan And in this form, preserved to this day.

At the beginning of the X century. Persian writer Ibn-Dast Traveled by anterior Asia and Eastern Europe. The results of their wanders, he outlined in the historical and geographical encyclopedia "Book of precious treasures". In it, he mentions the Slavs, describes their life, morals, customs. About the Slavs and Ancient Rusichs wrote in his book "Traveling to the Volga" Ahmed-Ibn-Fodlin. In the composition of the embassy of the Baghdad Caliph, Muktadir went to the Volga Bulgaram in order to strengthen them in the Islamic faith. The embassy passed through the Iranian Highlands and Bukhara in Khorezm, crossed the Plateau Ustyug, the Caspian lowland and reached the average Volga near the mouth of the Kama. Ibn-Fodlin testifies that there have seen many Russian merchants there. This suggests that by that time, the trade routes of Russian merchants ran far east.

From travelers of the first half of the X century. It can be noted Baghdad historian and geographer Massage. Two his books reached us: "Golden meadows and diamond placer" and "messages and observations". He visited all countries of the Middle and Middle East, Central Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, and in the south - Eastern Africa to Madagascar. In the middle of the x century. According to the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia And India traveled Arabic writer Istahri Which on the basis of personal observations and literary materials wrote a "climate book". Who visited all Muslim countries another Arab traveler Ibn Haukal Extracted the work of Istahri, writing the book "Ways and Kingdoms". The follower of Istahri was also a Palestinian Arab Mukaddasi (In another embodiment, the manistic), which was 20 years old on anterior Asia and North Africa.

Famous traveler in the X century. There was a Khorezm scientist-encyclopedist and poet Abu Reich Biruni (973-1048). During their forced wanders, he studied the Iranian Highlands and part of Central Asia. Not in his will, he had to accompany the conqueror of the Khorezma of the Afghan Sultan Mahmuda Oaznevi during a hike on Punjab. Biruni collected materials on Indian culture and laid them on the basis of his great work on India, who called "Canon Massul". Biruni also wrote books: "History of India", "Mineralogy", "Monuments of the past generations." In his book, "Key to Astronomy", Biruni criticized the opinion of the fixedness of the Earth and suggested the assumption about the helium-centered structure of the world. He pointed to the gradual occurrence of various layers of the earth's surface.

An outstanding Arabic scientist was Idrisi. (1100-1166). He visited Maly Asia, England, France, Spain, and received education in Cordove. Idrisi was invited by the Sicilian King Roger II in Palermo for drawing up geographic maps. For 15 years, Idrisi was handling information delivered to him. The result of the work was two large essays: the first - "entertainment of intense in the side of the regions", more known as the "Book of Roger", is equipped with 70 cards; The second is the "Garden of Greatness and Entertainment of the Soul" - was equipped with 73 cards. Under the leadership of Idrisi in Palermo, a layout of a heavenly arch was built, as well as an earth's disc with the images of seven climates of the Earth. But all this was destroyed in 1160 during the riots.

In the XIII century. Maps compiled by Idrisi were corrected and complemented by the Arab traveler Ibn Al Warda, who wrote the book "Pearl of Miracles." In the XIII century. All geographical knowledge of Arab travelers were summarized in a multi-volume "geographical dictionary" created by the Byzantine Greek, Muslim for religion Yakut. He used not only the materials of the Arab authors, but also the Byzantine Christian writers. For many years, he lived in Stary Merve and worked in the libraries of this medieval cultural and scientific center.

The most outstanding Arab traveler XIV century. There was a wandering merchant Ibn Batuta (1304-1377). In 1325 he went out of his native city Tangier in Alexandria. Then he climbed up the Nile to the first threshold, visited Syria, Palestine, West Arabia and Iraq. Then I visited Mecca and went to the South Yemen coast, and from there by the sea to the Mozambique Strait. On the way back of Ibn Batuta, across Zanzibar, I got to Orograd, visited the Bahrain Islands and in South Iran, and then returned to Egypt. From Egypt through Syria and Small Asia, he passed to the city of Sinop on the Black Sea, swam to south Bank Crimea, and from there He headed into the capital of the Golden Horde of Saraj-Berk, located in the lower reaches of the Volga, on the top Akhtube. Next, the traveler went to the north to the city of Bulgaria. Returning to Sarajekka, Ibn Batuta accompanied the Tatar Embassy in Constantinople. From Constantinople Ibn Batuta through the Caspian lowland and desert Plateau Ustyug reached the city of Urgench, and from there to Bukhara. He visited Samarkand, then turned to the south, crossed Amu Darya, overcame Hindukush and reached the valley of the Middle Indus. There he came across Punjab to Delhi. Ibn Batuta lived in India for several years as an official of the Delia Sultan. In 1342, he was sent by Sultan to China, but on the way in (southern India) was robbed. Left without means of existence, he was forced to enter the service for the Muslim rulers of the Maldives. Seeping funds, Ibn Batuta arrived at Ceylon, from there by maritime traveled to China, visited Beijing. Then he sailed again to Ceylon, from there through Malabar, Arabia, Syria and Egypt in 1349 returned to Tangier.

Having completed its wanders, Ibn Batuta dictated descriptions of his travels. For 25 years of travel, he passed on land and by sea about 120 thousand km. The book "Travel Ibn Batuta" is translated into many European languages. It contains a large historical, geographical and ethnographic material.

Arab scientists - travelers IX-XIV centuries. made a great contribution to the history of the development and opening of new lands, significantly expanded the ideas of ancient authors about the world around, introducing Western Europe With Asian mainland, which contributed to the approach of Asian and European civilizations. But the Arab conquest had a negative shade for Europe. With the emergence of the Arab Caliphate for Europeans, the roads were closed to the markets of the Eastern and european countriesFully excluded land communication with India. This led to the fact that in the IX century. There was a shift of trade routes to the north of Europe.

The most brave seafarers among Europeans during this period were Normans. Norman navigators were known under various names: friezes living in the territory of modern Belgium and Holland; celts, Angloosales, Frank, living in modern Ireland, England and France; vikings, Scandinavians, Islands, Nordites, living in the territory of modern Finland, Norway and Sweden; dana, Aksamites, Heyda, Eastorling, Living in the territory of modern Denmark, in the north of Germany, on the Baltic Sea coast.

Norman, i.e. Northern people were common name for these peoples. In the Byzantium they were called varangami in Russia - varyags,and the arabs called and hmadhus, What does "pagan monsters" mean. Subtitigation of Normanov existed from the middle of the 6th to the beginning of the XII century. The main classes of Normanov were cattle breeding and fisheries. The ships of the Normans were built from oak and spruce wood. Their ships differed from those that floated on Mediterranean Sea.. They were with high sides and pointed bottom. These were ships type "River - Sea", no longer than 30 m long, and in width

4.5 m. On them, Normans reached Constantinople. Ostrodonny (KIL) ships of Normanov produced a real revolution in shipbuilding. Subsequently, such vessels were introduced on the entire coast of Europe.

But the biggest achievement of the Norman navigators is that they are still in the IX century. Reached coast North America. Northern navigation devices did not know. In the open sea they focused on the stars and the sun. The depth and temperature of the water in the ocean also helped determine their location. In addition, they focused on the flight of birds. It is also known that when Normans floated to Greenland, they focused on the movement of the shoals of fish and herring.

One of the ships (985), led Baryni I sailed from Iceland to Greenland, it was attributed far to the West, but the sailors managed to sail back to Greenland, where they told about the new wonderful land covered with dense forests. In 1000 Leif Eiriksondiscovered America. This time the opening of new lands was not random. Leif went on only one ship with a team of 35 people. They made a stop on the Labrador Peninsula, who was given the name Marcland - "Forest country", and in the Island of Newfoundland or New England, calling this land WINLAND - "Land of grapes". In Winland, the Norwegians looked. After returning to Greenland, it was decided to colonize these lands. A group of immigrants, headed by Brother Leif Eirikson, arrived in Winland and even settled in those houses that Vikings were built to themselves for wintering.

But the friendly relations with the aborigines in the immigrants did not work out. It even follows from the fact that the Vikings called them "scratchy" - villains. Vikings fled. And although five more expeditions were taken to Wellands, they also ended in failure due to collisions with Indians. The memory of the great marine campaigns of Normanov was preserved in "Saga about Greenlandse", "Saga about Eric Ryzhhem", "Saga about Gisley".

Moving to the East, Normans crossed the Baltic Sea, went to Riga and Finnish bay And on the rivers of Eastern Europe reached the Black Sea, and from there penetrated Byzantium. In the northern direction, the Norman has enveloped the Scandinavian peninsula and reached the White Sea. In the western direction, they first crossed the Atlantic Ocean and colonized Iceland. According to legend, Iceland was opened in 860 by the Norwegian Fiddling Whose ship came down from the course and stuck to unfamiliar shores. Soon there are immigrants from Scandinavia, who considered that the climate of the southern regions of Iceland is very similar to the climate of their homeland, which allowed them to engage in well-known species economic activity. The colonists did not lose touch with Scandinavia and traded also with other people of continental Europe and the population of the British islands.

The storm caused Greenland's opening (900), the ship headed Hunnberne And heading from Norway to Iceland, was discarded to unfamiliar shores. The navigator did not explore the unknown coast and returned to Norway. Later Eric Ginger Found this country and for three years he studied her coast. In order to attract immigrants, he even called these not very friendly lands of green earth (Greenland). In 985, the first batch of immigrants for 25 ships went from Iceland to new lands. Only 14 ships were able to get to Greenland, the rest or sank during the storm, or turned back to Iceland. Descendants of the Vikings were displaced from Greenland after almost 400 years in the indigenous people of this island - Eskimos. Normans have strengthened on the northern and eastern banks of Britain and in the east of Ireland. In the territory of the current France, they strengthened in the lower reaches of the Seine. This territory has been called Normandy until today.

Normanov attracted the rich trading cities of Europe. At that time, the Europeans had no regular armies, so they turned out to be practically powerless before the devastating raids of the Vikings. Normans committed raids on the Atlantic shores of the Pyrenean Peninsula, penetrated the Mediterranean Sea through the Gibraltar Strait, robbed Southern Europe And reached Sicily. Despite the robber nature of some travels of Normanov, their discoveries and improvements in the maritime provided a positive impact on the preparation and travel of subsequent navigators. In addition, they managed to withdraw the European brand trade, which was caused by the Arab conquest and capture of the Arabs of the main intercontinental trade routes.

In the IX-XI centuries. In Europe, a pilgrimage tourism continued to develop, which was more accomplished in order to pour sins. Starting with IX century. Pilgrimage began to be assumed in the form of a public car and means for the redemption of guilt. In 868, a notable and rich Bretoneton Fotmond, who killed his uncle and one of the brothers, was convicted of a three-time "journey" to the Holy Earth to get the full redemption of his sins. The Roman prefect of the century, who insulted the dad himself in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, captivated him in the altar and putting it in prison, was forced to push his forgiveness at the foot of the Holy Sepulcher.

To the famous Western European pilgrims of the XI century. Take Fulka Anzhui, accused of murdering his wife and in other crimes, who visited the Holy Land three times; Robert Norman, Father Wilhelm the Conqueror, at the order of whom his brother Richard was killed. After the post with prayers, the pilgrims dressed in Savan visited the Church of the Merry Coffin. This Savan was maintained with them the rest of his life and, as a rule, they were buried in it. Many tried to visit Bethlehem and took the palm branch from there to their homeland.

For reception of pilgrims and other wanderers, hotels were arranged - hospitals (Hospes). In the XI century It was especially famous for his reception of pilgrims, following Burgundy to Italy, the monastery on Mount is more valuable. In the same age, shelters are created in Spain for pilgrims - albebergery and harpliars where it was possible not only to relax, but also get medical care and exchange money. Shelters on mountain roads obliged their caretakers during a snowfall or mist to call the bell and even act as conductors.

A special service of pilgrimov was provided by a knightly order hospitallers (Johnits). He originates from the hospital located in Jerusalem under the monastery of the Virgin Mary, where long before the Arab conquests took and treated pilgrims who came to the Holy Land. The task of the Brotherhood was to help pilgrims and merchants, as well as their protection against the mismuneration, which caused the martial spirit of the knights of this order. Hospitallers created a whole network of hotels throughout the Middle East. But gradually the military goals began to fully advance at first place, only individual Knights of the Order were allowed to help pilgrims. In 1259, Pope even by a special decree approves three types of members of the Order: knights, priests and hospital brothers.

Despite the developed system of shelters and hotels, the pilgrimage to holy places is becoming more difficult. Pilgrims fell to Jerusalem through the Efraim gates, at the entrance they were taken to file. In front of the gate, thousands of wanderers were often accumulated, waiting for a rich pilgrim, who could pay for them a duty. Exhausted by hunger and poverty the wanderers were forced to wait for months. There were cases when people died at the gate of Jerusalem. But even those who paid the tax did not feel safe. The city reigned the atmosphere of hostility and hostility to Christians. Cases of attack on pilgrims going to holy places.

Every day for us is the day of the big discoveries that we do throughout your life. Many years ago, outstanding travelers made a big deal - they opened the new corners of the world for our understanding, for which there was never a man's foot. And over time, those deserted territories overwhelmed with a varied population that lives there still.

Arab travelers

For Arab peoples, a lot of factors affected development not only commercial and religious travel, but also have a wide scale cultural - Cognitive Travel. People wanted to learn the world around more and open new lands to glorify. SAME famous Arab travelers become:

Abu Hamid al-Garnati (Began his journey in 1130, visiting many countries, he did not stop in one place and moved through a certain period of time to the city in the search for new adventures until 1169. And next year, Abu Hamid Al-Garnati died);
Ibn Battuta (all his life spent in the wanders from 1325 to the last sink, was a witness to black death, which was held by Syria, Palestine and Arabia, this disease took his parents from him);
Ibn Haukal (most of his life spent on travels in Asia and Africa);
Ibrahim Ibn Yakub (traveled by West Slavic lands, was a notable person in Germany);
Lion African (traveled from early childhood together with parents);
Al Masidi(in his wanders, loved to collect materials on the history, geography and cultures of different nations);
Ibn Fadlan (Loves to describe my travels and travel with different peoples).

Territories studied by Arab travelers

Arab adventures seekers examined a lot of territories, but the main territories that were considered useful in their trading matters, were:

Persian Gulf;
somalia's shores;
zanzibar Island;
Maldives Archipelago;
islands of Indonesia;
the shores of India.

Every day, each of us opens something new, you should not be afraid of change, you should experiment and recognize more and more about what surrounds you.

Suleiman merchant Suleiman from the bass; In 851, he traveled from the Persian Gulf through the Indian Ocean to China; Alongorally visited Ceylon, Sumatra, Nicobar and Andaman Islands; Suleiman's notes, compiled around 851, were later supplemented by Arabic geographer Abu-Zeid Gassan and in this form gained great fame.

Suleiman's travel coming out of the Persian Gulf, Suleiman soon reached the "Second Sea" - Arabian (Oman Bay). There, he saw a huge fish, probably coushlot, whom the prudent navigators scare away the ringing of the bell. There was also caught shark, in the stomach of which turned out to be a shark smaller, and in the latter - shark even smaller, "both lives," - he adds a traveler without fear of exaggeration. Next, Suleiman speaks about the Herssel Sea (Indian Ocean), stretching from the Maldives to the Zorda Archipelago, in which he has up to a thousand nine hundred islands. Among these islands, who were under the control of a woman, he notes the island of Ceylon with his pearl fishing, Sumatra, rich in gold mines and populated by cannibals, as well as Nicobar and Andaman Islands. "In this sea," he reports, "Solorals firmly, who break the ships and throw a huge amount of dead fish, piles of stones and even whole mountains; When the waves rise, the sea becomes looking like a flaming fire. " Suleiman believes that this sea is visited by a monster that devours people.

Journey Suleiman By replacing the inhabitants of the Nichobar Islands of Iron on coconuts, sugar cane, bananas and coconut wine, he swapped the Andaman Sea, washing the shores of Malacca, and after a ten-day swimming stayed in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Singapore to stock freshwater. Then he rose to the north of the sea Kedrenj - seems to be about the Siamese Gulf - and reached the province of Poulo - Obi, located in the southern part of Cambodia. Here the eyes of the Arab merchant opened the sea extending between Molukski Islands and Indo - China. Suleiman went to Sander Island - Fulat, stash there with edible supplies and continued his way along the Sea Sanji, or South China. A month later, he entered the lively Chinese port Xian - Fu (Canton).

Ibn Dasta in 10-11 centuries. Travelers have significantly expanded the geography of the wanders; Arabic writer Ibn Dasta from Persia committed a long journey; The results of their wanders outlined in the historical and geographical encyclopedia "The book of precious treasures; In it, he mentions the Slavs, describes their life, morals, customs.

Al - Masidi Al - Masidi from Baghdad Traveler 10th century; About his journey wrote two books "Gold Belts and Mosching Jewels", "Messages and Observations"; I described all the countries of the Middle and Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Eastern Europe, North and Eastern Africa.

Al - Idrisi in the 12th century Arab Traveler Al - Idrisi was invited to the Sicilian king in Palermo to compile geographical maps; In 1154, his book "Geographical Entertainment" appeared, in which the test of the ideas of Ptolemy took place; The result of its many years of work of the world map, circular and rectangular, for 70 sheets.

Ibn Battuta was born in Tangier on February 25, 1304 in the family of the Muslims of Berber scientists and judges. His full name is Mohammed Ibn Abdullah Ibn Battuta.

Ibn Battuta in 1325, having decided to fulfill the cherished duty of Muslim and make pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta passed from Morocco along the coast North Africa To Cairo and from there headed to Damascus, where he joined the caravan. In the break between pilgrimages 1326 and 1327 traveled in Southern Persia and Iraq. After a year or two, I visited Yemen, went on the sea from Aden to the Arab factories in East Africa and returned to Mecca through the Oman and the Persian Bay.

Then, he ripened the idea to visit India, because he heard a lot about Muhammeda Ibn Tugluk, Sultan Delhi. However, to find a ship heading to India in Jedda, and Ibn Battuta decided to go on a tour of land. Crossed by small Asia and sailed out of Sinop to the Crimea, and from there I got to the barn, the residence of Khan Golden Horde, and came to the Caucasus. Taking advantage of the opportunity to visit Constantinople, returned through the steppes in the barn on the Volga and continued his way through Khiva, Samarkand, Horacean and Afghanistan. September 12, 1333 safely reached the border with India, held by r. Ind.

In Delhi Ibn Battuta was rendered a warm welcome, and he lived there for eight years. In 1342, he was sent by the Mesnet to the Mongolian Emperor, the Rule of China, but in Calicut in the south of India, his detachment fell into trouble. Not wanting to return to Delhi, Ibn Battuta sailed to Maldiveswhere he stayed 18 months as a Cadi (Muslim judge). Visited Ceylon, east coast Peninsula of the Industan (Koromandel Coast) and Bengali, and then Sumatra, where he sat on the ship sent to the zaitun (modern Xiamen, or Amy) in China. His stay in China was short, returning to south India.He went to Mecca again. After that, Ibn Battuta decided to return to Morocco and reached the city of Fes in November 1349. This was followed by a ride in Granada. In 1352 -1353 Ibn Battuta made the last journey and crossed the Sahara. I got to the country of the people of Mandingo in the upper reaches. Niger (Sovr. Mali), from there returned to Fez. In Fez, he dictated a description of his travels to one of the scribes of Moroccan Sultan. Ibn Battuta died in the FESE in about 1369 (according to other sources in 1377) and was buried in his homeland - in Tangier.

In Fez, he dictated a description of his travels to one of the scribes of Moroccan Sultan. Ibn Battuta died in the FESE in about 1369 (according to other sources in 1377) and was buried in his homeland - in Tangier. The book "A gift to contemplating about the woundings of cities and miracles of travels", a better known entitled "Travel Ibn Battuta"

For the period Ancient Mira And the Middle Ages was investigated by all huge coastal space from Norway to China - the shore Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Red Seas, Indian Ocean and Chinese Sea. Travelers boldly penetrated internal areas different countries - from Egypt to Ethiopia, from Malaya Asia to the Caucasus, from India and China to Mongolia. Although travelers have failed to achieve mathematical accuracy in determining geographic location various places they achieved, but they studied the customs and morals in detail, natural resources, crafts, art and trade in many countries. Ships, well-focused in the wind mode, could already be started with confidence in distant and dangerous swimming. Caravans using laid paths could safely move into the internal areas of remote countries.

At the beginning of the X century, Norman Eica Ginger went to search for new countries. In 982, with a team in 32 people, Eirik managed to open the island on which he founded two colonies. He called Greenland, that in translation means " green land" The name attracted attention and there began to move people. In just a few years there were 3,000 inhabitants. Geographically, Greenland refers to America. So, for 500 years before Columbus, Eica Redhead opened America.

In 1001, Viking Leave, the son of Eika, nicknamed happy, went to search for a new earth. This tells "Saga about Greenlanders". With Lev was 35 people. First, travelers reached the Baffin Earth, which Hellulylands died ("Breakfast Earth"). From her, taking a course for the south in a few days, they saw white sandy sands and crouched by the hills, most likely it was Labrador Island. More south of Vikings discovered Newfoundlandland.

Northerners were delighted with what they saw: fat green meadowsrich rich river. Even wild grapes! Therefore, they called this place a grape country - Winland. The following year, Brother Leave Torvald took new journey. But now he had to fight with the Indians. In one of the battles, he was killed, and his team retreated. Vikings Indians were called "Skřeling" (Zama). And yet, despite the failure, another attempt was made to establish a colony. But three years of war with the Indians forced Vikings to return home.

Marco Polo Marco Polo (1254 -1324) - Venetian merchant and traveler, who represented the history of his journey in Asia in the famous "Book of the diversity of the world." It serves as a valuable source of geography, ethnography, history of Armenia, Iran, China, Mongolia, India, Indonesia and other countries in the Middle Ages. This book had a significant impact on navigators, cartographers, writers of the XIV-XVI centuries. In particular, she was on the ship of Christopher Columbus during his search route to India; According to researchers, Columbus made 70 marks on it.

Hospitality in medieval Europe Mass travel of merchants, apprentices, clergy, as well as numerous pilgrims and pilgrims give a new direction in the form of providing a shelter. At first, this shelter was free, for the sake of love to the neighbor, given by monasteries, church organizations, princely courtyards, etc. The main legal act for the subsequent period of the hotel business development was Edict Karl the Great (768-814), the emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire, The responsibility of the maintenance of "state-owned" on the monasteries and church, providing travelers of overnight stays, nutrition, therapeutic help and bath.

"Gospecies are strange houses, institutions like hotels with the character of the monastery. The monks and serge brothers are in them make up small separate orders. The states were arranged in settlements and gave the shelter to all wanderers. Special fame used walp in p. Bernarde, p. Gotard, Symplon, Grimsell. . . "

The main occupation of some knightly orders was to defend pilgrims and provide them with hospitality on their way to holy places. One of these houses, the abbey in the Ronsevalsky gorge, promised to wanderers a warm welcome at the gate, complimentary bread, merchant services and shoemakers, fruits and nuts from abbey bins, two hospice for hopelessly sick and even sanctified burial place.

In medieval Europe, the Church played a decisive role in the life of society and was the only authority that was recognized in any country. Monasteries and other religious refuges took travelers (and welcomed donations). Many monasteries were glad to guests. The rich and noble sitting near the main prelate, while the poor were placed and fed in separate rooms.

Monastic food was simple, but often higher quality than anywhere on the way. Vegetables and cattle Monks usually grown and bred on their landmarks. The kitchen had more purity and order than in private houses. In addition, the monks led a rigid system of product accounting, which affected the cost of food. As a result, pilgrims and vagrants lived in the monastery better than other nobles at home.

The title of the oldest of the existing boring courtyards is presented with the Street courtyard "At the Brazing Rooster" in the town of Saint Alban (England), founded by about 795. At about the same time, the first well-known legal acts refucing legal status Street yards.

For the shelter of those who arrived in the city, living houses were built, some of them were still preserved. Creating similar hotel enterprises Famous fairs in France (in Saint-Denis, True), in Italy (in Ferrara, Pavia), in German Principles (in Boris, Cologne, Mainz, Shleira), and so on.

In Europe, the secular tradition of "paid hospitality" is associated with the growth of cities. It is not by chance that the first places of this kind called Taberna Perpetua (round-the-clock trade in wine) appeared on the Rhine and Moseli (the most important trading road of the Middle Ages). Information about them is contained in the resolution of the local Archbishop of the VIII century, which forbade to the spiritual persons to visit these "golden places". In folk songs and ballads, motives are often found, associated with the night of a tired traded traded (soldier, apprentices, a merchant, etc.) under the hospitable (or non-microgenic) in the hospitable. On the borough courtyards, the owner often held a special room intended for the night guests. The innings were usually located at the intersection of important trading roads or in the center of the city at the market square, where the chief cathedral and the town hall were.

English legislation proclaimed the hotel to the public institution and imposed on their owners responsibility for the well-being of travelers. The owner of the hotel had not only the right to take guests, but also certain responsibilities. The earliest bores in England adhered to the traditions of beer. An evergreen plant attached to the cola for all was a sign that El. This custom is still preserved in some English villages now. The green branch, in turn, marked that there is apple wine on sale. People gathered in these establishments to chat and discuss urgent problems.

Hotels existed in major cities And at the intersections, about the crossing. The buildings were more like the refuge with minimal furniture. The reed, which threw on the earth or the stone floor, served as a carpet and the surface to which it was convenient to throw bones and other food residues. In the main room along the walls, the mattresses were laid on which they slept. The presence was a personal matter of everyone, since most of the guests brought their own food.

In 1282, the innkeepers of the city of Florence in Italy founded their own guild, an association, aimed at helping their business. The restaurants belonged to the city, which passed them to the one who will offer them more at the auctions at the time. Apparently, it was beneficial to belong to the guild, because by 1290 there were already 86 members.

In the "Canterbury Stories" of Chosera Pilgrims gather in the famous London Tavern "Tabard" to eat tasty before a long expensive in Canterbury, to the holy relics of Thomas Baketa. The best storyteller who will tell the most entertaining history, the owner of the Tavern Harry Bailey promises to reward a free dinner arranged in his honor. And he himself goes into pilgrimage to listen to these stories himself and identify the winner.

Harry Bailey and His Kharchevnu really existed: In 2003, a memorial plaque was placed in London on the site of Tabarda. It is known about Harry Bailey very much, but much can be said about the place where his hotel was located. Southwall at the end of the XIV century. It was not part of London, but was located then on the opposite of London the shore. With London, he connected his only then the bridge over the Thames - London Bridge, so Southwerk has always been a noisy transit place.

Medieval resorts in the early Middle Ages persisted, reaching since the time of the Roman Empire, the traditions of therapeutic travel. The healing effect of water was associated with the intercession of the saints. Popular resorts of that time were Swaljer-Ben (France) and Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia land)

Julian Hungarian The "Columbus of the East" is a monk-Dominican, who went to search for the Great Hungary, the Praodina of Hungarians. By 895, the Hungarians settled in Transylvania, but still remembered the distant lands of their ancestors, steppe areas east of the Urals. In 1235, the Hungarian Prince Bela has equipped four Dominicans' monks on a journey. After a time, two Dominicans decided to go back, and the third satellite Julian died. The monk decided to continue the path alone. As a result, Minovaya Constantinople, passing along the Kuban River, Julian reached the Great Bulgaria, or Volzhskaya Bulgaria. The reverse path of Dominicans ran through the Mordovian lands, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan, Chernigov and Kiev. In 1237, Julian Hungarian went on a re-journey, but on the way, reaching the Eastern Land of Russia, learned about the attack on the Great Bulgaria of the Mongolian troops. The description of the monk has become an important source in studying the history of the Mongolian invasion of Volzhskaya Bulgaria.

Gunnbjorn Ulfson. Surely you heard about the Eica of the Redhead, the Scandinavian navigator, the first settled on the shores of Greenland. Thanks to this fact, many mistakenly think that he was also the discoverer of the Giant Ice Island. But no - Gunnbiorn Ulfson, heading from his native Norway in Iceland, was visited there, whose vessel was the strongest storm dropped to the new shores. Alright, Eiky's redhead went to his footsteps, he was not random, Eica knew exactly where Olezzan Isle wasland.

Rabban Sauma Which is called Chinese Marco Polo, became the only one from China, who described his journey through Europe. Being a Nestorian monk, Rabban went to a long and dangerous pilgrimage in Jerusalem in the region of 1278. Advanced from the Mongolian capital Hanbalyk, that is, the current Beijing, he crossed all Asia, but already approaching Persia, he learned about the war on the Holy Land and changed the route. In Persia, Rabban Sauma was welcome, and a few years later, at the request of Argun-Khan, it was equipped with a diplomatic mission to Rome. At first, he visited Constantinople and King Andronika II, then visited Rome, where he established international contact with Cardinals, and eventually found himself in France, at the courtyard of King Philip Beautiful, offering a union with Argun Khan. On the way back, the Chinese monk was awarded the audience of the newly elected Pope and met with the English king Edward I.

Gille de Shubuk Monk Franciscan, after the end of the seventh crusade, was sent by King Louis French in southern Steppes - In order to establish diplomatic cooperation with Mongols. From Jerusalem Gille de Lubuk got to Constantinople, from there to Sudak and moved to the side Azov Sea. As a result, the Rubuk crossed the Volga, then the Ural River and eventually found himself in the capital of the Mongolian Empire, Karakorum. The audience of the Great Khan did not give special diplomatic results: Khan suggested the King of France to swear to the loyalty to the Mongols, but the time spent in overseas countries was not in vain. Gille De Shubuk in detail and with his own humor described his journeys, having told the inhabitants of medieval Europe about the distant eastern peoples and their lives. It was especially impressed by the Mongols unusual for Europe: in the city of Karakorum, the pagan, and Buddhist temples, and the mosque, and the Christian Nestorian Church were peacefully adjacent.

Athanasius Nikitin, Tver merchant, in 1466 he went to the commercial voyage, which turned into incredible adventures for him. Thanks to its adventurism, Athanasius Nikitin entered the story as one of the greatest travelers, leaving behind the heartfelt notes "Going in three seas." Already only leaving his native Tver, the commercial vessels Afanasii Nikitina were looted by the Astrakhan Tatars, but it did not stop the merchant, and he continued his journey - she finally got to Derbent, Baku, then to Persia and from there to India. In his notes, he described the customs, the morals, political and religious device of Indian lands. In 1472, Athanasius Nikitin went home, but before Tver did not reach, died under Smolensky. Athanasius Nikitin became the first European overcoming the path to India.

Chen and yes yes - Chinese travelers who committed a dangerous expedition in Central Asia. Lee was an experienced traveler, but he did not lead travel notes and therefore did not look so much like Chen. Two eunuch went to a diplomatic journey on behalf of Emperor Yun-Le in 1414. They had to cross the desert for 50 days and climb along the Tien Shan Mountains. After spending 269 days on the way, they reached the city of Herat (which is located on the territory of modern Afghanistan), handed the sultan gifts and returned home.

Odorico Putordone - Monk Franciscan, visiting India, Sumatra and China at the beginning of the XIV century. Franciscan monks sought to increase their presence in the countries of East Asia, for which they sent there missionaries. Odorico Pordenone, leaving his native monastery in Udine, followed first to Venice, then in Constantinople, and from there to Persia and India. The Monk-Franciscan traveled a lot in India and China, visited the territory of modern Indonesia, coming to the island of Java, lived in Beijing for several years, and then returned home, passed Lhasa. He died already in the monastery in Udine, but before his death managed to put the best impressions from traveling. His memories were based on the famous book "The Adventures of Sir John Mandeville", which was read through medieval Europe.

Naddud and Gardar - Vikings who opened Iceland. Naddud landed off the coast of Iceland in the 9th century: he kept the way on Faroe islandsBut the storm led him to the new land. Having studied the surroundings and not finding there signs of human life, he went home. The next, setting to the land of Iceland, was Swedish Viking Gardar - he walked around his ship island along the coast. The Naddiode called the Snow Earth Island, and Iceland's today's name (i.e., the "ice country") is obliged to be the third Viking, flocks Wilgerdarson, who comes to this harsh and beautiful land.

Veniamin Tudelsky - Rabbi from the city of Tudela (Kingdom of Navarre, now Spanish Province of Navarre). The path of Veniamine Tudelsky was not so ambitious, like Athanasius Nikitin, but his records were an invaluable source of information about the history and life of Jews in Byzantium. Veniamin Tudelsky went from his native city to Spain in 1160, he passed Barcelona, \u200b\u200btraveled by southern France. Next, he arrived in Rome, from where, after time, he moved to Constantinople. From Byzantia Rabbi proceeded to the Holy Land, and from there to Damascus and Baghdad, went around Arabia and Egypt.

Ibn Battuta Slanged not only with his wanders. If his other "colleagues" was put on the road with a trading, religious or diplomatic mission, then the Berber traveler called the Musa of Fallen Westerns - he overcame 120,700 km exclusively from love for tourism. Ibn Battuta was born in 1304 in the Moroccan city of Tangier in the Sheikh family. The first point on the personal map of Ibn Battuta became Mecca, where he got, moving along land along the shores of Africa. Instead of going home, he continued a trip to the Middle East and East Africa. Reaching Tanzania and being without funds, he ventured on a journey to India: they rummed that Sultan in Delhi is incredibly generous. Rumors did not fail - Sultan provided Ibn Battutu generous gifts and sent with a diplomatic goal to China. However, on the way, he was looted and, afraid of Sultansky anger and not daring to return to Delhi, Ibn Battuta was forced to hide in the Maldives, simultaneously visiting Sri Lanka, Bengalia and Sumatra. He got to China only in 1345, from where he headed towards the house. But at home, he, of course, was not sitting - Ibn Battuta made a little journey to Spain (then the territory of modern Andalusia belonged to Masvas and called al-Andalus), then went to Mali, for which he needed to cross the Sahara, and in 1354 settled in the city Fez, where all the details of their incredible adventures dictated.