Lakes, rivers, reservoirs. Rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, underground waters of the Tula region All rivers, ponds and lakes

Moscow - famous city, decorated with majestic buildings, green gardens and ancient winding streets - a living embodiment of bygone times. But the Russian capital is famous not only for its architecture.

Nature is generous to these places, and numerous reservoirs located in the most beautiful ones complete its unique appearance. Let's get acquainted with them and open a list of water bodies in Moscow - ponds, lakes and canals.

Troparevsky Pond

In the territory landscape park“Teply Stan”, in the south-west of the capital, there is an artificial reservoir - Troparevsky Pond. It appeared in the post-war period, occupying a ravine located at the source of the river. Ochakovki. And although the dry formulation “Moscow water bodies” does not suit this charming body of water at all, let’s start the description with it. Troparevsky Pond is the only flowing pond in a vast area where you can enjoy a good rest in nature. The Ochakovka River and the Kukrinsky Stream, flowing into the pond, do not allow the water to stagnate. The shore of the reservoir is adequately landscaped: the coastlines have been updated, the embankment has been restored, benches, sun loungers and bridges have been installed on the beach, there are cozy cafes, free Wi-Fi operating in the beach area, boat and catamaran rentals.

Safe access to the water and regular monitoring of its condition allow families to spend weekends here with their children. Those who wish in the coastal zone are provided with leisure: There are playgrounds for children, volleyball and football fields.

Golitsynsky pond

On the right bank of the Moscow River, Moscow reservoirs are represented by the Golitsyn Pond. Located in famous park them. Gorky, he is favorite place rest for Muscovites. This magnificent corner of nature will bring unforgettable pleasure to everyone, because it has everything you can dream of. The embankment of the pond has been restored and improved; in the immediate vicinity of the water there are comfortable sun loungers, wooden benches and tables. On the beach you can successfully combine relaxation with work: the range of services includes free Wi-Fi. This body of water is the most romantic in Moscow. Here you can ride a boat and feed the feathered inhabitants - ducks and swans, who are accustomed to humans and gladly accept his treats.

The Golitsynsky pond is rich in a variety of fish, which were once released for cleaning purposes. Once established, silver carp reach significant sizes. Fishermen are frequent guests here, because fishing allowed. Golitsynsky pond is one of the most picturesque corners capital, successfully combining the beauty of Russian nature with the achievements of civilization.

Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond

This reservoir is one of the oldest and most famous in the list of “Moscow Water Objects”. It is located in the floodplain of the river. Serebryanki near the place where in the 17th century stood the estate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the father of Peter I the Great. It was the founder of the Romanov dynasty who connected the river with two small reservoirs with dams, thereby surrounding it with water on all sides. In this pond, Tsarevich Peter first sailed on a small boat, which was later jokingly called the “grandfather of the Russian fleet.”

This historical place today is a monument of landscape gardening art. The reservoir and coastal area were cleaned and restored, dams were replaced with bridges, children's swings were installed, basketball and volleyball courts were built, and the banks and beach area were strengthened. The sandy beach, two boat stations, sports equipment rentals and sports facilities have long been appreciated by vacationers. For those arriving by car, there are two comfortable parking areas. The beach area is fenced with a decorative grille, ensuring the safety of vacationers.

Patriarch's Ponds

The list of water bodies in Moscow would be incomplete without the famous Patriarch's Ponds. Despite the plural, today it is one body of water, surrounded by a small, neat park. Patriarch's Ponds is a surprisingly quiet place in the very center of the capital, with rich history and literary fame. In addition, it seems to be created for walking, relaxing and thinking.

Fish were introduced into the reservoir, which was improved and cleaned in 2003. Besides her, swans and ducks have taken root here. They surrounded the pond, reconstructed the square and turned this quiet corner into a cultural heritage site.

Chistye Prudy

Moscow is a diverse city. In the hustle and bustle of a huge metropolis there are many surprising things quiet places, filled with old Moscow energy. For example, Chistye Prudy is a reservoir located in the middle of Chistoprudny Boulevard, protected by centuries-old linden trees, elegant chestnut trees and trimmed lawns.

Surrounded by blocks of old buildings and well-fitted modern buildings, the pond and the adjacent park are a historical place that preserves the memory of bygone times.

Vorontsov Ponds

The decoration of the South-West of the capital is a park with 5 reservoirs located on the territory of the Vorontsovo estate. These are well-groomed, picturesque places, occupying almost 40 hectares - a real earthly paradise. Trees preserved from the 18th century frame a cascade of reservoirs, a fortified coastline, an excellent park interior, several cozy cafes and playgrounds are good at any time of the year. Vorontsovsky ponds are an excellent place for active recreation.

Borisov Ponds

Moscow's water bodies complement Borisov Ponds- the reservoir, named after Boris Godunov and existing for several centuries, is the largest in the capital. Its area covers almost 86 hectares.

The beach on the northern shore is excellently landscaped, however, the water of the pond contains harmful substances that do not allow swimming, as prohibited signs indicate. However, swans and ducks live on the pond, and on clean sand On the beach you can have a great rest while sunbathing.

Moscow channels

Having listed the main artificial reservoirs of the capital, let us remember the water arteries - canals. Here they are:

Channel named after Moscow.

Drainage.

Golovinsky.

Krylatskoye (rowing canal).

Lakes

The capital is also rich in natural reservoirs. are represented by the White, Holy, and Black lakes, connected by man-made channels that form the Kosinskoye Three Lakes. White Lake is the largest in the complex, reaching an area of ​​27 hectares and a depth of 19 m. Black Lake is connected to White Lake by an artificial channel. The muddy bottom and spring recharge are good conditions for fish reproduction. famous for its healing water containing many chemical elements. Moscow lakes are excellent places for recreation and fishing.

In one article it is impossible to talk about all the reservoirs of the capital; we have listed only the most famous of them.

From the moment of its origin, the Vyazniki were closely connected with small rivers and streams that began in the Vyaznikovsky ravines and belonged to the Klyazma basin. These are Volshnik, Svistishna, Vyderka, Petryanka, etc. So, on the banks of Volshnik in the 17th-18th centuries. Vyaznikovskaya Sloboda was located; Svistishna and Volshnik served as the natural border of the Yaropolch fortress from the west and southwest, and the Annunciation Monastery arose on Vyderka. These rivers, unfortunately shallow and littered, are still an integral part of the city’s appearance today.

Residents of the city know various hydronyms - the names of streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, wells, etc. We will talk about some of them - those located directly in the city or close to the city limits.

“Volshnik” is a small river, the right tributary of the Klyazma. It is formed at the confluence of the Volzhanka River, which originates in the Nenashevsky ravine, and the Svistishna River. It flows through the central part of the city and flows into the Klyazma in the backwater area. Until the twentieth century. was much fuller, boats floated on it, there were fish in it, but now it is very shallow and littered. In the area of ​​Volshnik Market Square at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. was blocked by several dams to create fire-fighting reservoirs. During the spring melting of snow, it becomes a turbulent and fairly full-flowing river, overflows in the area of ​​Muromskaya Street and floods the buildings of local residents.

In the 17th century The wizard defended the Yaropolch fortress on the western side; the Arkhangelsk (Tainitsky, Vodyany) gates of the fortress overlooked the river. The Vyaznikovskaya settlement was located along the banks of the Volshnik. In the old days, the banks of the Volshnik were fortified with logs and wattles - we cut them; Currently, Volshnik is partially lined with concrete slabs. Several bridges pass through Volshnik, both pedestrian and automobile.

In historical documents, other names of the river are sometimes found - Voloshnya, Volozhanka, etc. All of them, apparently, come from the words “moisture”, “volgly”.

“Vyderka” is a small river that originates in the Monastyrsky ravine and flows into the Klyazma. It flows near the territory of the Annunciation Monastery. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. Vyderka served as the natural western border of the city of Vyazniki.

“Petryanka” is a small river that originates in a ravine located between the urban districts of “Sever” and “Yartsevo” and flows through the Maloye Petrino district. Flows into the Klyazma. The toponym reflected the name of the ancient village of Petrino, which has now become part of the city.

“Svistishna” is a small river that originates in the Murom ravine and, at its confluence with the Volzhanka river, forms Volshnik. In the 17th century, Svistishna served as a natural fortification for the Yaropolch fortress.

“Zaton” (“Pushkin Sea”) - this is the name given to the bay of the Klyazma River at the confluence of the Volshnik, next to the river pier. For a long time, this natural river area, protected from currents and ice drift, was used for parking and repairing ships. The strange, at first glance, name “Pushkin Sea” can be explained very simply - the city street named after them approaches the territory of the backwater. A.S. Pushkina (formerly Perevoznaya, Transportnaya, Zaretskaya). The word “sea” in the toponym shows the ironic attitude of the townspeople towards this body of water.

It should be said that among Vyaznikov’s hydronyms there are also not very euphonious ones. For example, “Basranka”, “Lousy Pond”, etc. What is the reason for the appearance of these names?

“Basranka” is a common, dissonant toponym currently used by Vyaznikovites to characterize a number of urban water bodies - the Petryanka river, less often - Volshnik. The name emphasizes the pollution of the rivers, the littering of their beds. It should be noted that initially this toponym was associated with another water body of the city. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. This name was given to a ditch specially dug in the Klyazma floodplain, through which wastewater from Vyaznikovsky factories, bathhouses, and laundries was directed into the river. This ditch, which has swollen over time, remains to this day in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma, on the northeastern outskirts of Vyazniki.

“Lousy Pond” - a pond on Khorokhonov Street. It got its name due to pollution from household waste and other debris. The appearance of the toponym was also influenced by the fact that the fresh stagnant waters of the “Lice Pond” are inhabited by a large number of small invertebrate crustaceans - daphnia, cyclops, etc., which serve as food for small fish.

Many water bodies located within the city limits or in close proximity to the city are very popular among Vyaznikovites as recreational places.

“Bykovskoe Lake” is the name of an oxbow lake located in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma, north of the Tekmashdetal urban area. The name of the lake is associated with the nearby village of Bykovka.

“Vodokachka” (“Komzyakovskie ponds”) is the name of a reservoir located on the southern outskirts of the city, near the Komzyaki grove, next to the Moscow highway - Nizhny Novgorod. The reservoir was created in the early 60s of the twentieth century, during the construction of the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod highway. During the construction of the road, the ravine with springs was blocked by a dam, resulting in the formation of a reservoir. Vodokachka is one of my favorite places summer holiday Vyaznikovites.

“Gorozhanka” is the name of an oxbow lake located on the left bank of the Klyazma, near the Tolmachevo urban area. The name of the lake reflects its location near the city. The lake is especially famous among fishing enthusiasts.

“Golden Horn” is the name given to a section of the right bank of the Klyazma, located not far from Lake Podgornoye. At this point, the source of Lake Tekhar flows into the Klyazma, forming a sandbank-spit. The name reflects the character of the area. “Golden Horn” is one of the favorite summer vacation spots for Vyazniki residents.

“Carriers” is the name of small reservoirs located in the eastern part of the Tolmachevo urban area. The reservoirs arose on the site of old quarries formed as a result of clay mining, which determined the name of the reservoirs.

“Podgornoye Lake” is a lake located on the northern outskirts of the city, next to Maly Petrino, not far from the Tekmash microdistrict. The name of the lake is explained by its location - in the Klyazma floodplain, under the high right bank of the river. The lake is one of the favorite summer vacation spots for Vyaznikov residents.

“Blue Sea” is the name of the Klyazma Bay not far from “Zaton”. The name, which seems strange at first glance, is explained quite simply. In the old days, the word “morzo” meant oxbow rivers. In the 50s and 60s of the twentieth century, this place was one of the most favorite places for boat trips for Vyaznikovites.

“Tekhar” (“Tehra”) is an oxbow lake located north of the Tekmashdetal urban area, in the floodplain of the right bank of the Klyazma. Connects with the Klyazma source. The hydronym is ancient, pre-Slavic. It is probably of Finno-Ugric origin. “Te-” in Finnish languages ​​means “channel”, “har” means “lake”. A possible literal translation is “flowing lake.”

Among the Vyaznikovsky attractions, a special place is occupied by wells, which have long been used by townspeople for domestic needs. Usually, the names of wells were formed from the surnames of townspeople whose houses were located in close proximity to them. So, for a long time were known in Vyazniki as “Obidinsky well”, “Kopytovsky well”, etc. Unfortunately, every year there are fewer and fewer operating wells in the city.

The most famous at present is located in Yaropoli on Shkolnaya Street. This is an old well with a huge wheel for lifting a bucket of water. The well is very popular among newlyweds and city guests. In Vyazniki, there is a tradition when, after registering a marriage at the registry office, a young family goes to the “Well of Love”, where the newlyweds must drink well water from a tub (according to legend, this promotes love and good luck). Oddly enough, despite its wide popularity, the name “Well of Love” appeared relatively recently, in connection with the organization of survey tourist excursions around town. One of the points of the excursion was a visit to Yaropoli with its mansions and dachas. At the suggestion of the guides, the legend about the miraculous properties of well water was spread.

Reservoirs are natural or artificial accumulations of water, which can be permanent or temporary in nature, decorative, and located in parks and gardens. The flow of reservoirs is slow or absent.

Rivers are classified as watercourses because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.

Natural bodies of water: lakes

Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify the drainage of excess water, artificial drains are formed. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - raising fish, storing water for irrigation, and sometimes doing laundry.

There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. The inhabitants of reservoirs are protozoa, algae, and fish. Special ponds are created for breeding valuable species of fish - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. Reservoirs are specially cleaned and their own ecosystem is formed.

The importance of reservoirs

Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water on an industrial scale. There are channel and lake reservoirs, depending on their origin. They can also be covered, open or dammed.

The largest in the world are Rybinsk - in Russia, Smallwood - in Canada, Nasser - in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has enormous consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is a radical change in the landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative impact on fish spawning conditions.

Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the siltation of reservoirs. The process represents the formation of large sediments at the bottom. at the same time it decreases. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. The inhabitants of reservoirs may change.

Where do oxbows come from?

Oxbow lakes as natural reservoirs are part of the channel where a river previously flowed. Another name is old speech. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are oxbow lakes formed? The formation process occurs when, for some reason, the channel straightens, and the previous curl or curvature remains cut off from the main body of water. The main reason is high water, when the river finds a more convenient path.

Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbow lakes can also form. This process takes place when there is large quantity sleeves The entrances to the oxbow lake are gradually covered with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. If there is food, it can function, but if not, it can dry out. The largest oxbow lakes can be more than 500 meters long.

What do reservoirs feed on?

The type of nutrition is one of the main characteristics of a reservoir. It can characterize its structure and functions.

How can bodies of water feed? Firstly, external surface runoff - rain, other hydro objects. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourthly, replenishment with combined type waters.

Drinking groundwater is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such nutrition, then duckweed and mud will form in it less often. The most common type of nutrition is combined.

A guarantee of constant filling with water is the forced implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. The most common diet is a combination diet. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, groundwater and much more.

Reservoirs and their location on the ground

Reservoirs are hydraulic objects located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, lakes, may be. The reservoir may be dammed or dug. Power is supplied, as a rule, from the river. Slope, watershed, and floodplain reservoirs are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.

In the floodplain, reservoirs with underground, combined, and channel feeding are formed. They can form in an oxbow where sluices are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here to use such a reservoir in industry.

Slope reservoirs are formed on the terraces of river valleys. They differ from others only in some design features.

Watershed reservoirs are constructed in watershed areas. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Water can be forcibly supplied from a river or well.

There are also reservoirs in embankments or excavations. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their nutrition. They can have any area. They are quite expensive to build.

In embankments, reservoirs serve primarily to store water. Such an object could become the basis for a hydroelectric power station.

Creating a decorative pond

Decorative pond - what is it? This is an artificial water body that serves as a decoration for the site, creating its complete appearance. Most often, owners of private houses and summer cottages come up with the idea of ​​​​creating a decorative pond.

Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?

Creating a pond with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. The shape and design of such a cozy corner of the garden can be very diverse. An artificial pond will fit perfectly into any landscape and can become its structural dominant.

To begin, choose a place that is not very close to your home (it is better to consult with landscape design specialists). Close proximity to the house can harm the foundation.

You need to create a project. To do this, determine the shape of the reservoir: oval, rectangle or intricate figure. The project will allow you to determine costs, materials, and location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depend on them.

When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably, not on your own, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is decoration with plants. This will complete the image of an ideal pond. You will get a gorgeous pond - the photo below represents one of the possible options for your garden.

Conclusion

Ponds, natural or artificial, are functional but can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.

An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and highlight the style of your garden. It is especially popular to create such elements in Japanese, classic, rustic style. The main thing is to properly design the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the garden owners.

Here I often provide links to all sorts of useful things on various issues. So this time I can’t pass by the book by Yuri Nasimovich RIVERS, LAKES AND PONDS OF MOSCOW Actually, this should be a reference book for anyone interested in geography, hydrography, toponymy, local history of Moscow, as well as for those who simply love to walk along abandoned ravines, ponds and other small and big rivers of our city.

A full-fledged study of this issue by Yuri Nasimovich is obvious. In general, if anyone is interested, use it.

Well, for starters, I’ll give you a review chapter on hydrography, geology, topography, flora-fauna and other things of the Moscow River. For those interested - under cat.

Too extensive literature is devoted to the Moscow River, including
a number of monographs in order to try in a short essay to significantly expand
thread this information. Along with the reports listed above (Lushchi-
Khin, 1947; Nesteruk, 1947, 1950; Avilova, Orlov, 1994), note
"Hydrographic sketch of the Moscow River and its tributaries" by V.I. Astrakov
(1879), work by G.F. Buchholz “Moscow River. Section from the city of Zvenigorod
to the mouth..." (1912), "Research of the Moscow River and its description"
I.P. Kravchenko (1930), works by V.D. Bykov “Upper reaches of the Moscow River”
(1948) and "Moscow River" (1951), book by S.B. Yokhelson and F.Ya. Rovins-
whom "Moscow River: Pure Water" (1985). Three detailed articles
in the collection "Nature of Moscow" (1998) are dedicated to animals living
in the Moscow River within the city, - fish (Sokolov, etc.), zooplankton
and benthos (Sokolova and others), planktonic ciliates (Belova). Multi-
information concerning riverine flora and fauna is contained in the Red
book of Moscow (2001). Therefore, we will limit ourselves to citing a number of main
new reference information, listing the tributaries of the Moscow River in
within the city (so full list not previously given) and dis-
kazom about valuable natural objects on its banks, since they are yet
was not given adequate attention. As for the water and surrounding
aquatic flora and fauna, then below is just some information,
which may be of particular interest to the reader.

The Moscow River is a left tributary of the Oka. Its length is 502 km, of which
Moscow city limits - 80 km. The basin area is 17.6 thousand sq. km (Krat-
kaya geogr. encyclopedia, 1962). Originates in the vicinity of Shap-
Kina in the west of the Moscow region on a hillside 310 m high
above sea level ( highest point Smolensk-Moscow upland
ity in the Moscow region).

The main stream flows to Moscow. to the east past Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod and
Krasnogorsk. Upon entering the territory of Moscow, it turns sharply
to the southeast and generally follows this direction until
mouth in Kolomna, passing before the cities of Lytkarino, Zhukovsky,
Ramenskoye, Bronnitsy and Voskresensk. Total drop from source to
the mouth is 155.5 m. If you do not take into account the waters of the artificial
origin (transported from other rivers, etc.), then the Moscow River
fed by rain (12%), melt (61%) and groundwater
(27%). Average water consumption, according to data from the mid-20th century. (Bykov,
1951), was 38 cubic meters per second in Zvenigorod, 53.5 in Moscow
cubic m/s, at the mouth - 150 cubic m/s (i.e. annual flow - 4.7 cubic km).
The natural flow of water before the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal was
significantly less. Now water consumption has increased even more due to
ribs of additional Volga waters.

The Moscow River does not enter the city immediately. First she touches
with him on their right bank in Rublev and Myakinin, which signed
we're on modern maps as two isolated sections of Moscow-
Kuntsevo district. Then the river borders the city with its left bank
reg - in Mitino, or rather in Roslavka and Spassky, which were included in
composition of Mitina. And finally she finally enters the city in
Strogina. She leaves the city, crossing the Moscow Ring Road at Besedinsky
bridge. The length of the river in the city increased due to its tortuosity.
river by 2.5 times (although due to the straightening of the channel by canals, the navigable
the path is 10 km shorter). The most pronounced right bends are Se-
Rebryanoborskaya, Mnevnikovskaya (Terehovskaya), Luzhnetskaya (Luzhni-
kovskaya), Kozhukhovskaya, Kuryanovskaya (Batyuninskaya, Maryinskaya);
left - Stroginskaya, Krylatskaya (Tatarovskaya), Filevskaya, Dorogo-
Milovskaya, Zamoskvorechinskaya, Nagatinskaya, Brateevskaya. The same
the names are given to the areas of the floodplain within these bends. Width rus-
la in the city ranges from 120 to 200 m. The hydrological regime is due to
exchanged in connection with the withdrawal of water for the needs of the city (from Rublevskoye Vo-
additional storage facilities), construction of the canal named after. Moscow, Volga transfer
water through the rivers Ruza (above Zvenigorod), Skhodnya and Yauza, by the creation
in the upper reaches of the Ruzsky, Ozerninsky, Mozhaysky and Istrinsky rivers
reservoirs, the discharge of warm urban wastewater, the construction of Karama-
Shevsky and Perervinsky hydroelectric complexes (dams), as well as the dam named after.
Labor communes below the city.

Special mention must be made about the Moscow River valley, since it occupies
a significant part of the city, reaching Shi-
rins 12 km. This is the main geomorphological and landscape object
on the territory of the capital_. _Here the most active external geological
such processes._ _Together with the Yauza valley, it divides three landscapes -
but-geomorphological areas_: Moskvoretsko-Oka Plain with Tep-
Lostan Upland as a northern ledge (right-
region of the Moscow River), Smolensk-Moscow Upland (left bank
Moscow river and the right bank of the Yauza); Meshchera lowland (left bank
Moscow river and the left bank of the Yauza).

In the valley of the Moscow River there are a floodplain and three above-floodplain terraces,
developed premium on the left bank._ _On the right are the ledges of the indigenous bank
hectares in three places_ almost approaching the riverbed, forming landslide
slopes of the _Fili-Kuntsevo Forest Park_, _Sparrow Mountains_ and _Kolomenskoye_.
This asymmetry of the valley reveals Beer's law for the rivers of the North.
hemispheres: due to the rotation of the planet around its axis, the right bank
is washed away more than the left one. Loams predominate in the floodplain;
floodplain terraces - sands to which the best Moscow-
some pine forests. The third terrace above the floodplain is also characterized by
pebbles associated with the activity of glacial meltwater streams.

The floodplain stretches along the river in a continuous strip, crossing from the shore
To the shore. In the past, there were floodplain meadows, willow forests, and
There are also numerous oxbow lakes, lakes and swamps. All this is partial
preserved in floodplain natural areas, but the very concept
floodplain has lost its meaning, since the channel is limited by embankments, formerly
The nyaya floodplain is partially flooded and partially covered. The river will register
liated, and the floodplain exists only as a historical-geological
education (Likhacheva, 1990). As a result of adding soil, the height
the floodplain in many places equaled the height of the first floodplain
terraces, but the elevation above the river edge remained the same, since
The water level is raised by dams. Near Strogin, due to rising levels,
the waters of the Karamyshevskaya dam turned out to be oxbow lakes and songs
quarries, artificial peninsulas arose - Stroginsky,
Shchukinsky. Here is the widest body of water in Moscow (1.2-1.5
km), which local residents called the Big Lake, or Stro-
Ginsky backwater. From it 1 km deep into the Shchukin Peninsula
Another bay juts out - the Clean "lake". Bay in Serebryany Bor
called "lake" Bezdonka. There are also flooded quarries in Crimea.
Latskaya floodplain, but they have no connection with the river. In Mnevnikovskaya
The floodplain still has 5 oxbow lakes. The remains of such
Until recently, there were lakes in the Kuryanovskaya floodplain (for example,
tive of Kolomensky). Probably some ponds were also oxbows.
near the river (near the Novodevichy Convent, on Krasnokholmskaya embankment-
cut). The river bed meanders along the floodplain and sharply “bounces” to the left,
coming into contact with the steep sliding slopes of Fili-Kuntsevsky
forest park, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. From the floodplain formations
Of particular interest are two lake-like extensions that correspond
the former Sukinu swamp (near the waters of the Southern port) and the former Cha-
Gina swamp (later - Lublin filtration fields). Counts-
Xia that the expansions are associated with the pre-Jurassic left tributaries of the Moscow River
(the second - with the Izmailovskaya Hollow). In addition, here in the remote
In the past, the Moscow River itself flowed.

The first terrace above the floodplain (Serebryanoborskaya), mainly
washed away by the river, and therefore occurs in separate fragments: in the center
the central part of the Serebryanoborskaya bend (pine forest and the 4th line of Ho-
Roshevsky Serebryany Bor), in the Mnevnikovskaya bend (on it
Terekhovo), between Kievsky railway station and Studencheskaya metro station, in Za-
Moskvoretskaya bend (near Tretyakovskaya and Novokuznetskaya metro stations). Her
height - 8-10 m above river level (Likhacheva, Nasimovich, 1998).

The second terrace above the floodplain (Mnevnikovskaya) is the best
expressed in relief in the Lower Mnevniki, but is also present in other places -
tah. Its largest section occupies the space from the stations
Pererva and Depot to Lublin filtration fields. Height - from 12-18
m at the edge to 20-22 m at the rear seam.

The third terrace above the floodplain (Khodynskaya, Borovaya) is expressed in
relief most clearly. Its relative height is 30-35 m,
the edges are up to 25 m. It is separated from the low terraces by a gentle ledge.
It is located on Khodynskoye field, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kuzmin-
ki. In floodplain areas where there are no other terraces, this
the terrace slopes down steeply to the river and looks like a co-
river bank (Trinity-Lykovo, Karamyshevskaya embankment, area near
Beket pond near Zagorodnoe highway, Simonov Monastery, Brateevo,
Kapotnya). The most famous "hills" of the capital are fragments of this
noah terraces, “cut” by the left tributaries of the Moscow River. So, for example
Mer, Borovitsky Hill is formed by the incision of the Neglinnaya River (on it stands
Kremlin); Red Hill (Lousy Hill) is located at the confluence of the Yauza and
Moscow; "Three Mountains" - between the Studenets stream, the Moscow river and the Pres-river
her. For the section of the 3rd floodplain terrace near Khodynka Field
characterized by recent karst failures. The diameters of the failed holes
Rocks sometimes reach 40 m and a depth of 8 m, although they are usually
less. Areas with manifestations of karst are confined to pre-glacial
buried valleys of the Moscow, Yauza rivers and their tributaries (Kutepov and
al., 1997).

From a geomorphological point of view, the slopes of the right
the indigenous bank of the Moscow River - the cliff of the Teplostan Upland in
river valley. The gentle banks here alternate with steep ledges.
mi, which are adjacent to the right loops of the river. For such areas
characterized by outcrops of Jurassic clays and associated landslide
relief, described in detail in the essay about the streams of the Fili-Kuntsevsky Le-
soparka. Strong pet-
flow of the Moscow River in the city. The river advances to the Teplostanskaya elevation
collapse, and its right banks, “cut” by water, are especially
you, and below such sections the river is thrown back to the opposite
the edge of the valley with material that entered the river with landslides.

In the past, the wide valley of the Moscow River was replete with lakes and lowlands.
swamps. The area on the right bank of the Vodootvodny Canal
is still called Ozerki. Within the city limits, still in the first half-
wine of the 20th century there were floodplain lakes Batyuninskoe (ribbon-shaped, sinuous)
leafy, about 2 km long), Bolshoye Krivoye, Dolgoe, Emelyanovo,
Istruzhino, Kartashikha, Crooked Baba, Crooked, Kruglenkoe, Puddles, La-
gushatnik, Maloye Novinskoye, Nogtevo, Radino, Chernoe and others, and
also swamps Balchug, Kochki, Sukino, Chaginskoye and others. Info-
information about some of the listed objects is given below in accordance with
relevant chapters.

Under the slope of the main bank of the Moscow River there are numerous
springs popular with the local population. There are especially many of them under
right bank, higher (in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, on
Sparrow Hills, in Kolomenskoye). The river “cut through” the thickness of the sedimentary
rocks up to the black clays of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic, namely
these clays are the main aquiferous horizon of the Moscow
region, which is associated with the abundance of springs.

Currently, numerous
undeveloped areas that are conventionally classified as
natural. On the right bank are the Stroginsky Peninsula and
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast with Bolshaya and Malaya Gnilusha,
Krylatskaya floodplain and Krylatsky hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park,
Vorobyovy Gory, Neskuchny Garden, Kolomenskoye, Brateevsky Bereg,
Brateevskaya floodplain with the Red Meadow (lower Gorodnya); to the left
coast - Tushinsky coast, the mouth of the Khimki river, Shchukinsky coast with Sobo-
left ravine, Serebryany Bor, Karamyshevskaya embankment, Mnevni-
Kovskaya floodplain with fields and oxbow lakes, Nagatinskaya floodplain,
left bank section of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Lyublinskiye
filter fields. Numerous specially protected plants grow here.
common types of herbs (Deistfeldt, Nasimovich, 1995; Red Book of the city
Moscow, 2001), rare species bryophytes (Ignatov, Ignatova,
1988), there are valuable geological, hydrological and biogeo-
nological objects (Nasimovich, Romanova, 1991; Nasimovich,
1994b), as well as numerous valuable zoological objects
(Red Book of the City of Moscow, 2001), incl. largest in the city
wintering grounds for waterfowl - especially below the Perervinsky waterworks -
la (Avilova et al., 1994).

Declared natural monuments in the Moscow River valley in 1987
section of the Khodynskaya terrace of the Moscow River on Karamyshevskaya embankment,
ravine Kamennaya Kletva (erroneously named in documents by Tatarovsky
ravine), a spring in the Kamennaya Kletva ravine, an entomological complex
lex "Krylatsky Hills" (in the Krylatskaya floodplain near the Rowing Canal),
section of a landslide slope in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, section
Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (square on Kutuzovsky Prospekt),
slopes of the Vorobyovy Gory, section of the Khodynka terrace of the Moscow River in
area of ​​the Kremlin, section of the Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (Klenovy
boulevard in Nagatin), springs below the Temple of the Ascension, landslide
steps under the Church of John the Baptist, floodplain with an oxbow there, va-
moon and outcrops of Aptian sands on the hillside with Dyakovsky
birthplace, outcrops of black Jurassic clays on the “Devil’s Town” (almost
in the same place), and in 1991 - Shchukin Peninsula, Serebryanoborskaya
terrace, two sections of dry meadow in Krylatskoye, 8 objects
Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park (beam and forest area with rare species
grasses, linden and oak trees on the slopes, the hills of the Kuntsevo settlement and
black alder under this fortification, an outcrop of Jurassic clay, as well as
linden grove outside the valley, but next to it). Among the monuments are
births include the most popular springs in the Moscow River valley.

Many natural areas in the Moscow River valley received the status
specially protected: landscape reserve "Krylatsky Hills" (created
July 21, 1998, later liquidated by court decision), monument
nature "Serebryany Bor" (May 12, 1998), natural Park"Moscow-
Voretsky" (December 29, 1998, includes the Stroginsky Peninsula,
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast, Krylatskaya floodplain, Krylats-
Kie hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, Tushinsky coast, mouth
Khimki river, Shchukinsky bank, Serebryany Bor natural monument, Kara-
Myshevskaya embankment, Mnevnikovskaya floodplain and a number of neighboring territories
ry outside the Moscow River valley), nature reserve"Valley of the Setun River" (with
estuarine area in the valley of the Moscow River, July 21, 1998), natural
reserve "Sparrow Hills" (July 21, 1998), historical and archi-
Textural and natural landscape museum-reserve "Kolomenskoye"
(1974).

On the right they flow or flow into the river (including gully-beams
systems as temporary watercourses): Northern and Middle Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky ravines, Silver ravine (Southern Trinity-Lykovsky ovule-
rag), Gnilusha (Big Gnilusha), Small Gnilusha, Verkhnetatarovsky
ravine with a stream in the lower reaches (with Mnevnikovsky Istok), Kamennye Za-
times with a stream in the lower reaches, Krylatsky stream in Kamennaya Kletva, ov-
river at the Krylatsky Bridge (temporary watercourse), 21 permanent watercourses
current in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park (see streams of the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park)
park), Filka, Kobyliy ravine (formerly a temporary watercourse), Bu-
danka, ravine on Potylikha (see Potylikha), Setun, Vorobyov streams
mountains (12-13, including Ostroumovsky Stream), streams of the Neskuchny Garden
(Andreevsky and Ekaterininsky, as well as two unnamed temporary
watercourse in the hollow and ravine), Kozhevnichesky Vrazhek, ravine along
Zhukova proezd, Danilovka, Chura, Kotlovka, Rastan, Zhuzha, Kolo-
Mensky stream (in Golosovo ravine), Popov and Mashinin ravines (with
temporary watercourses), streams in Kolotushkin and Dyakovsky ravines -
gakh, 12 streams of Dyakovskie Zaraz, numerous streams of Brateevsko-
th coast, Gorodnya. In total there are at least 80 permanent watercourses, of which
There are 20 of them with established folk names, as well as 4 temporary
watercourses with their own names.

On the left, the following flow or flow into the Moscow River: the Baryshikha River (outside the Moscow Ring Road),
Skhodnya, Khimka, Sobolev ravine (with significant permanent water flow)
com), Icy ravine (filled up), Khodynka (starting from there and further to
Yauza all watercourses in underground collectors), Ermakovsky stream,
Studenets, Presnya, Protok (temporary watercourse), Pometny Vrazhek,
Babylon (long ago destroyed), Chertory, Lazy Enemy, Neglinnaya,
Sorochka, Rachka (assigned to Yauza), Yauza, Sara (formerly temporary
watercourse), Subbottom (from it and further all watercourses in collectors), Ni-
puppy, Puddle (formerly a temporary watercourse?), Plintovka, Noskov ru-
whose, Kapotnensky ravine. There are a total of 20 permanent watercourses, all with
names that came before us, as well as 4-5 temporary watercourses with
own names.

In total, the Moscow River hosted at least 100 permanent
watercourses, including 40 with names that have come down to us, as well as
a large number of temporary watercourses (streams in ravines and ravines) and in
including just under a dozen with well-known names. Of these to
present time on the surface at least on some segment of the pro-
cabins 80 right and 7 left tributaries with constant flow. Many
of these, in turn, have an extensive network of tributaries. They
are described in subsequent chapters in order from top to bottom
the Moscow River and other rivers, starting from the right and ending with the left. Together with
they describe lakes, ponds, springs and other objects in their bass-
Seinakh.

Undeveloped areas of the Moskvoretsky banks are characterized by bo-
rich local flora. Plant species diversity in the valley
The Moscow River is higher than in the rest of the city. This is explained
in that to ubiquitous species (for example, forest)
specific riverine species characteristic of valleys are added
big rivers These species gravitate towards characteristic riverine biotopes -
willow trees, alder forests, low-lying swamps, damp floodplain meadows,
floodplain sands and dry steppe meadows on steep slopes. Bi-
otopic diversity is due to complex terrain, different
exposure of slopes, opening of ancient geological layers (light-
lofty chalk sands, black Jurassic clays), mineralized outcrops
groundwater, sudden changes in illumination, moisture
soil composition and composition, erosion, which frees up areas for new
plants. Landslide processes that did not allow
completely build up the steep slopes of Trinity-Lykov, Krylatsky,
Kuntsev, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. Local plant species
which are not found in other parts of the city, are available on the Shchukinsky Peninsula
drov, in Serebryany Bor, under the slopes of Trinity-Lykov, on Krylats-
some hills and in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, i.e. over a vast territory
toria, which in 1998 became part of the Moscow-
Retsky". The reader can see numerous examples of such plants
found in the Red Book of the City of Moscow, published in 2001. In
in the past, exceptionally interesting floristically
there were river sections further down the river - on the Vorobyovy Gory, near Si-
monastery.

Almost everything that has been said about riverine flora can also be applied to
riverine fauna. The Red Book of Moscow contains references to
animals, amphibians and insects that are known only in
native park "Moskvoretsky".

The flora and fauna of the river itself is also rich, although water pollution in
limits such wealth to a significant extent. Influence
of this pollution on animals in last years well studied
(Belova, 1998; Sokolov et al., 1998; Sokolova et al., 1998), and we
we have the opportunity to compare the former and modern fauna of the city
family section of the Moscow River.

Based on archaeological and historical materials, it is possible
conclude that in the past in the Moscow River and its tributaries within the hundred-
more than thirty species of fish were encountered, among which were
some valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sterlet, sturgeon, sevru-
ha, white fish, Caspian salmon, taimen, as well as pike, bream,
chub, catfish, pike perch, podust, ide, dace, roach, asp, crucian carp,
perch, catfish (Sokolov et al., 1998). Beluga could reach a length
200-300 cm, sturgeon - 130-180, pike - 80-95, bream - 42-47 cm. In addition
fish, in the middle of the 19th century the Caspian mi-
leg. According to N.I. Mocharsky (1887), the most fishy reservoir of the Sub-
of Moscow in the last century there was the Moscow River, and it was precisely within the boundaries of the city
kind, since here grain grain fell into the river from unloading
barges, horse droppings with the remains of undigested oats and food waste
boiled production. A lot of organic waste ends up in
the river now. In addition, the rivers are polluted with inorganic and
including very toxic substances. They also talk about thermal
pollution, as a result of which water does not freeze in every winter
mu, and there are separate polynyas near the mouths of collectors in any
frosts. All this determines the specificity of the modern animal
world of urban rivers.

A story about the fauna of any water body is more correct than anything else.
go start with the smallest animals that are food for
larger animals. Of these organisms in 1994 in the Moscow River there were
Planktonic ciliates, which belong to the sub-
kingdom of protozoa and swim freely in the water column, moving
with the help of numerous cilia (Belova, 1998). Ciliates pi-
are protected by bacteria, tiny algae and decomposing
plant weeds, and therefore play an important role in water purification
(glue food particles with mucus, after which they settle to the bottom,
saturating sludge with organic substances). According to the species composition of infuso-
ry can judge the cleanliness of the reservoir. Moreover, they are important because
that they themselves are eaten by small crustaceans and fish larvae. That's why
the number of larger organisms depends on their number. IN
In the Moscow River, 102 species and varieties of ciliates were discovered. Shown
that the smallest ones predominate. As we get closer to
in the city center, species characteristic of clear waters are replaced by vi-
waters of polluted waters. Similar results were also obtained as a result of
from the study of slightly larger zooplankton - rotifers,
microscopic cladocerans and copepods, although they are smaller
sensitive to changes in conditions (Sokolova et al., 1998).

In 1993-1994, the composition of benthic invertebrates was also studied
animals in the Moscow River (Sokolova et al., 1998). In the Rublev area, where
The Moscow River enters the city, 59 species were identified, among which were
various mollusks, bell mosquito larvae, tubifex worms
(tubicides). Starting from the Dorogomilovsky Bridge in the benthos there are
Only tubifex worms, of which there are a lot, are included. So, at the mouth of the Yauza
the number of these oligochaete worms reached 600,000 specimens
lars per square meter, and weight - 1.3 kg per square meter.
Tubifex live on silt with a high organic content
substances. They feed by passing this sludge through their intestines, as well as
They build protective tubes from it. Their abundance is considered a sign
severe organic water pollution. Downstream (from
Saburova) the number of tubifex worms begins to decrease, which means
talks about the partial self-purification of the river.

Even more interesting results were obtained from the study of fish (Sokolov and
al., 1998). During a special survey in 1993-1994 on
35 species of fish were recorded in the urban section of the Moscow River, but
their species diversity drops sharply from peripheral areas
Moscow to the center. Near Strogin and Kuntsev there are from 24 to
27 species, at the mouth of Setun and at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - 10-13, in
the mouth of the Yauza and at the Krasnokholmsky bridge - only 2-5, and then the number
species increases again due to the gradual self-purification of the river and
reaches 20 at the exit from the capital. Self-cleaning occurs as a result of
activity of various living organisms, most of them
which to one degree or another need light. Therefore, in underground
In collectors, such self-cleaning practically does not occur.

Most of all in the central part of the city there are roaches, which give
the dirtiest sections of the river account for up to 90% of the catch; there is also a lot of bream,
perch and bleak (Sokolov et al., 1998). Roach presented in the city
two forms - molluscivorous and herbivorous. The first feeds-
It is mainly inhabited by the bivalve mollusk zebra mussel and is found
from Strogin to Novospassky Bridge in the Tagansky district. Second pi-
is formed by algae and is distributed in the central and lower
married areas. Within the city center, therefore, there is
Both forms exist.

The rather high number of whitefins in the city is surprising.
minnows. Usually these fish are considered indicators clean water, A
here they were caught even in the Yauza River (place not specified),
why the fish looked healthy, which indicates the emergence
in Moscow of a special “industrial race” of the gudgeon (Sokolov and
al., 1998). In roach, the formation of such a race has not yet occurred,
since this fish in the city is sick and is characterized by numerous
deviations from the norm: abnormal coloring up to complete
disappearance of pigmentation, shortened “pug-shaped” head,
lesscopically enlarged eyes or other disorders of the visual organs
changes up to their complete disappearance, curvature of the spine,
violation of fins up to their complete disappearance, double
lateral line or breaks in it, changes in body shape and structure
ry scales, disorders of internal organs and metabolism (particularly
leanness, high fat content due to high-calorie feed), tumors.
Such fish are sometimes called “mutants,” but the authors propose the name
call them "monsters", believing that the term "mutants" is more applicable to
"industrial race" of the gudgeon (Sokolov et al., 1998).

The beauty of lakes and ponds has been sung in songs, rhymed in poetry and described in prose millions of times. No wonder this is a great place for relaxation, fishing, sports and much more.

The concepts of a pond or a lake are identical for many.

In order to understand how they differ from each other, it is necessary to understand the essence of their designations.

Pond and lake concept

A pond is a man-made body of water that is fed by rain, melt and groundwater. Most often it is created for certain purposes: for water storage, irrigation and watering of nearby crops during drought, for breeding fish fry, breeding waterfowl (geese, ducks), as a watering hole for animals, for aesthetic purposes. People swim in them during the hot season and sports competitions are held (rowing, swimming, etc.). Ponds are also called dams, barrels, or bets. A lake is a naturally occurring body of water that is not connected to the ocean or sea. Geographically, it is a depression of land closed on all sides for drainage and accumulation of water. There are above-ground and underground. Depending on the chemical composition of the lake water, there are chloride, sulfate and carbonate. If we summarize this information, it turns out that a lake is a deep-water space in which there is a stable influx and discharge of water.

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Comparative table of how a pond differs from a lake

There are approximately 5 million lakes in the world, no one knows how many ponds there are in the world. And it is not so important how a pond differs from a lake, but what is important is that both of these bodies of water are valuable for the ecosystem of our planet and are equally important and necessary.