Foreign Europe - countries and capitals.
So, a list of European countries in alphabetical order. But first, a few words about this continent.
Europe- part of the world, with an area of about 10.5 million square meters. km. It is washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Population - 830.4 million people.
A
Austria
Albania
Andorra
B
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
IN
Vatican
Great Britain
Hungary
G
Germany
Holland
Greece
Georgia
D
AND
Ireland
Iceland
Spain
Italy
L
Latvia
Lithuania
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
M
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
N
Norway
P
Poland
Portugal
R
Russia
Romania
WITH
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
U
F
Finland
France
X
Croatia
H
Montenegro
Czech
Sh
Switzerland
Sweden
E
1. Austria (capital - Vienna)
2. Albania (capital - Tirana)
3. Andorra (capital - Andorra la Vella)
4. Belarus (capital - Minsk)
5. Belgium (capital - Brussels)
6. Bulgaria (capital - Sofia)
7.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital - Sarajevo)
8. Vatican (capital - Vatican)
9. Hungary (capital - Budapest)
10. Great Britain (capital - London)
11. Germany (capital - Berlin)
12. Greece (capital - Athens)
13. Denmark (capital - Copenhagen)
14. Ireland (capital - Dublin)
15. Iceland (capital - Reykjavik)
16. Spain (capital - Madrid)
17. Italy (capital - Rome)
18. Latvia (capital - Riga)
19.
Lithuania (capital - Vilnius)
20. Liechtenstein (capital - Vaduz)
21. Luxembourg (capital - Luxembourg)
22. Macedonia (capital - Skopje)
23. Malta (capital - Valletta)
24.
Moldova (capital - Chisinau)
25. Monaco (capital - Monaco)
26. Netherlands (capital - Amsterdam)
27. Norway (capital - Oslo)
28.
Poland (capital - Warsaw)
29. Portugal (capital - Lisbon)
30. Romania (capital - Bucharest)
31. San Marino (capital - San Marino)
32.
Serbia (capital - Belgrade)
33. Slovakia (capital - Bratislava)
34. Slovenia (capital - Ljubljana)
35. Ukraine (capital - Kyiv)
36. Finland (capital - Helsinki)
37. France (capital - Paris)
38.
Montenegro (capital - Podgorica)
39. Czech Republic (capital - Prague)
40. Croatia (capital - Zagreb)
41. Switzerland (capital - Bern)
42. Sweden (capital - Stockholm)
43. Estonia (capital - Tallinn)
How many countries are there in Europe?
On political map Europe is located 50 independent states, most of which are highly developed industrial-agrarian countries. Among the largest countries in Europe are Russia, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Ukraine, Spain, and Poland.
This figure also includes six dwarf states: Andorra, Vatican, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino.
Complete list of European countries
Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican City, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia.
To give the correct answer to the question: “How many countries are there in Europe?” it must be taken into account that an accurate calculation of the number of states located in Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe and the criteria for including unrecognized and partially recognized states, taking into account dependent territories.
It should be borne in mind that since traditionally the geographical boundaries of Europe and Asia are considered Caucasus ridge And Black Sea straits, the inclusion of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Cyprus, Kazakhstan and Turkey in the list of European countries is based primarily on political, economic and cultural considerations and is not unambiguous.
Unrecognized and partially recognized European states: Abkhazia, Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand, South Ossetia.
Home > Wiki-textbook > Geography > 11th grade > Foreign Europe: general characteristics, resources, population, economy
General information about Foreign Europe
Foreign Europe represents one of the centers of world civilization, and has incomparable importance for world politics, economics and culture.
On its territory there are 40 sovereign states that are interconnected by their historical past and close cultural and political relations.
If we talk about the economic and geographical position of countries, it is determined by two main criteria.
The countries of foreign Europe are relatively close to each other; they either closely border on natural boundaries, or there is a small distance between them, which does not in any way affect the convenience of transport links.
The second main criterion is the coastal position of most countries that are connected with each other and the countries of other continents by sea routes.
Countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands have been associated with the sea since ancient times.
Political picture of Overseas Europe
The political picture of overseas Europe changed significantly three times during the 20th century.
The First and Second World Wars changed it significantly, and at the end of the century there were significant changes associated with the social democratic parties that came to power.
As for the structure of states in this territory, in foreign Europe there are republics, unitary states, monarchical and federal.
By the 21st century, the Organization for Security and Cooperation, the OSCE, arose, which is represented by 56 countries (it also includes the USA, Canada and the CIS countries).
Natural conditions and resources
There are many mineral resources located on the territory of foreign Europe.
The northern part includes ore and fuel minerals.
And hydropower resources are located in the Alps, Dinaric and Scandinavian mountains.
Forestry is developed in Sweden and Finland, where forest landscapes are typical.
Population of Overseas Europe
The number of inhabitants in this part of the world is growing very slowly; a rather difficult demographic situation has been recorded in foreign Europe.
The territory is a hotbed of global labor emigration; there are about 20 million foreign workers here.
It is important to note that most countries in Europe are highly urbanized, with the highest rates of urbanization being in Belgium, the UK and the Netherlands.
The countries of Europe belong to the Indo-European family; there are four main types of states based on their national composition.
These are single-national (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark), with a sharp predominance of one nation (Great Britain, France, Finland), binational (Belgium) and multinational (Switzerland, Latvia).
EconomyForeign Europe
Europe occupies a leading place in the world economy in terms of the size of agricultural and industrial production, the development of tourism and the export of goods and services.
The most powerful countries relative to their economic situation are the UK, France, Germany and Italy.
They have the most developed complexes of various industries, unlike other countries where one or two industries are highly developed.
The leading industries in Europe are mechanical engineering (especially the automotive industry), the chemical industry, the fuel and energy sector and the metallurgical industry.
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Modern children treat a school subject like geography as a secondary discipline. Many students are perplexed by the question “What European capitals can you name?” This article will help you decide on this part of the world, its location and other territorial characteristics.
European capitals in alphabetical order
- Amsterdam has been the main city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1814. Located in the western part of the state at the mouth of the rivers Hey and Amstel.
- Andorra la Vella is the main one in Andorra. Located at the confluence of the two rivers Valira d'Encamp and Valira d'Ordino. Located at an altitude of 1079 m above sea level in the Pyrenees. This is the highest mountain European capital.
- Athens. Capital of Greece. Located in the center of the country and is a real treasure ancient world in modern Europe. Is cultural, economic and administrative center states.
We continue the list
European capitals starting with "B"
Dublin - Irish city
City-county in Ireland. The European capital, located where the River Liffey flows into Dublin Bay and the Irish Sea.
Zagreb
The largest city in Croatia and its capital. Located on a tributary of the Danube, the Sava River. Zagreb is over 920 years old.
Kyiv, Chisinau, Copenhagen
Largest cities
- Lisbon is the main city of Portugal. It is the main port of the country and oldest city Western Europe. Lisbon is located at the mouth of the small Tagus River. It is the westernmost capital of continental Europe.
- London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Northern Ireland and Great Britain. Located on the island of Great Britain near North Sea at the mouth of the Thames River.
- Ljubljana is the main city of Slovenia. The main economic, cultural and political center of the country. The city is located in the intermountain Ljubljana Basin on the banks of the Ljubljanec River.
- Luxembourg - The largest city and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
Where does Formula 1 take place?
Among these capitals are two hero cities:
This is Oslo on the lakes
The main and largest city in Norway. There are 343 lakes within the city limits. They are the most important sources drinking water. Located in the southeastern part of the country. Two small rivers flow through this European capital - Alna and Akeshelva.
Tourist centers
- Paris is the main city of France. It is the administrative center of Ile-de-France. Located in the Paris Basin on its plain. Located on the banks of the Seine River in northern France.
- Podgorica is the capital of Montenegro. Located on the vast plain of the Skadar Basin, 30 km of the Adriatic Sea on the banks of the Moraca River.
- Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic. It is located 40 km from the confluence of the Vltava River into the Laba. Is the largest tourist center Europe. The main cultural, economic and political center of the Czech Republic.
Let's move alphabetically
Carlson lived in one of these cities
- San Marino is the capital of the state of San Marino, located on the Apennine Peninsula near Adriatic Sea.
- Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is located in an intermountain basin on the banks of the Milatski River.
- Skopje is the main city of the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje is located on the banks of the Vardar River in a valley surrounded by mountains, not far from the border with Kosovo. Located in the north of the state.
- Sofia is the largest city in Bulgaria. Located in western Bulgaria at the foot of mountain range Vitosha in the south of the Sofia Basin.
- Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Located on the shores of Lake Mälaren in the channels connecting it to the Baltic Sea.
"T" and "X"
And among these cities is the place where the Nokia phone was “born”:
We hope that now you can easily give the correct answer to the question of which European capital is located on the River Thames, Ishi, Tiber, etc.
If you are going to Europe, then preliminary information about the country of destination will not hurt. Including historical information. Since no trip to any country usually passes its capital, data on the main city of the state is of greatest interest. Getting to know the city begins with its name. Capital names European countries we should have known since school. But few people know about the origin of these names. The selection of etymological references offered below will help fill this gap in knowledge.
Amsterdam. Capital of the Netherlands. The city is located at the mouth of the river Amstel. Fishing village at this place with the name Amstelredamme known since 1282. Translated as “village by the dam on the Amstel River.”
Athens. Capital of Greece. The first settlements on this site are known from the 15th–13th centuries. BC e. The ancient Greeks associated the name of the city with the name of the goddess Pallas Athena, its patroness. It is believed that this name appeared before the ancient Greeks and was given by the Pelasgians. Translated from the language of the latter, it probably means “hill, eminence.”
Belgrade. Capital of Serbia. The city was founded by the Celts in the 4th–3rd centuries. BC e. entitled Singidun (dun- "Hill"). After the conquest by the Slavs in 878, it was first mentioned by name White City. Modern name– the same thing, only in Serbo-Croatian. The word "white" is believed to have a symbolic meaning in this case. Only the latter is interpreted differently. Some associate the element white with water, since all the “white cities” are located near the river. Others explain it as a synonym for beautiful. Still others believe that in this case white= “free” (that is, a city that has certain privileges).
Berlin. Capital of Germany. The name has been known since 1244. The origin of the name has not yet been precisely established. Many explanations have been proposed. The following are considered the most convincing: 1. From a personal name Berla. 2. From Slavic brl“swamp, swamp.” 3. From Slavic brlen“a dam on a river for fishing or floating timber.”
Berne. Capital of Switzerland. The city has been known since 1191. Many explanations have been proposed. The following are considered the most convincing: 1. From the Celtic “mountain”. 2. This is a name transferred from Italy Verona, processed into Berne. The city's coat of arms depicts a bear. And popular rumor connects the name of the city with the word “bear”. This explanation is rejected by etymologists as unacceptable.
Bratislava. Capital of Slovakia. Before our era, there was a Roman fortified camp on the site of the city. Posonium. Later a Slovak city was formed here Preslav, named after a personal name. Subsequently, this name was transformed into Breslavsburg, and then Pressburg. After the formation of Czechoslovakia, the city returned its Slavic name Bratislava(this is a modified version of the toponym Preslav).
Brussels. Capital of Belgium. The city was first mentioned in the 8th century in the form Brocela, which then transformed into modern French Bruxelles and Flemish Brussels. The toponym consists of Flemish roots brock"swamp" and sela“housing”, that is, Brussels – “a village by the swamp”.
Budapest. Capital of Hungary. In 1872, the cities of Buda and Pest, located on opposite banks of the Danube, were united into one city, called Budapest. Both parts of the toponym are Slavic: buda“house, building, village”; pest“oven” in the meaning of “home, home.”
Vein. Capital of Austria. Named after the river that flows into the Danube at this point. Some derive the name of the river from Celtic vedunia"tree". Others are from Celtic windo"white", "building". Another version - from Celtic vedunis"forest stream"
Bucharest. Capital of Romania. The city was first mentioned under this name in 1459. The toponym was formed from a personal name Bucur, apparently belonging to the feudal owner. Suffix -eshti common in the names of Romanian settlements.
Vaduz. Capital of Liechtenstein. The toponym has been known since 1342. It is a modified name for the valley, the name of which was given by the Romans - Wallis-Dulcia – vallis"sweet, pleasant" + dulcis"valley". Through intermediate Valduz the city received its modern name Vaduz.
Warsaw. Capital of Poland. The city has been known under this name since the 13th century. Different opinions have been expressed regarding the etymology. The most convincing is the construction to a personal name Varsh+ accessory suffix -Eve. That is Warsaw- “village Varsha”.
Vilnius. Capital of Lithuania. Until 1939 it was called Vilna. Founded in the 10th century on the Viliya River (lit. Neris) at the confluence of the Vileika (Vilnia) river. The city got its name from the names of these rivers. The name of the river Viliya is from Slavic Vella"big".
Zagreb Capital of Croatia. Known since the 11th century. The most convincing version is the Slavic origin of this toponym. Its etymology is “behind the embankment (dam, ditch).”
Kyiv. Capital of Ukraine. The city arose in the 5th century. The etymology of its name is controversial. Currently, a common version is the formation of the toponym from the Slavic Kujava"mountain, steep hill, peak." In the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" the name is derived from the name Cue. However, even in the chronicles they could not decide who this cue was - a simple person or a prince? In ancient times, cities received the names of princes, so the princely version seems more plausible. But then the name still lived Kiev transportation, therefore, a version appeared that Kiy was a carrier across the Dnieper. A supporter of the personal name version Cue there was A.I. Sobolevsky, who derived this very name from the Slavic whoa"stick, pole." There is also a version about the non-Slavic origin of the toponym, which many famous Slavists reject. In this case, we are talking about an attempt to connect the toponym with Prakrit (Central Indian languages and dialects) kojawa, in the sense of "place of the throne." In the Middle Ages Kyiv was called Sambatas. The origin of this toponym raises a wide variety of speculations.
Kishinev. Capital of Moldova. The toponym has been known since the 15th century. According to Radlov, from Moldavian no"new" and Turkic kishlakh"winter hut". Another version: from ancient Moldavian chisinau"well, spring, source." Among other hypotheses there is a version of Polovtsian origin: from swarming"burial place, mausoleum."
Copenhagen. Capital of Denmark. The toponym has been known since 1231. It consists of two stems from Danish words: kjobmann"merchant, merchant" + havn"harbour, pier."
Lisbon. Capital of Portugal. First mentioned in the 2nd century BC. e. The origin of the name is unclear. So, they are trying to derive the second component from the Phoenician ippo“fence”, the second component is unclear. In another case, they try to explain from Phoenician alis ubbo"joyful bay (joyful bay)." There is also a hypothesis about the appearance of the name from Lisso or Lucio is the pre-Roman name of the Tagus River on which Lisbon stands.
London. The capital of Great Britain. The city has been known under this name since 115 - Londinium. Several explanations have been proposed: from a personal name Londin(“city of Londina”), from the name of the tribe londin("city of Londins"), from Celtic lon-dun“fortification on a hill”, etc.
Ljubljana. Capital of Slovenia. The toponym has been known since the 6th century. To date, the semantic meaning of this name is unclear, although there are many versions: from the Slavic basis love, from ethnonym Ljubljana, on behalf of the river deity Lubarus, from an ancient Slavic name Lyubovid etc. However, the presence of numerous toponymic parallels indicates the pre-Slavic origin of the toponym. So, they are trying to derive from Latin alluviana "flooding".
Madrid. Capital of Spain. The city was founded in 927. In 939 it was mentioned as Magerite. It was believed that it comes from Arabic madarat- "city". But then another explanation appeared: the name is pre-Arabic and comes from Romance maderita"forest growth".
Minsk. Capital of Belarus. The city has been known since 1067. Chronicle forms of the toponym – Menesk, Mensk, Mensk. Ancient Minsk arose somewhat southwest of the historical core of the modern city, on the river Meni (Menki), from which he received his name. The origin of the name of the river is not completely clear. Someone sees a parallel with the name of the river Mine(tributary of the Rhine) in Germany. Someone is deducing from Latvian main- "swamp".
Oslo. Capital of Norway. Founded in 1048. At least two versions of the origin of this toponym are known. From os"mouth" + Lo– the name of the river, i.e. “the river at the mouth of the Lo River.” Another version: from ass og lo“clearing (clearing) in the forest.” Since 1624 the city was named after King Christian Christiania (Christiania). In 1925, its original name was returned to it.
Paris. Capital of France. At the turn of our era the city was called Lutetia Parisiorium. It was the main city of the Gallic tribe of Parisians. It is believed that the first part of the toponym is from Celtic lut"swamp". The etymology of the ethnonym Parisia is controversial. According to one version it means “ship”, according to another it means “border people”.
Prague. Capital of the Czech Republic. The name has been known since the 10th century. Of the numerous explanations, the most convincing is the origin of the Czech pražiti“a place where the forest has been burned or dried out.” A very common interpretation is through the word threshold. But it is erroneous because it is not confirmed either linguistically or geographically (there are no river rapids here).
Reykjavik. Capital of Iceland. The city was founded by the Vikings in 875 and named after the bay on the shore of which it stands. The steam over the hot springs along the shores of the bay was called smoke. Hence the name of the bay Reykjavil – reyka"smoke" + vik"bay, bay"
Riga. Capital of Latvia. The city was founded at the turn of the 12th–13th centuries. The name is derived from the Baltic languages - from the word ring, ring"bend, bend." From this word the name of the river is derived, which later acquired the diminutive form Ridzene. This river was filled up. Thus, the city was named either by the river or by the bend at which the settlement arose.
Rome. Capital of Italy. The legend about the connection between the name of the city and the name of the founder Romulus is a toponymic myth, a classic example of folk etymology. It is believed that the toponym arose from the ancient name of the Tiber River on which it is located - Rumo, Rumon. The name of the river is possibly associated with the name of one of the Etruscan tribes, who were the ancient population of these places.
holm stak"bay" and stok"stake, pile, pillar."
Stockholm. Capital of Sweden. The city was founded in the middle of the 13th century. Second part of the toponym holm means "island". The first part is less transparent. It could be stak"bay" and stok"stake, pile, pillar."
Tallinn. Capital of Estonia. The city has been known since 1154. The modern name arose in the 13th century, when the city was captured by the Danes and named Taani Linn"Danish city" Officially, this name was established only in 1917. However, the city is also known under other names. In Russian chronicles and in later sources up to the 18th century - Kolyvan. Its origins are unclear. They are also derived from a personal name Kalev(hero of the epic “Kalevala”), and from Lithuanian kalvis"smithy". Until 1917 official name cities - Revel. The origin of this toponym is also controversial. Some derive from the name of the entire coastal region - Roared. Others are from the Swedish "melt". Third - from the name retail space Rebala. The origins are more debatable early name cities Lindanisa.
Helsinki. Capital of Finland. The city was founded by the Swedes in the 16th century near a waterfall and named by them Helsingfors. Second component forces- “waterfall”. The origin of the first is unknown. It is believed that from the ethnonym Helsingi. The city moved away from the waterfall, but the Swedish name remained in use for a long time in pre-revolutionary Russia.
Sources
Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966.
Pospelov E.M. School toponymic dictionary. M., 1988.
Detailed map of Europe in Russian. Europe on the world map is a continent that, together with Asia, is part of the Eurasian continent. The border between Asia and Europe - Ural Mountains, Europe is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. There are 50 countries in Europe, total population– more than 740 million people.
Map of Europe with countries and capitals in Russian:
Large map of Europe with countries - opens in a new window. The map shows European countries, their capitals and major cities.
Europe - Wikipedia:
Population of Europe: 741,447,158 people (2016)
Europe Square: 10,180,000 sq. km.
Satellite map of Europe. Map of Europe from satellite.
Satellite map of Europe in Russian online with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses:
Sights of Europe:
What to see in Europe: Parthenon (Athens, Greece), Colosseum (Rome, Italy), Eiffel Tower (Paris, France), Edinburgh Castle (Edinburgh, Scotland), Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain), Stonehenge (England), St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City) , Buckingham Palace(London, England), Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), Leaning Tower of Pisa(Pisa, Italy), Louvre (Paris, France), Big Ben (London, England), Sultanahmet Blue Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey), Hungarian Parliament Building (Budapest, Hungary), Neuschwanstein Castle (Bavaria, Germany), Dubrovnik Old Town (Dubrovnik, Croatia), Atomium (Brussels, Belgium), Charles Bridge (Prague, Czech Republic), St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow, Russia), Tower Bridge (London, England).
The largest cities in Europe:
City Istanbul- city population: 14377018
people Country - Türkiye
City Moscow- city population: 12506468
people Country Russia
City London- city population: 817410
0 people Country - Great Britain
City Saint Petersburg- city population: 5351935
people Country Russia
City Berlin- city population: 3479740
people Country: Germany
City Madrid- city population: 3273049
people Country - Spain
City Kyiv- city population: 2815951
people Country Ukraine
City Rome- city population: 2761447
people Country - Italy
City Paris- city population: 2243739
people Country - France
City Minsk- city population: 1982444
people Country - Belarus
City Hamburg- city population: 1787220
people Country: Germany
City Budapest- city population: 1721556
people Country - Hungary
City Warsaw- city population: 1716855
people Country - Poland
City Vein- city population: 1714142
people Country - Austria
City Bucharest- city population: 1677451
people Country - Romania
City Barcelona- city population: 1619337
people Country - Spain
City Kharkiv- city population: 1446500
people Country Ukraine
City Munich- city population: 1353186
people Country: Germany
City Milan- city population: 1324110
people Country - Italy
City Prague- city population: 1290211
people Country - Czech Republic
City Sofia- city population: 1270284
people Country - Bulgaria
City Nizhny Novgorod
- city population: 1259013
people Country Russia
City Belgrade- city population: 1213000
people Country - Serbia
City Kazan- city population: 1206000
people Country Russia
City Samara- city population: 1171000
people Country Russia
City Ufa- city population: 1116000
people Country Russia
City Rostov-on-Don- city population: 1103700
people Country Russia
City Birmingham- city population: 1028701
people Country - Great Britain
City Voronezh- city population: 1024000
people Country Russia
City Volgograd- city population: 1017451
people Country Russia
City Permian- city population: 1013679
people Country Russia
City Odessa- city population: 1013145
people Country Ukraine
City Cologne- city population: 1007119
people Country: Germany
Microstates of Europe:
Vatican(area 0.44 sq. km - the smallest state in the world), Monaco(area 2.02 sq. km.), San Marino(area 61 sq. km.), Liechtenstein(area 160 sq. km.), Malta(area 316 sq. km - island in the Mediterranean Sea) and Andorra(area 465 sq. km.).
Subregions of Europe - regions of Europe according to the UN:
Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland.
Northern Europe: Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Macedonia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Vatican City, Greece, Malta.
Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova.
European Union countries (members and composition of the European Union in alphabetical order):
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Republic of Cyprus, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Finland, Croatia , Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.
Climate of Europe Mostly moderate. The European climate is particularly influenced by waters Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf Stream. In most European countries there is a clear division into four seasons. In winter, snow falls over most of the continent and temperatures remain below 0 C, while in summer the weather is hot and dry.
Relief of Europe- These are mainly mountains and plains, and there are much more plains. Mountains occupy only 17% of the entire European territory. The largest European plains are Central European, East European, Central Danube and others. The largest mountains are the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc.
The coastline of Europe is very indented, which is why some countries are island states. Flow through Europe largest rivers: Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Dnieper and others. Europe is distinguished by a particularly careful attitude towards its cultural and historical heritage and natural resources. There are many national parks in Europe, and almost every one European city Unique historical monuments and architecture of past centuries have been preserved.
European nature reserves (national parks):
Bavarian Forest (Germany), Belovezhskaya Pushcha(Belarus), Belovezhsky National Park (Poland), Borjomi-Kharagauli (Georgia), Braslav Lakes (Belarus), Vanoise (France), Vikos-Aoos (Greece), Hohe Tauern (Austria), Dwingelderveld (Netherlands), Yorkshire Dales (England), Kemery (Latvia), Killarney (Ireland), Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Coto De Doñana (Spain), Lemmenjoki (Finland), Narochansky (Belarus), New Forest (England), Pirin (Bulgaria) ), Plitvice Lakes (Croatia), Pripyat (Belarus), Snowdonia (England), Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland), Thingvellir (Iceland), Šumava (Czech Republic), Dolomites (Italy), Durmitor (Montenegro), Alonissos (Greece), Vatnajökull (Iceland), Sierra Nevada (Spain), Retezat (Romania), Rila (Bulgaria), Triglav (Slovenia).
Europe is the most visited continent in the world. Numerous resorts of southern countries (Spain, Italy, France) and a rich and varied historical heritage, which is represented by a variety of monuments and attractions, attract tourists from Asia, Oceania and America.
Castles of Europe:
Neuschwanstein (Germany), Trakai (Lithuania), Windsor Castle (England), Mont Saint-Michel (France), Hluboká (Czech Republic), De Haar (Netherlands), Coca Castle (Spain), Conwy (UK), Bran (Romania) ), Kilkenny (Ireland), Egeskov (Denmark), Pena (Portugal), Chenonceau (France), Bodiam (England), Castel Sant'Angelo (Italy), Chambord (France), Aragonese Castle (Italy), Edinburgh Castle (Scotland) , Spis Castle (Slovakia), Hohensalzburg (Austria).
Union) have grown significantly in number in recent decades. Until the summer of 2011, this union was called Western European. The list of European countries is extensive, but not all countries on this list are members of the European Union.
Background and creation of the European Union
Today this community is very similar to the deceased USSR, and it was formed in 1948 as a counterweight to the “eastern monster”. The stated reason for creating a new entity is to prevent Germany from being reborn as an independent unified state, to prevent the revival of fascism after the end of the war.
A separate conversation could take place about the position of the Federal Republic of Germany within the European Union: it is a locomotive that pulls almost the entire economy of the community. The European Union, of course, has differences with the Soviet Union.
Similarities and differences
There is no single currency. But the federal structure has common legislation, you can use a common cash register, a single central bank and customs space. Management is also akin to a planned economy, the government is command-administrative.
For example, all limits on sown areas for agricultural crops are approved at the top. This applies to every country in the European Union. The list of results is truly depressing.
Greeks in the sultry and fertile south buy Dutch vegetables and do not have the right to trade in the territory of the European Union the original Greek product - olive oil. The Czech Republic has also stopped growing vegetables, but is growing rapeseed, the oil from which is even added to diesel fuel. There is almost no good oil in the Czech Republic now. But in this way, profitability among agricultural producers increases.
Foreign policy
This was solved more successfully than economic problems. There is no need to compile a list of European countries that have developed a single and coherent foreign policy with an almost complete absence of disagreements, since Brussels unanimously decides who to pardon and who to execute.
Recent years, however, have shown some slippage; the global economic crisis has made governments less courageous and friendly. Of course: the loss of eastern markets due to sanctions against Russia may well lead the least wealthy owners to complete economic degradation.
Legislation and executive bodies
Here there are the most similarities with the Soviet Union: only the parliament has a multi-party basis, but everything else is present: the European Commission as executive agency is headed by a chairman, and the European Council consists of the heads of EU member states. The European Parliament monitors the law (with its President) together with the Council of the European Union.
Here you have the Politburo with the Central Committee of the CPSU, and party congresses with the Supreme Council, and the General Secretary is present, and even the chairman of the presidium! But there is no constitution yet.
The borders between countries are arbitrary, customs points have been abolished, and all citizens have free movement within the community. But labor markets are subject to strict regulations and require government approval for employment. This is practiced by all countries of the European Community. The list of conveniences and inconveniences of life in modern Europe can be continued endlessly.
The list of European countries is constantly changing. IN this moment Europe has 44 states. Not only the quantity changes, but also the names. Recent metamorphoses: Soviet Union during the collapse, he gave Europe Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. Yugoslavia, under the same circumstances, replenished the continent with Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany became a united Germany.
This process has not subsided. Not only is the list of unpleasant consequences of the global crisis boiling, it is extensive and eloquent. Separatism is strong in Catalonia and in the region where the Basques live (this is in Spain), in Scotland and northern Ireland (this is Great Britain), Flanders in Belgium is worried. They are trying in every possible way to recognize Kosovo as a separate state (this is Serbia). Borders of European countries, if you put maps next to them recent years, became unrecognizable. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to consider the list of European countries with capitals temporary.
Austria
Republic. 8.5 million population. The capital city of Austria is Vienna. Official language German.
Albania
Republic. Population 2.830 million. The capital of Albania is Tirana. The official language is Albanian.
Andorra
Principality. A dwarf European state. 700 thousand people population. Main city- Andorra la Vella. The official language is Catalan, but in fact it is replaced by Spanish and French.
Belarus
Republic of Belarus. 9.5 million people. The capital city of Belarus is Minsk. The official languages are Russian and Belarusian.
Belgium
Kingdom. 11.2 million people. The capital of Belgium is Brussels. Official languages are Dutch, German, French.
Bulgaria
Republic. 7.2 million people. The capital city of Bulgaria is Sofia. The administrative language is Bulgarian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Confederation, federation, republic. Population 3.7 million. The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo. State Serbian and Croatian.
Vatican
Absolute monarchy, theocracy. Dwarf State-enclave associated with Italy. City within a city, 832 people. Latin, Italian.
Great Britain
United Kingdom, including Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Parliamentary monarchy. 63.4 million people. The main city of Great Britain is London. English.
Hungary
Parliamentary republic. Population 9.85 million. - Budapest. The official language is Hungarian.
Germany
Federal Republic. Population 80 million. The main city of Germany is Berlin. The administrative language is German.
Greece
Republic. Population 11.3 million. The capital city of Greece is Athens. The official language is Greek.
Denmark
Kingdom. 5.7 million people. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen. The official language is Danish.
Ireland
Republic. Population 4.6 million. The capital of Ireland is Dublin. State and English.
Iceland
Parliamentary republic. 322 thousand people. The main city of Iceland is Reykjavik. The official language is Icelandic.
Spain
Kingdom. Population 47.3 million. The capital of Spain is Madrid. The official language is Spanish.
Italy
Republic. 60.8 million people. All roads in Italy lead to Rome. The official language is Italian.
Latvia
Republic. Population 1.9 million. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian.
Lithuania
Republic. 2.9 million people. The main city of Lithuania is Vilnius. The official language is Lithuanian.
Liechtenstein
Principality. A dwarf state associated with Switzerland. Population 37 thousand. The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz. The official language is German.
Luxembourg
Grand Duchy. 550 thousand people. The capital of Luxembourg is Luxembourg. The official languages are Luxembourgish, French, and German.
Macedonia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital of Macedonia is Skopje. The official language is Macedonian.
Malta
Republic. Population 452 thousand. The main city of Malta is Valletta. The official languages are Maltese and English.
Moldova
Republic. The capital is Chisinau. 3.5 million people. The administrative language is Moldovan.
Monaco
Principality. A dwarf state associated with France. 37.8 thousand people. The official language is French.
Netherlands
Kingdom. Population 16.8 million. The capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam. The official languages are West Frisian and Dutch.
Norway
Kingdom. Population 5.1 million people. The main city of Norway is Oslo. The official languages are Norwegian and Sami.
Poland
Republic. Population 38.3 million. The capital city of Poland is Warsaw. The official language is Polish.
Portugal
Republic. 10.7 million people. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon. The official languages are Portuguese and Miranda.
Russia
Federation. Population 146.3 million. The capital city of Russia is Moscow. National language - Russian.
Romania
Parliamentary republic. unitary state. 19 million people. The capital of Romania is Bucharest. Administrative
San Marino
Most Serene Republic. Population 32 thousand. The capital of San Marino is San Marino. The official language is Italian.
Serbia
Republic. 7.2 million people. The main one is Belgrade. The official language is Serbian.
Slovakia
Republic. 5.4 million people. The capital city of Slovakia is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak.
Slovenia
Republic. Population 2 million. The capital city of Slovenia is Ljubljana. The official language is Slovenian.
Ukraine
Unitary state plus parliamentary-presidential republic. Population 42 million. The main city of Ukraine is Kyiv. The official language is Ukrainian.
Finland
Republic. 5.5 million people. The capital of Finland is Helsinki. State and Swedish.
France
Republic. Population 66.2 million. The main city of France is Paris. The official language is French.
Croatia
Republic. Population 4.2 million. The capital is Zagreb. The official language is Croatian.
Montenegro
Republic. 622 thousand people. The capital city of Montenegro is Podgorica. The official language is Montenegrin.
Czech
Republic. Population 10.5 million. The capital city of the Czech Republic is Prague. The official language is Czech.
Switzerland
Confederation. 8 million people. The capital of Switzerland is Bern. Official languages are German, French, Italian, Swiss.
Sweden
Kingdom. Population 9.7 million. The capital of Sweden is Stockholm. The official language is Swedish.
Estonia
Republic. 1.3 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian.
Today the list of European countries is exactly this.
