APXNA translation into Russian. Best Abkhaz Wines Lohnna Apsans Psou and Others

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, (Abkhazovskoye AҧSny) - Republic of Abkhazia; The state in the western part of the South Caucasus, on the southeast coast of the Black Sea. It consists of 7 historical regions (7 stars are reministed on the state flag) - Sadzyn (Dzhighetya), Bsepan, Gumba, Ageua, Samirzakan, Del-Kabal, Pshu-Aibga.

The overwhelming majority of the current population of Abkhazia provided Russian citizenship. Abkhazia produces its postage stamps. The Russian ruble is applied as a monetary unit, in addition, from September 26, the National Bank of Abkhazia introduced memorable and anniversary coins of the Abkhaz Monetary Unit of Apsar into circulation.

Geography

Abkhazia ((Apsny) is located in the north-western part of the Transcaucasia between the rivers of Psou and Ingur, in the south-west is washed by the Black Sea. The coast, more than 210 km long, is a little cut, often there are wide pebble beaches.

The climate of Abkhazia is due to its coastal position and the presence of high-altitude ridges. On the coast climate wet subtropical. The average temperature of January is +2 to +4 ° C. The average temperature of August from +22 to +24. The average precipitation is about 1500 mm per year. In the mountains, the high-rise explanation is pronounced, which causes large differences in the climate of various mountainous locations. The subtropical climate in the mountains extends to approximately 400 m. Eternal snow lie at an altitude of 2700-3000 m.

Most of the territory of the republic (about 75%) occupy the outstands of the main (watertic) ridge, which limits Abkhazia from the north, - Gagr, Bzybsky, Abkhaz and Kodori ridges. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Dombai Ulgen (4046 m). Through the main ridge in Abkhazia, Passals - Klorka (2781 m), Maruchi (2739 m) and others are conducted.

From the southeast to Abkhazia comes, gradually narrowing, the colchidal lowland. A narrow lowland strip stretches along the coast to the north-west of the Kodor river. Between mountains and lowlands - the belt of hilly footpries. In Abkhazia, developed carstry phenomena (Caves of Vorona, Abrskyla, Anacopian et al.). In Abkhazia, there is the deepest Karst Cave of the world - the cavity of the Crower-Rorneus (depth of 2080 meters), located near Gagra. In six kilometers from Gagra, there is a picturesque mountain Mamzyshha.

The river belongs to the Black Sea basin. The most significant of them is the Kodor (Kudra), Bzibe, Kyalasur, Humist - Multi-fashioned, are rich in hydropower (potential hydropower resources over 3.5 million kW). Nutrition rivers predominantly rain and snow; There is a spring-summer flood. In the mountains are located Rice and Amtkyl Lakes

Flora and fauna

Flora Abkhazia (includes more than 2,000 plant species. Forests are covered by over 55% of the Republic area. In the Black Sea Strine, the most impeded under cultural vegetation (subtropical, technical, fruit and decorative cultures, crops of grain, etc.) and in the gorges there are separate arrays of large forests (Grab, Rubernik, Oak, Chestnut, etc.) and Olshanikov. At the Cape Pitsunda, the grove of relict Pitsundskaya pine was preserved. In the mountains predominate beams (places with samshet in the second tier), on the top of the slopes - fir and fir forests. Since 2000 m Staying subalpine crib, alpine meadows and rock-crushed stone vegetation.

Abkhazia flag:

Coat of arms of Abkhazia:

Official name - Republic of Abkhazia.

Form of government- Republic.

Head of State - The president

LegislatureNational Assembly - The Supreme Legislative Body of the Republic of Abkhazia, one-stage parliament.

Executive - Provided to the President.

Official language - Abkhaz (Russian, along with Abkhaz, recognized as the language of state and other institutions).

Religion - More than 60% confess Christianity (16% - Muslims; 8% - atheists; 5% - pagans).

Currency - Russian ruble (RUB):

The Russian ruble consists of 100 Russian kopecks:

Origin of name.

The name of Abkhazia occurred from the Abkhaz word. Apsans - Translated from the Abkhazky "Country of Ass (Abkhazov)", according to National Etymology - "Country of Soul".

Climate.

The climate of Abkhazia is due to its coastal position and the presence of high-altitude ridges.

On the coast climate wet subtropical. The average temperature of January is +2 to +4 ° C. The average temperature of August from +22 to +24. The average precipitation is about 1500 mm per year.

In the mountains, the high-rise explanation is pronounced, which causes large differences in the climate of various mountainous locations. The subtropical climate in the mountains extends to approximately a height of 400 m. Eternal snow lie at an altitude of 2700-3000 m.

Geography.

Abkhazia is located in the northwestern part of the Transcaucasia between the rivers of Psou and Ingur, in the south-west is washed by the Black Sea. The coast, more than 210 km long, little is cut, often there are wide pebble beaches. Sea expanses, subtropical vegetation, stormy rivers and tops of the Big Caucasus give Abkhazia exceptional painting. The total area of \u200b\u200bAbkhazia is 8600km.

Most of the territory of the republic (about 75%) occupy the outstands of the main (watertic) ridge, which limits Abkhazia from the north, - Gagr, Bzybsky, Abkhaz and Kodori ridges. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Dombai Ulgen (4046 m). Through the main ridge in Abkhazia, passals are passing - Klorka (2781 m), Maruchsky (2739 m), etc.

From the southeast to Abkhazia comes, gradually narrowing, the colchidal lowland. A narrow lowland strip stretches along the coast to the north-west of the Kodor River. Between mountains and lowlands - the belt of hilly footpries. Karst phenomena are developed in Abkhazia (Caves of Vorona, Abrskyla, Anacopian, etc.). In Abkhazia, there is the deepest Karst Cave of the world - the cavity of the Crower-Rorneus (depth of 2080 meters), located near Gagra. In six kilometers from Gagra, there is a picturesque mountain Mamzyshha.

Abkhazia consists of 7 administrative districts: 1 - Gagr district, 2 - Gudautsky district, 3 -Shumsky district, 4 - Gulrypsh district, 5 - Ochamchyr district, 6-Tkurchalsky district and 7 -Galian district.

Natural resources.

Abkhazia There is reserves of coal (more than 5.3 million tons), peat, dolomite, marble, granite, limestone, gabbro-diabases, chalk, tuff, peat, barite, dolomite, lead, various building materials. The shelf of Abkhazia has small oil and gas fields. The total area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land - 421.6 thousand. Abkhazia occupies one of the first places in the world: per square kilometer of territory accounts for more than 1.7 million cubic meters. River running per year. The total length of 120 rivers - more than 5 thousand km. These are mainly rapid mountain streams, which is the potential for the development of low hydropower. The forest is covered with 57% of the territory (497 thousand mg).

Abkhazia It has a colossal volume of recreational resources. About 200 pensions, rest houses, sanatoriums, hotels, children's health bases are located in all climatic zones - from subtropical to Alpine. There is a large number of thermal and mineral sources.

Flora and fauna.

The flora of Abkhazia includes more than 2000 species of plants of which 149 species are represented by wood and shrub shapes, the remaining herbaceous. About 400 species - endemics of the Caucasus, and over 100 species are found on the planet only in Abkhazia. Forests are covered by over 55% of the Republic Square. In the Black Sea Strip, the most developed under cultural vegetation (subtropical, technical, fruit and decorative cultures, crops of grain, etc.) and in the gorges there are separate arrays of the deciduous forests (Grab, Rubernik, Oak, Chestnut, etc.) and Olshaniks. At Cape Pitsunda, the grove of relict Pitsundskaya pine was preserved. In the mountains predominate beech (places with a brush in the second tier), on the top of the slopes - fir and fir forests. Since 2000 m, subalpine crib, alpine meadows and rock-crushed vegetation begins.

In the forests there are a bear, a boar, a lynx, noble deer, a roe; In highlands - Sulna, Caucasian Tetra; on lowlands - jackal; In rivers and lakes - Trout, Salmon, Sazan, Sudak and other types of fish. On the territory of Abkhazia there are Ricinsky, Gumist, Pitsundsky Reserves

Resorts:

IN Abkhazia Four resorts are located:

Avadhara - Resort in the West Caucasus, in Abkhazia, 18 km from Lake Ricz, is located at an altitude of 1600 m, famous for its mineral sources. Currently equipped with only one of the keys - water from it is delivered to Sukhum to the plant on bottling of mineral waters.

Gag - The picturesque resort in Abkhazia, the city is located 36 km from Sochi Airport on the shore of a calm bay. Mountains create their microclimate, protecting the city from cold winds and while holding warm sea air. Due to the contrast of heights, the mountain gorges are ventilated and updated the air in the city. In the city of the city in the sea there are several rivers - Jo-Ekwara, Gagrypsh, Anya, Regrau. To the west and to the southeast there are groves of Pitsund Pine.

Pitsunda - Primorsky climatic resort on the Cancel Cape of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, 25 km south of Gagra. The climate in Pitsunde is a wet Mediterranean subtropical, similar to the Gagra climate. Summer warm (the temperature of August + 29 ° C), the winter is soft, the January temperature is about +11 ° C, the average annual +16.5 ° C.

New Athos - The city in the Gudautsky district of Abkhazia, located 80 kilometers from the Russian border. In the new Athos there are many attractions, monuments of nature and history. The climate is wet, Mediterranean subtropical, average annual temperature of 16.3 ° C, in summer +30 ° C - +32 ° C, in winter +9 ° C- +11 ° C. Water warms up to 26 ° C - 28 ° C

Sights:

  • Novo Ahphon Male Monastery
  • Lake Ritsa
  • Gaga waterfall
  • Dacha I. V. Stalin (a total of 5)
  • Sukhumsky Botanical Sad.
  • Sukhumi Institute of Monkey
  • Colonnade in Gagrah
  • House of the merchant in Pitsunde
  • Lookout in Gagra
  • Historical Buildings
  • Monuments dedicated to the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict
  • Karst caves
  • Blue Lake
  • Waterfalls: Milk, Bird, Girls, Men's tears, etc.
  • Honey house, on the way to Oz. Rice
  • Sukhumsky Drama Theater
  • Restaurant Gagrypsh
  • Fortress in Gagrah
  • New Aphon Waterfall - HPP
  • Stone gorge on the river Bzpej (Gorge "Stone Bag")

Abkhaz wines:

Wine on the territory of Abkhazia began to do in a few millennia to our era. This is the second after the Middle East area where traces of an ancient civilization are found, familiar with winemaking. This is evidenced by archaeological finds - jugs with residues of grape seeds found in dolmen III-II millennia BC. e.

Strabo called the dizzurium center of winemaking - from there in the ancient Rome supplied natural semi-sweet wines.

The founder of modern industrial winemaking in Abkhazia is the prince of Nikolay Achba.

List of wines:

  • Red
    • « Raded"- Red natural dry wine from Isabella grapes. Released since 2002. Fortress 10-12% about.
    • « Bouquet of Abkhazia"- Red dessert wine from the grape variety Isabella. Released since 1929. Wine has velvety taste and pronounced fruit notes. Perfectly combined with dessert dishes. Fortress 16%.
    • « Lohn"- Red semi-sweet wine from the grape variety Isabella. Released since 1962. Fortress 9-11%.
    • « Apsns"- Red semi-sweet wine from varieties of Cabernet grapes, Merlot and Saperavi. It has garnet. It has a velvety taste and a harmonious coherent bouquet. Released since 1970. Fortress 9-11%.
    • « Escher"- Red semi-dry natural wine from a mixture of Isabella grapes with other red varieties. Released since 2002. Fortress 9-11%.
    • « Chegem"- Natural dry red wine from Cabernet grapes. Released since 2002. Fortress 10-12%.
    • « Amra"- Red semi-dry grape wine from swimming pools of selected red wine materials. Released since 2002. Fortress 10-11%.
  • White
    • « PSOU"- White semi-sweet wine. The classic Abkhaz version is from the grapes of Zolicuri, however, a wide sale is available from varieties of Riesling and Aligote grapes. Wine has a color of light straw. Released since 1962. Fortress 9-11%.
    • « Anacopia»- White semi-dry wine from grape varieties Riesling and Rkaziteli. It has a thin aroma, fresh and light taste. Released since 1978. Fortress 9-11%.
    • « Dioscury»- Natural white dry wine from selected varieties of white grapes. Released since 2002. Fortress 10-12%.

    Kitchen Abkhazia:

    The National Kitchen of Abkhazia is a few in its range, but very tasty and diverse. Historically, the development of the kitchen influenced the fact that the Abkhaz tribes were occupied by both agriculture and cattle breeding. Therefore, the assortment is present both vegetable and meat products.

    Meat is prepared in a traditional way on a spit over hot coals. So prepare delicacious eats - fried on the carcass trumps and lambs stuffed with finely chopped internals, cheese, adzhika and mint, as well as chickens and chickens, argued with adzhika or nut sauce.

    Most vegetable dishes are prepared from beans, as well as corn, cabbage, tomatoes, peppers. Vegetable and meat dishes are usually served in fresh and salty form. Any kushanye, whether it is from vegetables or meat Abkhaz with spices and sharp sauces (from Alychi, Barbaris, blackberry, pomegranate, green grapes, tomatoes). Set of spices - coriander, charker, basil, mint, dill, parsley - gives by Abkhaz dishes a specific fragrance and makes food tastier. Especially it should be said about Adzhik, submitted literally to each Abkhaz dish. It is a thick sharp and fragrant seasoning, which includes red peppers, as well as spices, garlic and salt.

    The role of bread on the Abkhaz table is playing Abstyst - a thick corks from corn flour. In addition, fresh cakes, loaf or chundas, sweetened with honey or stuffed with cheese or walnuts are made from cornmeal flour. They are baked on hot coals.

    One of the important places in nutrition of Abkhaz is occupied by dairy products. As well as raw materials of different types and varieties.

    Abkhaza has also been engaged in horticulture, viticulture and beekeeping. Therefore, vegetables, fruits, grapes, walnuts, honey always attended the Abkhaz table. Walnuts are generally a mandatory component of many dishes. Honey also takes a special place. It is eaten with chump, dumplings, pies, etc.

Abkhazia



Abkhazia (ABC. AҧSny [Apsnie] , - Republic of Abkhazia;



the state in the western part of the South Caucasus, on the southeast coast of the Black Sea.


It consists of 7 historical regions (7 stars are reministed on the state flag) - Sadzyn (Dzhighetya), Bsepan, Gumba, Ageua, Samirzakan, Del-Kabal, Pshu-Aibga.


The overwhelming majority of the current population of Abkhazia provided Russian citizenship. Abkhazia produces its postage stamps. The Russian ruble is applied as a monetary unit, in addition, from September 26, the National Bank of Abkhazia introduced memorable and anniversary coins of the Abkhaz Monetary Unit of Apsar into circulation.

Geography

Abkhazia is located in the northwestern part of the Transcaucasia between rivers PSOU and INGURThe southwest is washed by the Black Sea. The coast, more than 210 km long, little is cut, often there are wide pebble beaches.

The climate of Abkhazia is due to its coastal position and the presence of high-altitude ridges.

On the coast climate wet subtropical. The average temperature of January is +2 to +4 ° C. The average temperature of August from +22 to +24. The average precipitation is about 1500 mm per year.


In the mountains is clearly expressed high-rise explanancyWhat causes great differences in the climate of various mountainous locations. Subtropical climate In the mountains extends to about 400 m. Eternal snow lie at an altitude of 2700-3000 m.


Most of the territory of the republic (about 75%) occupy The main (waterstep) ridgeLimiting Abkhazia from the North - Gagr Bzyb, Abkhaz and Kodori ridges. The highest point of the ridge - mountain Dombay-Ulgen.(4046 m). Through the main ridge in Abkhazia, Passals - Klorka (2781 m), Maruchi (2739 m) and others are conducted.


From the south-east to Abkhazia comes, gradually narrowing, Collid lowland. A narrow lowland strip stretches along the coast to the north-west of the Kodor river. Between mountains and lowlands - the belt of hilly footpries. In Abkhazia are developed karstphenomena ( cave of Voronene, Abrskyla, Anacopianand etc.). In Abkhazia, there is the deepest Karst Cave of the world - the cavity of the Crower-Rorneus (depth of 2080 meters), located near Gagra. In six kilometers from Gagra, there is a picturesque mountain Mamzyshha.


The river belongs to the Black Sea basin. The most significant of them is the Kodor (Kudra), Bzibe, Kyalasur, Humist - Multi-fashioned, are rich in hydropower (potential hydropower resources over 3.5 million kW). Nutrition rivers predominantly rain and snow; There is a spring-summer flood. Lakes are located in the mountains Rice and Amtkyl


Flora and fauna


Flora Abkhazia includes more than 2000 plant species. Forests are covered by over 55% of the Republic Square. In the Black Sea Strip, the most developed under cultural vegetation (subtropical, technical, fruit and decorative cultures, crops of grain, etc.) and in the gorges there are separate arrays of the deciduous forests (Grab, Rubernik, Oak, Chestnut, etc.) and Olshaniks. At Cape Pitsunda, the grove of relict Pitsundskaya pine was preserved. In the mountains predominate beech (places with a brush in the second tier), on the top of the slopes - fir and fir forests. Since 2000 m, subalpine crib, alpine meadows and rock-crushed vegetation begins.


In the forests there are a bear, a boar, a lynx, noble deer, a roe; In highlands - Sulna, Caucasian Tetra; on lowlands - jackal; In rivers and lakes - Trout, Salmon, Sazan, Sudak and other types of fish. On the territory of Abkhazia there are Ricinsky, Gumist, Pitsundsky Reserves.

Religion

According to polls, the distribution of denominations in 2003 was as follows.



60% - Christians


16% - Muslims


3% - adherents of the Abkhaz religion


5% - Gentiles


8% - atheists and unbelievers


2% - other confessions


6% found it difficult to answer


Cities
  • Sukhum

  • Gag

  • Hudoute.

  • Gulrypsh

  • New Athos

  • Ochamchyra

  • Pitsunda

  • Tkalar

Set and villages
  • Adzubja

  • Alahadze

  • Atara

  • Acandara

  • Baslahu

  • BSPTA

  • Blababirhua

  • Gulipsh

  • Gyachrypsh

  • Dugush

  • Zvandripsh

  • Ilor

  • Caldahuara

  • Kutol.

  • Lohn

  • Machara

  • Mokva

  • PSHA

  • Tammy

  • Tyn.

  • Huap

  • Tsandripsh

  • Chlou

  • Escher

Abkhaza- one of the oldest indigenous ethnic groups of the Caucasus, the language, culture and traditions of which are closestly and relative to the North Caucasian peoples: Abazinam, Adygets, Kabardians, Circass, Klasham. In language terms, they all make up the Abkhaz-Adyg group of the North Caucasian family of languages.

Abkhaza is young people. They enjoy the alphabet established in 1862 by Linguist P.K. Sublare on the basis of Russian graphics, improved by Abkhaz scientists.
The number of Abkhaz in the Republic of Abkhazia in 1989, 93.2 thousand people, in total in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries - 105 thousand people. They live in Turkey and other countries - more than 600 thousand people.
Abkhazi confess various beliefs: traditional religion (paganism), Christianity (Orthodoxy), Islam (Sunni).
The first mention of Abkhazia is contained in the Assyrian sources of the XII century. BC e. (Tougalpalasar I) under the name "Abevel", and in the I-II centuries. n. e.
"APMS" and "Abazgi" recorded.
On their genetic relationship with the Abkhaz people indicate the ethnonyms "Apsua" (self-adhesion of Abkhaz), "Abazam" (Samuppling Abhazin, related Abkhazam), "Monkey" and "Abkhaza" Georgian chronicles. "Apsny", i.e.

"Country of the Soul" - this is called their homeland Abkhaz.

The ancestors of the Abkhaz were one of the creators of megalithic (dolmens, crude) culture in the West Caucasus in the III milk. e., and at the beginning of the I millennium BC. e. Kolchidskokoban metallurgical province. In the VIII-VII centuries. BC e. They mastered the skills of the production and processing of iron, which found their bright reflection in the heroic Nart Epos of Abkhaz in the image of the Ainar's blacksmith.

Through the territory of Abkhazia in the Moto-Kolkhida road in the VII-VI centuries. BC e. Scythians took place in the front Asia, some of which were ass and mixed with the local ancient andabhaz population.
Lack of urban life (Dizkuriada. Such Sukhum, Gueenos, Eshersk City, Pitian - Con. Pitsunda), the statehood on the territory of Abkhazia brought the Greeks in the first half of the VI century. BC uh, tied by local surrounding communities into a single system of economic, relations.

In the first century n. e. The ancient andabhaz tribes were combined into early-grade education (Abasia, Apsilia, Sanigia), which were organic, albeit the peripheral part of the Roman-Byzantine cultural world. In the coastal fortresses of Pitutions, Sebastopolis and Ziganis stood Roman cohorts, and in Egypt there was a "first cohort of Abasgov."
In the VI-VIII centuries. n. e. Three branches of the "Great Silk Road" were held through Abkhazia to the North Caucasus (roads through Abasgia, Apse and Misimony).
In the 11th - 6th centuries. n. e. Oldabhaz tribes created an original "cebeldin culture". In local military burials found the earliest on the territory of the former USSR Swords 111-IV centuries. from Damask Steel.

According to the church legend, the first Christian preaching of the ancestors of Abkhaz were heard from the mouth of the apostles Andrew of the First-Called and Simon Kananita. At the end of the 111-IV centuries. The first Christian community in the Caucasus was formed in Pitutions, which the bishop of Strathoshil represented at the first universal church cathedral in Naja in 325. Officially, the local population took Christianity in the VI century. Under the emperor, Justinian Great. The first shepherd among Abasgov was the Euphrates, in Apsilov - Konstantin. In Constantinople, a school was founded, where abasual children were specially studied. In the ancient Gruzinsky source "Martyrdom of Abo Tbileli" (viii century) explicitly referred to a Christ-loving "country of Abkhazia", \u200b\u200bwhich indicates the formation of the Abkhaz feudal nationality.

During the VIII - X centuries. There was an Abkhaz kingdom, the first king of which was Leon II, the son of the daughter of the powerful Khazar kagan. Being a shield from Arab invasions, it objectively led to the unification of all Western Transcaucasia. He reached his heyday in the century under Georgy II, which actively contributed to the Christianization of Alanya. During this period, the special Abkhazo Alan School of Byzantine architecture is allocated in the local church architecture.
The dynasty of the Abkhaz kings stopped by the male line with the death of a childless Feodosia of the blind, and the authorities moved to his nephew Bagrat III (978-1014), which was Georgian to Father, but the Abkhaz throne inherited the Motherland of the Leonidov dynasty (Abkhaza Gulandhcht, Feodosia's sister ). Bagrat III amounted to the genealogical tree of the Abkhaz kings to emphasize his connection with this dynasty. From him began the formation of a new state - the "kingdom of Abkhaz and the Kartvenov", which for some time continued to be called "Abkhaz".

In the XIII century, the "kingdom of Abkhaz and the CartVelov" broke up. In XIII-XVBB. Abkhazia was in the field of the political and economic influence of Genoa, which founded a number of trade factories on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus.

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. The Abkhaz principality was under the Protectorator of the Sultan Turkey. Gets the spread of Islam Sunni sense.

From the end of the XVIII century, with the dominated by Kelheshbee Chachba (Sherva-Shidge), the Abkhaz principality reinforced again and with the help of the fleet controlled the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Batum.

In July 1810, the Russian naval landline with the battle took the fortress of Sukhum Kale. The legitimate domain prince Aslabay Chachba left the fortification. Coastal Abkhazia, with the exception of free mountain societies, was attached to Russia. At the Abkhaz throne, the royal authorities erected their Ukrainian Seferbia Chachba, who accepted the baptism and the new name George. One of the distinguishing features of the Abkhaz principality is that it, unlike Georgia, did not fully lose its statehood with accession to Russia. From 1810 to 1864 The Abkhaz Principality retained autonomous control in Russia and existed longer than others in the Caucasus.

From 1864 to 1917 Abkhazia ("Sukhumi Military Department", "Sukhumsky District") was subordinated to the royal administration in the Caucasus.

In the XIX centuries, Abkhazia still occupied an intermediate position between the democratic free skins of Highlanders of the North-West Caucasus and the feudal system of Georgia. However, in the spirit of the public device, it was closerly connected with the Circassian-Ubylli world. In Abkhazia, there was no feudal ownership of land, there was no serfdom, and free communities accounted for almost all 3/4 population of the country.

In the system of "Gorsky feudalism" of Abkhazia firmly burned elements of the tribal building and pagan beliefs. The basis of the foundations of the publication of the Abkhazia was the rural community ("Ashima"), which united all the segments of the population - the higher and lower estates - and was impregnated with dairy kinship ("atalyst") feudalists with peasants. Thus, some estate contradictions softened.

In the conditions of the farm land tenure, arable landlords were not the property of the entire community, but were in the discent or residential ownership of Abkhaz. For all and open for shared use were only pastures and forests.
The economy of the Abkhazov was naturally consumer. They were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, winemaking, beekeeping, metal processing, leather, wood, pottery and short-dealing, weaving, powder preparation, etc. Abkhaza traditionally experienced hostility towards any manifestations of commodity relations.

As a result of the Caucasian war and anti-colonial uprisings, 1866, 1877, Abkhaz survived an ethnic catastrophe. More than half of the population were forced to leave their homeland and become refugees - Majairi.
The stream of NovopoLelects was hung in Abkhazia, primarily Georgians (mostly megrelov), as well as Armenians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, Germans, Estonians, etc. So, in 1886, Abkhaza accounted for 85.7%, and in 1897 - 55, 3% of the population.

After the collapse of the Russian Empire, Abkhazia entered the Union of United Highs of the Caucasus and the South-Eastern Union. On November 8, 1917, the first parliament was elected at the Congress in Sukhum - the Abkhaz People's Council, who adopted the Constitution and the Declaration of the Abkhaz People.

On May 11, 1918, the Republic of Bathuman Republic (North Caucasian Republic) was proclaimed at the Batumi Peace Conference.
Together with Dagestan, Chechnya, Ossetia, Cabareta included Abkhazia in its composition. Abkhaz statehood was restored, lost in 1864
In June 1918, in violation of all agreements, the troops have just proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Georgia (May 26, 1918), with direct military support of Germany, occupied the territory of Abkhazia. The Government of the Gorisk Republic expressed Georgia to the German government a sharp protest and regarded these actions as an act of aggression against Abkhazia and the entire North Caucasus state.
The policy of the Georgian government caused the extreme discontent of the multinational population of Abkhazia, which facilitated the establishment of Soviet authorities here on March 4, 1921. The new regime was perceived as a deliverance from repression and armed intervention of the Georgian Republic.
At first, the Bolsheviks provided Abkhazia freedom of political choice, which was implemented by the proclamation of its Revenue Independent SSR Abkhazia (March 31, 1921). The uniqueness of the political situation was that Abkhazia was independent of about a year, both from Soviet Russia and from Soviet Georgia.

In December 1921, Abkhazia under the strong pressure of Joseph Stalin, Ordzhonikidze and others were forced to conclude with Georgia "Special Union Agreement", ratified in February 1922, which recorded, in essence, equality of the two republics. The nature of the interstate relations of Abkhazia and Georgia was reflected in the Constitution of the SSR Abkhazia 1925 and in the Constitution of the Georgian SSR 1927, which emphasizes that the Georgian SSR is a state under the federal basis (Art. 2nd).

The first Soviet Constitution was adopted in Abkhazia in April 1925 by the ILL of the Allabhaz Congress of Soviets. Abkhazia then accepted its constitution, like other Union republics, unlike autonomous, which did not have it. During this period, the SSR Abkhazia was not autonomous, and the Union republic, which has the status of a sovereign state (Art. 5 of the Constitution of Abkhazia 1925) precisely because the Constitution of Abkhazia 1925 was not subject to approval in other structures. The decision of the congress of the Soviets on this issue was considered final. Abkhazia was not part of Georgia.

In 1924-1925 The coat of arms and the flag of the SSR Abkhazia were approved, the legislative acts of a constitutional nature were adopted, codes were put into effect: criminal, civil, criminal procedure, land, forestry.
Until 1931, the SSR Abkhazia was called the "contractual" Republic. Under the pressure of Stalin, the contracting SSR Abkhazia was transformed into the Autonomous Republic (Abkhaz ASSR) and included in the Georgian SSR. This issue was considered at the VI Congress of the Soviets of Abkhazia (February 11, 1931), although it was not in the agenda, and then in Tbilisi VI, the South Communications Congress of Soviets on February 19, 1931, a resolution was adopted to transform the SSR Abkhazia to the Autonomous Republic.
Practice of the sovereign rights of Abkhazia, the reduction of its status to the level of autonomy in the composition of Georgia led to a multi-day nationwide approach of the Abkhaz people (February 18-26, 1931), expressed to the distrust to the government and Soviet power.

After the death of the chapter of Abkhazia Nestor Nobobee (poisoned by Beria in December 1936 in Tbilisi), the most tragic period of the newest history of Abkhazia began. A terror that led to the full destruction of the political and intellectual elite of the Abkhaz people was collapsed. In reinforced pace was carried out by the Georgianization policy:
Children's school training was translated from Abkhaz to the Georgian language, Abkhaz writing - on the Georgian graphic basis, the original Abkhaz toponyms were replaced by Georgian, the assimilation consecutive migrating policy was purposefully aimed at deformation of the ethnomographic structure of the population.

For the period 1937-1953. Tens of thousands of Georgians were resettled from the inland districts of Georgia to Abkhazia, which significantly increased their share as part of the population of Abkhazia (6% in 1886; 24% in 1897; 30% in 1939; 39, 1% in 1959).
The demographic expansion of Georgians in Abkhazia, encouraged by Tbilisi, was carried out in a veiled form and in the poststalin period. Mass rallies and demonstrations demanding the release of Abkhazia from the composition of Georgia occurred in 1957,1964,1967,1978,1989.

The Parliament of Georgia unilaterally began to make decisions (decisions 1989-1990), which ignored the interstate nature of the relations of Abkhazia and Georgia and essentially led to the abolition of Abkhaz statehood. Tbilisi recognized illegal and invalid states of Soviet times since February 1921. In response, the Supreme Council of the Abkhaz ASSR, on August 25, 1990, adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of Abkhazia.
Having come to power as a result of an armed coup in Tbilisi, the Military Council of Georgia in February 1992 decided to abolish the Constitution of the Georgian SSR 1978 on the transition of the Republic of Georgia to the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1921, in which the Abkhaz ASSR as a subject of state-legal relations is not This is. In legal attitude, the Georgian SSR ceased to exist, and the new state was formed, with which the Abkhaz ASSR did not have any relationship.

In order to overcome the legal unructivity between the republics, the Supreme Council of Abkhazia on July 23, 1992 decided to restore the effect on the territory of Abkhazia Abkhazia in 1925, as well as new coat of arms and the flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.

On August 14, 1992, Georgia that joined the UN unleashed the war against Abkhazia. Georgian troops with the support of combat aviation, more than a hundred tanks, other armored vehicles, artillery, invaded Abkhazia and occupied part of its territory.

They shot civilians, subjected to their torture and violence, burned at home and villages, replaced reprisals not only over Abkhaz, but also over the Armenian, Russian, Greek population. Ethnic cleansing was performed on the occupied territory. In addition to physical extermination, the policy of cultural genocide was carried out.
The monuments of the history and culture of the Abkhaz people, museums and libraries were destroyed, rumbled, robbed and burned theaters, institutes, schools, archives, university. Killed the most valuable records of folklore, linguistic materials, historical documents, rarest books and manuscripts.

September 30, 1993, after more than 13 months of occupation, the entire territory of Abkhazia was released.
From November 1993 to the present, under the auspices of the UN, with the mediation of Russia and with the participation of the OSCE, Georgian-Abkhaz negotiations are being held. A number of critical documents were signed, in particular, "a statement on measures to a political settlement of April 4, 1994".
Since May - June 1994, thanks to the United Nations auspices, the peacekeeping operation (CIS troops and UN military observers) ceased fire on the border between Abkhazia and Georgia. The refugee return began to the Gali district. The negotiation process continues.

On November 26, 1994, the Parliament of the Republic adopted a new constitution of the sovereign Abkhaz state, the subject of international law. The state language of the Republic of Abkhazia is recognized by Abkhaz, and the Russian, along with Abkhaz, is the language of state and other institutions. State power is carried out on the basis of separation on legislative, executive and judicial.
Abkhazia - Presidential Republic. The first president parliament elected Vladislav Ardzinba.

From December 1994 to September 1999, Abkhazia and its people, as no country in the world, were subjected to the most severe political, economic and information blockade.

After the destructive Georgian-Abkhaz war in the country began to revive the economy, culture, science and education. From year to year, the production of tea, citrus, tobacco is increasing, the resorts in Sukhum, Pitsunde, Gagra come to life, and thousands of vacationers began to attend the New Aphon Cave, the monastery and lake Rice.
Abkhaz State University, Abkhaz Institute of Humanitarian Studies, National Creative Unions of Artists, Writers, Journalists, Composers, Architects, resumed their work.
Founded by the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Abkhazia. In the new conditions, Abkhaz television and radio, Abkhaz book publishing house, magazines, newspapers, including independent.
Folk choreographic groups, pop and children's musical ensembles, productions of the Abkhaz State Theater, art exhibitions, youth festivals, contests are very popular. Abkhazia intelligentsia conducts greater research, creative work in various fields of science, education and culture.

Oleg Bgazba
Doctor of Historical Sciences

Stanislav Lacoba
Professor

An article for those who are still asked: Abkhazia is Russia or abroad. Also, they will answer the question - why it is worth at least once in Abkhazia and how difficulty getting into the country ... About everything in order - let's understand:

The Republic of Abkhazia is located in the finest place on Earth - in the north-west of the Transcaucasus between the two rivers of PSOU and Ingur. From the southwest it is washes the Black Sea. From the north and northeast, Abkhazia borders with the Russian Federation (Krasnodar Territory and Karachay-Cherkessia), and from the south-east and the south is a border with Georgia (regions of Samegrelo and Zemo-Svaneti).

Capital, currency, population

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is about 8600 square kilometers. The capital of Abkhazia is Sukhumi. At the Abkhaz language, Abkhazia sounds like "Apsns", which means "country of soul".


Sukhumi

Most of the territory of Abkhazia (about 1/4) is occupied by the extensions of the main ridge (waters). The entire territory of the republic includes seven districts, eight cities, four villages and 512 villages.


P.P. Vereshchagin - Sukhum Kale

The modern Republic of Abkhazia is a sovereign democratic state - the presidential republic, which has its coat of arms, flag and anthem. The State Constitution was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Abkhazia on November 26, 1994.

The state language of the country is Abkhaz, but Russian is considered the second language in the country, which recognizes all government agencies and non-state organizations.

Here, as described the language of Abkhaz Osip Mandelstam:

"Hence the study of the Caucasus alphabet should begin - here each word begins on" A ". To designate the words that are not in the native language, Abkhaz came with humor, simply adding the letter "A" to the corresponding Russian word, for example, "Alarek", "Atelectheph".


Urban embankment, Sukhum,Abkhazia

The population of the country is about 250,000 people. There are many different nationalities and nationalities in this republic: Abkhaza, Russians, Greeks, Georgians, Armenians, Germans, Estonians, Jews, Poles and others. About 10% of the total population of the country make megrelas - small people living near the border with Georgia.

Russian ruble It is the main payment facility in Abkhazia. And all calculations are conducted in rubles, since foreign currency is not accepted for payment. Currency exchange points are only in the largest cities of the republic.

Local currency In Abkhazia, these are apsears - coins, which are also a payment facility and equal to the ruble 1:10.

Even until recently, you would not be able to cash our bank card even in the largest banking institutions of the country, because there were no ATMs in Abkhazia at all. The situation has changed only in 2013, now ATMs are established more and more, and reasons for concerns among holidaymakers - to cash up to arrival or inside the country now is not.


Photo: WallpapersCraft.ru.

Abkhazia is Russia or abroad

Very many Russian citizens who want to go to rest in this country often ask a question to their tour operators and travel agencies - "Abkhazia is Russia or abroad." Let's try to answer this question as precise as possible:

Abkhazia is an independent state, which recognized some countries - members of the United Nations (Russia, Venezuela, Nauru, South Ossetia, Nicaragua, People's Korean Republic and PMR).

But some states still consider Abkhazia part of Georgia. It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the Georgian authorities do not control the territory of Abkhazia, as it has its own government, armed forces, security forces and law enforcement.

Thus, answering the question "Abkhazia is Russia or not?", You can definitely answer that there is no. But after that, after the war with Georgia, this state was in dire need of support from the outside, which was able to provide this young Republic of Russia. Abkhazia to a large extent depends on the support of the Russian government, the Russian ruble and today is in the same indefinite status as Kosovo and South Ossetia.


Photo: WallpapersCraft.ru.

Visa and passport

Now consider another important question about whether you need a visa to Abkhazia to enter the territory of the country of Russian citizens.

Since Abkhazia is recognized as the Russian Federation by an independent state, then to enter this country, Russians in 2015, as before, the visa does not need. At the customs it will be necessary to present a general passport or a passport, which is stamp (print) on the intersection of the border of the Republic of Abkhazia (independent state Abkhazia). There are practically no difficulties with a visit to this country, and the entrance is carried out practically for half an hour. But due to the complex situation in the country, it is necessary to take into account a number of its features.

Russian citizens for entry into Abkhazia passport is not needed, since it is enough to have only an internal passport of the Russian Federation with him


Lake Rice, Abkhazia

If you went to Abkhazia on your own car or by bus, the following information will certainly please. We have already found out that the border between Russia and Abkhazia passes along the Psou River. Driving through the territory of the Russian post, in several places in front of the barriers, border guards will require prevent documents, including your passengers.

Then you will find yourself at the main checkpoint, where the driver and passengers will need to get out of the car (the luggage take with it is not necessary) and pass passport control. Employees of the border service will ask the driver to open the trunk for inspection. If everything is in order with the documents, you can go further. The procedure itself does not take much time as before - all on a simplified system, unless of course your citizenship of the Russian Federation.

A few meters from the Russian border post is the Abkhaz post. His passage is much easier. You need to leave the car only to the driver. He places the local customs officers. No money pay at the border. In Abkhazia, they canceled all types of fees and mandatory insurance from Russian tourists. Passengers formally check passports through a car window. If there are no queues, then the entire test on the Abkhaz post takes 1 minute. After that - you are in Abkhazia!


Pitsunda - City in Abkhazia

Total infusion

Entry to Abkhazia is allowed only from Russia, since Georgian - the Abkhaz border is closed, and the passage through it without a special permission can end with a long imprisonment.

If we consider Abkhazia by months, it is best to cross the border to the "low" holiday season, as the rest of the time on the border, which is closest to the most popular resorts of the country, will stand in a big place. (in any case, before the queue was big - today they say it is not at all, but as far as the information is reliable - you need to check ...)

By the way, the resort village of Hachipsh is located in close proximity to the border with Russia and therefore enjoys extremely popular with our compatriots.


Photo: Tourister.ru.

Also, many people who have never attended the resorts of the country are interested in the question - how much to fly to Abkhazia?

The fact is that today this country has no airport and therefore will have to fly to Adler (the nearest airport in Russia). And then on the route taxi or by train to get to the border post of Abkhazia - Psou, which is open 24 hours a day.

Why should I visit Abkhazia?

In Soviet times, this coast was considered the best holiday destination. And now thousands of our fellow citizens rushed there. Perhaps they drive nostalgia, and maybe thirst to see the mythical colchid, where, according to legend, went for the Golden Roman Jason.


Photo: I.Sukhum-Travel.ru.

In the summer, in the Russian-Abkhaz border can be held several hours. But, I assure you, it is worth it. As soon as you stop the border, the situation around will change. You will be counted covered with a fabulously beautiful green forest of the mountains that are suitable very close to the sea. Thus, a completely extraordinary landscape is created.

A zone of wet subtropics stretched along the sea, sunny days a year - up to 220, significantly more than on the Russian Black Sea coast. Sea water temperature in summer reaches 28 degrees, it is possible to swim in October. Exotic trees and shrubs bloom all year round. Abundance of local vegetables, fruits, beautiful wines, the best of which is the red semi-sweet "Lohry". What is not a paradise for vacationers?!


Photo: SIMIRTUR.RU.

Beach and glaciers in one day.Abkhazia is a country where in the morning you can wake up from the noise of sea waves, in the afternoon to ride with the breeze along the steep gorges, to spend the sun, walking along alpine meadows, bordered snowflakes, and in the evening again to be on the coast and enjoy the fresh breeze. The rugged landscape of Abkhazia and the proximity of the mountains to the sea form several natural zones, each of which can give a completely special feeling.

Architecture: from the dollar to an ampury.In travels along the coast of Abkhazia, you will come across a variety of architecture, which tells about the "multi-layer" history of the region. There are also imperial castles of the old Gagra, erected during the times of Russian riviera, and monumental stations and sanatoriums "in Stalinist", with colonnades and arches, and the Soviet constructivism of the most bizarre forms with mosaics for ideological and domestic topics.

In the next video, you can see only a tolik of the indescribable beauty of Abkhazia:

Downtown in the foothills, it is possible to be in the Middle Ages - in ascetic monasteries on the picturesque hills, at the arched bridge in a close gorge and even in the defensive towers of the Great Abkhaz Wall, which stretches throughout East Abkhazia! But the most archaic and, by the way, the oldest on the planet, architectural structures are hidden in the forests. These are dolmen - the mystical structures of the Bronze Age, leaving more questions than answers.

Travel, find out, look for beauty in everything, wherever you are, well, and if you just want to start traveling - Start with Abkhazia - the country of amazing beauty is waiting for you.

Abkhazia is one of the few countries that boasts the most ancient history of winemaking. This distinctive area with a unique culture, where many thousands of years ago, the first alcoholic beverages based on grapes were made. One of the varieties born century ago, but a popular one to this day is wine Apsna.

This alcoholic beverage is made on the legendary plant "Wine and Water Abkhazia", \u200b\u200blocated in the city of Sukhum. More than 80 years, the company produces world-famous varieties of wine. The current appearance of the plant is high-tech production with modern technician, where 17 varieties of alcohol are approaching from the conveyor. However, in the manufacture of wines, the experience of the former generations is still used to preserve the traditional and exquisite taste of products.

The name of the APSNA translated from Abkhaz means "Country of Soul". It is believed that this wine reveals all the wealth of a wide Abkhaz feast. The people famous for the hospitality offers guests to try adsans to better know the unique culture of their country.

Main characteristics

Manufacturer: LLC "Wine and Water Abkhazia", \u200b\u200bthe city of Sukhum.

It is manufactured on the basis of three grape varieties: Cabernet, Merlot, Saperavi. Collection of berries, according to the regulation of production, is carried out at the end of October.

Red semi-sweet wine. He has a deep ruby \u200b\u200bcolor.

The aroma is saturated, fruit, with pronounced notes of sweetness.

Fortress 10%.

The volume of the bottle is 750 ml.

The amount of sugar: 18-45 grams.

Water for the production of wine is produced from 16 artesian wells belonging to the plant.

The Apsna variety has a large number of international awards, the last of which is the Gold Medal of the Russian Exhibition Prodekspo.

Organoleptic properties

The grapes for the production of the drink is assembled at the end of October - the period when it reaches the highest possible content of sugars. This composition determines the taste of the drink - soft, velvety, with a pleasant aftertaste.

Apsna drinks easily, leaving after every throat the taste of fruit and a freta flavor train. Berry notes in combination with barely tangible sourness make the taste of wine with noble and harmonious.

Apsny will become an excellent aperitif before using hot meat dishes. It also combines well with fruit, raw cutting, fresh pastries.

Using this Abkhaz wine does not follow with sweet desserts: cakes, cakes. Excessive sacchariste of food and drink can spoil the impression of the meal.

"Wines and Water Abkhazia" is a plant that began its activities in 1930. From the first years of production, the Mark Apsna became one of those who loved the consumer, deserved recognition and respect.

During the war of Abkhazia and Georgia, the plant and the vineyards adjacent to it were almost completely destroyed. Thanks to the investment of local businessmen, the company was reconstructed and equipped with modern equipment.

To date, the scale of production at the plant "Wine and Water Abkhazia" allows you to consider it the largest manufacturer in its segment.

On the Russian market in the number of alcohol supplied by alcohol, Abkhazia is in the top five leaders. At the end of 2015, about 20 million bottles of wine were exported to Russia, among which the popular grade of the Red Semi-sweet - Apsna.

The adsna label shows a man whose prototype was a figurine found during the excavations in the territory of Abkhazia. It symbolizes the ancient history of winemaking, which is more than four thousand years.

Signs of the original drink

The newest technique allows not only high quality drinks, but also a container protected from fake. There are several features to pay attention to when buying.

  • Bottles for wine Apsna are made of particularly durable Czech glass. On the package there should not be chips or irregularities - these are signs of non-original drink.
  • The second important point when choosing wine is a plug. It has a high-quality product, it is dense and will not crumble. In the circumference of the traffic jam, the logo of the plant - horn and bunch of grapes, as well as the inscription: "Wine & Beveragees of Abhazia".
  • No strangers, sharp alcohol smell, excessive sediment.
  • All the wines of the Sukhumy plant have the same laconic label design. On a white background, the name of the beverage is printed and an image of a man with a wine horn is applied.
  • The production date is indicated on the bottle label.
  • The label and excise stamp are neatly glued to the bottle. There should be no visible defects - critting, divorces.
  • Price. High-quality wine can not have a low cost, this is a faithful sign of fake.

The original taste of wine will not be able to leave indifferent anyone, which appreciates distinctive drinks. The multifaceted culture of Abkhazia was reflected in the exquisite bouquet of Apsna.