Table with the daily routine during the hike. Daily routine, routine and movement on a boat trip

Incorrect pace of movement of a tourist group is one of the most common reasons for unsuccessful mountain climbs and hikes. The pursuit of speed and uncalculated expenditure of force, as well as incorrect distribution of load over time, are the main shortcomings that are most often found among novice climbers. When walking in the mountains, you need to pay special attention to your step technique. The leg should rest completely on the foot, and it is necessary to take the utmost care in choosing a place to place the leg, the feet should be placed parallel to each other, the climber should always know what is under his feet, so he simply must look under them regularly. It is worth noting that the foot should be placed on the entire foot not only on the plain, but also when moving on an incline. You need to transfer your weight from foot to foot very smoothly; this will help save your strength and significantly reduce the possibility of slipping. Your step should not be too wide, it should be soft, and your gait as a whole should be a little springy; excessive swaying will definitely waste precious energy. The overall pace of movement depends entirely on the strength of the group as a whole, and for this reason precise instructions cannot be given here. But one thing is certain - you always have to focus on the less experienced and hardy member of the group, because... tourists never abandon their own.

In any case, it can be noted that the pace should be as uniform as possible, so that the group does not feel even the slightest need for frequent halts. That is why you need to be equal to the weakest walker; racing to get ahead in mountain hiking conditions is unacceptable.

A common mistake in hiking is when the pace is slow, that is, the first ones in the morning run forward with all their might, and by the evening they can barely move, and they need frequent stops, since in the morning all their strength was wasted thoughtlessly and irrationally. And the qualities of any walker are manifested in no case not in the first, but in the last hours of walking.

Also extremely important when climbing is to maintain the correct pace. It is necessary to walk in such a way that you do not feel a lack of air and do not have to speed up your breathing; the work of the heart muscle should normalize after some time of stable walking at a certain pace. Increasing and continuing increases in the activity of the heart muscle indicate a very fast pace, which is simply unacceptable for you.

The pace of movement can and should be monitored and adjusted by heart rate. In no case should the pulse be different in frequency (permissible acceleration does not exceed 150-200%) in comparison with the normal pulse rate of a given person at a given altitude. And most importantly, the pulse rate should quickly calm down; normal pulse should be achieved within 10-15 minutes after the stop was made. Sudden movements and jerks that disrupt the stable functioning of the heart muscle should be avoided. During the ascent, special attention must be paid to breathing and its regularity, as well as to ensure that it is consistent with the movements of your body. Talking, singing, and shouting are unacceptable because they reduce breathing. In addition to the work of the heart muscle, the breathing rate is also used to control the pace: it should not be excessively frequent.

In addition, the frequency of stops also depends on the climber’s level of training. Climbers who are well trained can walk for several hours without rest, but in a normal, average mode when overcoming an easy path, they should count a 10-minute stop after each hour of travel. As the difficulty of the climb increases, stops are organized more and more often. During tourist work of high difficulty - trampling a trail in the snow, cutting ice or snow steps, moving on high altitude— it is recommended to take short breaks (without sitting down) to organize a short rest every 10 minutes of movement.

If during a lift, when you need to overcome gravity, the heart muscle is subjected to stress high level, then during descent, when gravity, on the contrary, facilitates the work, the heart muscle has to experience a lighter load. However, during the descent, the main load falls on the muscles of your legs, and the pace of movement is determined by their work. In the absence of training, you should not descend too quickly, however, it is quite easy to strain your muscles and, which poses the greatest danger, chafe your legs.

To overcome the easy path, we strongly recommend that you set out as early as possible - at 5-6 o'clock in the morning. A huge number of our mountainous areas is located in the south, and the heat of the day can take away a huge amount of energy, which can cause you to lose valuable time. For this reason, in the hottest time of the day - from 12 to 14 o'clock - it would be nice to organize a large halt, and by 18-19 o'clock it is time to plan the organization of a bivouac for an overnight stay. When moving through difficult sections of terrain, you need to set off after dawn, waiting for good visibility, and on sections of terrain where labor-intensive technical work is required, you should not set out earlier than 7-8 hours, for the simple reason that the cold makes progress significantly difficult groups; Climbing on icy rocks is especially difficult and dangerous. When crossing avalanche-prone sections of the path, you have to organize an exit a little earlier.

Immediately after leaving, you should not rush, first take a slightly slower pace, during such a smooth warm-up the body will be able to gradually get involved in the load, and after 10-15 minutes after you exit, it will be useful to organize a stop, which will serve to bring in order and uniform. In the morning you should go out in warm clothes, so that as the temperature rises environment take off excess so as not to freeze at the beginning and not feel the heat while moving. Excessive lightness of clothing is generally not permissible for abuse; for the simple reason, it is taken away by the cold most of strength, and muscles that have cooled show worse work results.

To be honest, I find it difficult to indicate absolute standards for mountain trekking on foot: they depend on the person’s fitness level, the load experienced and the condition of the path. Climbers with a high level of training make 60 - 70 km of transitions per day along an easy road, while a transition of average length should be considered 30 km, under normal load. When climbing a slope of low difficulty, the average norm can be considered a height gain of 1000 to 1500 m per day.

After 3-4 hiking days, it is recommended to organize a day for a thorough rest; after the ascent, two to three days of rest are required. During the rest period, you should not completely remove the load on your body and heart - this can take you out of “shape”, which will complicate the descent, return and subsequent advancement. A good option for maintaining tone is a regular light walk or jog.

While hiking, you need to carefully monitor your feet, especially this advice applies to novice climbers who are absolutely not accustomed to long treks and wearing mountain shoes. We strongly recommend using several pairs of socks at the same time, which will ensure that the foot fits snugly in the boot. As for the boot itself, it should be laced fairly tightly at the instep of the leg. During rest stops, we strongly recommend taking off to wash your feet. cold water, drying the socks if they have absorbed moisture, after which they are put on again, but on clean and dry feet. If the first signs of abrasion are detected, everything must be done as quickly as possible. necessary measures: cover with a plaster or bandage the area where the abrasion occurred, adjust the boot on the foot to achieve a comfortable fit.

The place for organizing a halt should be chosen in such a way that the group’s rest is provided with the best conditions possible - during the heat it is worth organizing a halt in a shaded place, in cold weather - in a sunny place to warm up. Under no circumstances should you take a break in the wind, especially after work of a high level of difficulty has been completed, for the simple reason that this threatens you and your group mates with a cold. If you cannot find a closed place or it is inaccessible for various reasons, you should use rain jackets or warm clothes. In no case should you settle for a halt somehow, it’s better to be patient, spending a little energy on walking the extra distance, but choose a place where you can sit as comfortably as possible - half-sitting, or better yet, lying down to give your muscles a rest. It is not customary to take off during short breaks; during breaks that are longer, you must take off your clothes, or you must take a sitting position so that you can lean on something, this way you will be able to relieve your shoulders (the latter option is most recommended for the wind when your back is sweaty). If your legs feel very tired, it is useful to place them a little higher, for example, put them on the shoulders or place them on a stone. During the rest period, you should not sit completely still; it is recommended to get up from time to time to warm up, this is most important in the case when the climber was forced to cope with a very heavy backpack.

Not worth it in no case sit without any bedding directly on the cold snow (if you manage to find a warm one, sit well!). During severe frosts and a high level of fatigue of the group, it is undesirable to arrange rest stops - it will be easy for weakened climbers to get frostbite.

Before going out, you must definitely eat, it is best if it is hot food, at least if the food was not hot, it should be washed down with a hot drink. The morning meal should be rich in calories and vitamins, contain a full range of nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), but at the same time it should be easily digestible: chocolate, dry fruits, concentrates, sugar, cocoa. It is extremely useful during hikes to have lump sugar, prunes, dried apricots, and sour candies in your pockets, which are guaranteed to come in handy during rest stops for refreshment. During ascents, you should generally fuel your body with food as much as possible, but you should only consume small portions. At a long halt, if such an opportunity is presented, it is necessary to organize the preparation of hot food and boil tea; in the case when a difficult further trek is planned for this day, it is best to move the most dense meal to the evening. After eating a large portion of food, it is best to rest for an hour.

When organizing large (long) halts, you can drink as much as you like, especially in the evening, after, while covering a large section of the path, the climber had to lose a huge amount of moisture during the day through evaporation. But at a time when fate finally gave the climber a chance to quench the thirst that tormented him, he cannot drink in one gulp. Thirst should be quenched smoothly, you need to drink gradually, taking small portions of liquid, so you can avoid overloading your heart muscle. During the journey, it is best not to drink at all, the maximum that is possible is no more than 2-3 small sips of water, but the most rational solution to the issues of thirst and a dry throat is periodic rinsing of the mouth and throat. It is difficult to quench your thirst with cold water; warm tea without sugar, ayran and cool milk are better suited for this purpose. Glacial water is too fresh due to the lack of salts in its composition and it will not quench your thirst, so you need to add cranberry extract or a pinch of kitchen salt to it. Under no circumstances should you eat or swallow snow, as this will only increase your thirst and irritate your mouth and lips.

The maximum weight of the backpack that a climber carries is, first of all, determined by the physical qualities and training of a particular climber. However, for each climber, this limit largely depends on the height to which the climb is planned, as well as on the nature of the path to be taken and, of course, on the difficulties along it.

Written based on materials from the site outdoorukraine.com

Sample daily routine.

1. 7.00-8.00 – getting up, washing, bathing, cleaning the place to stay for the night.
2. 9.00-13.30 – movement along the route.
3. 13.30-15.30 – lunch, rest, swimming, picking mushrooms and berries.
4. 15.30-18.30 – transition along the route.
5. 18.30-20.00 – preparation for overnight stay, dinner.
6. 20.00-22.30 – free time.
7. 22.30-7.00 – sleep.

The hiking day regimen should provide the necessary rhythm in the alternation of loads and rest.

When traveling by water, it largely depends on the specific route, weather conditions and the watercraft used.

For example, those traveling during rain can “break” the regime and not leave the overnight stay until it’s over, but they can also go out for the crossing, waiting only for a little clearing to load the boats.

The resumption of rain and even its transition to rain are not scary for water tourists if they have reliable capes, the cargo is well covered, and the kayaks have waterproof decks and aprons. in these conditions, it is worth moving without lunch, but getting up early for the night, since searching for dry fuel and preparing dinner in the rain will be difficult. A strong headwind or side wind can disturb tourists by disrupting the pace of movement, especially on lakes and large rivers, where strong excitement can begin.

If possible, it is better to wait out the wind by shortening the morning passage and accordingly increasing the evening one, since the wind usually subsides in the evening. Also, the travel mode, especially in summer, can be affected by heat and sun - in order to avoid sunstroke or heatstroke and sunburn It’s better to arrange a big stop in the middle of the day, and set out on the route early in the morning, and stop for the night later. Finally, the nature of the travel area is of great importance.

So, it is better to stop at a convenient place for the night than to stop exactly at the right time. This is especially important on rivers with a limited number of convenient parking areas. Order of movement. Boats and kayaks travel in a wake column with a distance of 30-50 m between vessels. When moving along narrow rivers and with high speed passing currents, the distance increases to 100-150 m (no more). Obstacles should be passed one by one.

When approaching them, the ship with the most experienced crew moves forward. Behind it, not moving far from the shore so that it can land, the rest of the ships follow. In case of danger, the crew of the boat in front disembarks and makes reconnaissance from the shore. Viewing an obstacle consists of determining its nature, choosing the method and order of the group’s passage through the obstacle. For better reconnaissance of the water stream, you can throw sticks and logs into it. On small rivers you can estimate the depth and find the fairway using a long pole. If the fairway is complex and there are obstacles on the banks that are not visible from the water, it is useful to install milestones or place “flyers” who will indicate the direction of turns to the crews of passing ships. Below if necessary dangerous place posts with life-saving equipment are set up.

Line of movement.

The line of movement in tourist swimming depends on the nature of the water. On small lowland rivers, which are most convenient for travel by inexperienced tourists, the line of movement of ships is the main stream. Here you need to follow deep places to fully utilize the speed of the current and overcome various obstacles along the fairway. On large rivers, tourists must follow the Rules of Navigation on Inland Navigation Routes and stay close to the right bank along the route so as not to interfere with the movement of large vessels. On fast and difficult rivers, it is advisable to build a line of movement so as to direct the boat from cape to cape, crossing the fairway on the reaches. In any case, it is important when approaching sharp turns or obstacles do not end up in the main current, which can overwhelm the boat, or drag it into high standing shafts, or even throw it onto an obstacle or turn it over.

When sailing in open water spaces (large lakes, reservoirs), you have to constantly take into account the possibility strong winds, big waves, surf and the transition plan should be built depending on specific conditions, without moving far from the shore in order to, if necessary, land on it.

Moving against the current.

Associated with large expenditures of effort. The line of movement on a rowing vessel against the current is chosen, if possible, where the flow speed is lowest. Oncoming rapids at speeds of over 2-3 m per second are overcome using wiring. To do this, you need to get out into the water (your feet are shod) and, holding the boats, wade them through the shallow water. On flat rivers with dry, unforested banks, it is more convenient to move on a towline - a strong rope up to 20-30 m long. One of the tourists tows the kayak, walking along the bank, and the second, sitting in it, helps guide it with an oar.

Another option is for the second tourist to walk along the shore and use a long pole to point the bow of the kayak in the right direction. On small rivers with dense bank vegetation, the technique of walking against the current on poles is sometimes used. In this case, two tourists work with poles: one, standing at the bow, and the second at the stern, they coordinately push into the bottom of the river with poles and guide the ship forward. If none of these techniques are applicable, you have to carry (drag) the boats along the shore.

The most important element of organizing a trip is developing a plan. As a matter of fact, planning is necessary in any type of activity if we want to achieve the desired result. No exception tourism activities in general, and the organization of the trip in particular. A well-designed hiking plan is the key to effectively achieving hiking goals and solving assigned tasks. Therefore, we can say that drawing up a hiking plan is important element of marching tactics, implemented during the preparatory period. We will consider the concept of a hike plan using the example of a recreational and health hike (its essence is not fundamentally different in the case of hikes with other purposes).

What is the campaign plan? In fact, this document is intended to answer the following questions: what, how and when needs to be done to achieve the goals and objectives set for the campaign? During a recreational trip, it is necessary to solve problems for effective health improvement, recreation of its participants, and cognitive (educational) tasks. Therefore, the trip plan must clearly indicate how these tasks can be accomplished by means of tourism. Hiking plan is a complex concept; it usually includes the following sections: schedule of movement along the route, schedule of excursion, educational and recreational activities along the route (these two schedules are united by the concept trip schedule), mode of movement and nutrition along the route, plan for the distribution of weight loads on the participants of the hike. Let's look at these plan components individually.

Rice. 2

What is a calendar plan and how is it compiled? Route schedule or, as it is often called calendar schedule- This schedule of movement along the route and schedule of planned hiking activities. Traffic schedule based on the developed route(corresponds to day trips). It determines the date and time of arrival at the beginning of the route and departure from the end point of the route; number of day trips and dates of overnight stays at designated points; dates and points for organizing days and half-days along the route. In addition, the hiking schedule determines the timing of visits and the time of inspection of recreational facilities; conducting excursions and recreational activities (competitions, games, beach and swimming holidays, etc.).

A route schedule is one of the components of effectively achieving your goals. A well-designed schedule should take into account specific features of the group(age composition, physical capabilities of participants, their hobbies and interests, etc.). In particular, the movement schedule should be planned taking into account the necessary and sufficient health-improving physical activity for the participants of the hike. So, we have already mentioned above that in health hiking on weekends, regular day trips do not exceed 20 km (average 15 km), taking into account that average speed The group movement will be 3-5 km/hour. It is advisable to plan the first or second transition of a multi-day hike of no more than 15 km; you should plan shorter transitions on difficult sections of the route, on the days of planned excursion and entertainment events.

The schedule of movement along the route is an indispensable attribute hiking documentation: contained in the route sheet for a weekend hike, route book for a multi-day hike. An example of a travel schedule along the route of an educational ski trip with BSUPC students is presented in Table 2. The plan for conducting recreational and educational activities and socially useful work during the trip is also included in the route list of the recreational trip, indicating the place and timing of each event.

table 2

Route schedule plan

Day and date of the trip	Route section	Length (km)	Way to travel
	Minsk - Logoisk Logoisk - Aleshniki village - c. 315
	V. 315 - m/k Khatyn - forest area near the village of Yachnoye.
	village Yachnoye - m/k Dalva - lake. Domashkovskoe
	lake Domashkovskoe; training sessions
	lake Domashkovskoye - village Zaborye - r. Nochvikha
	R. Nochvikha - village. Oktyabrsky - r. Or me
	R. Ilia (apt. 12). - village. Khoruzhentsy - Lysaya town (height 340)
	Lysaya - village Belaruchi - Ostroshitsky town. Ostroshitsky town. - Minsk

Total distance by active means of transportation is 135 km.

What does the term “driving mode” mean? tourist group? The hike plan is also determined driving mode groups along the route of the hike. The mode of movement of tourists along the route determines the following quantitative indicators: the start and end time of movement on each travel day; number of transitions planned per day; duration of individual transitions (in minutes); duration of small and large breaks. The mode of movement should not be overly stressful for participants in recreational hikes and should allow them to complete the necessary recreational and educational tasks. The mode of movement, naturally, like other components of the plan, is built depending on the composition of the tourist group, the length of daylight hours during the hike, the season of the hike and the plan of events for each specific day of the hike. In the summer, before the lunch break, the group on a health hike makes 4-5 treks, lasting from 30 to 50 minutes, after the lunch break, 3-4 treks. 10-15 minutes are allotted for small rests. A large rest takes 1.5-2 hours. In winter and autumn, the number of trips per day is generally reduced and the time allotted for a lunch break may be reduced. The number and duration of transitions changes in accordance with the plan of recreational and educational activities. In the case of excursions and recreational recreational activities, the number of trips on a specific day of the hike can be significantly reduced, or the group can remain at the site of the deployed camp for the day.

What does the term “load mode” mean? Load hiking mode you cannot simply determine the time of movement along the route - it is determined by the volume and intensity of physical and other work performed by tourists on a given day of the hike, or on a given day’s trek. Sections of the route are not equivalent in their technical, physical, psychological complexity and, accordingly, in the energy expended per unit of time (load) to overcome them. The optimal tactical scheme for a recreational hike may include both a uniform, health-improving load regime throughout the entire hike, and some variation of the load regime (reduced loads on the first day(s) of the hike with a gradual increase in the middle of the hike and a decrease towards the end of the hike). In any case, planning a hiking load regime should lead to the fulfillment of the health-improving goal of the hike, i.e. loads should not go beyond the scope of physical recreation for this contingent of tourists. The route being developed is the basis for regulating the load regime on specific hiking days. The amount of physical activity can be measured in the form of energy expenditure by the tourist’s body to perform certain work on the route (in kcal), and its control along the route can be carried out using simple physiological indicators (for example, heart rate).

What does the term “diet mode” mean? Power mode on a hike determines the daily eating schedule. On a recreational hike, depending on its duration, the season of the hike and a number of other circumstances, a three-time hot meal regimen (breakfast, lunch, dinner) is usually used in combination with a “pocket” cold meal during day trips or a four-time meal regimen (three hot meals and a cold snack) in combination with pocket meals. During the season with short daylight hours, the diet can be transformed into two enhanced hot meals a day (breakfast and dinner) and a large lunch snack with hot tea in combination with pocket meals.

What do we define by the concept of “dynamics of weight loads”? It may be advisable to plan and dynamics of weight loads, attributable to participants in recreational hikes. Naturally, the mass of the backpack on the route changes over time. The consumable contents of a tourist's backpack are food, and, if the hike takes place in a treeless area, fuel for tourist heating and lighting devices. Before the start of the hike, the starting weight of group equipment and food (public cargo) is established per participant. In a recreational hike, the weight load on the participant at the start of the hike is usually planned at 50-75% of the load on the participant. The absolute starting weight of group equipment and food per adult (18 years or more) participant in a multi-day recreational trip usually does not exceed 10-12 kg.

Reducing weight loads can be planned within certain limits. General principle is a generally uniform decrease in the weight of the backpack (consumption of carried products) among the participants of the hike. However, “consumable” loads must first be removed from the least physically prepared participants and from participants carrying the heaviest non-consumable group equipment along the entire route (for example, from participants carrying tents). As mentioned above, reducing weight loads can be planned through well-chosen tactics: replenishing food supplies along the route (and, accordingly, reducing the starting weight of the backpack, using radial exits (without heavy backpacks) along the route, organizing one or more food drops along route).

How to prepare a route sheet for a tourist group? From the lecture on organizing a trip, you know that the main route and application document for a group in sports lockjaw is the route book. In principle, an amateur health hike along the “ native land"(weekend hike) can be carried out without any special documentation. However, if the trip is organized and carried out tourist organization(the so-called “organization conducting the trip”), then the route document of the tourist group is the “route sheet”, the order of registration of which and its contents we will consider in this section of the lesson. The route sheet serves as formal confirmation that an organized tourist group is going on a hike.

The itinerary sheet (first page) contains the composition of the group, its route, and the timing of the hike. This is a kind of passport for the group on the route: all information in it must be certified by the signature of the person in charge and the seal of the organization “conducting” the trip.

The first page looks like this (Fig. 3)

ROUTE LIST No.______________

for a weekend hike

Group of tourists__________________________________________________

(name of company)

consisting of _____ people follows the route:

__________________________________________

(main destinations are indicated)

within the period from ______________________________ to _____________________ 20__.

Team leader: _____________________________________________

(signature, surname, first name, patronymic)

Route sheet issued _________________________________________________

(name of the conducting organization)

M. p. Signature of the responsible person

20___

Rice. 3 Form of the first page of the itinerary sheet of the tourist group.

On the second page of the sheet, a list of the tourist group is indicated in the usual form: a table with columns No.; FULL NAME; Home address, telephone. On the third page of the sheet there is a schedule of the hike indicating the information we presented above: date of the hike day; section of the route (day trip); distance in kilometers; way to travel. This data can be entered in table form (see Table 2). In addition, the main excursion sites and the type of planned socially useful work are recorded on the route sheet. Finally, on the fourth and last page of the route sheet, you should draw a route diagram by hand in order to better imagine the route thread and the route of movement during the day's crossings. It is not necessary to maintain the scale, but the basic proportions in distances must be preserved. The route thread is indicated on the diagram by a red line; overnight places are marked with red triangles with the serial number of the bivouac.

The most convenient time for movement is the first half of the day, from 8-9 to 12-13 hours, and from 16 to 19 hours. At this time it is not hot and it is not difficult to walk. The daily routine for a group of schoolchildren in grades VIII-X is recommended as follows:

7.00-8.00 - getting up, exercising, cleaning the camp area, toilet
8.00-9.00 - breakfast, preparation for departure along the route or
work according to plan
9.00-12.00 - transition, excursions, local history work
12.00-16.00 - big break, preparing lunch, lunch; repair of equipment, shoes; cleaning the area, resting, preparing to go out or work according to plan
16.00-18.00 - movement, excursions, work according to plan
18.00-20.00 - preparing accommodations for the night, preparing dinner, dinner
20.00-22.00 - free time, journal entries, conversation around the fire
22.00-22.30 - evening toilet, getting ready for bed
22.30 - lights out

Approximately the same routine can be used by adult beginner tourists. For qualified groups, the duration of walking time should be increased by rising earlier and increasing walking time before and after the big rest. However, stopping for the night must be done in such a way that preparation of the bivouac and dinner is completed before dark. In hikes of medium difficulty (division groups), the time is distributed as follows: rise at 7.00, preparation for movement up to 9 hours, movement up to 13 hours; lunch, rest, getting ready until 15.30, moving until 19 hours; setting up a bivouac, dinner until 10 p.m.

When carrying out mountain hikes, it is difficult to adhere to such a regime, especially when overcoming passes, moving through snow, and organizing river crossings. It should be borne in mind that it is better to carry out crossings in the morning, before the snow melts, since the water level in the rivers is lower at this time. It is also better to go through sections of the path that are dangerous with rockfalls in the morning.

For such conditions, the following regime can be recommended: rise at 4-5 hours, movement until 10-11 hours or until the dangerous section is passed, until convenient place organizing a big event. In some cases, the duration of a long rest is reduced to 1-1.5 hours. For lunch, a dry ration is used in order to get to safe place for the night. Movement according to circumstances until 18-19 hours. If such a load is repeated for several days in a row, then every 3 days of the journey it is recommended to take a day to rest.

Organization of movement is of no small importance during a hike. The leader of the group is the leader or experienced tourist. His task is to choose the path, set the pace of movement, focusing on the poorly prepared in the group. The strongest and most resilient tourist comes up behind. His task is to prevent lag, help the tired, and, if necessary, redistribute the cargo at a rest stop. Behind the guide are the most tired, insufficiently trained tourists.

During the hike, tourists are preparing for instructor activities, so the leader can instead appoint different participants as leaders in turn, and he himself can go second or third, observing the actions of the leader.