Upper bruise. Upper bruise Sinyachikha where
Sinyachikha, small homeland,
The house where he was born and grew up,
Lilac bush, bird cherry smell,
Night, a huge number of stars ...
These are poems by a native inhabitant of Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha - Ignatieva Nadezhda. It is with them that I want to start a story about an old Ural village.
Each small homeland is unique. But when reading or hearing about another settlement, village, town, we are somehow not particularly interested in its history. No, not at all because it is not interesting, just specifically for us, if we do not belong to the inhabitants, it does not concern us. But in vain ... each story is unique.
A long time ago, the Vogul tribes came to the banks of the Sinyachikha River, they came, and so they remained here. They really liked the river, nature, places. Yes, not simple, for rest and parking, but rich in earthly treasures - iron ores, forests, waters. The Voguls-nomads called that river "Sanyuycha-kha", which in translation meant "wet river".
Or maybe dry
Did they cross rivers?
Who knows? But it seems that clues
We cannot find these two words today.
Writes N. Ignatieva in his poem about Sinyachikha.
Perhaps that's why they remember the river, that's why they settled here, forming the first settlements.
And everything would have remained the same if, after a while, iron ore had not been found on the banks of the full-flowing river Sinyachikha. It happened in the 17th century. The tsar-priest Peter the Great needed a lot of iron. Peter took up the creation of a domestic industry in the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century, when Russia began a stubborn struggle with Sweden for access to Baltic Sea. In the Urals, the king was attracted by the abundance of ore, rivers, and forests. A program was developed, which was used when choosing a place for the construction of factories, and a new department "Ore Order" was established, which was engaged in the exploration and extraction of ore. That is why the best masters were sent to the Ural rivers, in search. They found ore on the rivers Neiva, Alapaikha, Tagil, Kamenka, along the Iset they visited ore mining, and along the Sinyachikha river they found deposits.
The decree of January 19, 1699 “On the establishment of the Verkhoturye iron factories again” also reported on the “sending of craftsmen to those factories”. In March 1700, the first batch of specialists arrived in the Urals, they brought with them the necessary equipment.
And the era of building factories began.
In the Urals at that time the Demidovs were in charge of the mining business. The owners were hefty cruel, they considered people for cattle, they spoiled them with floggings instead of rewards, they killed the people like flies, and they coveted the Sinyachikha factories. There were two of them at that time. Nizhnesinyachikhinsky - built downstream in March 1727, and Verkhnesinyachikhinsky - in the upper reaches of the river - built in 1769 (or 1770).
Verkhnesinyachikhinsky metallurgical plant
In 1739, it was proposed to transfer 11 state-owned ironworks to private hands on more favorable terms for private entrepreneurs. Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov expressed a desire to buy Alapaevsky, Nizhnesinyachikhinsky and Susansky plants. Demidov admits in his letters that he needs the factories because of the peasants who worked at these factories. Thus, out of 11 factories, 8 were not willing, fearing to remain with unprofitable enterprises, the state decided to postpone the transfer of factories to private hands.
In 1757, the Governing Senate, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, transferred the Alapaevsky Plant of the Life Guards to Second Major A.G. Guryev, and in 1759 he asked to increase the number of bonded peasants in order to expand production. But already in 1766 he was selling the plant to Savva Yakovlev.
Since that time, two kinds of factory farms have been operating in the Urals. The Yakovlevs and the Demidovs were at odds. Under Savva, the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant, which he also built, was in a deplorable state. And only thanks to Wilhelm de Gennin, who noticed the disgrace, production was established.
During the Pugachev War of 1773-1775, Alapaevsky, Nizhnesinyachikhinsky, Verkhnesinyachikhinsky factories were turned into real defensive points. The factory office did not spare money for their defense.
By the beginning of the 19th century, the productivity of the Verkhnesinyachikha plant remained at the same level. The opening of the new Neivo-Alapaevsky plant led to the closure of a number of Yakovlev enterprises. Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant was stopped for 24 years....
But the village does not live by one plant. In 1796, another significant event happened - the Great Synod approved the construction of the Assumption Church in Upper Sinyachikha, which the artisans had been asking for so long. Due to lack of time, and not always keeping up with the service in the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of Nizhnesinyachikhinsky, they stood up for the construction of their temple. The Greatest Synod Varlaam Archbishop of Tobolsk and Siberia asked for this. And consent was given from above, and the laity set about the Great Work.
Money for the construction was collected by the whole world. They laid a stone with the help of a special solution, popularly called God's cement, on chicken eggs and lime mixed. Eggs were brought from all yards.
Verkhnesinyachikha Assumption Church. That's how she was
Verkhnesinyachikha Assumption Church. Our days. Photo by V. Makarchuk
Our ancestors knew a lot about construction.
In 1804, a cold temple was consecrated in honor of the Assumption of the Mother of God.
In 1813, a warm (heated in winter) chapel was consecrated in the name of the Epiphany of the Lord. The chapel adjoined the western side of the Assumption Church. Construction was completed in 1849 with the consecration of the chapel in the name of St. Nicholas.
The village grew and expanded. The number of parishioners of the church increased.
In 1896, the Epiphany chapel was abolished, and in 1898 the temple was repaired and expanded (the former Epiphany chapel, heated by stoves, was combined with the unheated Assumption Church into a common room).
Touched Upper Sinyachikha and the hand of the Civil War.
In 1904, a social democratic circle was organized in the village. Political literature received by mail was kept in the church sacristy. A member of the circle, locksmith Ivan Ivanovich Mankov, who repaired and cleaned copper church utensils, made a double bottom in his tool cabinet. The clergy didn't even know about it. Ivan Ivanovich himself was illiterate.
The February Revolution of 1917 stirred up the village. According to the memoirs of V.D. Perovsky in the spring of 1917, a cell of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) was created in the village, headed by “priest A.V. Aleksandrovsky and renamed it the "Union of Peasants for Land and Freedom".
From September 26, 1918 to July 20, 1919, the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant was occupied by units of the White Army. Before the retreat of the Red Army, on August 7 (20), 1918, a plenum of the executive committee of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies took place, which decided to hide all the documents. The secretary of the Verkhnesinyachikha organization of the RSDLP \ b Cherepanov Ivan Emelyanovich and the commander of the Red Guard detachment Kaigorodov Pyotr Yakovlevich hid party documents and the archive of the church in the adit of the Chekhomov mine (now mine pits).
1st pit of the Chekhomovskiy mine
2nd pit of the Chekhomovskiy mine
Cherepanov soon died in battle near Verkhneyvinsk. Kaigorod's military fate abandoned Far East, he returned to his native village only in 1926. When the documents were unearthed, it turned out that they were wet and rotted. It is good that metric records were kept in duplicate. Thus, the party cards of the Sinyachikhinsk communists and the documents of the church perished together.
A civil war broke out. Over 300 Sinyachikhinians fought heroically in many important sectors of the front. More than 100 of them died the death of the brave.
The kulaks went to war against other residents, the Reds against the Whites, the Whites against the Reds...
To suppress this rebellion, a Red Guard detachment was formed in Alapaevsk.
In February, in Upper Sinyachikha, the Second Red Guard Detachment of 80 people was formed under the leadership of Pavel Timofeevich Elkin. The Sinyachikhins joined the First Ural Regiment to fight Ataman Dutov. In the battle near Troitsk, Elkin's detachment won a brilliant victory.
In the summer of 1918, the White Czechs rebelled in the Urals. An appeal was adopted to all workers and peasants: "All who can bear arms, stand in the ranks of the Red Guard!"
The plant was closed again, military training began. It did not last long, though.
The Red Army did not defend the village. For some time, Sinyachikha was occupied by the Whites.
With the advent of their life in the village froze. In the evenings, white patrols drove around the village. A committee was set up to combat Bolshevism. Every day there were screams and groans at the fire station. It was flogged with rods and ramrods of workers who sympathized with the Soviet regime, and salt was sprinkled on bleeding wounds. Tried and fined for the sympathy of the Red Guard, for talking in the street against the whites. Out of fear, many residents fled into the forests and hid there until winter.
Neither old men nor women were spared. 60-year-old Grigory Rybakov was shot because his two sons left with the Red Army. The wives of the Red Army were treated especially cruelly. At night, eight people were shot and thrown into a coal mine. In the last minutes of his life, the boy shouted in the face of the executioners: "The Reds will win anyway!"
And only in the summer of 1919 did the White Terror recede from the village.
On July 20, 1919, the Red troops entered the village. This day was a real holiday. The streets were swept and decorated with red flags. Women in red headscarves met the liberators far beyond the outskirts with flowers in their hands and with a smile on their happy faces.
After the defeat of Kolchak, from the remnants of the White Guards, wealthy peasants and peasants frightened by bandits from distant villages, gangs are formed in the dense forests of Toporkovskaya and Makhnevskaya volosts. They were led by experienced officers - Mugaisky and Tolmachev. Their goal was to unite into detachments those who were hiding in the forests and farms, to whom the Soviet government stepped on the corn.
And the White Guard gangs acted. They suddenly appeared in one place, then in another. To disperse a gang of workers from Alapaevsk, Sinyachikha, a detachment was formed under the leadership of the head of the Alapaevsk police, Evgeny Ivanovich Rudakov. Medium height, chubby, mustache famously twisted. He was 30 years old at that time, but a deep crease above the bridge of the nose and gray hair at the temples said that the years had been lived with great difficulty. The task of the detachment was to identify and smash the White Guard gangs, to strengthen Soviet power in distant villages scattered across the swamps. The task was difficult. The bandits settled firmly in the forests, were provided with food, they had a good connection with the city of Alapaevsky. Rudakov managed to disperse the main forces of the bandits. Part of the peasants, mostly young guys from the surrounding villages, threw down their weapons and surrendered to the mercy of the police. On June 23, 1920, twenty people, led by A. Mugaisky, moved early in the morning towards Upper Sinyachikha. They decided to deal with E.I. Rudakov, who was returning from Alapaevsk. The ambush was set up on the Old Woman's Swamp, where thick bushes come close to the road.
On June 24, Rudakov and his wife Klavdia Nikolaevna left Alapaevsk. The eight-year-old daughter Manefa was left with her grandmother. Yevgeny Ivanovich was carrying a salary of 60 thousand rubles for the Toporkov policemen. On the 16th kilometer of the forest road from Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha, several armed bandits came out of the forest. The driver was sent back, warning that if he told anyone, he would not be alive. A savage massacre was perpetrated over Rudakov. They did not spare his wife, who was expecting a child.
Stella at the place of execution of the Rudakovs
A few days later the bodies were found. A terrible picture opened before the finders. 18 wounds were found on Rudakov's body: 14 saber and 4 bayonet wounds. There are 17 saber wounds on the body of Rudakov's wife.
Spouses Rudakovs were buried in the city of Alapaevsk, on the square in mass grave(Revolution square).
The funeral of the Rudakovs
Revolution Square, Alapaevsk
Name board on the monument on the Revolution Square
This bloody crime of the enemies of the revolution did not go unpunished. The bands were crushed. In August 1920 in the village. Toporkovo on the square held an open trial of a gang of murderers in the presence of several thousand people from the surrounding villages. The visiting session of the military tribunal of the Ural Military District sentenced twelve gang leaders to capital punishment - execution. The rest of the defendants were waiting for different terms of imprisonment ....
In 1930, the New Way collective farm was created in Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha. He was in the village of Chechulino. Now it has merged into the village and has become just one of its streets. But people still say "Village Chechulino".
The collective farm included 72 households, 157 members of the collective farm.
The board of the collective farm was located in a 2-storey house, taken from the father of the steelworker, the future Cavalier of the Order of Lenin Vyacheslav Grigorievich Chechulin /died in March 1989/.
At the bottom of the house was the board of the collective farm, and at the top of the executive committee of the Chechulinsk Village Council. The Chechulinsky Council also included the village of Timoshina and the village of the Flux mine. They worked together from morning until late at night for workdays.
In 1933 there was a crop failure - hunger, all the grain to the last grain, even the one intended for sowing, was handed over to the state, and in the spring they were taken out again from Alapaevsk. During the famine, many horses died.
The first good harvest was in 1937. Bread, counted for workdays, was brought and dumped right at the gates of the collective farmers. In 1941-1954, an agricultural tax was introduced. The collective farmer's family had to hand it over, regardless of whether they had livestock or not.
The village was not bypassed by the Great Patriotic War either. She took away most of the able-bodied population. From Upper Sinyachikha, 580 people went to the front, every sixth inhabitant of the village.
They tried to compensate for the lack of labor by the labor of prisoners of war. In May 1942, the first echelons with them arrive in the Sverdlovsk region. In 1944 camp No. 200 was created in Alapaevsk. Its number is 400 people. Ten sections of the camp were scattered throughout the area. Camp settlement No. 3 was located 3 kilometers from Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha. The prisoners worked on the construction of a railway bridge across the river Sinyachikha, the very one that is now called by the people Magyarovsky. Those were hard years, hard times. There was not enough food for the inhabitants themselves, and the prisoners were completely forced to exist in semi-earth trenches, in the cold, with practically no heat even in winter .... 79 people died during the construction of the bridge ...
Magyarovsky bridge
During the Second World War, all the forces of the village were aimed at providing the front with important military materials. The blast furnace shop was refurbished. The open-hearth furnace produced sleeve steel PG-4.
The housing stock, health care, education were in great desolation, this was facilitated by the fact that out of 3,000 thousand inhabitants of the village, 600 went to the front, 275 of them died. After the war, the streets were buried in mud, the roofs of the houses were leaky, the stoves were broken. The Alapaevsk-Sinyachikha highway was actually not a road.
After the war, the country experienced great economic difficulties and could not allocate money for the social and cultural needs of the village. On the initiative of the front-line soldiers, a large individual construction was launched in the village. In Sinyachikha, about 100 houses were built annually, whole new areas of the Leninsky settlement behind the workers' town, a farm along the Yasashinsky tract, a village behind the old cemetery and an iron mine village were built, and many houses were built in the alleys. Was built slag-inflatable sidewalk on the street. Cherepanovskaya, raised the level of the dam on the river Kaygarodikha.
In 1961, a bathhouse was built, later a bathhouse was built in the chemical plant settlement.
Bath. Year built 1961, photo circa 1963
In 1959, the clinic was transferred from the sangorodok to the center of the village, the former building of the district party committee. In 1959, the building of a pharmacy, post office was built, now on this site is the building of the former department store - the House of Culture.
Throughout the existence of the village, trade also actively developed.
And if in the 18th - early 19th centuries only private trade existed in the settlement of the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant, then in the second half of the 19th century cooperative trade began to develop.
In 1907, the Verkhnesinyachikha consumer society was established. The society united 84 members. In addition to trading houses in the settlement, there were two pubs (Maria Ignatievna Tarasova and Platon Guryev) and a government tavern along Volostnaya Street (now the corner of Cherepanovskaya and Zavodskaya streets). October Revolution and Civil War slowed down trade, because the monetary system of the state was upset. Trade and distribution of goods prevailed.
In 1920, property was confiscated from merchants in the village and distributed to the poor. Part of the property was sold at auction.
On February 27, 1924, the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Red Army Deputies approved the composition of the districts and districts of the Ural Region.
The Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant became the center of the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky village council as part of the Alapaevsky district of the Tagil district of the Ural region.
By a resolution of the Tagil Okrug Executive Committee of January 11, 1927, the settlement of the Verkhnesinyachikha plant was transformed into the working settlement of Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha.
With the start of the Great Patriotic War in Sverdlovsk region from September 1, 1941, a rationing system for the distribution of products was introduced (from November 1 throughout the country).
In 1942, lunch in the dining room consisted of pea or nettle soup, porridge. But even for such a dinner, there were not enough cards, as they were sold in stores. It was only in 1944 that food improved a little with extra rations for good work. American stew, egg powder and even butter appeared in the factory canteen.
All material resources were directed to the needs of the front. There were no overalls, shoes, soap. Bast shoes and boots were made of tarpaulin with wooden soles for the factory workers in a special workshop....
Medicine in the village for many years was rather poorly developed.
Approximately in 1833, the Alapaevsk plant management opened factory medical centers in the Neyvo-Shaitansky and Verkhnesinyachikhinsky factories.
Families of workers and the rest of the population did not have the right to use factory medical care.
For 50 years of the 19th century, the inhabitants of the factory towns and surrounding villages remained without medical care. In 1887, the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky first-aid post already served a population of 1,854 people.
In 1892, the county zemstvo spent 1,735 rubles on the maintenance of the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky first-aid post.
1886 - the first vaccination against smallpox was carried out by factory workers.
1939 - construction of a sanitary town.
1989 - opening of a new hospital complex.
For some time the building housed a hospital. Now - the Administration of the village.
The current hospital complex of Upper Sinyachikha. One of the many buildings in the complex
New century, new changes. The population of the Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha urban-type settlement continues to grow, new high-rise buildings are being erected along Bazhova Street, the building of the Sports and Recreation Complex, perhaps one of the largest in the region, has been opened, trade and medicine continue to develop.
Sports and recreation complex
There are two schools in the village, a correctional school, and a children's art school. Verkhnesinyachikhinsky House of Culture continues to delight and bring culture to the masses with irreplaceable workers Polyakova L.A., Razdorozhnaya T.V., Gladysheva A.V., Makarova A.V.
Verkhnesinyachikhinsky House of Culture. Photo by V. Dovgan
There are four kindergartens, a timber chemical plant, a plywood plant, and the Verkhnesinyachikhinsky plant, which was temporarily stopped several years ago, are starting to work again. The Verkhnesinyachikhinsky hospital, which now occupies the status of a district hospital, has reached a worthy level, there are two libraries in the village, one of which is also assigned the title of central district library ...
An old Ural village lives and develops.
contingent
predominantly Russian
Orthodox Christians
Sinyachikhintsy
Upper Sinyachikha- a large urban-type settlement located in the municipality of Alapaevskoye, Sverdlovsk region of Russia. An important industrial, cultural and religious center of the Urals and Russia. One of the largest settlements in the region. In terms of size, population, industrial development and social infrastructure, it is equal to a small city.
The village of Upper Sinyachikha is widely known in Russia and abroad due to the events of July 18, 1918, when members of the Romanov royal family were thrown into a mine near the village.
Population
| Population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2009 | 2010 |
| 8740 | ↘ 7761 | ↗ 10 033 | ↗ 11 957 | ↘ 11 147 | ↘ 10 878 | ↘ 9999 |
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| ↘ 9877 | ↘ 9831 | ↘ 9771 | ↗ 9780 | ↘ 9759 |
Geography
Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha is located far to the east of the Ural Mountains in a wooded and hilly area. The village stands on the river Sinyachikha, which forms two ponds near it: Verkhne-Sinyachikhinsky and Nizhne-Sinyachikhinsky. Verkhne-Sinyachikhinsky pond is located in the west, within the boundaries of the village and continues further west beyond its limits; Nizhne-Sinyachikhinsky is located to the east of the village and continues to the village of Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha. The village is located northeast of Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil and north of the district center of the city of Alapaevsk. To the east is the ancient village of Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha.
There is a highway from Alapaevsk to Upper Sinyachikha.
History
More than 200 years ago, Mansi (Voguls) lived here. They called this river Syanga. When the Russians arrived, they added the ending "-chikha" and the river was named Sinyachikha.
In 1944-1959 Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha was the center of the district of the same name.
After the war, the country experienced great economic difficulties. On the initiative of the front-line soldiers, a large individual construction was launched in the village. In Sinyachikha, about 100 houses were built annually, and entire new districts were built.
For the first time in the late 50s, a bus service was established between the village of Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha and the city of Alapaevsky, a covered truck ran, later small buses, currently 32 trips a day are made. For more than a century and a half, the metallurgical plant was the only large enterprise in the village. More than one generation of Upper Sinyachikhinsk mastered the profession of a metallurgist. But time passed, new enterprises were built in the village. .
Leisure of residents
In summer, the residents of the village relax at their dachas, which are located in the old part of the village and are engaged in gardening. Organized school trips to museums and other tourist sites district.
Religion
On the outskirts of the village is located the Monastery of the New Martyrs of Russia. There is a mine on its territory, where on the night of July 18, 1918, the Grand Duchess Elisaveta and the nun Varvara, as well as members of the Romanov royal family, were thrown alive. After the arrival of the whites, the remains of the dead were removed from the mine and taken abroad. Now there is a memorial near the mine, to which numerous pilgrims come. Grand Duchess Elisaveta and Sister Varvara were glorified as saints in the Russian Orthodox Church in the year. In the monastery church "In the Name of the New Martyrs of Russia" are stored particles of the incorruptible relics of St. Elizabeth, brought from Jerusalem in 2004.
Industry
Basis of industry big village since its foundation - metallurgical production. In the village, it has been preserved since Demidov's times: the main city-forming enterprise "Verkhne-Sinyachikhinsky Metallurgical Plant". The second branch of industrial production is woodworking (plywood production). The village is home to the factory of CJSC "Fankom" - one of the largest plywood manufacturers in the region.
Transport
Railway
The village is located 5 km from railway station Sinyachikha direction Alapaevsk - Serov. There are also 2 stations in the village - Sinyachikha (currently a stop point) and Coal (cargo) Alapaevskaya narrow-gauge railway.
Automotive
The village can be reached by bus from Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Alapaevsk, Verkhnyaya Salda and Nizhnyaya Salda.
Intracity public transport represented only by the local taxi service.
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Notes
- www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar Population Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
- (Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved September 25, 2013. .
- (Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved September 25, 2013. .
- (Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved September 25, 2013. .
- . .
- . .
- . Retrieved 2 January 2014. .
- . Retrieved June 1, 2014. .
- . Retrieved May 31, 2014. .
- . Retrieved November 16, 2013. .
- . Retrieved 2 August 2014. .
- . Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
Links
- Upper Sinyachikha // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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An excerpt characterizing Upper Sinyachikha
After his meeting in Moscow with Pierre, Prince Andrei went to Petersburg on business, as he told his relatives, but, in essence, in order to meet there Prince Anatole Kuragin, whom he considered it necessary to meet. Kuragin, whom he inquired about when he arrived in Petersburg, was no longer there. Pierre let his brother-in-law know that Prince Andrei was coming for him. Anatole Kuragin immediately received an appointment from the Minister of War and left for the Moldavian army. At the same time, in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrei met Kutuzov, his former general, always disposed towards him, and Kutuzov invited him to go with him to the Moldavian army, where the old general was appointed commander in chief. Prince Andrei, having received an appointment to be at the headquarters of the main apartment, left for Turkey.Prince Andrei considered it inconvenient to write to Kuragin and summon him. Without giving a new reason for a duel, Prince Andrei considered the challenge on his part compromising Countess Rostov, and therefore he sought a personal meeting with Kuragin, in which he intended to find a new reason for a duel. But in the Turkish army, he also failed to meet Kuragin, who returned to Russia shortly after the arrival of Prince Andrei in the Turkish army. IN new country and in the new conditions of life, Prince Andrei began to live easier. After the betrayal of his bride, who struck him the more, the more diligently he concealed from everyone the effect made on him, those living conditions in which he was happy were difficult for him, and even more difficult were the freedom and independence that he so cherished before. He not only did not think about those former thoughts that first came to him, looking at the sky on the field of Austerlitz, which he liked to develop with Pierre and which filled his solitude in Bogucharov, and then in Switzerland and Rome; but he was even afraid to recall these thoughts, which opened up endless and bright horizons. He was now interested only in the most immediate, not connected with the former, practical interests, which he seized on with the greater greed, than the former ones were hidden from him. It was as if that endless receding vault of the sky that had previously stood above him suddenly turned into a low, definite vault that crushed him, in which everything was clear, but nothing was eternal and mysterious.
Of the activities presented to him, military service was the simplest and most familiar to him. As a general on duty at Kutuzov's headquarters, he stubbornly and diligently went about his business, surprising Kutuzov with his willingness to work and accuracy. Not finding Kuragin in Turkey, Prince Andrei did not consider it necessary to gallop after him again to Russia; but for all that, he knew that, no matter how much time passed, he could not, having met Kuragin, despite all the contempt that he had for him, despite all the proofs that he made to himself, that he should not humiliate himself before a collision with him, he knew that, having met him, he could not help calling him, just as a hungry man could not help throwing himself at food. And this awareness that the insult had not yet been vented, that the anger had not been poured out, but lay on the heart, poisoned the artificial calm that Prince Andrei arranged for himself in Turkey in the form of anxiously busy and somewhat ambitious and vain activity.
In the 12th year, when the news of the war with Napoleon reached Bukaresht (where Kutuzov lived for two months, spending days and nights at his wall), Prince Andrei asked Kutuzov to be transferred to the Western Army. Kutuzov, who was already tired of Bolkonsky with his activities, which served him as a reproach for idleness, Kutuzov very willingly let him go and gave him an assignment to Barclay de Tolly.
Before leaving for the army, which was in the Drissa camp in May, Prince Andrei drove into Bald Mountains, which were on his very road, being three versts from the Smolensk highway. The last three years and the life of Prince Andrei were so many upheavals, he changed his mind, re-felt, re-saw so much (he traveled both west and east), that he was strangely and unexpectedly struck at the entrance to the Bald Mountains by everything exactly the same, down to the smallest details - exactly the same course of life. He, as in an enchanted, asleep castle, drove into the alley and into the stone gates of the Lysogorsky house. The same gravity, the same cleanliness, the same silence were in this house, the same furniture, the same walls, the same sounds, the same smell and the same timid faces, only somewhat older. Princess Mary was still the same timid, ugly, aging girl, in fear and eternal moral suffering, living without benefit and joy. best years own life. Bourienne was the same joyfully enjoying every minute of her life and filled with the most joyful hopes for herself, self-satisfied, coquettish girl. She only became more confident, as it seemed to Prince Andrei. The educator Dessalles, brought by him from Switzerland, was dressed in a frock coat of Russian cut, distorting his language, spoke Russian with the servants, but he was still the same limitedly intelligent, educated, virtuous and pedantic educator. The old prince changed physically only by the fact that one missing tooth became noticeable on the side of his mouth; morally, he was still the same as before, only with even greater anger and distrust of the reality of what was happening in the world. Only Nikolushka grew, changed, flushed, overgrown with curly dark hair and, without knowing it, laughing and having fun, lifted the upper lip of his pretty mouth in the same way as the deceased little princess lifted it. He alone did not obey the law of immutability in this enchanted, sleeping castle. But although outwardly everything remained as before, the internal relations of all these persons had changed since Prince Andrei had not seen them. The members of the family were divided into two camps, alien and hostile to each other, which now converged only in his presence, changing their usual way of life for him. The old prince, m lle Bourienne and the architect belonged to one, and Princess Mary, Dessalles, Nikolushka and all the nannies and mothers belonged to the other.
During his stay in the Bald Mountains, everyone at home dined together, but everyone was embarrassed, and Prince Andrei felt that he was a guest for whom they made an exception, that he embarrassed everyone with his presence. During dinner on the first day, Prince Andrei, involuntarily sensing this, was silent, and the old prince, noticing the unnaturalness of his condition, also gloomily fell silent and now after dinner he went to his room. When in the evening Prince Andrei came to him and, trying to stir him up, began to tell him about the campaign of the young Count Kamensky, the old prince unexpectedly began a conversation with him about Princess Mary, condemning her for her superstition, for her dislike for m lle Bourienne, who, according to he said, was one truly devoted to him.
The old prince said that if he was ill, it was only from Princess Marya; that she deliberately torments and irritates him; that she spoils the little prince Nikolai with mischief and stupid speeches. The old prince knew very well that he was torturing his daughter, that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not help but torturing her and that she deserved it. “Why does Prince Andrei, who sees this, tell me nothing about my sister? thought the old prince. “Why does he think that I am a villain or an old fool, for no reason moved away from my daughter and brought a Frenchwoman closer to me?” He does not understand, and therefore it is necessary to explain to him, it is necessary that he listen, ”thought the old prince. And he began to explain the reasons why he could not bear the stupid nature of his daughter.
“If you ask me,” said Prince Andrei, not looking at his father (for the first time in his life he condemned his father), “I didn’t want to talk; but if you ask me, I will tell you frankly my opinion about all this. If there are misunderstandings and discord between you and Masha, then I can’t blame her in any way - I know how much she loves and respects you. If you are asking me, - Prince Andrei continued, getting annoyed, because he was always ready for irritation in Lately- then I can say one thing: if there are misunderstandings, then the reason for them is an insignificant woman who should not have been a friend of her sister.
The old man at first looked at his son with fixed eyes and unnaturally revealed with a smile a new lack of a tooth, to which Prince Andrei could not get used.
- What kind of friend, my dear? BUT? Already talked! BUT?
“Father, I didn’t want to be a judge,” said Prince Andrei in a bilious and harsh tone, “but you called me, and I said and I will always say that Princess Mary is not to blame, but to blame ... this Frenchwoman is to blame ...
- And he awarded! So that your spirit is not here! ..
Prince Andrei wanted to leave immediately, but Princess Mary begged to stay another day. On this day, Prince Andrei did not see his father, who did not go out and did not let anyone in, except m lle Bourienne and Tikhon, and asked several times if his son had left. The next day, before leaving, Prince Andrei went to take his son's half. A healthy, curly-haired boy sat on his lap. Prince Andrei began to tell him the tale of Bluebeard, but, without finishing it, he thought. He was not thinking about this pretty boy son while he was holding him on his lap, but was thinking about himself. He searched with horror and did not find in himself either repentance that he had irritated his father, or regret that he (in a quarrel for the first time in his life) was leaving him. The main thing for him was that he was looking for and did not find that former tenderness for his son, which he hoped to arouse in himself by caressing the boy and placing him on his knees.
Urban village
HistoryAfter the war, the country experienced great economic difficulties. On the initiative of the front-line soldiers, a large individual construction was launched in the village. In Sinyachikha, about 100 houses were built annually, and entire new districts were built. In 1941, a wood-chemical plant was put into operation. The transformation of Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha into the center of the forest industry of the region began with him. In 1972, the plywood mill produced its first products, and in 1982, the chipboard plant began to operate. Together with the new factories, a residential settlement was built, first two-story log houses along Karl Marx Street, and then five-story houses along Oktyabrskaya Street. In 1980, the building of the agricultural school SPTU-111 was built with the latest equipment and technology at that time. present tenseAt present, Verkhnyaya Sinyachikha is a large settlement. There is an art school, a library, a diagnostic center, three schools (two general education and one correctional), a modern hospital complex. 60 pupils live in the Verkhnesinyachikha orphanage. It hosts various competitions, holidays, sports events for the development of children. There are various sports clubs and associations in the village, such as the Burevestnik basketball club (headed by the honored teacher of the Russian Federation Zakozhurnikov Alexander Yuryevich and the karting club headed by the director of the Verkhnesinyachikha Center for Additional Education Ustyugov Nikolai Aleksandrovich. In summer, the residents of the village relax at their dachas, which are located in the old part of the village. They also grow vegetables, fruits and flowers there. ReligionLocated on the outskirts of the village Monastery in the name of the New Martyrs of Russia. There is a mine on its territory, where on the night of July 18, 1918, the Grand Duchess Elisaveta and the nun Varvara, as well as members of the Romanov royal family, were thrown alive. After the arrival of the whites, the remains of the dead were removed from the mine and taken abroad. Now there is a memorial near the mine, to which numerous pilgrims come. Grand Duchess Elisaveta and Sister Varvara were glorified as saints in the Russian Orthodox Church in the year. In the monastery church in the name of the New Martyrs of Russia, particles of the incorruptible relics of St. Elizabeth, brought from Jerusalem in 2004, are kept. NotesLinks
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Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 . See what "Upper Sinyachikha" is in other dictionaries:An urban-type settlement in the Alapaevsky district of the Sverdlovsk region of the RSFSR. Located on the river Sinyachikha (Ob basin), 5 km from the Sinyachikha railway station (on the Serov-Alapaevsk line) and 16 km north of Alapaevsk. 9.1 thousand inhabitants (1969) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia |
The sun is the source of life on the planet. Its rays give the necessary light and warmth. At the same time, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is detrimental to all living things. To find a compromise between the beneficial and harmful properties of the Sun, meteorologists calculate the ultraviolet radiation index, which characterizes the degree of its danger.
What UV radiation from the sun is
The ultraviolet radiation of the Sun has a wide range and is divided into three regions, two of which reach the Earth.
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UV-A. Longwave radiation range
315–400 nmThe rays pass almost freely through all atmospheric "barriers" and reach the Earth.
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UVB. Medium wave radiation range
280–315 nmThe rays are 90% absorbed by the ozone layer, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
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UVC. Shortwave radiation range
100–280 nmThe most dangerous area. They are completely absorbed by stratospheric ozone without reaching the Earth.
The more ozone, clouds and aerosols in the atmosphere, the less the harmful effect of the sun. However, these saving factors have a high natural variability. The annual maximum of stratospheric ozone occurs in spring, and the minimum - in autumn. Cloud cover is one of the most variable weather characteristics. The content of carbon dioxide also changes all the time.
At what values of the UV index is there a danger
The UV index gives an estimate of the amount of UV radiation from the Sun on the Earth's surface. UV index values range from safe 0 to extreme 11+.
- 0–2 Low
- 3–5 Moderate
- 6–7 High
- 8–10 Very high
- 11+ Extreme
In mid-latitudes, the UV index approaches unsafe values (6–7) only when maximum height Sun above the horizon (occurs in late June - early July). At the equator, during the year, the UV index reaches 9...11+ points.
What is the benefit of the sun
In small doses, UV radiation from the Sun is essential. The sun's rays synthesize melanin, serotonin, vitamin D, necessary for our health, and prevent rickets.
Melanin creates a kind of protective barrier for skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Because of it, our skin darkens and becomes more elastic.
Happiness hormone serotonin affects our well-being: it improves mood and increases overall vitality.
Vitamin D strengthens the immune system, stabilizes blood pressure and performs anti-rickets functions.
Why is the sun dangerous?
When sunbathing, it is important to understand that the line between beneficial and harmful Sun is very thin. Excessive sunburn always borders on a burn. UV radiation damages DNA in skin cells.
The body's defense system cannot cope with such an aggressive impact. This lowers the immune system, damages the retina, causes skin aging and can lead to cancer.
Ultraviolet destroys the DNA strand
How does the sun affect people?
Susceptibility to UV radiation depends on skin type. The most sensitive to the Sun are people of the European race - for them, protection is required already at an index of 3, and 6 is considered dangerous.
At the same time, for Indonesians and African Americans, this threshold is 6 and 8, respectively.
Who is affected the most by the Sun?
people with light
skin tone
People with many moles
Residents of the middle latitudes while relaxing in the south
winter lovers
fishing
Skiers and climbers
People with a family history of skin cancer
In what weather is the sun most dangerous
The fact that the Sun is dangerous only in hot and clear weather is a common misconception. You can also get burned in cool cloudy weather.
Cloudiness, no matter how dense it may be, does not at all reduce the amount of ultraviolet to zero. In mid-latitudes, cloudiness significantly reduces the risk of sunburn, which cannot be said about traditional places. beach holiday. For example, in the tropics, if in sunny weather you can get burned in 30 minutes, then in cloudy weather - in a couple of hours.
How to protect yourself from the sun
To protect yourself from harmful rays, follow these simple rules:
Get less exposure to the Sun during the midday hours
Wear light-colored clothing, including wide-brimmed hats
Use protective creams
Wear sunglasses
Stay in the shade more on the beach
Which sunscreen to choose
Sunscreen varies in terms of sun protection and is labeled from 2 to 50+. The numbers indicate the proportion of solar radiation that overcomes the protection of the cream and reaches the skin.
For example, when applying a cream labeled 15, only 1/15 (or 7%) of the UV rays will penetrate the protective film. In the case of cream 50, only 1/50, or 2%, affects the skin.
Sunscreen creates a reflective layer on the body. However, it is important to understand that no cream is capable of reflecting 100% of ultraviolet light.
For everyday use, when the time spent under the Sun does not exceed half an hour, a cream with protection 15 is quite suitable. For tanning on the beach, it is better to take 30 and above. However, for fair-skinned people, it is recommended to use a cream labeled 50+.
How to apply sunscreen
The cream should be applied evenly to all exposed skin, including the face, ears and neck. If you plan to sunbathe for a long time, then the cream should be applied twice: 30 minutes before going out and, additionally, before going to the beach.
Please refer to the cream instructions for how much to apply.
How to apply sunscreen while swimming
Sunscreen should be applied every time after bathing. Water washes away the protective film and, reflecting the sun's rays, increases the dose of ultraviolet radiation received. Thus, when bathing, the risk of burning increases. However, due to the cooling effect, you may not feel the burn.
Excessive sweating and rubbing with a towel is also a reason to re-protect the skin.
It should be remembered that on the beach, even under an umbrella, the shade does not provide full protection. Sand, water, and even grass reflect up to 20% of UV rays, increasing their impact on the skin.
How to protect your eyes
Sunlight reflecting off water, snow, or sand can cause painful retinal burns. Use sunglasses with an ultraviolet filter to protect your eyes.
Danger for skiers and climbers
In the mountains, the atmospheric "filter" is thinner. For every 100 meters of altitude, the UV index increases by 5%.
Snow reflects up to 85% of UV rays. In addition, up to 80% of the ultraviolet reflected by the snow cover is again reflected by the clouds.
Thus, in the mountains, the Sun is most dangerous. Protecting the face, lower part of the chin and ears is necessary even in cloudy weather.
How to deal with sunburn if you are burned
Treat the body with a damp sponge to wet the burn
Lubricate the burnt areas with anti-burn cream
If the temperature rises, consult a doctor, you may be advised to take an antipyretic
If the burn is severe (skin is very swollen and blisters), seek medical attention.
