The largest sailing ships in the world. Types of ships Types of sailing ships of the 18th century
“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship Prussia was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.
France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. "France II" was laid down at the shipyards "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" in French city Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.
The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant vessel. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.
The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5,218 (grt), which is 137 (grt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was put into operation a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”
The Royal Clipper is a five-mast, four-star cruising sailboat that was built in the image of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.
“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 mt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.
Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.
“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. This was the first French sailing ship cargo Ship and second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.
Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mercury, sail area - 3,700 meters square.
The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.
Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.
“Sedov” is four-masted barque, which was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mt, sail area - 4,192 meters square.
Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.
“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailing ship is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made repeated transatlantic and round the world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not just to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.
Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailing ships was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.
“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship of the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), the first sailor to sail circumnavigation. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.
“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.
“Mir” is a three-masted training ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships, or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a vessel with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of Maritime and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to “Rosmorport”. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, the draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 square meters, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.
“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.
The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships “Lwоw” (“Lions”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.
“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.
“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.
Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 square meters.
“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing vessel. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.
“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.
Aak– (Dutch aak) - a single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,
used on the Lower Rhine for transporting wines. By design, it is a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore- or sternposts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the ship's bottom at both ends was raised flat and obliquely, starting from the waist. It had no sideboards, carried a simple sprint sail and a foresail staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.
The oldest image of aak dates back to 1530.
Kölsche Aak, XVI.
Barque(Dutch bark) - a three-to-five-mast large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern one (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).
Bark "Sedov"
Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a three- to five-mast (sometimes six-mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped auxiliary engine.
Brig- (English brig) - a two-masted ship with straight sailing rigs of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - mainsail-gaff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and with slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail, trysail and topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages. 
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull resulted in increased stability and reduced wave drag, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from earlier ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine at the bow, protruding forward below the level of the forecastle. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like the stem of a galley. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load waterline. On the rear side, the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sails.
Junk - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo ship with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in South-East Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.
Iol- (Gol. jol), a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.
Caravel(Italian caravella) - 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka(Spanish: Carraca) - a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1,200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 The carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.
Carrack "Victoria", recreated according to Spanish designs of the 16th century
Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).
Flutes- a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay. The sailing rig of the foremasts and mainmasts consisted of a foresail and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on large flutes and topsails. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. A rectangular blind sail, sometimes a bomb blind, was installed on the bowsprit. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate- a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics 
The Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates the age of sail were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called linear frigates, like the battlecruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. IN Peaceful time frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like battleships, but were used for patrol and cruising service, combating piracy and training crews. The reliability and speed of frigates made them popular vessels for explorers and travelers. For example, the French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigated the world on the frigate Boudeuse (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate Pallada, on which Admiral E.V. Putyatin arrived in Japan in 1855 to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which, according to many accounts, had the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from four to six.
Frigate "Holy Spirit"
Sloop(small corvette) (Gol. sloep, from sluipen - to slide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - the front one (a staysail with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and the rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).
Soviet sloop "Enterprise"
Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with 
at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. At the end of the 19th century, competition between steamships led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners that were able to withstand this struggle. Mostly two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy (USA), the world's only seven-masted schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to carry coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 m high, weighed 20 tons. They were continued by 17-meter wooden topmasts. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent timber, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, having from three to five masts.
Yacht(Dutch jacht, from jagen - to drive, to pursue) - originally a light, fast ship for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. Most common sailing yachts.
The first mentions of sports sailing yachts date back to the 17th century. Modern use of the term Yacht B modern use the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind. 
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, and those designed for long-distance voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.
Battleship(English) ship-of-the-line, fr. navire de ligne) - a class of sailing three-masted wooden warships. Sailing battleships were characterized by the following features: a total displacement from 500 to 5500 tons, armament, including from 30-50 to 135 guns in the side ports (in 2-4 decks), the crew size ranged from 300 to 800 people when fully manned. Ships of the line were built and used from the 17th century until the early 1860s for naval battles using linear tactics. Sailing battleships were not called battleships.
General information
In 1907, a new class of armored ships with a displacement from 20 thousand to 64 thousand tons was called battleships (abbreviated as battleships).
History of creation
“In times long past... on the high seas, he, a battleship, was not afraid of anything. There was not a shadow of a feeling of defenselessness from possible attacks by destroyers, submarines or aircraft, nor trembling thoughts about enemy mines or air torpedoes, there was essentially nothing, with the possible exception of a severe storm, drift to a leeward shore, or a concentrated attack by several equal opponents, which could shake the proud confidence of a sailing battleship in its own indestructibility, which it assumed with every right." - Oscar Parks. Battleships of the British Empire.
Technological innovations
Many related technological advances led to the emergence of battleships as the main force of navies.
The technology of building wooden ships, considered today to be classical - first the frame, then the plating - finally took shape in Byzantium at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia AD, and thanks to its advantages, over time it replaced the previously used methods: the Roman one used in the Mediterranean, with smooth lining boards, the ends of which were connected by tenons, and clinker, which was used from Rus' to the Basque Country in Spain, with overlapping cladding and transverse reinforcement ribs inserted into the finished body. In southern Europe, this transition finally took place before the middle of the 14th century, in England - around 1500, and in Northern Europe, merchant ships with clinker lining (holkas) were built back in the 16th century, possibly later. In most European languages, this method was denoted by derivatives of the word carvel; hence the caravel, that is, initially, a ship built starting from the frame and with the skin smooth.
The new technology gave shipbuilders a number of advantages. The presence of a frame on the ship made it possible to accurately determine in advance its dimensions and the nature of its contours, which, with the previous technology, became fully obvious only during the construction process; ships are now built according to a pre-approved plan. Besides, new technology made it possible to significantly increase the size of ships - both due to the greater strength of the hull and due to the reduction in the requirements for the width of the boards used for plating, which made it possible to use lower quality wood for the construction of ships. The qualification requirements for the workforce involved in construction were also reduced, which made it possible to build ships faster and in much larger quantities than before.
In the 14th-15th centuries, gunpowder artillery began to be used on ships, but initially, due to the inertia of thinking, it was placed on superstructures intended for archers - the forecastle and sterncastle, which limited the permissible mass of the guns for reasons of maintaining stability. Later, artillery began to be installed along the side in the middle of the ship, which largely removed the restrictions on the mass of the guns, but aiming them at the target was very difficult, since the fire was fired through round slots made to the size of the gun barrel in the sides, which were plugged from the inside in the stowed position. Real gun ports with covers appeared only towards the end of the 15th century, which paved the way for the creation of heavily armed artillery ships. During the 16th century, a complete change in the nature of naval battles took place: rowing galleys, which had previously been the main warships for thousands of years, gave way to sailing ships armed with artillery, and boarding combat to artillery.
Mass production of heavy artillery guns for a long time was very difficult, therefore, until the 19th century, the largest ones installed on ships remained 32...42-pounders (based on the mass of the corresponding solid cast-iron core), with a bore diameter of no more than 170 mm. But working with them during loading and aiming was very complicated due to the lack of servos, which required a huge calculation for their maintenance: such guns weighed several tons each. Therefore, for centuries, they tried to arm ships as much as possible big amount relatively small guns that were located along the side. At the same time, for reasons of strength, the length of a warship with a wooden hull is limited to approximately 70-80 meters, which also limited the length of the onboard battery: more than two to three dozen guns could only be placed in several rows. This is how warships arose with several closed gun decks (decks), carrying from several dozen to hundreds or more guns of various calibers.
In the 16th century, cast iron cannons began to be used in England, which were a great technological innovation due to their lower cost relative to bronze and less labor-intensive manufacturing compared to iron ones, and at the same time possessing higher characteristics. Superiority in artillery manifested itself during the battles of the English fleet with the Invincible Armada (1588) and has since begun to determine the strength of the fleet, making boarding battles history - after which boarding is used exclusively for the purpose of capturing an enemy ship that has already been disabled by fire from the guns of an enemy ship.
In the middle of the 17th century, methods for mathematical calculation of ship hulls appeared. Introduced into practice around the 1660s by the English shipbuilder A. Dean, the method of determining the displacement and waterline level of a ship based on its total mass and the shape of its contours made it possible to calculate in advance at what height from the sea surface the ports of the lower battery would be located, and to position the decks accordingly and the guns are still on the slipway - previously this required lowering the ship’s hull into the water. This made it possible to determine the firepower of the future ship at the design stage, as well as to avoid accidents like what happened with the Swedish Vasa due to the ports being too low. In addition, on ships with powerful artillery, part of the gun ports necessarily fell on the frames; Only real frames, not cut by ports, were power-bearing, and the rest were additional, so precise coordination of their relative positions was important.
History of appearance
The immediate predecessors of battleships were heavily armed galleons, carracks and the so-called " big ships» (Great Ships). The first purpose-built gunship is sometimes considered to be the English carrack. Mary Rose(1510), although the Portuguese attribute the honor of their invention to their king João II (1455-1495), who ordered the arming of several caravels with heavy guns.
The first battleships appeared in the fleets European countries at the beginning of the 17th century, and the first three-decker battleship is considered HMS Prince Royal(1610) . They were lighter and shorter than the “tower ships” that existed at that time - galleons, which made it possible to quickly line up with the side facing the enemy, when the bow of the next ship looked at the stern of the previous one. Also, battleships differ from galleons in having straight sails on a mizzen mast (galleons had from three to five masts, of which usually one or two were “dry”, with oblique sails), the absence of a long horizontal latrine at the bow and a rectangular tower at the stern , and maximum use of the free area of the sides for the guns. A battleship is more maneuverable and stronger than a galleon in artillery combat, while a galleon is better suited for boarding combat. Unlike battleships, galleons were also used to transport troops and trade cargo.
The resulting multi-deck sailing battleships were the main means of warfare at sea for more than 250 years and allowed countries such as Holland, Great Britain and Spain to create huge trading empires.
By the middle of the 17th century, a clear division of battleships by class arose: the old two-deck (that is, in which two closed decks one above the other were filled with cannons firing through ports - slits in the sides) ships with 50 guns were not strong enough for linear battle and were used in mainly for escorting convoys. Double-decker battleships, carrying from 64 to 90 guns, made up the bulk of the navy, while three- or even four-decker ships (98-144 guns) served as flagships. A fleet of 10-25 such ships made it possible to control sea trade lines and, in the event of war, close them to the enemy.
Battleships should be distinguished from frigates. Frigates had either only one closed battery, or one closed and one open battery on the upper deck. The sailing equipment of battleships and frigates was the same (three masts, each with straight sails). Battleships were superior to frigates in the number of guns (several times) and the height of their sides, but they were inferior in speed and could not operate in shallow water.
Battleship tactics
| With the increase in the strength of the warship and with the improvement of its seaworthiness and fighting qualities, an equal success has appeared in the art of using them... As sea evolutions become more skillful, their importance grows day by day. These evolutions needed a base, a point from which they could depart and to which they could return. A fleet of warships must always be ready to meet the enemy; it is logical that such a base for naval evolution should be a combat formation. Further, with the abolition of galleys, almost all the artillery moved to the sides of the ship, which is why it became necessary to always keep the ship in such a position that the enemy was abeam. On the other hand, it is necessary that not a single ship in its fleet can interfere with firing at enemy ships. Only one system can fully satisfy these requirements, this is the wake system. The latter, therefore, was chosen as the only combat formation, and therefore as the basis for all fleet tactics. At the same time, they realized that in order for the battle formation, this long thin line of guns, not to be damaged or torn at its weakest point, it is necessary to introduce into it only ships, if not of equal strength, then at least with equal strength. strong sides. It logically follows from this that at the same time as the wake column becomes the final battle formation, a distinction is established between battleships, which alone are intended for it, and smaller vessels for other purposes. Mahan, Alfred Thayer |
The term “battleship” itself arose due to the fact that in battle, multi-deck ships began to line up one after another - so that during their salvo they would be turned broadside to the enemy, because the greatest damage to the target was caused by a salvo from all onboard guns. This tactic was called linear. Formation in a line during a naval battle first began to be used by the fleets of England and Spain at the beginning of the 17th century and was considered the main one until the middle of the 19th century. Linear tactics also did a good job of protecting the squadron leading the battle from attacks by fireships.
It is worth noting that in a number of cases, fleets consisting of battleships could vary tactics, often deviating from the canons of the classic firefight of two wake columns running parallel courses. Thus, at Camperdown, the British, not having time to line up in the correct wake column, attacked the Dutch battle line with a formation close to the front line followed by a disorderly dump, and at Trafalgar they attacked the French line with two columns running across each other, wisely using the advantages of longitudinal fire, striking not separated by transverse bulkheads caused terrible damage to wooden ships (at Trafalgar, Admiral Nelson used tactics developed by Admiral Ushakov). Although these were extraordinary cases, even within the framework of the general paradigm of linear tactics, the squadron commander often had sufficient space for bold maneuver, and the captains for exercising their own initiative.
Design features and combat qualities
The wood for the construction of battleships (usually oak, less often teak or mahogany) was selected with the most care, soaked and dried for a number of years, after which it was carefully laid in several layers. The side skin was double - inside and outside of the frames; the thickness of one outer skin on some battleships reached 60 cm at the gondeck (at the Spanish Santisima Trinidad), and the total internal and external - up to 37 inches, that is, about 95 cm. The British built ships with relatively thin plating, but often spaced frames, in the area of which the total thickness of the side of the gondeck reached 70-90 cm of solid wood; between the frames, the total thickness of the side, formed by only two layers of skin, was less and reached 2 feet (60 cm). For greater speed, French battleships were built with thinner frames, but thicker plating - up to 70 cm between frames in total.
To protect the underwater part from rot and fouling, an outer lining of thin strips of soft wood was placed on it, which was regularly changed during the timbering process at the dock. Subsequently, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, copper cladding began to be used for the same purposes.
- List of men-of-war 1650-1700. Part II. French ships 1648-1700.
- Histoire de la Marine Francaise. French naval history.
- Les Vaisseaux du roi Soleil. Contain for instance list of ships 1661 to 1715 (1-3 rates). Author: J.C Lemineur: 1996 ISBN 2906381225
Notes
For early ships “This name of a warship is a compound abbreviated word that arose in the 20s of the 20th century. based on the phrase battleship." Krylov's Etymological Dictionary https://www.slovopedia.com/25/203/1650517.html
The first means of transportation on which people crossed water barriers during their migrations or while hunting were, in all likelihood, more or less primitive rafts. Rafts undoubtedly existed already in the Stone Age. Great progress was made at the end of the Middle Stone Age by a boat hollowed out of a tree trunk - a canoe. Over time and with the further development of productive forces, boats and rafts became better, larger and more reliable. We have the most information about the development of shipbuilding in the region Mediterranean Sea, although, of course, shipbuilding technology and navigation on the rivers and seas of other parts of the world developed in parallel. The oldest known to us are boats and ships. Ancient Egypt. A variety of floating craft sailed along the Nile and the seas surrounding Egypt: first rafts and boats made of wood and papyrus, and later ships on which it was possible to make long sea voyages, such as the famous expedition during the 18th dynasty to the country Punt (Ript - probably Somalia or even India) around 1500 BC. e.
Ancient Egyptian papyrus river rowing boat
Due to the low strength of papyrus, a thick rope was used as longitudinal reinforcement, stretched between short masts, bow and stern. The boats were steered using an oar located at the stern. Ancient Egyptian sea vessels, like the river vessels that sailed along the Nile in those days, were flat-bottomed. As a result of this, and also due to the lack of frames and insufficient strength of the building material (papyrus or low-growing trees, acanthus), the seaworthiness of sea-going vessels of Ancient Egypt was very low. Sailing along the Mediterranean coast or the calm waters of the Red Sea, these ships were propelled by oars and a raked sail.
Antique Egyptian ship with raked sail
Egyptian merchant and military ships were almost no different from each other, only military ships were faster. It should not be forgotten that military campaigns and trade were closely interconnected. However, the Egyptians (residents of the Nile Valley) cannot be called good sailors. Their achievements in the field of shipbuilding and long sea voyages are relatively modest. The inhabitants of the island of Crete were the first to begin building merchant ships. According to some ancient researchers, they used a keel and frames, which increased the strength of the ship's hull. To move the ship, the Cretans used both oars and a rectangular sail. It is believed that it was partly due to these technical improvements that Crete became the first maritime power in the Mediterranean. Its heyday was in the 17th - 14th centuries. BC e. The Phoenicians borrowed the method of building ships with frames from the Cretans. The Phoenicians lived on east coast Mediterranean Sea, in a country rich in cedar forests, which provided excellent shipbuilding material. On their ships, the Phoenicians carried out military and trade expeditions to the most remote places of the modern world. As Herodotus wrote at the beginning of the 7th century. n. e., Phoenician ships skirted Africa from east to west. This indicates the high seaworthiness of the ships: on their way they had to go around the cape Good Hope, where it was often stormy. Although Phoenician ships were significantly larger than Egyptian ships in size and strength, their shape did not change significantly. As the surviving bas-reliefs testify, for the first time, rams appeared on the bow of a Phoenician warship to sink enemy ships.
Phoenician sailing ship
Marine vessels Ancient Greece and, later, Rome were modifications of Phoenician ships. Merchant ships were predominantly wide and slow-moving, usually propelled by a sail and controlled by a large steering oar located at the stern. Warships were narrow and propelled by oars. In addition, they were armed with a rectangular main sail mounted on a long yard and a small sail mounted on an inclined mast. This inclined mast is the forerunner of the bowsprit, which will appear on sailing ships much later and will carry additional sails to facilitate maneuvering. At first, one tier of oars was installed on each side of a military vessel, but as the size and weight of ships increased, a second tier of oars appeared above the first tier, and even later, a third. This was explained by the desire to increase the speed, maneuverability and force of the ram's impact on the enemy ship. One tier of rowers was located below deck, the other two were on deck. This is what the most popular type of warship of antiquity looked like, which, starting from the 6th century BC. e. called a trireme.
Triremes formed the backbone of the Greek fleet that took part in the Battle of Salamis (480 BC). The length of the triremes was 30-40 m, width 4-6 m (including supports for oars), freeboard height approximately 1.5 m. The ship had a hundred or more oarsmen, in most cases slaves; the speed reached 8-10 knots. The ancient Romans were not good sailors, but the Punic Wars (1st War - 264-241 BC; 2nd War - 218-210 BC) convinced them of the need to have their own navy to defeat the Carthaginians. The Roman navy of that time consisted of triremes built on the Greek model.
An example of a Roman trireme of this type is the ship shown in the figure. It has a raised deck at the stern, as well as a kind of tower in which the commander and his assistant could find reliable shelter. The nose ends in a ram covered with iron. To facilitate combat at sea, the Romans invented the so-called “raven” - a boarding bridge with a metal load in the shape of a hawse, which was lowered onto an enemy ship and along which Roman legionnaires could cross to it. At the Battle of Actium (31 BC), the Romans used a new type of vessel - the liburne. This vessel is significantly smaller than a trireme, equipped with rams, has one tier of oars and a rectangular transverse sail. The main advantages of Liburns are good agility and maneuverability, as well as speed. Based on combination structural elements Trieres and Liburns a Roman rowing galley was created, which, with some changes, survived until the 17th century. n. e.
The improvement of rowing military vessels with additional sailing weapons was in the nature of leaps. The need for these ships increased, for example, during military campaigns. From the end of the XII to the XIV centuries. galleys appeared in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. But the main area of action for the galleys was, as before, the Mediterranean Sea; The Venetians contributed greatly to their further development. Light combat galleys served warships, in heavy cases - by military transports. They were also used as merchant ships. The disadvantage of galleys was their large crew. Thus, one galley up to 40 m long required 120-180 rowers (and with two tiers of oars - 240-300 rowers). When you factor in the crew required to maintain the rudder and sail, and the crew in the galley, the total was well over 500 men. Such a galley had a draft of approximately 2 m and a freeboard height of 1-1.5 m. On medieval galleys, one oar was served by 2-5 oarsmen; the weight of an oar with a length of 10-12 m was up to 300 kg. In addition to oars, galleys were equipped with an auxiliary sail. Later, two and then three masts began to be installed, and the rectangular sail was replaced by an oblique sail, borrowed from the Arabs of the Mediterranean. In the course of further development, ships began to be built that were a combination of a galley and a sailing ship. Such ships were called galleasses. Galleasses were larger than galleys: the largest ones reached 70 m in length, 16 m in width, and displaced 1000 tons; the crew was 1000 people. They were used as both military and merchant ships.
Galleass
Regardless of the development of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, shipping also developed in Northern Europe, where excellent sailors - the Vikings - lived already in the early centuries. Viking ships were open wooden boats with a symmetrical fore and stern post; on these ships it was possible to go both forward and backward. Viking ships were propelled by oars (they are not shown in the picture) and a straight sail mounted on a mast approximately in the middle of the ship.
Viking ships had frames and longitudinal braces. A characteristic feature of their design was the way of connecting frames and other beams with the outer skin, which usually consisted of very long wooden strips running from one stem to another and located overlapping. The most large ships Vikings, which were called “dragons” based on the nasal decoration and the shape of the dragon’s head, had a length of 45 m and approximately 30 pairs of oars. Despite the difficulties of sailing through the stormy northern seas on open, undecked ships, the Vikings very soon penetrated from Scandinavia to the coasts of England and France, reached the White Sea, conquered Greenland and Holland, and at the end of the 10th century. penetrated into North America.
Old Russian koch ice class was a real conqueror northern seas
Under feudalism, shipbuilding continued to develop in parallel with the development of trade in Northern Europe. Large merchant ships of the 12th and 13th centuries, called naves, had the same shape of bow and stern. They were driven exclusively by a transverse sail mounted on a mast in the middle of the ship. From the end of the 12th century. so-called towers appeared in the bow and stern. At first these were probably combat bridges (possibly a remnant roman bridge), which over time moved to the bow and stern and turned into a forecastle and poop. The steering oar was usually on the starboard side.
Nave
Hanseatic merchants, in whose hands European trade was concentrated in the period from the 13th to the 15th centuries, usually transported their goods on cogs. These were strong, high-sided, single-masted ships with almost vertical fore and stern stems. Gradually, small tower-like superstructures appeared on the coggs in the bow, relatively large superstructures in the stern and peculiar “crow’s nests” at the top of the mast. The main feature that distinguishes a cogg from a nave is the articulated steering wheel with a tiller, located in the center plane of the vessel. Thanks to this, the maneuverability of the vessel has improved.
Single Mast Cogg
Until about the 14th century. shipbuilding in the northern regions Western Europe developed independently of shipbuilding in the Mediterranean. If the rudder, placed in the plane of symmetry of the vessel, became the greatest achievement in the art of shipbuilding and navigation of the North, then the triangular sail introduced in the Mediterranean Sea, which in our time is called the Latin sail, made it possible to sail more steeply to the wind than was possible with a rectangular sail. Thanks to contacts between north and south in the 14th century. A new type of vessel arose - the caravel, a three-masted vessel with lateen sails and an articulated rudder. Over time, a transverse sail began to be installed on the bow mast.
Columbus era carrack
The next type of vessel, which appeared at the end of the 15th century, was the karakka. This vessel had a much more developed forecastle and poop. Carracks were equipped with an articulated rudder and both types of sails. There was a straight sail on the bow mast, one or two straight sails on the middle mast, and a lateen sail on the stern mast. Later they began to install an inclined bow mast - a bowsprit with a small straight sail. With the advent of caravels and carracks, long voyages became possible, such as the journey of Vasco de Gama, Columbus, Magellan and other navigators to unknown lands. The Santa Maria, Columbus's flagship, was most likely a carrack. It had a length of 23 m, a beam of 8.7 m, a draft of 2.8 m and a crew of 90 people. The ship was a medium-sized ship (for example, the ship Peter von la Rochelle, built in 1460, had a length of 12 m). Subsequently, the typical stern superstructure of the karak was replaced by a superstructure that rose in steps to the stern. A mast was added (sometimes inclined), and the number of sails increased. Straight sails were predominantly used, only at the stern were they installed gaff sail. This is how the galion arose, which in the 17th and 18th centuries. became the main type of warship. The most common type of merchant ship of that time was the flute, whose hull tapered towards the top. Its masts were higher and its yards shorter than those of ships built earlier. The rigging was the same as on galleons.
Flutes
Powerful trading companies under the tutelage of the state (the English West India Company, founded in 1600, or the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602), stimulated the construction of a new type of ship, which was called “East India”. These ships were not very fast. Their full contours and high sides provided a very large carrying capacity. To protect against pirates, merchant ships were armed with cannons. Three, and later four, straight sails were installed on the masts, and a slanting gaff sail was installed on the aft mast. There were usually lateen sails in the bow, and trapezoidal sails between the individual masts. These vessels, due to their resemblance to a warship of a similar type and with the same rigging, are also called frigates.
Frigate
A significant achievement in sailing shipbuilding was the creation of clipper ships. Clipper ships were narrow vessels (length to width ratio was approximately 6.7 m) with advanced armament and a carrying capacity of 500-2000 tons. They were distinguished by high speed. The so-called “tea races” of this period are known, during which clippers loaded with tea on the China-England line reached a speed of 18 knots.
Tea clipper
At the beginning of the 19th century. After many thousands of years of dominance of the sailing fleet, a new type of engine appeared on ships. It was a steam engine - the first mechanical engine. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the first ship with a steam engine, the Claremont; it walked along the Hudson River. The ship performed especially well when sailing against the current. Thus began the era of the steam engine river boats. In maritime shipping steam engine began to be used later. In 1818, a steam engine was installed on the sailing ship Savannah, which drove paddle wheels. The ship used the steam engine only for the short passage across the Atlantic. Crossed for the first time North Atlantic Almost exclusively with the help of a mechanical drive, the ship "Sirius" was a steam sailing ship built in 1837, the hull of which was still wooden.
Steam ship - Sirius
Since that time, the development of mechanical drives for sea vessels began. Large paddle wheels, which were hampered by rough seas, gave way in 1843 to a propeller. It was first installed on the Great Britain steamer. The Great Eastern, a huge ship at that time, 210 m long and 25 m wide, built in 1860, was a sensation. This ship had two paddle wheels with a diameter of 16.5 m each and a propeller with a diameter of more than 7 m, five pipes and six masts in total. with an area of 5400 m2, on which a sail could be set. The ship had accommodations for 4,000 passengers, holds for 6,000 tons of cargo and a speed of 15 knots.
Great Britain
Great Eastern
The next step in the development of ship drives was made at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries; in 1897, a steam turbine was installed for the first time on the Turbinia ship, which made it possible to achieve a hitherto unprecedented speed of 34.5 knots. Built in 1906, the British passenger ship Mauritania (length 241 m, width 26.8 m, carrying capacity 31,940 register tons, crew 612 people, 2,335 passenger seats) was equipped with turbines with a total power of 51,485 kW. During the crossing of the Atlantic in 1907, she achieved an average speed of 26.06 knots and won the symbolic award for speed - the Blue Riband, which she held for 22 years.
Mauritania
In the second decade of the 20th century. Diesels began to be used on sea vessels. In 1912, two diesel engines with a total power of 1,324 kW were installed on the cargo ship Zealandia with a carrying capacity of 7,400 tons.
Barque- (gol. bark), a sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast, which carries oblique sails. Initially, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal navigation. But then the size of this type gradually increased. The barges were mass-produced until the 1930s. XX century, their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailing ships “Kruzenshtern” and “Sedov” are 5-masted barques.
Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing undecked fishing vessel, sometimes a coasting vessel, which first appeared in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barge turned into a light high-speed vessel, common in Western Europe in the era late Middle Ages, built like a galley. Even later, the oars disappeared on the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts that carried the foresail, fore-topsail (foremast) and the mainsail, topsail (mainmast). Interesting feature was that the mizzen was mounted directly on the mainmast. The barges were primarily coastal merchant ships.
Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, warships from the middle of the 16th century were ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.
Galleon- (Spanish galeon), sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40 m, a width of 10-14 m, a transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. Straight sails were installed on the foremast and mainmast, slanting sails on the mizzen mast, and a blind on the bowsprit. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks where living quarters were located. Artillery. the armament consisted of 50-80 cannons, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.
Caravel- (Italian: caravella), a seagoing single-deck sailing ship with high sides and superstructures at the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in Mediterranean countries. Caravels went down in history as the first ships to cross the Atlantic, sail around the Cape of Good Hope and discover New World. Characteristic features of caravels are high sides, deep sheer decks in the middle part of the ship and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or had straight sails on the foremast and main mast. lateen sails On slanting yards, the main and mizzen masts allowed the ships to sail steeply to the wind.
Karakka- (French caraque), a large sailing ship, common in the XIII - XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and width 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures at the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward; such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on the ships, which prevented enemy soldiers from getting onto the ship. The foremast and mainmast were carried direct weapons(mainsail and foresail), mizzen masts - oblique. Topsails were often additionally installed on the foremast and mainmast. Artillery. the armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the 15th century. Over time, the karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed vessel.
Corvette- (French corvette), high-speed sailing warship of the 18th - 19th centuries. The ship had the same sailing rig as the frigate, with the only exception: a jib and a boom jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Artillery armament of up to 40 guns located on one deck.
Battleship- in the sailing fleet of the 17th - 19th centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with full sails. It had strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - third rank, 80-90 guns - second rank, 100 and above - first rank. These were huge, heavy, poorly maneuverable ships with great firepower.
Pinasse- (French pinasse, English pinnace), a small sailing vessel of the flute type, but differing from it in less concave frames and a flat stern. The forward part of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead extending vertically from the deck to the forecastle. This form of the front part of the ship existed until the beginning of the 18th century. The pinasse was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. Straight sails were raised on the main and foremasts, a mizzen and a cruisel above it on the mizzen mast, and a blind and a bomb blind on the bowsprit. The displacement of pinnaces is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for trading purposes. distributed in Northern countries. Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, and served mainly for trading purposes.
Pink- (gol. pink), fishing and trading vessel of the 16th - 18th centuries. In the North Sea it had 2, and in the Mediterranean 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sails) and a narrow stern. It had on board up to 20 small-caliber guns. As a pirate ship it was used mainly in the North Sea.
Flutes- (Gol. fluit), sea sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had cambered sides above the waterline, which were tucked inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a shallow draft. The deck was sheer and rather narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the amount of duty by the Sound Customs. The foremast and mainmast had straight sails (foresail, mainsail and topsail), and the mizzenmast had a mizzen and topsail. A blind, sometimes a bomb blind, was placed on the bowsprit. By the 18th century topsails appeared above the topsails, and a cruisel appeared above the topsails. The first flute was built in 1595 in Hoorn, the shipbuilding center of Holland. The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. Topmasts, invented in 1570, were first introduced into the spar. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the ship, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be shortened. This is how small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails arose, which made it possible to reduce the overall number of the upper crew. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity and were therefore used mainly as military transport ships. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships on all seas.
Frigate- (gol. fregat), three-masted sailing ship of the 18th - 20th centuries. with full ship sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the bowsprit, later a jib and a boom jib were added, and even later the blind was removed and a midship jib was installed instead. The frigate's crew consisted of 250 - 300 people. A multi-purpose ship, it was used to escort trade caravans or individual ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in their smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called line frigates.
Sloop- (Vol. sloep), there were several types of ships. Sailing 3 mast warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sail rig. In size it occupied an intermediate position between a corvette and a brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Common in Europe and America in the 18th - 20th centuries. The sailing rig consists of a gaff or Bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they were additionally equipped with another jib and jib.
Shnyava- (Gol. snauw), a small sailing merchant or military ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. Main feature The shnyav was a shnyav or trysail mast. It was a thin mast, standing on the deck in a wooden block just behind the mainmast. Its top was secured with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the rear side of the main top. Shnyavs in military service were usually called corvettes or sloops of war. Often they did not carry a lashing mast, and in its place a cable was laid from the back side of the top of the mainmast, which was lashed on the deadeyes on the deck. The mizzen was attached to this forestay, and the gaff was too heavy to lift. The length of the shnyava was 20 - 30 m, width 5 - 7.5 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people. Military Shnyavis were armed with 12 - 18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.
Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing ship with slanting sails. First appeared in North America in the 18th century and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails ( gaff schooners). They had such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to sail very steeply into the wind, had a smaller crew on board than ships with direct sails required, and therefore became widespread in a wide variety of modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailing ships, but they were popular among pirates.
