Kalamita Bay is a part of the Black Sea that juts into west bank Crimean peninsula between capes Lucullus and Evpatoria. This bay is partially washed by the coast of Sevastopol in a small area from Cape Lukull to the administrative border with the Bakhchisarai region (only 1.5 km approximately). The entire area around Cape Lucullus is protected by the state as a nature reserve and is an object of a unique natural fund. The coastal aquatic complex occupies more than 125 hectares and is a hydrological natural monument.

Kalamita Bay. Geography

Kalamitsky Bay is a picturesque place. The width of the bay at the entrance is 41 km, 13 km from the entrance to the coast. The depth reaches 30 meters. The bay in the north ends at the city of Evpatoria. The shores in the south of the bay are clayey and high, while in the north they are low and sandy, with beaches in many places. Not far from the coast, behind sandy embankments there are salt lakes. The largest of them:

• Saki,
• Sasyk,
• Gull,
• as well as the healing lake Kyzyl-Yar.

Several rivers flow into the Kalamitsky Bay (Belbek, Alma, Bulganak and Kacha). Directly on the shore of the bay there are several tourist attractions settlements, including Beregovoe, Uglovoe, Novofedorovka, Andreevka, Nikolaevka, etc.

There are different versions regarding the name of the bay. The most common one associates the name with the city of Calamita, which was built by the Genoese. The city has not survived to this day. In Greek, Kalamita translates as “good cape.”

Sights and recreation areas

Not far from Cape Lucullus is the settlement of Ust-Alminskoye. This is a Scythian settlement that arose at the turn of the 2nd century BC. Its true name is not known. In fact, there were many ancient settlements in this part of Crimea, but not all of them have survived. For example, due to soil collapses into the sea, more than half of the Ust-Alminskoye settlement was irretrievably lost.

There are many private hotels and boarding houses along the bay coast. Tourists who wish to come here will find a place to stop.

Some of them, for example, the Volna recreation center (information at) are located near the sea, but also not far from lakes or estuaries.

The city of Evpatoria is considered a children's health resort precisely because of the favorable climate and shallow water of the Kalamitsky Bay. The beaches are mostly sandy. The Gulf of Kalamita warms up very quickly and often swimming season begins in May and ends in September.

In the north it is connected to the Sea of ​​Azov through the Kerch Strait. A large piece of land, the Crimean Peninsula, cuts deep into the sea surface. Along the shores of the reservoir there are countries such as Russia, Georgia, Abkhazia (a partially recognized state), Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine.

Geographical data

According to the US geographic directory, the area of ​​the Black Sea is 436.4 thousand square meters. km (168.5 thousand sq. miles). The maximum depth is 2,212 meters (7,257 ft). Average depth corresponds to 1240 meters (4067 feet). Overall volume salt water is 547 thousand cubic meters. km. The greatest length from west to east is 1175 km. The maximum length from north to south is 580 km. The reservoir is notable for the fact that at a depth of more than 150 meters there is no life due to the saturation of deep waters with hydrogen sulfide.

The coastline is slightly indented. Its total length is 3.4 thousand km. There are large bays, such as Sinopsky, Samsunsky, Feodosia, Varna, Tendrovsky, Burgassky, Kalamitsky, Yagorlytsky. In the northern and northwestern regions, estuaries flood at the confluence of rivers. There are many marshy and brackish areas. The western and northwestern coasts are low, with cliffs in places.

In the south and east, spurs of the Pontic and Caucasus Mountains. In Crimea, the coast is low, only the southern part of the peninsula is notable for its mountainous shores. A similar relief is observed on the Tarkhankut Peninsula in the western part of Crimea.

Islands

There are few islands. The largest island is Dzharylgach with an area of ​​62 square meters. km. It is part of the Skadovsky district of the Kherson region. It is washed by two bays - Dzharylgachsky and Karkinitsky. Since 2009, the island has been home to a national natural park.

Of the other islands, one can name Snake Island. It is part of the Odessa region, has a cruciform shape, and its area is 20.5 hectares. On this piece of land is the village of Beloye.

Another large island is called Berezan. It is located in the sea at a distance of 8 km from the city of Ochakov. Belongs to the Nikolaev region. It stretches 1 km in length and 500 meters in width. The island is uninhabited and has the status of a historical and archaeological reserve under the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Black Sea on the map

Rivers

In a huge salty pond such large European rivers as the Danube, Dnieper and Dniester flow into it. In addition to them, the Inguri, Mzymta, Rioni, and Kodor flow into the sea from the east. They originate on the Bolshoi Caucasus ridge. The Sakarya, Choroh, and Yeshilirmak flow into the southern part of the reservoir. The Chorokh River flows into Georgia, and the other two flow into Turkey.

The Southern Bug carries its waters to northern part reservoir This river flows entirely through the territory of Ukraine. It has a length of 806 km. In the west, the sea is fed by the Bulgarian rivers Veleka and Kamchia.

The annual flow is approximately 310 cubic meters. km. Moreover, 80% of all water comes from the Dnieper and Danube. It should be noted that the reservoir has a positive water balance. The net outflow of water is 300 cubic meters. km per year. The water flows through the Bosphorus into the Sea of ​​Marmara and further into the Aegean and Mediterranean. At the same time, there is a two-way hydrological exchange. Saltier and warmer water flows from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea.

Cities

On sea ​​coast there are many big cities. The largest of them is Istanbul (Turkey) with a population of 13.6 million people. In second place is Odessa (Ukraine) with a population of 1 million people. The third place is taken Turkish city Samsun with a population of 535.4 thousand people.

Next comes Bulgarian Varna. It is home to 474 thousand inhabitants. Fifth place belongs to the hero city of Sevastopol with a population of 379 thousand people. Then come Sochi (Russia) - 343.3 thousand people, Trabzon (Turkey) - 305 thousand people, Constanta (Romania) - 284 thousand people, Novorossiysk (Russia) - 242 thousand people, Burgas (Bulgaria) - 224 thousand inhabitants.

On the Black Sea beach

Climate

The climate prevailing over a body of water largely depends on Atlantic Ocean. It is above it that those cyclones originate, which then bring rain and storms to the sea. Cold ones are coming from the north air masses. Warm winds blow from the southwest. All this diversity creates hot and dry summer weather. As for winter, it is warm and humid.

Winter temperatures range from minus 1 to plus 5 degrees Celsius. Very rarely it drops to minus 10 degrees Celsius. Snow falls only in the northern regions. The average summer temperature is 24-25 degrees Celsius. At maximum it rises to 37 degrees Celsius. The warmest part of the coast is considered to be the Caucasus, where the average annual temperature equal to 17 degrees Celsius.

In the southern part of the Black Sea the climate is milder than in the northern part. It is also less humid. Precipitation falls more evenly. They are possible not only in winter, but also in summer. Black Sea water does not freeze in winter. Only once every few decades in the northern regions can the water become covered with ice during a too cold winter. average temperature water is 7-8 degrees Celsius.

Ecology

In general, the ecological situation in the reservoir is unfavorable. Many polluted rivers flow into the sea, and runoff from fields, saturated with nitrates and phosphates, also flows. This provokes the growth of phytoplankton. Water transparency decreases, multicellular algae die. The waters are polluted by oil products, wastewater, and construction waste. IN Lately The number of dolphins, tunas, and mackerels has noticeably decreased. But a lot of jellyfish appeared. Currently, they are the main living organisms of the Black Sea waters.

Some experts believe that over the past 10 years the ecological situation of the reservoir has worsened. There is even an opinion that the Black Sea waters are among the dirtiest in the world.

In accordance with this, an international convention on the environmental protection of the Black Sea was adopted. It was signed by six countries whose territories are in contact with the reservoir. An environmental program has been developed that should yield positive results in the near future.

Is the Black Sea coastline indented or not, what is it like, what features does it have? This question is often asked by students. Let's try together to understand the features of this reservoir and, of course, find answers to the questions posed.

Briefly about the sea

It is more than 420 thousand sq. m. km. In its outline, it is similar to an oval with a length of 580 km in width and 1,150 km in length. The depth is 2210 m in the deepest part of the occupied territory. The Black Sea is one of the inland seas. The connection with the ocean occurs thanks to the Marmara, Mediterranean, and Azov seas. The threads connecting all four water territories are the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and Kerch Straits.

Ruggedness coastline Black Sea is weakly expressed. The size of the area occupied by this reservoir is equal to twice the area of ​​Great Britain. Seven countries are washed by the waters of the Black Sea: in the north - Ukraine, in the northeast - Russia and Abkhazia, in the southeast - Georgia, in the south - Turkey, in the northwest - Romania and Bulgaria.

Signs of life are present in it only at a distance of 150-200 m from the surface. Further, the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, because of this the development of living organisms is simply impossible. The exception is anaerobic bacteria.

What is the coastline of the Black Sea?

Most of the coastline is more or less flat. Only on the northern side is there a slight ruggedness. The length of the Black Sea coastline is 3,400 km. Crimea is the most large peninsula. On the opposite side, the coast of Anatolia protrudes strongly.

There are many bays in the north; they are somewhat less common in the south and northwest. Also, the Black Sea coastline is represented by estuaries. They are mainly found on the northern and northwestern coasts. On the side of the Crimean peninsula, mountainous terrain is observed.

Bays

The largest bays are in the north. This territory belongs to the state of Ukraine. This position is quite advantageous, and it is determined by the presence of the following bays: Yagorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Kalamitsky, etc. But in the southwest there are fewer of them, the largest are: Varna and Burgas (the state of Bulgaria). The Black Sea coastline in the south is also not represented by many bays. The main ones: Sinop and Samsun - belong to Turkey.

Crimea can freely be proud of Sevastopol and which are located between the rocks. The Taman Peninsula is characterized by many small bays where reeds and reeds have found a place to live. The result of this was the formation of floodplains.

Coastline relief

From the north and northwest, due to the inflow of rivers, estuaries are formed. In this part the banks are low. Sometimes you can see cliffs. But the coastline of the Black Sea near the Crimean Peninsula is mountainous. This is especially true in the south, as well as eastern shores. Here you can already see. Also in this part of the coast are the Caucasus Mountains, which reach right down to the water.

The Great Outcropping of Anatolia is characterized by three small islands. Bafra and Charshamba have a low-lying surface, while Injeburun is mountainous. This also includes Sinop Bay. It received its name in honor of the memory of the victory of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War in 1853. The commander then was P.S. Nakhimov.
Once upon a time, at the site of one of the most large rivers There was a large bay in Rion. Over time, the Colchis Lowland appeared in its place.

On the Turkish side, the Black Sea coastline receives several rivers. These are the Yeshil-Irmak, Choroh, and Kyzyl-Irmak watercourses. On the European side of Turkey is the Thracian Peninsula. Very little time passed when a wide bridge was built to connect it with Anatolia. This allows you to easily pass large ships along the Bosphorus Strait. To the west of it they come very close. There are several large ports. One of them is Burgas, the other is Varna. It is from here that the sea roads of Bulgaria originate.

Islands

The Black Sea is deprived of the opportunity to boast big amount islands. The largest of them is Dzharylgach with an area of ​​62 square meters. km. The rest are very small - no more than 1 square. km. This includes the islands of Berezan and Zmeiny. The latter is located farthest from land. The distance from the Danube Delta to the island is 40 km.

Let's sum it up

Each section of the coastal zone received its own name. In Crimea the coast is called Southern, in Russia in the Caucasus - Black Sea coast, in Turkey - the Rumelian and Anatolian coasts.

The most convenient bay is located in Romania - the port of Constanta. On the northern side is the large Danube Delta. The Lower Danube Lowland also passes here. It contains a string of salt lakes.

So, we tried to answer whether the Black Sea coastline is indented or not, and described the features of its relief.

Compiled by

P. A. Tilba, R. A. Mnatsekanov, V. A. Krutolapov.

Geographical coordinates

45°17’34’’ N, 36°45’46’’ E

Height

0-5 m above sea level.

Square

38,400 hectares, including water surface: 38,400 hectares.

a brief description of

Shallow sea bays, the shores of which are covered with steppe or wetland vegetation.

Wetland type

A, E, G, J; predominate: J, A.

Ramsar Criteria

4, 5.

Criterion 4: The site is one of the wintering centers for waterfowl, the importance of which increases in cold winters when the water area of ​​the estuaries of the Eastern Azov region freezes.

Criterion 5: Up to 1 million birds stop here during migration (Wetlands of Russia, 2000). During mid-winter surveys carried out from the shore using spotting scopes, within the boundaries of the land we counted about 20,000 in 2003, in 2004 - about 10,000, in 2005 - up to 8,000, in 2006 - about 49 500 os. waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

Location

Taman Peninsula, southwestern part of the Krasnodar Territory, 30 km from the city of Temryuk.

Physiographic characteristics

The site is a low-lying relief that was formed as a result of slow tectonic subsidence of the land, occurring at a rate of 2-5 mm per year (Kanonnikov, 1984). The surface of the coastal land is composed of deltaic and alluvial deposits, under which lie Neogene and Paleogene marine deposits. Bays are permanent bodies of natural origin. The salinity of the water in them reaches 11.3‰, decreasing near the coast to 2-3‰. The depth of the bays ranges from 0.5-2.5 m. The characteristic formations of the Taman and Dinsk bays are lagoons - salt lakes Markitanskoe, Tuzla, etc. In the water area of ​​the bays there are shell-sand islands and spits of various configurations. The Blevako mud volcano is located off the coast of the Chushka Spit in the waters of the Taman Bay.

The shores of reservoirs are composed of unstable rocks and are subject to severe destructive activity of the sea. The soil cover is predominantly southern chernozems with a low humus content. The climate type of the site area is coastal-steppe, moderate continental. The average January temperature is −0.8°; July 23.6°C, precipitation during the year is 330-340 mm.

The importance of the land in the natural water cycle

The drainage basin of the site is a hilly plain formed by marine sediments. Hills (reaching maximum height 164 m above sea level m.), are active or extinct mud volcanoes. The soil cover is represented mainly by chernozems, including their solonetzic and saline varieties; thick chestnut soils are also found. Main types of land use: field farming, vegetable growing, viticulture, livestock farming. The climate is moderate continental.

Environmental parameters

Along the shores of the bays there are communities of psammophilic and hydrophilic vegetation. Coastal shallow waters, shell spits, and islands are extremely important for the existence of waterfowl.

Valuable flora

One of the most widespread plant communities on the site is psammophilous vegetation. In floristic terms, this is the best preserved natural ecosystem, both in the coastal part of the Taman and Dinsky bays, and in Taman as a whole. Typical species on the coastal sands are sandy grate, common sea mustard, hogweed, Pontic katran, naked licorice, gorse-leaved toadflax and others. Of the halophytes on the coastal sand-shell dunes, white sweet clover, entangled and creeping sweda, solifa and tragus, Meyer's kermek, etc. are widespread.

And on wet salt marshes there are bluegrass-wheatgrass, rush-sedge and saltwort associations. The vegetation of reservoirs is formed from plant species immersed in water: hygrophytes, hydrophytes and hydatophytes. Phytocenoses of eelgrass and eelgrass are widespread, often forming pure groups over large areas. An equally common species is the holly pondweed. Two types of uruti grow in the reservoirs of the area: spiked urut and whorled urut. In some coastal areas there is typical floodplain vegetation with the presence of common reed, cattails, and sedges (Tilba, Nagalevsky, 1996).

Valuable fauna

The role of the area as a nesting site for birds. The site has a certain significance as a place of reproduction of semi-aquatic bird species listed in the Red Books Russian Federation and Krasnodar Territory: shelduck, oystercatcher (subspecies Haematopus ostralegus longipes), sea plover, little tern. On the territory of the islands there are colonies of great cormorant with a total number of 750 pairs, common tern - 300 pairs, and spotted tern - 300 pairs.

The role of the area as a place of bird migration. The site is located on an intensive bird migration route running along the coasts of the Azov and Black Seas. Within the Temryuksky and Dinsky bays, autumn concentrations of laughing gulls, black-headed gulls, and red herons were noted (Vinokurov, 1965). In the fall of 1995, 200 thousand wasps were counted here. coots, 54 thousand - mallards, 200 thousand - red-headed ducks, 1.5 thousand - mute swan (Vinogradov, 2000). The site is a stopover site and large concentrations of migratory waders: Turukhtan, turnstone, grasshopper, etc.

The role of the area as a wintering site for birds. The site is a traditional wintering site, primarily for waterfowl. Between 1967 and 1972. there were from 6 thousand to 250 thousand wasps here. Recently, there have been up to 48.5 thousand waterfowl within the area
(2006 data).

Swans. Mute swan and whooper swan are found in the wintering grounds. The latter species predominates in numbers in colder winters (1,500 were counted in 2003).

Ducks. The most numerous wintering species is the tufted duck (according to 2003 data - 11,500 individuals). In warmer winters, the number of tufted ducks is significantly lower. Of the other duck species, the most common are mallard and red-headed duck.

Other types of waterfowl. To the most characteristic species include the great grebe, the great cormorant, the coot, and the laughing gull.

Waders. On the territory of the site in winter, the following were recorded: herbal, great snail, middle curlew, great curlew, snipe, dunlin, on the adjacent territory of the coast of the Kerch Strait of the Chushka Spit, an oystercatcher was recorded during the wintering (Mnatsekanov et al., 2004b; Dinkevich et al., 2005).

The role of the area as a habitat for rare and vulnerable bird species.

Black-throated loon. A common species during the migration period, found in small numbers during the winter.

White-tailed eagle. Regularly wintering species.

Demoiselle crane. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Bustard. Breeding species of adjacent territories.

Little Bustard. It was observed in winter in the coastal part of the site.

Oystercatcher. Common breeding species; rare, irregularly wintering species.

Great curlew. Not numerous, regularly found in winter.

Black-headed gull. Occasionally observed in winter.

The role of the area as a habitat for marine mammals. The Taman and partly Dinskaya bays are the habitat of the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin, a subspecies listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Krasnodar Territory.

Social and cultural significance of the site

Within the boundaries of the site there are the most valuable historical and archaeological monuments associated with the Tmutarakan principality of the 11th-12th centuries. In addition, on the site there is a house-museum of M. Yu. Lermontov.

Forms of land ownership

State.

Land use

The main activity on the site is fishing; In the surrounding area there is winemaking.

Factors negatively affecting the condition of the land

Expansion of the area for the construction of the Port Kavkaz port.

Environmental measures taken

Part of the site is part of the Zaporozhye-Taman Zoological Reserve. By order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 1996 No. 591-r, the reserve (the order gives the name “Tamano-Zaporozhye Reserve”) is classified as a specially protected natural areas federal subordination. According to the Regulations of the reserve, its area is 30,000 hectares.

Proposed environmental measures

Resolving the issue of the status of the reserve. Adjustment of the Regulations on the reserve, taking into account the importance of the territory as a mass wintering site for shorebirds, including rare species, as well as nesting places for rare bird species. Giving the status of a Ramsar site to the entire water area of ​​the Taman and Dinsk bays.

Scientific research

Scientific research within the site has been and is being carried out in the course of studying the biota of the Taman Peninsula as a whole. Besides, in last years special mid-winter waterfowl censuses are conducted here as part of the Wetlands International project on the Central Asian Flyway, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food of the Netherlands.

Environmental education

Not currently available. Available good opportunities to organize observations of migrating and wintering birds.

Recreation and tourism

The site is intensively used for tourism purposes, mainly for historical and cultural reasons. Recreational pressures on plant and animal habitats are low.

Jurisdiction

Administration of the Temryuk district of the Krasnodar region.

Site management body

The Tamano-Zaporozhye Nature Reserve is departmentally subordinate to the Office of the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance. Krasnodar region and the Republic of Adygea.

Among the many seas of the world (there are more than 50 of them), a special group consists of the so-called inland seas, more or less surrounded by land. In this group, which in Europe alone includes the White, Baltic, Mediterranean and Sea of ​​Marmara The Black Sea, in terms of isolation from the Ocean, is second only to the Sea of ​​Azov. In fact, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. An equally complex waterway leads from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Dimensions: The surface area of ​​the Black Sea is 423,000 km, and the volume of its waters is 547,000 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m. The length of the Black Sea coastline, according to recent estimates, reaches 4,340 km.

The Bosphorus Strait, or Bosphorus, is, in fact, a narrow channel 31 km long, 35 to 0.7 km wide and a minimum depth of 50 m. On the opposite side of the Black Sea is the Kerch Strait, connecting it with Sea of ​​Azov. The length of this strait is about 45 km, the width is from 3.5 to 42 km, and the minimum depth is only 10 m. However, the small Sea of ​​​​Azov (surface of about 39,000 km") is very shallow and maximum depth 13 m can be found in a very limited area in the very center of the reservoir.

The coastline of the sea forms several bays, peninsulas and capes protruding deep into the sea. Biggest peninsula-Crimean, ends in the west with the Tarkhankut Peninsula, and in the east with the Kerch Peninsula. On the eastern side of the Kerch Strait is the Taman Peninsula. The most prominent capes are: Kaliakra in Bulgaria, Midia in Romania, Bolshoy Fontan, Tarkhankut, Chersonese, Methanom and Chauda in Ukraine, Utrish and Myskhako in Russia, Pitsunda in Georgia, Cham, Bafra, Boztepe, Ijeburun and Olyudzhs in Turkey. The largest bays and bays are: Burgas and Varna bays in Bulgaria, Mamaia Bay in Romania, Odessa, Teidrovsky, Egorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkipitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosiya bays in Ukraine, Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik bays in Russia, Samsun and Sinop bays in Turkey.

The landscape diversity of the Black Sea coasts is very great. There are high mountains and vast valleys, humid areas with subtropical vegetation and dry areas, numerous estuaries, lagoons and river deltas.

The Black Sea is not rich in islands of continental origin. The largest of them, Snake Island (in ancient times - Levka, Fidonisi), with an area of ​​1.5 km and a height of up to 40 m above sea level, is located 37 km east of the Kiliya branch of the Danube delta. Another island, Berezan,
with an area of ​​about 0.5 km and a height of up to 20 m, is located 1 km from the mouth of the Berezansky estuary. Another island, Kefksn, is located near the coast, 90 km east of the entrance to the Bosphorus. Several very small islands, in fact, rocks , are available in the Burgas Bay.

Sandy islands washed up by currents can reach significant sizes. These are: Tepdra Island, or Tendra Spit, about 65 km long and an area of ​​about 30 km, Dzharylgach Island, 42 km long, with an area of ​​about 25 km, Dolgiy Island, with an area of ​​3.5 km, and some others, all in the northwestern part of the sea.

In any sea there are shelves - continuations of continents under water. These are zones with depths of less than 200-150 m. In the Black Sea, due to the characteristics of its waters, the shelves are the only areas of the bottom populated with rich life. The total area of ​​the Black Sea shelf is about 100,000 km. Of these, 64,000 km are located in the northwestern part of the sea, opposite the coasts of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. The shelf width here reaches 150-180 km in places. In other areas adjacent to mountainous terrain, the shelf narrows to 10, and in some places to 2 km.

The central part of the sea - an area with depths of 2000-2212 m - is basically a flat bottom with minor depressions and elevations, covered with a layer of sediment from 2 to 15 (!) kilometers thick. Some researchers consider the Black Sea deep-sea depression to be a remnant of the Tethys Sea.