How the plane lands. How to land a plane in an emergency? Who gives permission for a plane to land?

Before the landing approach, the landing approach elements are calculated taking into account the landing weight, alignment, runway condition, wind speed and direction, temperature and atmospheric pressure at the airfield, V salary , landing speed of the aircraft (Fig. 25).

Typically, the landing approach to the flight path during automatic control is controlled, and under director control it is performed by the co-pilot. The aircraft commander controls the speed, monitors the maintenance of approach conditions, makes decisions and performs landing.

During an automatic landing approach, pilots must keep their hands on the yoke and their feet on the pedals in order to be ready to take manual control of the aircraft, especially when one of the pilots is busy performing other operations.

During an automatic landing approach at the altitude of the circle, the “Altitude Stabilization” mode of the autopilot is activated. Installed on the altitude setter of the VPR radio altimeter (or 60m, if the VPR is more than 60m). The speed is reduced to 410-430 km/h Pr and the command is given to the flight engineer to “Lower the landing gear”. After releasing the landing gear, the speed is set to 390-410 km/h. At this speed, the slats are extended by 25° and the flaps by 15°. The speed decreases during the release-mechanization process to 350-360 km/h Pr. At this speed the third turn is performed (see Fig. 25).

The flaps should be extended into the slats in straight flight. If, during the process of deploying the wing mechanization, the aircraft begins to roll, it is necessary to pause the release with the reserve flap control switch, eliminate the roll by turning the steering wheel and perform a landing with the wing mechanization in the position in which the aircraft began to roll. After completing the third turn at a speed of 350-330 km/h, lower the flaps to 30° and reduce the flight speed to 320-300 km/h. Stall speed with a weight of 175t and mechanization 30°/25° V St =226km/h Ave. At the same time, the aircraft is well stable and controllable. The fourth turn is performed at a speed of 320-300 km/h. Before entering the glide path, 3-5 km (at the moment the bar scales off), you should set the AT speed to 280 km/h Pr and when the speed decreases to 300 km/h Pr, give the command to the co-pilot “Mechanization 40°/35°”. If the extension speed is higher than recommended, then the flaps are extended only 33°.

During the process of releasing the wing mechanization, it is necessary to control the operation of the APS, which should ensure that the elevator position is close to neutral. After fully extending the flaps, before entering the glide path, set the approach speed value on the AT UZS (Table 21).

The glide path descent should be performed at a constant speed until the altitude of the start of leveling. When descending along a glide path, using a stabilizer is not recommended. If necessary, they can provide longitudinal balancing until the “Reposition the stabilizer” pneumatic warning light goes out.

On the glide path, the co-pilot reports to the aircraft commander about the deviation of the speed from the calculated one, if the difference is more than 10 km/h.

At an altitude of less than 100m, you need to especially carefully monitor the vertical rate of descent. During the flight of the DPRM, the possibility of continuing the approach to the landing zone is assessed. Deviations of the aircraft from the given trajectory in terms of heading and glide path should not exceed one point on the PNP scale. The flight altitude of the DPRM must correspond to the value established for a given aerodrome. Bank angles should not exceed 8° after entering the equal-signal course line.

After entering the glide path, when the AT is turned on, the movement of the throttle is controlled by the flight engineer. When reaching an altitude 40-60m higher than the altitude, the co-pilot reports: “Evaluation”.

At an altitude 40-50m above the altitude, the aircraft commander gives the command to the co-pilot: “Hold by instruments” and begins to establish visual contact with ground landmarks. Having established visual contact with ground landmarks and determined the possibility of landing, he informs the crew: “Let’s land.”

If, before reaching the turnaround point, the aircraft’s position is assessed as non-landing, the aircraft commander presses the “2nd circle” button and at the same time informs the crew: “We are leaving.”

Leveling begins at a height of no lower than 8-12m. During the alignment process, having made sure of the accuracy of the calculation, at N≤5m he gives the command to the flight engineer: “Idle throttle”. Retracting the throttle to idle before leveling can result in a loss of speed and a rough landing.

During descent with bumpiness in the expected wind shear, the flight speed along the glide path should be increased in proportion to the wind gusts at the ground, but not more than 20 km/h. When the aircraft enters an intense downdraft, leading to an increase in the set vertical speed of descent according to the variometer by more than 2.5 m/s or when the increment of overload according to the accelerometer is more than 0.4 units, as well as if an increase in the engine mode is required to maintain flight along the glide path to nominal, it is necessary to set the engines to takeoff mode and go around.

The descent of the aircraft from a height of 15 m and before leveling off should be carried out along the center line of the runway at constant vertical and forward speeds corresponding to the flight weight of the aircraft and flight conditions; carry out visual observation of the ground to assess and maintain the descent angle and flight direction. Deviations of the controls at this stage should be small in amplitude, the actions are proactive so as not to cause lateral and longitudinal rocking of the aircraft. It is necessary to ensure that the aircraft passes over the runway threshold at a set altitude, with a selected course at the design instrument and vertical speeds.

As the flight altitude decreases, more and more attention should be paid to determining the height of the beginning of leveling, both by eye and by radio altimeter, which is 8-12 m. As the vertical speed increases, the leveling start height should be increased proportionally. During alignment, it is necessary to focus on visually determining the distance to the runway surface (the gaze is directed forward at 50-100 m, sliding along the runway surface) and on maintaining the aircraft without rolling or sliding. At the height of the start of leveling, you should smoothly take the steering wheel behind you to increase the pitch angle. At the same time, the angle of attack of the wing and lift force increase, which leads to a decrease in the vertical rate of descent. The plane continues to move along a curved trajectory (Fig. 26).

The amount of deflection of the control column largely depends on the flight speed and alignment of the aircraft. With forward alignment and lower speed, the amount of deflection of the steering column is greater; with rear alignment and higher speed, it is less.

In the landing configuration, it is prohibited to throttle the engines to the start of leveling altitude, because this promotes a rapid increase in vertical speed while decreasing forward speed. Reducing the engine operating mode to idle should begin in the process of further reduction. During the alignment process, the throttle is set to the “MG” position (H≤5m).

As the aircraft approaches the runway surface, the ground effect begins to take effect, which also increases lift and reduces the vertical rate of descent. Taking into account the influence of changes in balancing when throttling engines and the influence of the effect of proximity to the ground, it is necessary to delay the deviation of the steering wheel towards itself.

After landing, the front support smoothly lowers. In the process of lowering the nose gear, the aircraft commander gives the command to the flight engineer: “Spoilers, reverse.” After the nose gear is lowered, the pedals control the rotation of the nose gear wheels.

Rice. 28. Pre-landing descent of the aircraft

Rice. 27. Approach scheme according to ENLGS

The landing gear wheel braking is applied in proportion to the length of the runway.

As travel speed decreases, the effectiveness of the rudder decreases and the efficiency of turning the front wheels increases. The aircraft has good stability and, as a rule, maintains its flight direction. The desire to turn around often indicates asynchronous braking, which can occur for various reasons.

At a speed of at least 100 km/h, the thrust reverser is switched off.

In case of emergency, at the discretion of the aircraft commander, it is permitted to use reverse thrust until the aircraft comes to a complete stop. After such a landing, the engines are carefully inspected.

Table 22

Landing speeds

A seemingly harmless habit - clapping after a plane lands - can lead to personal tragedy. The other day, a young man from Atlanta named Greg posted a cry from his heart on Twitter.

Imagine: you are 31. You just got married and went on a trip with your significant other to Honeymoon. The plane lands in Bora Bora and your wife starts clapping. She's an airplane clapper. You board a plane to America and don't talk anymore.

This post caused a strong response from Twitter users. “I don’t know who is worse: those who applaud after landing, or those who do it in the cinema after watching a movie,” “You will never know a person completely until you see how he behaves on an airplane,” they wrote People.

The question of whether to clap or not to clap after landing is still controversial. There is a community called Planeclappers on the Reddit forum, where users share their opinions about applause on an airplane and talk about their experiences. Here are some of them:

  • “We were flying over the mountains in Southern California, and I thought we were going to die because of a crazy woman. Apparently we fell a couple of times and one lady practically hit the ceiling because she wasn't wearing her seatbelt. When the plane landed, everyone clapped except me and her.”
  • “Yesterday, my boyfriend and I went to the park, which is located next to the airport. We looked at the runway. And every time the plane landed, he stood up and greeted it!”
  • “I was on a plane and experienced extreme turbulence for 20 minutes before we landed. To my surprise, no one clapped. Although a collective sigh of relief was heard.”

Why do passengers applaud?

The reasons are different. Those who return to their homeland after a long absence often clap, including for a number of economic or political reasons. People also express joy at a successful landing in difficult weather conditions or in cases where there was some kind of technical malfunction on board.

It happens that passengers clap for no reason, even if the flight and landing went as usual. It has been noticed that those who fly frequently usually do not applaud. But passengers who go on vacation a couple of times a year prefer to “thank” the pilots.

According to flight attendants, passengers often applaud at international flights. Much less often - after landing in European cities, where flights are cheap and residents fly very often.

By the way, landing is not a guarantee that all dangers are behind. In 2005 in Toronto during a plane landing airlines Air France, with several hundred passengers, experienced severe thunderstorms and rain. The aircraft landed with difficulty Passengers tell of arrowing escape, and people started clapping. But they quickly realized that this was premature: the plane skidded off the runway into a ravine and caught fire. No one was killed, but those passengers who applauded were also among the injured.

How others feel about applause

Pilots don't hear passengers clapping. The flight attendants can inform the pilots that the landing was accompanied by applause. But this is not always perceived positively.

There are pilots What do airline pilots think of passengers who applaud after a landing? who are pleased or indifferent to being applauded.

For me it doesn't matter of great importance. Passengers are not air travel experts and cannot determine how well the landing went. But I will never refuse applause. It is always pleasant, even if sometimes undeserved.

Peter Wheeler, pilot from Australia

But many pilots are offended by applause. They consider themselves professionals of the highest category, and therefore landing is not something out of the ordinary, but an ordinary job that they always try to do flawlessly. It is insulting to a pilot when passengers think that flying an airplane is a game of roulette.

Passengers themselves view the tradition of clapping differently. Somebody

The speed during landing and takeoff of an aircraft are parameters calculated individually for each airliner. There is no standard value that all pilots must adhere to, because aircraft have different weights, dimensions, and aerodynamic characteristics. However, the value of speed at is important, and failure to comply with the speed limit can result in tragedy for the crew and passengers.

How is takeoff carried out?

The aerodynamics of any airliner are determined by the configuration of the wing or wings. This configuration is the same for almost all aircraft except for small details. The lower part of the wing is always flat, the upper part is convex. Moreover, it does not depend on this.

The air that passes under the wing when gaining speed does not change its properties. However, the air that passes through the top of the wing at the same time becomes narrower. Consequently, less air flows through the top. This results in a pressure difference under and above the aircraft's wings. As a result, the pressure above the wing decreases, and below the wing it increases. And it is precisely thanks to the pressure difference that a lifting force is generated, which pushes the wing upward, and along with the wing, the aircraft itself. At the moment when the lifting force exceeds the weight of the airliner, the plane lifts off the ground. This happens with an increase in the speed of the liner (as the speed increases, the lift force also increases). The pilot also has the ability to control the flaps on the wing. If you lower the flaps, the lift force under the wing changes vector, and the plane sharply gains altitude.

It is interesting that the smooth horizontal flight of the airliner will be ensured if the lifting force is equal to the weight of the aircraft.

So, lift determines at what speed the plane will leave the ground and begin flight. The weight of the airliner, its aerodynamic characteristics, and the thrust force of the engines also play a role.

during takeoff and landing

In order for a passenger plane to take off, the pilot needs to reach a speed that will provide the required lift. The higher the acceleration speed, the higher the lift will be. Consequently, with a high acceleration speed, the plane will take off faster than if it were moving at a low speed. However, the specific speed value is calculated for each aircraft individually, taking into account its actual weight, degree of loading, weather conditions, runway length, etc.

To greatly generalize, the well-known passenger airliner The Boeing 737 takes off from the ground as its speed increases to 220 km/h. Another famous and huge Boeing 747 with a lot of weight takes off from the ground at a speed of 270 kilometers per hour. But the smaller Yak-40 airliner is capable of taking off at a speed of 180 kilometers per hour due to its low weight.

Types of takeoff

There are various factors that determine the speed at which an airliner takes off:

  1. Weather conditions (wind speed and direction, rain, snow).
  2. Runway length.
  3. Strip coating.

Depending on the conditions, takeoff can be carried out in different ways:

  1. Classic speed dial.
  2. Off the brakes.
  3. Takeoff using special means.
  4. Vertical climb.

The first method (classic) is used most often. When the airfoil is of sufficient length, the aircraft can confidently gain the required speed necessary to provide high lifting force. However, in the case where the length of the runway is limited, the aircraft may not have enough distance to reach the required speed. Therefore, he stands on the brakes for some time, and the engines gradually gain traction. When the thrust becomes high, the brakes are released, and the plane takes off sharply, quickly picking up speed. In this way, it is possible to shorten the take-off distance of the aircraft.

There is no need to talk about vertical takeoff. It is possible if special engines are available. And takeoff using special means is practiced on military aircraft carriers.

What is the speed of the plane when landing?

The airliner does not land on the runway immediately. First of all, the speed of the airliner decreases and the altitude decreases. First, the plane touches the runway with its landing gear wheels, then moves at high speed on the ground, and only then slows down. The moment of contact with the GDP is almost always accompanied by shaking in the cabin, which can cause anxiety among passengers. But there's nothing wrong with that.

The speed when landing an aircraft is practically only slightly lower than when taking off. Large Boeing 747 approaching runway has an average speed of 260 kilometers per hour. This is the speed the airliner should have in the air. But, again, the specific speed value is calculated individually for all aircraft, taking into account their weight, load, and weather conditions. If the plane is very large and heavy, then the landing speed should be higher, because during landing it is also necessary to “maintain” the required lift force. Already after contact with the airfoil and when moving on the ground, the pilot can brake using the landing gear and flaps on the wings of the aircraft.

Flight speed

The speed at which an airplane lands and takes off is very different from the speed at which an airplane moves at an altitude of 10 km. Most often, airplanes fly at 80% of their maximum speed. So maximum speed the popular Airbus A380 is 1020 km/h. In fact, flight at cruising speed is 850-900 km/h. The popular Boeing 747 can fly at a speed of 988 km/h, but in fact its speed is also 850-900 km/h. As you can see, the flight speed is radically different from the speed when the plane lands.

Note that today the Boeing company is developing an airliner that will be able to gain flight speed at high altitudes up to 5000 kilometers per hour.

Finally

Of course, the speed when landing an aircraft is an extremely important parameter, which is calculated strictly for each airliner. But it is impossible to name a specific value at which all planes take off. Even identical models (for example, Boeing 747) will take off and land at different speeds due to various circumstances: workload, amount of fuel loaded, length of the runway, runway coverage, presence or absence of wind, etc.

Now you know what the speed of the plane is when landing and when it takes off. Everyone knows the averages.

Have you ever wondered what to do if, due to the prevailing circumstances (loss of consciousness, injury, shock, death), the pilot cannot land the plane on his own? Agree, this is a very sensitive question, but most likely there is nothing left to do but land the plane yourself. However, here the question will probably arise about whether the passengers on board survive and are not harmed. Of course, not everyone can be a pilot, especially since most are not even remotely familiar with what how to land a plane in an emergency situation, but it is worth emphasizing that with the help of the dispatcher’s manual, this can be done, albeit not as professionally as pilots with hundreds of hours of flight time do, but, nevertheless, thanks to your actions, you can save more than one hundred passengers.

How to land a plane

  1. To begin with, since you are the only one who decided to take on this difficult task, you will need to go into the cockpit, where you will need to take the seat of the aircraft commander. As a rule, the chief pilot's seat is the most loaded with all kinds of buttons, control handles and levers, so you can hardly make a mistake here. However, and this is important, do not touch the aircraft controls, because if the aircraft is in automatic pilot mode, then you are this moment you are completely safe, and try to understand that in a complex machine there are no extra buttons - each is responsible for its own action, and sometimes for several, and pressing any one can lead to the most unpredictable results. If the pilot of the aircraft is unconscious right in the cockpit, then when taking his place, make sure that in the future parts of the pilot’s body will not block the controls - the control wheel, buttons and levers, so how to land a plane In the future, if unexpected problems arise, it will be impossible.
  1. When sitting in the pilot's seat, first of all, make sure once again that the plane is in autopilot mode. To do this, you will need to look at the control panel, usually located on the front panel, and if the indicator light on it is on, then autopilot is in action mode.

If, when landing in the pilot’s seat, you nevertheless touched the controls of the airliner, then most likely this led to the automatic disabling of the autopilot, and this mode will need to be turned on by pressing the corresponding button, which may be called differently in different aircraft models, but more often In general, the following names are found on Russian aircraft: “Autopilot”, “Auto flight”, “ANF”, “AR”, etc. In aircraft of foreign air carriers, the functional name of the automatic piloting mode will be called “Autopilot”.

It is worth noting that in some cases, it may be necessary to adjust the position of the aircraft in space. To do this, you will need to look at the attitude indicator, which is usually always easily recognized even by those people who have never been in the cockpit. Please note that the indicator has a static bar indicating the normal attitude of the aircraft - an artificial horizon.

If the plane has noticeably deviated from plane, then you will need to correct its movement - raise or lower, or correct its roll. If the plane is tilted below the normal plane, then you will have to pull the yoke towards you; if it is tilted higher, you will have to push it away from you. If the plane is banked to the left, then you need to turn the control wheel to the right, if, on the contrary, it is banked to the right, then turn to the left.

Once the plane is aligned with the artificial horizon, you will need to enable the autopilot function, and both a button and a toggle switch can be used as a control element. It is worth noting that the automatic piloting function of an aircraft is used to maintain the normal planeness of the aircraft relative to space, and it itself was created with the purpose that in the event of a critical situation, even a person who does not have any piloting skills could keep the aircraft in the air, however, how to land a plane the autopilot cannot do it on its own, then in the future you will still have to take the helm into your own hands.

  1. It is worth noting that the plane will not be able to stay in the air all the time, and sooner or later, you will have to land it, and here the question of whether how to land a plane on one's own. First, you will definitely need to contact the nearest air tower to report an emergency on your aircraft. To do this, you will need to take the pilot’s headset, press and hold the corresponding “PTT” button on the helm, and broadcast the call sign “Mayday” three times, and then report what happened on board. In the event that the plane has left the air tower coverage area and you cannot contact the air traffic controller, you will need to switch to the 121.50 MHz frequency. After you broadcast your emergency message, be sure to release the button to receive a response.

If there are any problems with the operation of the radio station, then you can use the transponder, in which you will need to enter the digital code “7700”, which will allow dispatchers to understand that there is an emergency on board your aircraft.

In order for the dispatcher to understand which aircraft is currently in communication, when sending each message, precede it with the call sign of your aircraft.

  1. Guided by the help of the dispatcher, do not forget that in an airplane there is such a thing as a minimum speed, that is, at which the airplane is still in the air. You can determine the speed by looking at the same attitude indicator - as a rule, on the left side there is an indicator with numbers, and you should make sure that its readings are in the “green zone”.

A spontaneous decrease or increase in speed indicates that the plane is either losing altitude or, conversely, gaining it. In the first case, the speed will increase, and in order to bring it to normal, you will have to move the steering wheel slightly towards yourself, in the second case, the plane will gain altitude, and you will need to move the steering wheel away from you.

  1. Before landing, the air traffic controller will inform you about all the necessary actions on your part, so how to land a plane correctly not so simple.

First, you will have to reduce the power of the plane's engines - to do this, lower the throttle a few centimeters until you hear the sound of the plane become quieter. Please note that at this moment you should not perform any actions with the helm - the plane will level out on its own, however, if the plane’s speed drops below the “green zone”, then the throttle will have to be pushed forward a little so that the airliner does not fall.

According to the dispatcher's instructions, you will need to take the required altitude, for which pay attention to the same attitude indicator sensor, on the right side of which the flight altitude is indicated, and using manual control, go to the indicated altitude, after which you can turn on the autopilot again.

  1. Before, how to land a plane, the tower controller will tell you how to operate the flaps and bars, which are usually located near the throttles, and as you prepare to land yourself, you will need to lower the aircraft's landing gear. To do this, find the corresponding lever, usually located on the right side of the central control panel, which also usually has a corresponding signature.

Before landing, the plane will need to be aligned in the direction of the landing strip, but only the controller can tell you about this. Then, in preparation for landing, you will need to raise bow aircraft at an angle of about 7-15 degrees (depending on the type of aircraft).

When landing, you will need to use reverse thrust, the control bars of which are located immediately behind the throttles. If reverse thrust is not provided in the aircraft, then pull the throttle towards you as quickly as possible, thereby reducing its speed to a minimum.

Finally, in order for the plane to start braking, you will need to press the top of the pedal - it is responsible for the brake, however, keep in mind that you should brake in such a way that the plane does not skid on the runway.

Naturally, in reality the solution to the question of whether how to land a plane, may not be as simple as indicated, but, nevertheless, the principle will not change at all.

The engine is operational and the plane is taxiing to the starting position. The pilot sets the engine to low speed, the mechanics remove the trestles from under the wheels and support the wings by the edges.

The aircraft is heading to the runway.

Takeoff

On the runway, the airliner is placed against the wind because it is easier to take off. Then the controller gives permission to take off. The pilot carefully assesses the situation, turns on the engine at full speed and pushes the control wheel forward, raising the tail. The airliner increases speed. The wings are preparing to rise. And now the lifting power of the wings overcomes the weight of the aircraft, and it lifts off the surface of the earth. For some time, the lifting power of the wings increases, thanks to which the aircraft gains the required altitude. During ascent, the pilot holds the control wheel slightly back.

Flight

When the required altitude is reached, the pilot looks at the altimeter and then reduces the engine speed, bringing it to medium speed in order to fly horizontally.

During the flight, the pilot monitors not only the instruments, but also the situation in the air. Receives commands from the dispatcher. He is focused and ready to react promptly at any moment and make the only right decision.

Landing

Before you begin the descent aircraft The pilot from above assesses the landing site and slows down the engine speed, tilts the plane down slightly and begins the descent.

Over the entire period of descent, he constantly makes the following calculation:

What's the best way to land?

Which direction is better to turn?

How to make an approach so that when landing you go into the wind

The landing itself mainly depends on the correct calculation for landing. Errors in such calculations can be fraught with damage to the aircraft, and sometimes lead to disaster.

As the ground approaches, the plane begins to glide. The engine is almost stopped and the landing begins against the wind. The most crucial moment is ahead - touching the ground. The plane lands at tremendous speed. Moreover, the lower speed of the aircraft at the moment the wheels touch the ground provides a safer landing.

As they approach the ground, when the ship is only a few meters away, the pilot slowly pulls back on the control wheel. This gives a smooth rise of the elevator and a horizontal position of the aircraft. At the same time, the engine is stopped and the speed gradually decreases, so the lifting power of the wings is also reduced to nothing.

The pilot still pulls the helm towards himself, while the bow of the ship rises, and its tail, on the contrary, lowers. The lift power to keep the plane in the air is exhausted, and its wheels softly touch the ground.

The airliner still runs some distance along the ground and stops. The pilot revs up the engine and taxis to the parking lot. The mechanics meet him. All stages completed successfully!

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