Types of ships: names with photos. The largest sailing ships in the world Description of the sailing ship

“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship “Prussia” was never equipped auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.

France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. "France II" was laid down at the shipyards "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" in French city Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.

The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant ship. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.

The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of ​​​​its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5,218 (grt), which is 137 (grt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was put into operation a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”

The Royal Clipper is a five-mast, four-star cruising sailboat that was built in the image of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.

“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 mt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.

Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.

“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. This was the first French sailing ship cargo Ship and second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.

Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mt, sail area - 3,700 meters square.

The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.

Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.

“Sedov” is four-masted barque, which was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mt, sail area - 4,192 meters square.

Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.

“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made repeated transatlantic and round the world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not only to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.

Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailing ships was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.

“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship of the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), ​​the first sailor to sail circumnavigation. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.

“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.

“Mir” is a three-masted training ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships, or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a vessel with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of Maritime and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to “Rosmorport”. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, the draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 square meters, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.

“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.

The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships “Lwоw” (“Lions”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.

“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.

“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.

Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 square meters.

“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing ship. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.

“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.

The first means of transportation on which people crossed water barriers during their migrations or while hunting were, in all likelihood, more or less primitive rafts. Rafts undoubtedly existed already in the Stone Age. Great progress was made at the end of the Middle Stone Age by a boat hollowed out of a tree trunk - a canoe. Over time and with the further development of productive forces, boats and rafts became better, larger and more reliable. We have the most information about the development of shipbuilding in the Mediterranean region, although, of course, shipbuilding technology and navigation on the rivers and seas of other parts of the world developed in parallel. The oldest known to us are boats and ships. Ancient Egypt. A variety of floating craft sailed along the Nile and the seas washing Egypt: first, rafts and boats made of wood and papyrus, and later, ships on which it was possible to make distant trips. sea ​​travel, such as the famous expedition during the 18th dynasty to the country of Punt (Rip - probably Somalia or even India) around 1500 BC. e.

Ancient Egyptian papyrus river rowing boat

Due to the low strength of papyrus, a thick rope was used as longitudinal reinforcement, stretched between short masts, bow and stern. The boats were steered using an oar located at the stern. Ancient Egyptian sea vessels, like the river vessels that sailed along the Nile in those days, were flat-bottomed. As a result of this, as well as due to the lack of frames and insufficient strength of the building material (papyrus or low-growing trees, acanthus), seaworthiness sea ​​vessels Ancient Egypt was very low. Sailing along the Mediterranean coast or the calm waters of the Red Sea, these ships were propelled by oars and a raked sail.

Antique Egyptian ship with raked sail

Egyptian merchant and military ships were almost no different from each other, only military ships were faster. It should not be forgotten that military campaigns and trade were closely interconnected. However, the Egyptians (residents of the Nile Valley) cannot be called good sailors. Their achievements in the field of shipbuilding and long sea voyages are relatively modest. The inhabitants of the island of Crete were the first to begin building merchant ships. According to some ancient researchers, they used a keel and frames, which increased the strength of the ship's hull. To move the ship, the Cretans used both oars and a rectangular sail. It is believed that it was partly due to these technical improvements that Crete became the first maritime power in the Mediterranean. Its heyday was in the 17th - 14th centuries. BC e. The Phoenicians borrowed the method of building ships with frames from the Cretans. The Phoenicians lived on east coast Mediterranean Sea, in a country rich in cedar forests, which provided excellent shipbuilding material. On their ships, the Phoenicians carried out military and trade expeditions to the most remote places of the modern world. As Herodotus wrote at the beginning of the 7th century. n. e., Phoenician ships skirted Africa from east to west. This indicates the high seaworthiness of the ships: on their way they had to go around the cape Good Hope, where it was often stormy. Although Phoenician ships were significantly larger than Egyptian ships in size and strength, their shape did not change significantly. As the surviving bas-reliefs testify, for the first time, rams appeared on the bow of a Phoenician warship to sink enemy ships.

Phoenician sailing ship

Marine vessels Ancient Greece and, later, Rome were modifications of Phoenician ships. Merchant ships were predominantly wide and slow-moving, usually propelled by a sail and controlled by a large steering oar located at the stern. Warships were narrow and propelled by oars. In addition, they were armed with a rectangular main sail mounted on a long yard and a small sail mounted on an inclined mast. This inclined mast is the forerunner of the bowsprit, which will appear on sailing ships much later and will carry additional sails to facilitate maneuvering. At first, one tier of oars was installed on each side of a military vessel, but as the size and weight of ships increased, a second tier of oars appeared above the first tier, and even later, a third. This was explained by the desire to increase the speed, maneuverability and force of the ram's impact on the enemy ship. One tier of rowers was located below deck, the other two were on deck. This is what the most popular type of warship of antiquity looked like, which, starting from the 6th century BC. e. called a trireme.

Triremes formed the backbone of the Greek fleet that took part in the Battle of Salamis (480 BC). The length of the triremes was 30-40 m, width 4-6 m (including supports for oars), freeboard height approximately 1.5 m. The ship had a hundred or more oarsmen, in most cases slaves; the speed reached 8-10 knots. The ancient Romans were not good sailors, but the Punic Wars (1st War - 264-241 BC; 2nd War - 218-210 BC) convinced them of the need to have their own navy to defeat the Carthaginians. The Roman navy of that time consisted of triremes built on the Greek model.

An example of a Roman trireme of this type is the ship shown in the figure. It has a raised deck at the stern, as well as a kind of tower in which the commander and his assistant could find reliable shelter. The nose ends in a ram covered with iron. To facilitate combat at sea, the Romans invented the so-called “raven” - a boarding bridge with a metal load in the shape of a hawse, which was lowered onto an enemy ship and along which Roman legionnaires could cross to it. At the Battle of Actium (31 BC), the Romans used a new type of vessel - the liburne. This vessel is significantly smaller than a trireme, equipped with rams, has one tier of oars and a rectangular transverse sail. The main advantages of Liburns are good agility and maneuverability, as well as speed. Based on a combination of structural elements of triremes and liburns, a Roman rowing galley was created, which, with some changes, survived until the 17th century. n. e.

The improvement of rowing military vessels with additional sailing weapons was in the nature of leaps. The need for these ships increased, for example, during military campaigns. From the end of the XII to the XIV centuries. galleys appeared in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. But the main area of ​​action for the galleys was, as before, the Mediterranean Sea; The Venetians contributed greatly to their further development. Light combat galleys served warships, in heavy cases - by military transports. They were also used as merchant ships. The disadvantage of galleys was their large crew. Thus, one galley up to 40 m long required 120-180 rowers (and with two tiers of oars - 240-300 rowers). When you factor in the crew required to maintain the rudder and sail, and the crew in the galley, the total was well over 500 men. Such a galley had a draft of approximately 2 m and a freeboard height of 1-1.5 m. On medieval galleys, one oar was served by 2-5 oarsmen; the weight of an oar with a length of 10-12 m was up to 300 kg. In addition to oars, galleys were equipped with an auxiliary sail. Later, two and then three masts began to be installed, and the rectangular sail was replaced by an oblique sail, borrowed from the Arabs of the Mediterranean. In the course of further development, ships began to be built that were a combination of a galley and a sailing ship. Such ships were called galleasses. Galleasses were larger than galleys: the largest ones reached 70 m in length, 16 m in width, and displaced 1000 tons; the crew was 1000 people. They were used as both military and merchant vessels.

Galleass

Regardless of the development of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, shipping also developed in Northern Europe, where excellent sailors - the Vikings - lived already in the early centuries. Viking ships were open wooden boats with a symmetrical fore and stern post; on these ships it was possible to go both forward and backward. Viking ships were propelled by oars (they are not shown in the picture) and a straight sail mounted on a mast approximately in the middle of the ship.

Viking ships had frames and longitudinal braces. A characteristic feature of their design was the way of connecting frames and other beams with the outer skin, which usually consisted of very long wooden strips running from one stem to another and located overlapping. The most large ships Vikings, which were called “dragons” based on the nasal decoration and the shape of the dragon’s head, had a length of 45 m and approximately 30 pairs of oars. Despite the difficulties of sailing through the stormy northern seas on open, undecked ships, the Vikings very soon penetrated from Scandinavia to the coasts of England and France, reached the White Sea, conquered Greenland and Holland, and at the end of the 10th century. penetrated into North America.

Old Russian koch ice class was a real conqueror northern seas

Under feudalism, shipbuilding continued to develop in parallel with the development of trade in Northern Europe. Large merchant ships of the 12th and 13th centuries, called naves, had the same shape of bow and stern. They were driven exclusively by a transverse sail mounted on a mast in the middle of the ship. From the end of the 12th century. so-called towers appeared in the bow and stern. At first these were probably combat bridges (possibly a remnant roman bridge), which over time moved to the bow and stern and turned into a forecastle and poop. The steering oar was usually on the starboard side.

Nave

Hanseatic merchants, in whose hands European trade was concentrated in the period from the 13th to the 15th centuries, usually transported their goods on cogs. These were strong, high-sided, single-masted ships with almost vertical fore and stern stems. Gradually, small tower-like superstructures appeared on the coggs in the bow, relatively large superstructures in the stern and peculiar “crow’s nests” at the top of the mast. The main feature that distinguishes a cogg from a nave is the articulated steering wheel with a tiller, located in the center plane of the vessel. Thanks to this, the maneuverability of the vessel has improved.

Single Mast Cogg

Until about the 14th century. shipbuilding in the northern regions Western Europe developed independently of shipbuilding in the Mediterranean. If the rudder, placed in the plane of symmetry of the vessel, became the greatest achievement in the art of shipbuilding and navigation of the North, then the triangular sail introduced in the Mediterranean Sea, which in our time is called the Latin sail, made it possible to sail more steeply to the wind than was possible with a rectangular sail. Thanks to contacts between north and south in the 14th century. A new type of vessel arose - the caravel, a three-masted vessel with lateen sails and an articulated rudder. Over time, a transverse sail began to be installed on the bow mast.

Columbus era carrack

The next type of vessel, which appeared at the end of the 15th century, was the karakka. This vessel had a much more developed forecastle and poop. Carracks were equipped with an articulated rudder and both types of sails. There was a straight sail on the bow mast, one or two straight sails on the middle mast, and a lateen sail on the stern mast. Later they began to install an inclined bow mast - a bowsprit with a small straight sail. With the advent of caravels and carracks, long voyages became possible, such as the journey of Vasco de Gama, Columbus, Magellan and other navigators to unknown lands. " Santa Maria", Columbus's flagship was most likely a carrack. It had a length of 23 m, a beam of 8.7 m, a draft of 2.8 m and a crew of 90 people. The ship was a medium-sized ship (for example, the ship Peter von la Rochelle, built in 1460, had a length of 12 m). Subsequently, the typical stern superstructure of the karak was replaced by a superstructure that rose in steps to the stern. A mast was added (sometimes inclined), and the number of sails increased. Straight sails were predominantly used, only at the stern were they installed gaff sail. This is how the galion arose, which in the 17th and 18th centuries. became the main type of warship. The most common type of merchant ship of that time was the flute, whose hull tapered towards the top. Its masts were higher and its yards shorter than those of ships built earlier. The rigging was the same as on galleons.

Flutes

Powerful trading companies under the tutelage of the state (the English West India Company, founded in 1600, or the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602), stimulated the construction of a new type of ship, which was called “East India”. These ships were not very fast. Their full contours and high sides provided a very large carrying capacity. To protect against pirates, merchant ships were armed with cannons. Three, and later four, straight sails were installed on the masts, and a slanting gaff sail was installed on the aft mast. There were usually lateen sails in the bow, and trapezoidal sails between the individual masts. These vessels, due to their resemblance to a warship of a similar type and with the same rigging, are also called frigates.

Frigate

A significant achievement in sailing shipbuilding was the creation of clipper ships. Clipper ships were narrow vessels (length to width ratio was approximately 6.7 m) with advanced armament and a carrying capacity of 500-2000 tons. They were distinguished by high speed. The so-called “tea races” of this period are known, during which clippers loaded with tea on the China-England line reached a speed of 18 knots.

Tea clipper

At the beginning of the 19th century. After many thousands of years of dominance of the sailing fleet, a new type of engine appeared on ships. It was a steam engine - the first mechanical engine. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the first ship with a steam engine, the Claremont; it walked along the Hudson River. The ship performed especially well when sailing against the current. Thus began the era of the steam engine river boats. In maritime shipping steam engine began to be used later. In 1818, a steam engine was installed on the sailing ship Savannah, which drove paddle wheels. The ship used the steam engine only for the short passage across the Atlantic. Crossed for the first time North Atlantic Almost exclusively with the help of a mechanical drive, the ship "Sirius" was a steam sailing ship built in 1837, the hull of which was still wooden.

Steam ship - Sirius

Since that time, the development of mechanical drives for sea vessels began. Large paddle wheels, which were hampered by rough seas, gave way in 1843 to a propeller. It was first installed on the Great Britain steamship. The Great Eastern, a huge ship at that time, 210 m long and 25 m wide, built in 1860, was a sensation. This ship had two paddle wheels with a diameter of 16.5 m each and a propeller with a diameter of more than 7 m, five pipes and six masts in total. with an area of ​​5400 m2, on which a sail could be set. The ship had accommodations for 4,000 passengers, holds for 6,000 tons of cargo and a speed of 15 knots.

Great Britain

Great Eastern

The next step in the development of ship drives was made at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries; in 1897, a steam turbine was installed for the first time on the Turbinia ship, which made it possible to achieve a hitherto unprecedented speed of 34.5 knots. Built in 1906, the British passenger ship Mauritania (length 241 m, width 26.8 m, carrying capacity 31,940 register tons, crew 612 people, 2,335 passenger seats) was equipped with turbines with a total power of 51,485 kW. During the crossing of the Atlantic in 1907, she achieved an average speed of 26.06 knots and won the symbolic award for speed - the Blue Riband, which she held for 22 years.

Mauritania

In the second decade of the 20th century. Diesels began to be used on sea vessels. In 1912, two diesel engines with a total power of 1,324 kW were installed on the cargo ship Zealandia with a carrying capacity of 7,400 tons.

• Small sailing ships have one or two masts. To emphasize their difference from large ones, small two-masted sailing ships have only a main mast (the first one from the bow) and a mizzen mast (the second one). The mizzen mast, as a rule, is much smaller than the mainmast, which is why such ships are sometimes called “one and a half masts”. Historically, there were small sailing ships with three or more masts (for example, a lugger).

According to the type of sailing weapons, the following types of ships are distinguished:

• Vessels with straight sails - have straight sails on all masts;
• Vessels with mixed sailing rigs - have both direct and oblique sails on the masts;
• Vessels with oblique sails - have oblique sails on all masts;

The division is conditional, since combinations of straight and oblique sails are possible for all types. However, a straight rig is considered when the main ones are straight sails (adapted primarily for them), and oblique - where the main sails are oblique. Large sailing ships can have any type of rig. Small sailing ships most often have only oblique rigs.

Large ships with direct sails

Ship

The ship has direct rigging on all masts (three or more).

The front mast is called the foremast, the rear one is the mizzen mast, the rest are the mainmasts (if there are several mainmasts, they are called from bow to stern: first, second, and so on).

Foremast yards: fore-yard, fore-mars-yard (upper and lower possible), fore-brow-yard (upper and lower), fore-bom-bram-yard, fore-hold-yard.

Mainmast yards: main-yard, main-marsa-yard (upper and lower), main-brow-yard (upper and lower), main-bom-bram-yard, main-hold-yard. In the case of several mainmasts, a number is added (for example: the first lower mainsail yard).

Mizzen-mast yards: begin-yard, cruise-marsa-yard (upper and lower), cruise-bram-yard (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bram-ray, cruise-hold-yard.

Foremast sails: foresail, fore-topsail (upper and lower), fore-topsail (upper and lower), fore-boom-topsail, fore-trumsel. May have oblique sails: fore-trysel and fore-brow trysel

Main mast sails: mainsail, main topsail (upper and lower), main top topsail (upper and lower), main top topsail, main top topsail. Oblique sails are possible: mainsail-trysail and mainsail-browsail.

Sails of the mizzen mast: mizzen (mizzen and counter-mizzen), cruys-topsail (less commonly called cruysel, upper and lower), cruys-bramsel (upper and lower), cruys-bom-bramsel, cruis-trumsel.

If a straight sail is installed on the first tier of the mizzen mast, then it is called a mizzen, and a gaff sail is called a counter-mizzen. If straight sail there is no mizzen on the first tier, a gaff sail is called.

Front sails: fore-staysail or fore-staysail, jib, boom-jib, flying jib - forward sails. Historically, the bowsprit could have straight sails: a blind suspended under it (on the blind yard) and a bomb blind (on the blind topmast).

Staysails between the foremast and mainmast: main-staysail, main-staysail, main-boom-staysail, main-boom-staysail-staysail, main-boom-staysail-staysail. If there are several mainmasts, they are named with a number added.

Staysails between the mainmast and the mizzen mast: apsel, cruise-staysail, cruise-boom-staysail, cruise-bom-browsail-staysail, cruise-hold-staen-sail.

Additionally, it can carry foxes, displayed on fox-spirits along the sides of straight sails.

Brig

A brig always has two masts with straight sails.

The brig's mast consists of two masts: a foremast and a mainmast, a bowsprit and yards and corresponding topmasts, jigs and spirits. The mainmast also has a boom and a gaff for attaching a gaff mizzen.

Brigs are always smaller than ships and barks, and have fewer tiers of direct armament. Therefore, some straight sails and corresponding spars are missing.

Foremast yards: fore-yard, fore-mars-yard, fore-front-yard, fore-bom-front-yard.

Mainmast yards: main-yard, main-marsa-yard, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray.

A main boom and a main gaff are also installed on the main mast.

Foremast sails: foresail, fore topsail, fore top topsail, fore bom top topsail.

Main mast sails: mainsail, main-trisail, main-topsail, main-topsail, main-boom-topsail.

Headsails: fore-staysail or fore-staysail, jib, boom-jib, flying jib.

Mainsails: mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail staysail.

Large ships with mixed sailing rigs

Barque

The bark has at least three masts, carries slanting sails on the mizzen mast and straight sails on the remaining masts.

The front mast is called the foremast, the rear one is called the mizzen mast, and the rest are called mainmasts.

Mizzen mast sails: slanting mizzen (mizzen), gaff topsail.

The armament of the remaining masts is the same as when arming a ship.

Brigantine (schooner-brig)

Brigantine (schooner-brig)

The brigantine has two masts, carries straight sails on the foremast and slanting sails on the mainmast. Their names do not differ from the corresponding sails of the barque.

Barquentine

Barquentine has at least three masts, of which the first (foremast) mast carries straight sails, and the others have slant sails. Accordingly, the slanting gaff sail of the mainmast is called the mainsail, the topsail above it is the mainsail gaff topsail (If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number), and the same sails of the mizzen mast are mizzen and cruys gaff topsail.

Large ships with oblique sails

Large ships with slanting sails are called schooners. The type of schooner is determined by the type of main and additional sails on the masts. The following types of schooners are distinguished:

• gaff - equipped with gaff sails.

• Bermuda - equipped with Bermuda (triangular) sails.

Staysail schooner

• staysail - the main ones are staysails on all masts, they are supplemented by trysails and mizzen.

Marseille schooner

The last two types are, strictly speaking, mixed. However, according to tradition, they are called schooners and refer to ships with oblique rigs. The difference between a two-masted topsail schooner and a brigantine is that the first has a spar and rigging adapted primarily for slanting sails, while straight sails are installed additionally.

Small vessels

Two-masted

• Ketch is a type of sailing rig. The vessel has a main and mizzen masts. The defining feature is that the ketch's rudder stock head is located behind the mizzen mast. When a vessel is rigged with a Kechem, the mizzen area is 15 - 25% of the total sail area. Can be Bermuda or gaff. Ketch is also the name given to a local type of sailing vessel, which began to be armed with a ketch in the 19th century. But it has its own characteristics, and is usually called with a specification, for example (Baltic ketch).

Gaff iol

• Yol is a type of oblique weapon. A two-masted vessel has a main and mizzen masts. Unlike the Ketch, the Yol's rudder stock head is located forward of the mizzenmast. The mizzen area is 8 - 10%% of the total sail area. Can be Bermuda or gaff. Yol is also the name given to a local type of sailing vessel, not necessarily armed with an yol, but characteristic of a certain time on the North Sea.

Single mast

• The tender is a single-masted type with a mast shifted to the midships, having a gaff or Bermuda mainsail, a topsail, several staysails and jibs. The type of mainsail determines the type of tender - gaff or Bermuda.

• A sloop is a type of rig with a forward mainsail and one jib. If there is a gaff mainsail, then a second sail is placed above it - a gaff topsail.

• Kat - a type of rig with one oblique sail.

Literature

• Sulerzhitsky, A. D., Sulerzhitsky, I. D. Marine dictionary. M., Voenizdat, 1956.
• Marquardt, K. H. Spars, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century. L., Shipbuilding, 1991. ISBN 5-7355-0131-3
• Jenny Bennett, Veres László. Sailing rigs: an illustrated guide. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-813-8

Links

On May 18, 1881, the last sailing ship in the Atlantic Ocean completed its voyage. We decided to remember 9 legendary sailing ships that went down in the history of great voyages and discoveries.

1. "Santa Maria" - a legend of legends, the ship on which America was discovered by Christopher Columbus and his crew. This is a small vessel no more than 25 meters long with four masts and straight sails. The Santa Maria had five sails, which, under favorable conditions, could give it a fairly high speed. It should be noted that the Santa Maria was not the fastest ship, but at the same time it was highly stable, which could be useful during a storm. The last voyage of this semi-mythical sailing ship took place on Christmas Day 1492 - it crashed off the coast of Haiti. But the wreckage of the Maria was not left to rot on the ocean floor, but was used to build a settlement that still exists today. To our greatest regret, not a single image of “Santa Maria” remains, and all photographs and drawings were made either from diary descriptions or from reconstructions.

2. Ship "Victoria" became the first ship in history on which people managed to circumnavigate the globe. The captain of this legendary ship was the no less legendary Ferdinand Magellan - a man who managed to maintain the spirit of his sailors throughout many months of a grueling, unbearable journey. Reliable images of the Victoria have also not been preserved, but researchers believe that this ship had three masts, two rows of straight sails and one oblique sail. The ship, despite the fact that it was intended primarily for research and peaceful purposes, was armed with several dozen cannons to increase safety. Scientists cannot determine the characteristics of the ship: its mass ranges from 80 to 200 tons.

3. "Golden Doe" , this is an English galleon led by Captain Drake, who was the first to return from a trip around the world after Magellan's voyage. The golden doe spent 2 years and 10 months in the ocean. This ship is unique in that it was the only one that managed to sail through the Strait of Magellan (after Magellan himself). There are several exact copies of the Golden Hind, which are permanently parked in shipbuilding museums.

4. "Endeavour" James Cook - the ship on which this famous navigator made his first trip around the world, pursuing scientific astronomical goals - studying the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, as well as for a more thorough study of the southern hemisphere.

5. "Dyfken"- the ship on which Australia was discovered by the European Willem Jans. It was a small ship, about 25-30 meters in length, quite fast (it reached speeds of up to 13 kilometers per hour) and light, designed for a small crew. A replica of the legendary ship is in the Australian Museum and anyone can easily visit it.

6. "Hope" And "Neva"- two small ships that managed to glorify domestic sailors and enter their names into the list greatest travelers peace. It should be noted that both ships were purchased in England, specifically in order to travel around the world. The navigators took this step for the reason that Russia at that time did not have its own shipbuilding industry of the required level, and Russian ships could not withstand such a long voyage. Kruzenshtern, who initiated the journey, and his close friend Lisyansky were appointed captains of the ships.

7. "Galley"- the most famous pirate sailing ship of one of the most cruel and successful sea robbers - Captain Kid. This ship had a displacement of about 300 tons, was equipped with fifty oars and 34 deck guns, which made it a very formidable weapon in the skillful hands of the experienced Captain Kid.

8. "Flying Dutchman" is a ghost ship that has been instilling fear in sailors around the world for several centuries. This is an eternal sea hulk, around which dozens of legends revolve. All the legends, although they differ in plot, are similar in that the ship and crew were cursed for the sins of their captain. Neither the year of construction nor the type of the ship itself is known.

9. "Vasa"- a museum ship, the only sailing ship from our selection that has survived to this day. It was built and put into service in 1628 in Sweden, after which, after floating for about half an hour, it sank safely. The ship was raised from the bottom centuries later, becoming a museum exhibit. At one time, Vasa was one of the largest sailing ships, its length reached 65 meters and width 12 meters; an entire oak forest (approximately a thousand trees) was destroyed for the construction of “Vassa”.

In this topic I suggest you do short excursion to the history of early navigation, during the time of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world

Historical sketch of the development of navigation

• Egypt

The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the paintings decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the birthplace of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shore Persian Gulf.

In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the assumption that a ship equipped with a sail, made from papyrus reeds, could sail not only along the Nile, but also on the open sea. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m high mast and a single square sail, was steered by a steering oar.

Before the use of wind, floating craft either moved with oars or were pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. The ships made it possible to transport heavy and bulky cargo, which was much more productive than transporting animals by teams on land. Bulk cargo was also transported primarily by water.

The large naval expedition of the Egyptian ruler Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is historically attested. BC e. This expedition, which historians also consider a trading expedition, traveled across the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (roughly modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily laden with various goods and slaves.

Hatshepsut

• Phoenicia

When sailing short distances, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships that had oars and a straight rack sail. Vessels designed for long-distance voyages and warships looked much more impressive. Phenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of a fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.

In addition to improving sea vessels, the Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word “galley”, which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where there were also large shipyards.

Historical materials also speak of the Phoenicians sailing south across the Red Sea to Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., i.e. almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.

• Greece

The Greeks already in the 9th century. BC e. They learned from the Phoenicians to build ships that were remarkable for that time and began colonizing the surrounding territories early. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. their penetration area covered western shores Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pont Euxine (Black Sea) and Aegean coast Asia Minor.

Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of ​​​​the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to survey the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships were lost. Their shape and internal structure can be judged by indirect evidence - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects preserved where the ship lay. And yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the hull, one cannot do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.

The ship was kept on course using a steering oar, which compared to the later rudder had at least two advantages: it made it possible to turn a stationary ship and to easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. Merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space to accommodate cargo.

The ship is a Greek war galley, approximately 5th century. BC e., the so-called bireme. With rows of oars located on the sides in two tiers, she naturally had greater speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes, warships with three “floors” of rowers, also became widespread. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek craftsmen to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not “long ships”, they had a deck, interior spaces for warriors and a particularly powerful ram, encased in copper sheets, located in front at water level, which was used to break through the sides of enemy ships during naval battles. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC e.

Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained navigators, sea travel at that time was dangerous. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
The galleys of ancient Greece plied almost the entire Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyage routes are shown on the map.

At their first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope to win without a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they quickly built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of combat, which they used on land - individual combat of warrior against warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. Along these bridges, which were pierced with a sharp hook into the deck of the enemy ship, depriving it of the ability to maneuver, the Roman legionaries burst onto the enemy deck and started a battle in their characteristic manner.

Merchant sailboat.

The Roman fleet, like its contemporary Greek fleet, consisted of two main types of ships: “rounded” merchant ships and slender war galleys

Certain improvements can be noted in sailing equipment. On the main mast (mainmast) a large quadrangular straight sail is retained, which is sometimes supplemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increasing the total area of ​​the sails increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional propulsion device; the main one remains the oars, not shown in the figure.
The importance of the sail, however, has undoubtedly increased, especially with long voyages which took place all the way to India. In this case, the discovery of the Greek navigator Hippalus helped: the August southwest and January northeast monsoons contributed to the maximum use of sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, much like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted about a year. Previously, the rowing journey along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.

During their trading voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, whose importance as a transit point increased as Rome’s trade turnover with India and the Far East grew.

• Famous sailing and rowing ships

William the Conqueror's ship

For more than half a millennium, knights kept Europe in fear open sea-Vikings. They owe their mobility and omnipresence to drakars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art
The Vikings made long sea voyages on these ships. They discovered Iceland, the southern coast of Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America. The inhabitants of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium saw the snake heads on the stems of their ships. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled in the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main propulsion device of the drakar was a rack sail with an area of ​​70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coats of arms of leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray rose with the sail. The high mast was supported by stays running from it to the sides and to the ends of the ship. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian vessel is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic advantages. The basis for recreating this vessel was a drawing of the famous carpet from Baye, telling about the landing of William the Conqueror in England in 1066.

"Vasa" Swedish warship

At the beginning of the 17th century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav I Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He freed Sweden from Danish rule and carried out a reformation, subordinating the previously all-powerful church to the state.
There was a Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden, which claimed to be one of the leading countries in Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
Sweden's main rival in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both banks of the Sound and the most important islands Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on eastern shores seas and after long wars captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf - new king The Vasa dynasty (1611-1632) wanted to achieve complete Swedish domination in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best shipbuilders, artists, sculptors, and woodcarvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. The Dutch master Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the main builder.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier, located just under the windows royal palace.

Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Hind")

The ship was built in the 60s of the 16th century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake, in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made his second circumnavigation of the world after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it the "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe made of pure gold in the bow of the ship.
The length of the galleon is 18.3 m, width 5.8 m, draft 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.

King Henry VIII's ship Henry Grace e Dew

Warship, built in June 1514 in Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship had very rich decoration. The front two masts each carried three straight sails, the other two had lateen sails, and on the bowsprit - a blind and a bow-blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 guns, of which 43 are large-caliber. Crew: 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakki class.
In August 1553, the ship docked in Volvich and was burned by a sudden fire.

J. Cook's ship "Endeavour"

Built in England in 1762 to transport coal. Originally it was called "Earl of Pembroke". In preparation for J. Cook's expedition, it was refitted and named "Endeavor". The sailing rig corresponded to a typical barque of the 18th century. Sail area: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 cannons and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711, J. Cook made his first circumnavigation of the world on the Endeavor.

English bark "Mayflower"

Three-masted barque, built in 1615. On September 6, 1615, it left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and 67 days later landed at American shore in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947, the Society of Migrants began rebuilding the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored barque Mayflower crossed the Atlantic Ocean and became permanently moored in the port of Provincetown.

English Carrack "Mary Rose"

The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three continuous decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, a ship as part of an English squadron was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After raising the topsails, the ship began to list, then lay on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 were saved. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the ship due to overload with artillery.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After recovery, it was decided to create maritime museum

The fully rigged vessel was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 Vessel's keel laid at No.2 Dock at River Hull. May 26, 1787 Purchased by the English Navy through the Bank of Meyers, Sharpe and Bryan for £2,600 st. Transferred to Durford shipyard for refitting. 8 June 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty".
16 August 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh was appointed Captain of HMS Bounty by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 Beginning of the voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to round Cape Horn was unsuccessful, and a course was set for the Cape of Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repair and replenishment of food supplies in the port of False Bay. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. On October 26, 1788, the ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on the ship under the leadership of Fletcher Christian. On January 23, 1790, the Bounty was burned on Pitcairn Island.

American frigate "Constitution"

The ship was built in Boston at the Edmond Hartt shipyard in 1797 and was intended to protect American shipping routes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. The frigate's hull was made of very hard white oak, which could withstand large cannonballs. Length between stems 62.2 m, width 13.6 m, side height 6.85 m. Designed to carry 44 guns, the ship often had up to 55 guns on its two decks, of which twenty-eight 24-pounders and ten 12-pounders. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been permanently moored at one of the piers in Boston.

Ship "Eagle"

The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka River, near Kolomna, to protect trade shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The construction was completed in 1669. This is the first Russian warship. It was a type of naval double-decker, three-masted ship, 25 meters long, 6.5 wide and with a draft of 1.5 meters, armed with 22 cannons and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Eagle, as part of a small flotilla, first moved to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by rebel peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship failed to play any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to believe that for many years it stood inactive in the Kutum channel, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, and fell into complete disrepair.

"GRANDFATHER OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"

In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 was attracted by a boat that belonged to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet took his first steps in studying the basics of maritime affairs on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on the Izmailovsky Pond and Pereyaslavl Lake. On Lake Pereyaslavl he soon created a whole “flotilla” of similar vessels. Since then, the thought of the sea and sea voyages has not left Peter for a minute. What is this bot? In the 17th century the length of ships, even the smallest, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the boat is 20 feet (of course, with the accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to maintain the dimensions), or more precisely -6 m 5 cm. The weight of the boat is about 1500 kg.

Sailing and rowing frigate "Apostle Peter"

The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without a fleet he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak coastal fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at a shipyard 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing and rowing frigate "Apostle Peter" was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the “skilled master of galley buildings”, the Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second similar 36-gun ship, the Apostle Paul.
The length of the frigate was 34.4 m, width 7.6 m. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides at the top of the hull tumbled inward, making boarding difficult. The quarterdeck was open, and the cut-off forecastle left platforms for the boarding crew to accommodate. The ship had three masts with topmasts and a bowsprit with a vertical jib. The fore and main sails were made up of lower sails and topsails. The mizzen mast had only the mizzen. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov Fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostle Peter" is unknown, although Peter I gave instructions "to preserve it forever as an example of primacy."

Frigate "Peter and Pavel"

In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent a “grand embassy” to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. More than 100 people were sent with the embassy to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The group of volunteers under the name of Pyotr Mikhailov included the Tsar himself. Peter worked hard for about five months, he studied everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The Tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Pavel" from its laying until almost the completion of work.
The construction was led by the shipwright of the East India Company, Garrit Claes Paul. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 guns could be placed on one closed and open deck. Upon completion of work at the shipyard, the master gave Peter I a certificate, which noted that he “... was a diligent and intelligent carpenter... and not only ship architecture and drawing plans... he studied thoroughly, but also understood these subjects to the same extent as we ourselves we understand."
Knowledge of naval science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive impact on the construction of the Russian fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

"Fortress" is the first Russian warship to sail into the Black Sea and visit Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the Fortress, under the command of Captain Pamburg, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma Councilor Yem. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the entire Russian squadron near Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This voyage of the “Fortress” is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans of the Crimean coast. During the stay in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign experts visited the Fortress and praised Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following year, 1700, the ship "Fortress" with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Frigate "Standart"

Already in the initial period, the Northern War convinced Peter I that it was impossible to achieve the conquest of the Baltic Sea coast with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to begin building a fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam shipwright Vybe Goerens laid down the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width 7.3 m, average draft 2.7 m. Crew 120 people. On a closed deck, forecastle and poop, the ship carried 28 guns: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1(12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress of Nyenschanz, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was clear. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the double-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four maps - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name "Standart", and on September 8 (19) of the same year, a new standard was raised on its main topmast. The ship under the command of captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) crossed Ladoga lake at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruys under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet off the island of Kotlin. In 1711 it was timbered in St. Petersburg. The frigate "Standard" was part of the Russian fleet for more than 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.

Training frigate "Nadezhda"

Shortly after ascending the Russian throne, Catherine II said: “We have an abundance of ships and people, but there is neither a fleet nor sailors.” At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of training for naval cadets.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: “For the training of midshipmen and ... cadets, maintain a three-masted yacht with the corps, which should be built and equipped with all the needs.” There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, since the decree contains the categorical resolution of Catherine II: “So be it!”
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), and launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous shipwright Lambe Yames. The main dimensions of the vessel: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without planks 6.71 m, side height 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 tons, main sail area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, of which 17 were sailors. The frigate could carry 25 cadets. He was swimming in the area Gulf of Finland. However, due to the insufficient maintenance of the scaffolding, the life of the ship was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was “dismantled due to disrepair.”
In the history of the Russian Navy, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first domestic specially built training ship.

Battleship "Slava Ekaterina"

Zeichmeister General (artillery commander) Black Sea Fleet I.A. On May 26 (June 6), 1779, Hannibal laid down the first two 66-gun battleships at the Kherson shipyard. The main one was “The Glory of Catherine”. Presumably, the design of the new battleship was developed by shipwright A. S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasiev. Vessel length according to lower deck 48.77 m, width without plating 13.5 m, hold depth 5.8 m. Instead of the 30-pound guns required by the state, they considered it possible to make do with the available 24-pound guns, which “have such a small difference that with the same benefit can be used in action.” Construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn ceremony, the ship was launched.
The "Glory of Catherine" served in combat during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. Renamed "Transfiguration of the Lord" by Field Marshal General G.A. Potemkin in 1788, the ship took part in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious naval battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F. Ushakov.
The well-deserved glory gained in fierce naval battles puts this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.

Sloop "Vostok"

The ship was launched from the slipway of the Okhtinskaya shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width about 10 m, draft 4.8 m, displacement 900 tons, speed up to 10 knots. The armament consisted of 28 guns. Crew 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the sloop "Vostok" under the command of captain II rank F.F. Bellingshausen, head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition, and the sloop "Mirny" under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) of the following reached the shores of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical part Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820, they again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached the very southern point: 69° 53" south latitude and 92° 19" west longitude. On July 24 (August 5), 1821, having completed a difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of the huge sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was carried out. In memory of this significant voyage, a medal was knocked out in Russia.
In 1828, the sloop "Vostok" was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. Nowadays, two Soviet Antarctic scientific stations bear the names of the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”. According to established tradition, the name "Vostok" was transferred to the largest research vessel.

Clipper Cutty Sark

The Cutty Sark was created during the golden age of sailing - the era of clipper ships. Thousands of years of experience in the construction and operation of sailing ships, many scientific and technical achievements, accumulated by the middle of the 19th century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clipper ships - the highest and final stage of sailing shipbuilding. Everything in the design of the clipper was subordinated to speed: a sharp, very elongated bow, streamlined lines, huge sails, a solid hull.
On the transatlantic routes, steamships had already begun to win convincing victories over sailing ships, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes, stretching half the globe, the clippers still reigned supreme - the embodiment of grace, light, swift, and the best of them was the Cutty Sark.

Ships are resting at the piers,
look into the water with sleepy hawse,
the pull of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, like people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the berths of our Good, Quiet Harbor...

January 6, 2011 | Categories: History , Topper

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