Sea ships of the past. Types of ships Single-masted sailing ships
The topics end in , but there is still room to roam. Here, for example, is a topic from german_ukraine About sailing ships, with drawings and tips for building models. Interested in the period 16-18 centuries.
Regarding ship modeling with drawings and advice, for now I offer. For now, let’s quickly and briefly “run” to the 15th century, and then we’ll discuss the issue in more detail. So let's begin:
First sailing ships appeared in Egypt approximately 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the paintings decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the birthplace of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. This is confirmed by a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.
In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the assumption that a ship equipped with a sail, made from papyrus reeds, could sail not only along the Nile, but also on the open sea. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m high mast and a single square sail, was steered by a steering oar.
Before the use of wind, floating craft either moved with oars or were pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. The ships made it possible to transport heavy and bulky cargo, which was much more productive than transporting animals by teams on land. Bulk cargo was also transported primarily by water.
Papyrus vessel
The large naval expedition of the Egyptian ruler Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is historically attested. BC e. This expedition, which historians also consider a trading expedition, traveled across the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (roughly modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily laden with various goods and slaves.
When sailing short distances, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships that had oars and a straight rack sail. Vessels designed for long-distance voyages and warships looked much more impressive. Phenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of a fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.
In addition to improving sea vessels The Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word “galley”, which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where large shipyards were also located.
Historical materials also speak of the Phoenicians sailing south through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., i.e. almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.
The Greeks already in the 9th century. BC e. They learned from the Phoenicians to build ships that were remarkable for that time and began colonizing the surrounding territories early. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. their penetration area covered the western shores Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pontus Euxine (Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.
Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to survey the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships were lost. Their shape and internal structure can be judged by indirect evidence - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects preserved where the ship lay. And yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the hull, one cannot do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.
The ship was kept on course using a steering oar, which compared to the later rudder had at least two advantages: it made it possible to turn a stationary ship and to easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. Merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space to accommodate cargo.
The ship is a Greek war galley, approximately 5th century. BC e., the so-called bireme. With rows of oars located on the sides in two tiers, she naturally had greater speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes, warships with three “floors” of rowers, also became widespread. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek craftsmen to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not “long ships”, they had a deck, interior spaces for warriors and a particularly powerful ram, encased in copper sheets, located in front at water level, which was used to break through the sides of enemy ships during naval battles. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC e.
Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained navigators, sea travel were dangerous things at that time. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
The galleys of ancient Greece plied almost the entire Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyage routes are shown on the map.
At their first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope to win without a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they quickly built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of combat, which they used on land - individual combat of warrior against warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. Along these bridges, which were pierced with a sharp hook into the deck of the enemy ship, depriving it of the ability to maneuver, the Roman legionaries burst onto the enemy deck and started a battle in their characteristic manner.
The Roman fleet, like its contemporary Greek fleet, consisted of two main types of ships: “rounded” merchant ships and slender war galleys
Certain improvements can be noted in sailing equipment. On the main mast (mainmast) a large quadrangular straight sail is retained, which is sometimes supplemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increasing the total area of the sails increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional propulsion device; the main one remains the oars, not shown in the figure.
The importance of the sail, however, undoubtedly increased, especially on long voyages, which took place as far as India. In this case, the discovery of the Greek navigator Hippalus helped: the August southwest and January northeast monsoons contributed to the maximum use of sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, much like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted about a year. Previously, the rowing journey along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.
During their trading voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, whose importance as a transit point increased as Rome’s trade turnover with India and the Far East grew.
For more than half a millennium, knights kept Europe in fear open sea-Vikings. They owe their mobility and omnipresence to drakars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art
The Vikings made long sea voyages on these ships. They discovered Iceland, South coast Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America. The inhabitants of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium saw the snake heads on the stems of their ships. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled in the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main propulsion device of the drakar was a rack sail with an area of 70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coats of arms of leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray rose with the sail. The high mast was supported by stays running from it to the sides and to the ends of the ship. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian vessel is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic advantages. The basis for recreating this vessel was a drawing of the famous carpet from Baye, telling about the landing of William the Conqueror in England in 1066.
At the beginning of the 15th century, two-masted coggs began to be built. The further development of world shipbuilding was marked by the transition to three-masted ships in the mid-15th century. This type of vessel first appeared in northern Europe in 1475. Its foremast and mizzen masts were borrowed from Mediterranean Venetian ships.
The first three-masted ship to enter the Baltic Sea was the French ship La Rochelle. The plating of this ship, which had a length of 43 m and a width of 12 m, was not laid face to face, like tiles on the roof of a house, as was done before, but smoothly: one board close to the other. And although this method of plating was known before, nevertheless, the merit of its invention is attributed to a shipbuilder from Brittany named Julian, who called this method “carvel” or “craveel”. The name of the casing later became the name of the type of ship - “caravel”. Caravels were more elegant than coggs and had better sailing equipment, so it was no coincidence that medieval discoverers chose these durable, fast-moving and capacious ships for overseas campaigns. Characteristic features of caravels are high sides, deep sheer decks in the middle part of the ship and mixed sailing equipment. Only the foremast carried a quadrangular straight sail. The lateen sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed the ships to sail steeply to the wind.
In the first half of the 15th century, the largest cargo ship (possibly up to 2000 tons) was a three-masted, double-decker carrack, probably of Portuguese origin. In the 15th-16th centuries, composite masts appeared on sailing ships, which carried several sails at once. The area of the topsails and cruises (upper sails) was increased, making it easier to control and maneuver the vessel. The ratio of body length to width ranged from 2:1 to 2.5:1. As a result, the seaworthiness of these so-called "round" ships improved, which made it possible to carry out safer long voyages to America and India and even around the world. There was no clear distinction between sailing merchant ships and military ships at that time; For a number of centuries, the typical military vessel was only a rowing galley. The galleys were built with one or two masts and carried lateen sails.
"Vasa" Swedish warship
At the beginning of the 17th century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav I Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He freed Sweden from Danish rule and carried out a reformation, subordinating the previously all-powerful church to the state.
There was a Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden, which claimed to be one of the leading countries in Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
Sweden's main rival in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both banks of the Sound and the most important islands Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on eastern shores seas and after long wars captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to the Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete Swedish domination in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best shipbuilders, artists, sculptors, and woodcarvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. The Dutch master Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the main builder. Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier, located just under the windows of the royal palace.
Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Hind")
The ship was built in the 60s of the 16th century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake, in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made his second circumnavigation of the world after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it the "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe made of pure gold in the bow of the ship. The length of the galleon is 18.3 m, width 5.8 m, draft 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.
Galleasses were much larger ships than galleys: they had three masts with lateen sails, two large steering oars in the stern, two decks (the lower one for oarsmen, the upper one for soldiers and cannons), and a surface ram in the bow. These warships turned out to be durable: even in the 18th century, almost all maritime powers continued to replenish their fleets with galleys and galleasses. During the 16th century, the appearance of the sailing ship as a whole was formed and preserved until the mid-19th century. Ships increased significantly in size; if in the 15th century ships over 200 tons were rare, then by the end of the 16th century single giants appeared reaching 2000 tons, and ships with a displacement of 700-800 tons ceased to be rare. From the beginning of the 16th century, oblique sails began to be used more and more often in European shipbuilding, at first in their pure form, as was done in Asia, but by the end of the century mixed sailing equipment had spread. Artillery was improved - the bombards of the 15th and the culverins of the early 16th centuries were still unsuitable for arming ships, but by the end of the 16th century the problems associated with casting were largely resolved and a naval cannon of the usual type appeared. Around 1500, cannon ports were invented; it became possible to place cannons in several tiers, and the upper deck was freed from them, which had a positive effect on the stability of the ship. The sides of the ship began to roll inward, so the guns on the upper tiers were closer to the axis of symmetry of the ship. Finally, in the 16th century, regular navies appeared in many European countries. All these innovations gravitate towards the beginning of the 16th century, but, given the time required for implementation, they spread only towards the end. Again, the shipbuilders also needed to gain experience, because at first ships of the new type had the annoying habit of capsizing immediately upon leaving the slipway.
During the 16th century, the appearance of the sailing ship as a whole was formed and preserved until the mid-19th century. Ships increased significantly in size; if in the 15th century ships over 200 tons were rare, then by the end of the 16th century single giants appeared reaching 2000 tons, and ships with a displacement of 700-800 tons ceased to be rare. From the beginning of the 16th century, oblique sails began to be used more and more often in European shipbuilding, at first in their pure form, as was done in Asia, but by the end of the century mixed sailing equipment had spread. Artillery was improved - the bombards of the 15th and the culverins of the early 16th centuries were still unsuitable for arming ships, but by the end of the 16th century the problems associated with casting were largely resolved and a naval cannon of the usual type appeared. Around 1500, cannon ports were invented; it became possible to place cannons in several tiers, and the upper deck was freed from them, which had a positive effect on the stability of the ship. The sides of the ship began to roll inward, so the guns on the upper tiers were closer to the axis of symmetry of the ship. Finally, in the 16th century, regular navies appeared in many European countries. All these innovations gravitate towards the beginning of the 16th century, but, given the time required for implementation, they spread only towards the end. Again, the shipbuilders also needed to gain experience, because at first ships of the new type had the annoying habit of capsizing immediately upon leaving the slipway.
In the first half of the 16th century, a ship appeared with fundamentally new properties and a completely different purpose than the ships that existed before. This ship was intended to fight for supremacy at sea by destroying enemy warships on the high seas with artillery fire and combined significant autonomy at that time with powerful weapons. The rowing ships that existed up to this point could only dominate over a narrow strait, and even then if they were based in a port on the shore of this strait, in addition, their power was determined by the number of troops on board, and artillery ships could act independently of infantry. The new type of ships began to be called linear - that is, main (like "linear infantry", "linear tanks", the name "battleship" has nothing to do with lining up in a line - if they were built, it was in a column).
The first battleships to appear on northern seas, and later in the Mediterranean Sea, were small - 500-800 tons, which approximately corresponded to the displacement of large transports of that period. Not even the biggest ones. But the largest transports were built for themselves by wealthy merchant companies, and battleships were ordered by states that were not rich at that time. These ships were armed with 50 - 90 guns, but these were not very strong guns - mostly 12-pounders, with a small admixture of 24-pounders and a very large admixture of small-caliber guns and culverins. Seaworthiness did not stand up to any criticism - even in the 18th century, ships were still built without drawings (they were replaced by a mock-up), and the number of guns was calculated based on the width of the ship measured in steps - that is, it varied depending on the length of the legs of the shipyard's chief engineer. But this was in the 18th, and in the 16th the correlation between the width of the ship and the weight of the guns was not known (especially since it does not exist). Simply put, ships were built without a theoretical basis, only on the basis of experience, which was almost non-existent in the 16th and early 17th centuries. But the main trend was clearly visible - guns in such numbers could no longer be considered auxiliary weapons, and the purely sailing design indicated the desire to get an ocean-going ship. Even then, battleships were characterized by armament at the level of 1.5 pounds per ton of displacement.
The faster the ship was, the fewer guns it could have in relation to its displacement, since the more the engine and masts weighed. Not only did the masts themselves, with a mass of ropes and sails, weigh a fair amount, but they also shifted the center of gravity upward, therefore they had to be balanced by placing them in the hold large quantity cast iron ballast.
Battleships of the 16th century still had insufficiently advanced sailing equipment for sailing in the Mediterranean Sea (especially in its eastern part) and the Baltic. The storm playfully blew the Spanish squadron out of the English Channel.
Already in the 16th century, Spain, England and France together had about 60 battleships, with Spain more than half of this number. In the 17th century, Sweden, Denmark, Turkey and Portugal joined this trio.
Ships of the 17th-18th centuries
In northern Europe, at the beginning of the 17th century, a new type of vessel appeared, similar to a flute - a three-masted pinnace (pinnace). The same type of ship includes the galion, which appeared in the mid-16th century - a warship of Portuguese origin, which later became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. On a galleon, for the first time, guns were mounted both above and below the main deck, leading to the construction of battery decks; the guns stood on the sides and fired through the ports. The displacement of the largest Spanish galleons of 1580-1590 was 1000 tons, and the ratio of hull length to width was 4:1. The absence of high superstructures and a long hull allowed these ships to sail faster and steeper to the wind than “round” ships. To increase speed, the number and area of sails were increased, and additional sails appeared - foils and underlisels. At that time, decorations were considered a symbol of wealth and power - all state and royal ships were luxuriously decorated. The distinction between warships and merchant ships became more distinct. In the middle of the 17th century, frigates with up to 60 guns on two decks, and smaller warships such as a corvette, sloop, bombard and others began to be built in England.
By the middle of the 17th century, battleships had grown significantly, some already up to 1500 tons. The number of guns remained the same - 50-80 pieces, but 12-pound guns remained only on the bow, stern and upper deck; guns of 24 and 48 pounds were placed on the other decks. Accordingly, the hull became stronger - it could withstand 24-pound shells. In general, the 17th century is characterized by a low level of confrontation at sea. England throughout almost its entire period could not deal with internal troubles. Holland preferred small ships, relying more on their numbers and the experience of the crews. France, powerful at that time, tried to impose its hegemony on Europe through wars on land; the French were of little interest in the sea. Sweden reigned supreme in the Baltic Sea and did not lay claim to other bodies of water. Spain and Portugal were ruined and often found themselves dependent on France. Venice and Genoa quickly turned into third-rate states. The Mediterranean Sea was divided - the western part went to Europe, the eastern part to Turkey. Neither side sought to upset the balance. However, the Maghreb found itself within the European sphere of influence - English, French and Dutch squadrons put an end to piracy during the 17th century. The greatest naval powers of the 17th century had 20-30 battleships, the rest had only a few.
Türkiye also began building battleships from the end of the 16th century. But they were still significantly different from European models. Especially the shape of the hull and sailing equipment. Turkish battleships were significantly faster than European ones (this was especially true in Mediterranean conditions), carried 36 - 60 guns of 12-24 pound caliber and were weaker armored - only 12 pound cannonballs. Armament was pound per ton. The displacement was 750 -1100 tons. In the 18th century, Türkiye began to lag significantly behind in terms of technology. Turkish battleships of the 18th century resembled European ones of the 17th century.
During the 18th century, the growth in the size of battleships continued unabated. By the end of this century, battleships had reached a displacement of 5,000 tons (the limit for wooden ships), the armor was strengthened to an incredible degree - even 96-pound bombs did not harm them enough - and 12-pound half-guns were no longer used on them. Only 24 lbs for the upper deck, 48 lbs for the middle two and 96 lbs for the lower deck. The number of guns reached 130. There were, however, smaller battleships with 60-80 guns, with a displacement of about 2000 tons. They were often limited to the 48-pound caliber, and were protected from it.
The number of battleships has also increased incredibly. England, France, Russia, Turkey, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, Spain and Portugal had linear fleets. By the middle of the 18th century, England seized almost undivided dominance at sea. By the end of the century, it had almost a hundred battleships (including those that were not in active use). France scored 60-70, but they were weaker than the English. Russia under Peter churned out 60 battleships, but they were made in a hurry, somehow, carelessly. In a rich way, only the preparation of wood - so that it would turn into armor - should have taken 30 years (in fact, Russian ships later were built not from bog oak, but from larch, it was heavy, relatively soft, but did not rot and lasted 10 times longer than oak). But their sheer number forced Sweden (and all of Europe) to recognize the Baltic Sea as Russian internal. By the end of the century, the size of the Russian battle fleet even decreased, but the ships were brought up to European standards. Holland, Sweden, Denmark and Portugal each had 10-20 ships, Spain - 30, Turkey - also about that, but these were not ships of the European level.
Even then, the property of battleships was evident that they were created most of all for numbers - to be there, and not for war. It was expensive to build and maintain them, and even more so to staff them with a crew, all kinds of supplies and send them on campaigns. This is where they saved money - they didn’t send it. So even England used only a small part of its battlefleet at a time. Equipping 20-30 battleships for a voyage was also a task on a national scale for England. Russia kept only a few battleships in combat readiness. Most battleships spent their entire lives in port with only a minimal crew on board (capable of moving the ship to another port if urgently needed) and unloaded guns.
The ship next in rank to the battleship was a frigate, designed to capture water space. With the accompanying destruction of everything (except for battleships) that existed in this space. Formally, the frigate was an auxiliary ship for the battle fleet, but given that the latter was used extremely sluggishly, frigates turned out to be the most popular of the ships of that period. Frigates, like cruisers later, could be divided into light and heavy, although such a gradation was not formally carried out. A heavy frigate appeared in the 17th century; it was a ship with 32-40 guns, including falconets, and displacing 600-900 tons of water. The guns were 12-24 pounds, with a predominance of the latter. The armor could withstand 12-pound cannonballs, the armament was 1.2-1.5 tons per pound, and the speed was greater than that of a battleship. The displacement of the latest modifications of the 18th century reached 1,500 tons, there were up to 60 guns, but usually there were no 48-pounders.
Light frigates were already common in the 16th century, and in the 17th they made up the vast majority of all warships. Their production required wood of significantly lower quality than for the construction of heavy frigates. Larch and oak were considered strategic resources, and pine trees suitable for making masts in Europe and the European part of Russia were counted and registered. The light frigates did not carry armor, in the sense that their hulls could withstand wave impacts and mechanical loads, but did not pretend to be more, the thickness of the plating was 5-7 centimeters. The number of guns did not exceed 30, and only on the largest frigates of this class there were 4 24-pounders on the lower deck - they did not even occupy the entire floor. The displacement was 350-500 tons.
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, light frigates were simply the cheapest warships, ships that could be made in a whole bunch and quickly. Including by re-equipping merchant ships. By the middle of the 18th century, similar ships began to be specially produced, but with an emphasis on maximum speed- corvettes. There were even fewer guns on the corvettes, from 10 to 20 (on 10-gun ships there were actually 12-14 guns, but those that looked at the bow and stern were classified as falconets). The displacement was 250-450 tons.
The number of frigates in the 18th century was significant. England had little more of them than ships of the line, but it still amounted to a lot. Countries with small battle fleets had several times more frigates than battleships. The exception was Russia; it had one frigate for every three battleships. The fact was that the frigate was intended to capture space, and with it (space) in the Black and Baltic Seas it was a little tight. At the very bottom of the hierarchy were sloops - ships intended for patrol service, reconnaissance, anti-piracy, and so on. That is, not for fighting other warships. The smallest of them were ordinary schooners weighing 50-100 tons with several guns less than 12 pounds in caliber. The largest had up to 20 12-pounder guns and a displacement of up to 350-400 tons. There could be any number of sloops and other auxiliary ships. For example, Holland in the mid-16th century had 6,000 merchant ships, most of which were armed.
By installing additional guns, 300-400 of them could be converted into light frigates. The rest are in sloops. Another question is that the merchant ship brought profit to the Dutch treasury, and the frigate or sloop consumed this profit. England at that time had 600 merchant ships. How many people could there be on these ships? A - in different ways. In principle, a sailing ship could have one crew member for every ton of displacement. But this worsened living conditions and reduced autonomy. On the other hand, the larger the crew, the more combat-ready the ship was. In principle, 20 people could control the sails of a large frigate. But only in good weather. They could do the same thing in a storm, while simultaneously working on the pumps and battening down the port covers knocked out by the waves, for a short time. Most likely, their strength would have run out earlier than the wind. To conduct a battle on a 40-gun ship, a minimum of 80 people were required - 70 loaded the guns on one side, and another 10 ran around the deck and directed. But if the ship performs such a complex maneuver as a turn, all the gunners will have to rush with lower decks on the masts - when turning, the ship will certainly have to tack against the wind for some time, but for this, all straight sails will need to be tightly reefed, and then, of course, open them again. If the gunners have to either climb the masts or run into the hold for cannonballs, they won’t shoot much.
Typically, sailing ships intended for long passages or long cruising had one person on board for 4 tons. This was enough to control the ship and for combat. If the ship was used for landing operations or boarding, the crew size could reach one person per ton. How did they fight? If two approximately equal ships under the flags of warring powers met at sea, then both of them began to maneuver in order to take a more advantageous position from the wind. One tried to get behind the other - this way it was possible to take away the wind from the enemy at the most interesting moment. Considering that the guns were aimed by the hull, and the maneuverability of the ship was proportional to its speed, no one wanted to move against the wind at the time of the collision. On the other hand, if there was too much wind in the sails, it was possible to rush forward and let the enemy into the rear. All these dances were original in the sense that it was practically possible to maneuver only by direction.
Of course, the whole story did not fit into the framework of LiveJournal, so read the continuation on InfoGlaz -
On May 18, 1881, the last sailing ship in the Atlantic Ocean completed its voyage. We decided to remember 9 legendary sailing ships that went down in the history of great voyages and discoveries.
1. "Santa Maria" - a legend of legends, the ship on which America was discovered by Christopher Columbus and his crew. This is a small vessel no more than 25 meters long with four masts and straight sails. The Santa Maria had five sails, which, under favorable conditions, could give it a fairly high speed. It should be noted that the Santa Maria was not the fastest ship, but at the same time it was highly stable, which could be useful during a storm. The last voyage of this semi-mythical sailing ship took place on Christmas Day 1492 - it crashed off the coast of Haiti. But the wreckage of the Maria was not left to rot on the ocean floor, but was used to build a settlement that still exists today. To our greatest regret, not a single image of “Santa Maria” remains, and all photographs and drawings were made either from diary descriptions or from reconstructions.
2. Ship "Victoria" became the first ship in history on which people managed to circumnavigate the globe. The captain of this legendary ship was the no less legendary Ferdinand Magellan - a man who managed to maintain the spirit of his sailors throughout many months of a grueling, unbearable journey. Reliable images of the Victoria have also not been preserved, but researchers believe that this ship had three masts, two rows of straight sails and one oblique sail. The ship, despite the fact that it was intended primarily for research and peaceful purposes, was armed with several dozen cannons to increase safety. Scientists cannot determine the characteristics of the ship: its mass ranges from 80 to 200 tons.
3. "Golden Doe" , this is an English galleon led by Captain Drake, who was the first to return from a trip around the world after Magellan's voyage. The golden doe spent 2 years and 10 months in the ocean. This ship is unique in that it was the only one that managed to sail through the Strait of Magellan (after Magellan himself). There are several exact copies of the Golden Hind, which are permanently parked in shipbuilding museums.
4. "Endeavour" James Cook - the ship on which this famous navigator made his first trip around the world, pursuing scientific astronomical goals - studying the passage of Venus across the disk of the Sun, as well as for a more thorough study of the southern hemisphere.
5. "Dyfken"- the ship on which Australia was discovered by the European Willem Jans. It was a small ship, about 25-30 meters in length, quite fast (it reached speeds of up to 13 kilometers per hour) and light, designed for a small crew. A replica of the legendary ship is in the Australian Museum and anyone can easily visit it.
6. "Hope" And "Neva"- two small ships that managed to glorify domestic sailors and enter their names into the list greatest travelers peace. It should be noted that both ships were purchased in England, specifically in order to travel around the world. The navigators took this step for the reason that Russia at that time did not have its own shipbuilding industry of the required level, and Russian ships could not withstand such a long voyage. Kruzenshtern, who initiated the journey, and his close friend Lisyansky were appointed captains of the ships.
7. "Galley"- the most famous pirate sailing ship of one of the most cruel and successful sea robbers - Captain Kid. This ship had a displacement of about 300 tons, was equipped with fifty oars and 34 deck guns, which made it a very formidable weapon in the skillful hands of the experienced Captain Kid.
8. "Flying Dutchman" is a ghost ship that has been instilling fear in sailors around the world for several centuries. This is an eternal sea hulk, around which dozens of legends revolve. All the legends, although they differ in plot, are similar in that the ship and crew were cursed for the sins of their captain. Neither the year of construction nor the type of the ship itself is known.
9. "Vasa"- a museum ship, the only sailing ship from our selection that has survived to this day. It was built and put into service in 1628 in Sweden, after which, after floating for about half an hour, it sank safely. The ship was raised from the bottom centuries later, becoming a museum exhibit. At one time, “Vasa” was one of the largest sailing ships, its length reached 65 meters and width 12 meters; for the construction of “Vassa” an entire oak forest (about a thousand trees) was destroyed.
The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.
Installing a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.
Centuries and millennia have passed. Primitive ships were replaced by different types of ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of different shapes.
A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of its engines, but a sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.
Structure of a sailing ship
A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and crew are placed.
The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the side restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.
Also the main elements are:
- spar(masts with yards, gaffs, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
- rigging– standing, running (various ropes, steel ropes, chains);
- sail(oblique, straight).
Gaff– this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; A geek– horizontal lower yard. Topmast is attached to the mast, being its continuation.
Bushpritom sailors call a wooden beam, which is an extension of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.
Standing rigging, as one can infer from its name, it is motionless. Such rigging gear firmly secures masts and topmasts; they are divided into:
- shrouds and forduns located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
- stays that secure the masts at the front;
- backstays securing the bowsprit.
Running rigging when fixed, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on steering the vessel, it can move gear in space.
The following types of rigging are distinguished:
- tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
- sheet(manages sailing equipment);
- halyard(raises the sail);
- bras(designed to rotate the yard in a plane parallel to the deck).
The classification of sails is based on several criteria. There are rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes.
By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, topsail) and oblique (staysail, jib - both are additional), lower sail and upper (lower foretopsail, upper foretopsail).
The main types of sailing weapons are shown in the photo.
There are also lateen sails - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to a yard, inclined relative to the mast at an angle of approximately 45-55 degrees.
Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional name, which indicates which element of the spar or sail it belongs to. Thus, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on a jib sail is a jib sheet.
Types of sailing ships
Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, features of the sails, and purpose. The table will help you determine the type of ship.
| Vessel name | Purpose of the ship | Number of masts | Sails on masts | Additional characteristics of the vessel |
| Aak | Freight, transport | 1 | 2-3 straight sails | Dutch river boat; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom. |
| Barque | Transport | 3, 4, 5 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique | Initially small, then large sea ship(displacement 5-10 tons); built until the first quarter of the 20th century. It looks very impressive. |
| Barquentine | Cargo | 3, 4, 5, less often 6 | Straight only on the forward foremast; the rest are oblique; there is no gaff on the foremast. | Appearance - 50s of the 19th century. |
| Bombard or bombard ship | Military (shelling of fortresses and other fortifications on the coast) | 2, 3 | Straight and oblique on all masts. | 17th century – 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-drafted to get as close to the shore as possible. |
| Brig | Convoy | 2 | Straight on the front background mast, straight and oblique on the second (main mast). | Had 10-20 guns; could row. |
| Brigantine | Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance military ships. | 2-3 | Initially - lateen oblique sails; from the 19th century - straight on the foremast, oblique - on the mainmast. | Light vessel - small brig; could row with oars (the sails were removed). |
| Buer | Cargo for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure boat. | 01.02.18 | Oblique | Appeared in the 18th-19th century. Russian fishermen from the north used ice boats mounted on skates (they moved along the ice). Later they began to use it as a sail on wheels for movement on dense sand. |
| Galleon | A combat, merchant ship, typical of the 16th-18th centuries. | 2-4 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - slanting. | A large seagoing vessel with a four- to seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 guns on two decks. For its time it had the most advanced design. |
| Junk | A military ship, then a cargo ship. | 2-4 | Made from mats in the form of quadrangles, the yards are made from bamboo. | Distributed in southeast Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal navigation. Cargo weight – up to 600 tons. |
| Iol (or yol) | Military, fishing | 2 | Oblique | They appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with a cannon and falconets. The steering axis is located in front of the rear mast. |
| Caravel | Fishing, trading ship of the 13th-17th centuries. | 3-4 | Straight (first two masts), oblique. | They were part of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets and sailed on them. Features: high load capacity, seaworthiness, built-in stern and bow; could go against the wind. |
| Karakka | Military, trade (16-17th century). | 3 | Straight (fore- and main-masts), oblique (mizzen-mast). | A large ship with three decks, with a displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. It was equipped with cannons (30-40) and could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of Magellan's expedition. Invented in Genoa. |
| Karbas | Fishing, cargo, transport. | 1-2 | 2 straight sails per mast. | Place of use — Russian north (Pomors of the White Sea and others). |
| Ketch (ketch) | Fishing, sports. | 2 – (only main and mizzen masts) | Oblique | It differs in that the aft mast is located in front of the steering axle. |
| Clipper | Military (watch, reconnaissance). | 3-4 | Direct | Fast ship of the 19th century. It developed high speed due to its narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement – up to 1.5 tons. |
| Lugger | Military (intelligence, messenger). | 2-3 | Direct | Created in France at the end of the 18th - mid-19th centuries. They were valued for their speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns. |
| Tender | Military auxiliary | 1 mast | Oblique | Used in the 19th – early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit and up to 12 guns. |
| Flutes | Military (transportation) | 3 | Maximum popularity – 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns. | |
| Frigate | Combat | 3 | Straight, on the mizzen mast - oblique. | They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. Size is medium. Classic ships were created in France. A linear frigate was in demand. |
| Sloop | Military, expeditionary | 3 | Direct | Used in the 18th-19th century. An open battery with 25 guns was installed. |
| Schooner | Trade and cargo | 2-3 | Oblique | Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used in the USA. |
| Yacht | Sports, tourist, can be personal | From 1 to several masts | Straight, oblique | Fast, light ship. |
A table with types of sailing ships showed how the appearance of ships changed, the relationship to the length and number of masts, and the sail structure.
Sailboats of Russia
Russia for a long time did not have access to the southern seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.
In the north, Pomors went out into the cold seas on kochas with one sail.
Up to the 18th century. There was no navy in our country, and only on the orders of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.
From there the first sailing battleship (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailboats were built at foreign shipyards.
There are ships that have gone down in the history of our country.
The sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.
The legendary frigate Pallada, recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.
The corvette "Vityaz" delivered N. N. Miklouho-Maclay - the first European - to the shore of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.
Modern sailing ships
Modern sailing ships are widely known:
Conclusion
The age of iron ships with nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets master maritime skills in practice.
With their appearance, they awaken an interest in travel in children and teenagers and help them get in touch with history. geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.
Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once upon a time, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. Each of them had guns on board, and the crew consisted of desperate young men who were ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant travels. Then, in these turbulent centuries, a division into types of ships occurred. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe we can add some rowing ships.
Galleys
Getting into them is an unenviable lot. In ancient times, such punishment awaited inveterate criminals. And in Ancient Egypt, both in Fincia and in Hellas they were already there. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those same convicts, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern standards, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and their length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys consists of ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The progress, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.
Barki
So, a barque (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word “bark”) is a ship with a number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, with the exception of the mizzen (stern mast) rigging. Barks are quite large vessels, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 m, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the vessel even today does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, was common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.
Brigantine raises sails
In fact, the same barques, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. The sailing rig is mixed, with straight sails on the foresail (front mast) and oblique sails on the mainsail. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called “Bermuda mainsail”, that is, a triangular sail stretched between the luff line and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.
Frigates
As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example would be a frigate. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In its original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Beginning in the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” for a long time, meaning its predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the range of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement is average for that time, approximately. The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on which a glorious expedition to the shores was undertaken in 1855 East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.
Caravels
“She passed like a caravel...” is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel’s nose is raised high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.
However, in general this type certainly has good seaworthiness. It is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on three caravels (“Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina”). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, a foresail with straight sails, and the rest with lateen (oblique) sails.
Purpose: long-distance sea and transoceanic voyages.
The Russian word “ship” is morphologically derived from the word “caravel”. It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.
Clippers
All types of ships are created for fast sailing and are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and immediately everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varyag”. Regarding clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This ship with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly bringing mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate orders from the queen was the lot of clipper ships and their crews. And these ships carried out their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.
Galleons
Looking through the ancient types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that same “raised nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too tall next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, such a target was easier to hit). The outline of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew's conditions became more comfortable. It was on galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.
The displacement of these “16th century battleships” ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.
Schooners
There are types of large ships that have become “workhorses”, designed to transport a wide variety of cargo. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be taken into account that the line between a two-masted topsail or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. It reached its greatest popularity in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, and his crew hunt on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard) was launched.
Other types of ships
Photos of sailboats arriving at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on websites. Such a parade is always an event; the beauty of these ships is incomparable. Barques, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, ketches, and yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to bygone centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant travels. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they believe in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfurled the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your places at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk tankers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers; he will not let you down.
“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship Prussia was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.
France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. "France II" was laid down at the shipyards "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" in French city Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.
The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant ship. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.
The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, the gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5,218 (grt), which is 137 (grt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was put into operation a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”
The Royal Clipper is a five-mast, four-star cruising sailboat that was built in the image of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.
“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 mt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.
Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.
“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. This was the first French sailing ship cargo Ship and second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.
Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mt, sail area - 3,700 meters square.
The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.
Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.
“Sedov” is a four-masted barque that was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mt, sail area - 4,192 meters square.
Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.
“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The vessel's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made numerous transatlantic and round-the-world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not only to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.
Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailing ships was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.
“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship of the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), the first sailor to circumnavigate the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.
“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.
“The World” is educational three-masted ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a ship with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of Sea and River Fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - to “Rosmorport” . Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, the draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 square meters, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.
“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.
The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships “Lwоw” (“Lions”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.
“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.
“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.
Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 square meters.
“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing ship. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.
“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.
