G p lyntupy. Lyntupy - past and present

In the Postavy district there is an inconspicuous, at first glance, urban village - Lyntupy. Lyntupy has been known since 1459, when the Vilnius governor A. Dovgirdovich built a wooden church of St. Andrey. In the middle of the 16th century, the town belonged to the Oshmyany district of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The owners were the Buchinskys, Ostrovskys, and Gilzens.

And since 1795, Lyntupy has been part of Russia as a town, the center of the volost of the Sventsyansky district. From 1854 to 1939 the town belonged to the Bishevskys. In 1921-1939, Lyntupy was part of the Sventsyansky povet. Well, since 1939 they have been part of the Belarusian lands again, as a village in the Postavy region. In 1967 it received the status of an urban village.

As you might have guessed, the Biszewski estate was once located here, which was built in 1907 according to the design of the then famous Polish-Russian architect, Count Tadeusz Rastorovsky.

According to local legend, a young nobleman, Józef Biszewski, fell in love with a beautiful French actress in Paris, and she, in turn, promised to marry him if he built a magnificent palace for her.

Bishevsky hurried home immediately and ordered the construction of a magnificent stone palace. Each room of the palace was richly decorated, had a different color scheme, and even had an original name (for example, Chinese, Moorish). Near the palace, numerous outbuildings were erected, similar in style to the main building. There was even central heating within its walls - special voids through which warm air flowed from the basement. What made this architectural complex even more attractive was the fact that it was located on an island framed by 4 hand-dug ponds, which were connected by canals.

And around the palace itself a luxurious park of rare trees and shrubs with a charming summer gazebo was planted. The palace had 2 entrances - one led to the park, and the second directly to the pond.

But, despite all the efforts of Bishevsky, the capricious Frenchwoman, visiting Lyntupy, did not appreciate his efforts, saying that her father’s stables were even richer, and drove off back to her Paris. Shlyakhtich was upset. He himself did not live in the palace, but huddled in a small wooden house, and in the luxurious palace the guests who came to endless parties lived and had fun. Sad, but vital. Lyntupy became a kind of monument to unrequited love.

However, there is another legend, a little more positive. They say that from the palace there were several secret underground passages. In confirmation of this, one day on the territory of the park, towards the church, a hole appeared in the ground - probably the old brick vault of the passage could not stand it.

And, according to legend, in 1939 the Red Army captured the town of Lyntupy, Pan Bishevsky managed to escape. And at the same time, he hid part of his belongings in one of the underground passages. So, it is possible that while walking through the park, we are trampling over the family valuables of Pan Bishevsky himself. Perhaps someone will be able to find them!

But the palace is actually a work of art. You look at him and your breath stops. Pictures from the past appear before your eyes: ladies in chic dresses descending the steps of the palace, a beautiful pond with boats visible in the night, young couples spinning in a waltz and a young gentleman watching this from the side, remembering his beloved.

The palace still has floor tiles and stucco decorations on the walls - all this gives the building even greater importance and historicity... Plunging us further and further into past centuries.

However, currently the territory of the palace (including the palace itself) has been purchased by the Russians. Restoration work is underway there, but not to restore the monument. As the workers we met told us, there are plans to open a hotel or tourist center there.

This is how Belarus loses monuments of its history. Places where we can plunge into past centuries, imagine all the charm of both the palace and the people who visited it. A country without a past has no future.

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G.p. Lyntupy, Postavy district, Vitebsk region

Lyntupy is an urban village with a population of approximately 1,600 people. The roads P95 and P110 pass through the village. There was a railway line to the neighboring Republic of Lithuania, but now this connection is closed, Lyntupy has become a dead-end station.

Lyntupka River gave the name to the village, receiving it herself from the fusion of Finnish and Baltic roots. Bird River- this is what lies beneath the non-Slavic sound of the word Lyntupy.

Biography of the village

Its first mention in historical documents was in 1450, when Voivode Dovgirdovich built here wooden church of St. Andrey. But it is believed that people lived here long before this event, back in the 10th century. This is evidenced by the results of excavations of numerous mounds. The tribes adhered to pagan beliefs; they performed cults on clusters of boulders, made sacrifices, created legends and gradually became legends themselves. Stone-Grandfather, Stone-Krinitsa - almost the proper names of the surviving pagan boulders.

In the middle of the 16th century locality belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the end of the 18th century it came under the jurisdiction of nearby territories Russian Empire, for some time was part of Poland, from 1939 - in the BSSR, and then became part of the state of the Republic of Belarus.

Long history - long list of owners: Buchinsky, Ostrovsky, Gilzen. Last ones to own before 1939 - Bishevsky, of which Jozef Biszewski built a beautiful one here manor and park complex, which still inspires admiration even among sophisticated visitors.

During the Great Patriotic War, the village was occupied and was in the hands of the invaders until July 9, 1944. Mournful sights associated with this period are monuments at the site of the execution of Jews from the ghetto, organized by the Nazis in Lyntupy.

More about attractions

History knows how to hide its secrets, some achievements are erased from the face of the earth irreparably, but there are true pearls, the beauty and value of which cannot be hidden by merciless time.

Such undoubted value is Church of St. Apostle Andrew(built in 1908-1914 to replace a smaller wooden structure). Now it's active catholic church, each line corresponding to its sublime purpose, experts admire the originality of the canons of pseudo-baroque architecture embedded in the design of the building; the stone fence of the church also has historical value.

Interesting Bishevsky estate- a house, almost a palace, built by a famous architect at that time Tadeusz Rastvorowski. The construction of the estate is shrouded in romance. Jozef Biszewski lovingly erected it for the capricious and demanding French actress, putting a special meaning into the interior of each room: all the rooms differed in style. The preserved tiles and stucco work are striking in their sophistication.

The house was the center of the park composition. Here, a park should be understood, in addition to plantings, as a system of reservoirs - 4 ponds. From some angles they appear to surround the building. The park does not just have a landscape character: in some places amazing landscape paintings were created. The authors of the project played a lot with perspective, symmetry, axes and alleys, creating a single composition from individual elements. The pseudo-Gothic building of a smokehouse, a pavilion, an arched bridge, and a wonderful staircase organically fit into it.

But the owner of this beauty was unable to win the heart of the treacherous beauty, in despair, he almost did not use the chambers in his own estate, and then the circumstances developed such that in 1939 he was forced to flee, bringing to life another legend - about a hidden treasure.

The atmosphere of a Belarusian urban village is permeated with legends and harmony, historical and aesthetic delights, which is why the settlement itself attracts and holds the attention of an interested person.

The settlement got its name from the name of the river that flows through it in the Postavy region - Lyntupka. From the Baltic language the word is translated as “bird river”. Lyntupy first appeared in the chronicle in 1385. However, people lived here as early as the 10th century AD. Proof of this is the 74 mounds near Lyntupy. During the excavations, knives, awls, spearheads, axes, bracelets, rings were found - objects used by the Baltic people in the 10th century AD. A place with a cluster of large boulders in this area served for sacrifice, prayer and worship of the gods. There are still many legends about boulders: “Grandfather Stone”, “Krinitsa Stone” and others.

In 1908, on the site of the old burnt wooden church during the reign of the Bishevsky gentry, they began to build a new brick church. Construction lasted 6 years. In 1914, construction of the church was completed.

It is noteworthy that in Lyntupy they have never built Orthodox Church, and she's still not here. Opposite the church on the central square of Lyntupov there was only a synagogue.

The Bishevskys built a beer factory here, which is still in operation. True, today water and alcohol are bottled here.

The Biszewski Palace in Lyntupy was built in 1907 by Józef Biszewski according to the designs of the famous architect Tadeusz Rastvarowski. It was built in the late Italian Renaissance style. Each room had its own unique color scheme and was distinguished by its rich decoration. There were Chinese, Moorish, and Japanese chambers. Central heating and sewerage were installed here.

A pond was dug around the palace. Therefore, it seemed that the building was on an island. Marble sculptures and a granite staircase served as decoration. Many exotic plants were planted in the adjacent park. An amphitheater was also built in the park, where musical evenings were organized. On holidays, the gates to the palace were opened, and both nobles and villagers could visit the amphitheater.

About the very construction of the Biszewski Palace in Lyntupy, there is a popular legend about Jozef Biszewski's affair with a Parisian woman who demanded the palace for herself. Jozef built a palace, but the lady did not think it was the best, and she went to her place in Paris, thus “trampling” true love.

On this moment The palace building stands in the woods. The object was purchased by a Russian investor, and the further fate of the palace is not yet known, the program reported.

On the outskirts of Lyntupy there is an ancient cemetery where the Bishevsky and other nobles, as well as ordinary villagers, are buried.

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The urban village of Lyntupy is located just 2 km from the state border of our country with the Republic of Lithuania, in the extreme north-west of Belarus in the middle of the protected forests of our Poozerie (40 km west of the city of Postavy and 25 km north of Lake Naroch).

To understand the uniqueness of these places for researchers, at the beginning of the topic we will make a small perspective on the history of the region.

In the early Middle Ages, the territory of the Lyntup region was part of the Nalshchan principality. The entire population of the principality was pagan. After the violent seizure of Nalshchan by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Voishelk in 1264, the lands of the principality were transferred under the formal jurisdiction of Polotsk. However, weakened by the fight against external and internal enemies, the Principality of Polotsk at that time no longer had the strength to Christianize the newly annexed lands. Soon the Principality of Polotsk itself legally became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Later we will see that the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship was created on the territory of the former Nalshchansky land.

The gradual Christianization of the region began after the coronation of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila to the Polish throne in 1386. But, we repeat, this Christianization was gradual and slowly, over centuries, carried out from the ruling elite to the common people of the principality and did not have a pronounced violent character. Therefore, in this territory, until the middle of the 19th century, there were islands of a pagan population, and the Christian faith, new to these places, became intertwined with old pagan customs, rituals and beliefs.

The creation of such a dense interweaving of old pagan beliefs with the Christian religion is unique in continental Europe. Similar processes occurred only in Iceland, which was extremely remote from major Christian centers.

A striking example of such a Christian-pagan conglomerate is the Lyntupshchina we are considering. Although the first church in the town was built back in 1459 (this date is considered the beginning of the Christianization of the Lyntup region), but at the end of the 19th century the famous Russian antiquities researcher F.V. Pokrovsky records and puts on his archaeological map in Lyntupy itself such a characteristic object of pagan cult as the “Holy Well”. Moreover, the author of these lines, during his research, recorded information about the celebration of cult rites by the local population of clearly pagan origin already in the second half of the 20th century. These are mass prayers during some Christian holidays at the former pagan shrines of the area: the holy “Millennium Oak” in the former village of Stukovshchina (3 km north of the town of Lyntupy), the “Holy Spring” in the village of Petruti (10 km east of the town of Lyntupy). .Lyntupy). This is also the kindling of the znich (sacred fire) during the holidays of the Christian saints Yuri and John at the former temple of the pagan god of spring and fertility Yarilo on the hill “Tomb of the Knight” (“Butsyanok”) in the village of Gurnitsa (12 km south-southeast of urban settlement Lyntupy). These are also sacrifices to pagan gods: the goddess of rock and birth Laima at her temple in the Vaishsky Log tract in the village of Raduta (6 km southeast of the town of Lyntupy), an undefined god at the Holy “Millennium Oak” in the former village of Stukovshchina , to the deity of the family, Grandfather the first ancestor, on his temple near the former village of Stukovshchina, etc.

The most sensational discovery was during a joint field expedition in 1992 with a senior researcher at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, candidate. historical sciences Lyudmila Vladimirovna Duchits. In the vicinity of the village of Kaptaruny (7 km north-west of the town of Lyntupy), 30 m from the state border, in a hole filled with water on the surface of the cult Holy (“Dzyuravaga”) stone of Kaptarunsky, completely new, freshly minted Mint of the Republic of Lithuania, coins. Pagan sacrifice at the very end of the 20th century in the center of Europe! It really was a sensation. Thanks to this discovery, the Kaptarun Saint (“Dziuravy”) stone became the most famous among the Belarusian pagan monuments in the scientific circles of Europe.

From the above material one can guess that the vicinity of the urban settlement. Lyntupy is a real fabulous Eldorado for local historians, historians, archaeologists and ethnographers. And indeed, over 20 years of work, the author of these lines found and examined more than a hundred objects of pre-Christian cult, and collected rich ethnographic material. Along with and in parallel with the author, such famous scientists as geologist and candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences V.F. worked on revealing the ancient secrets of the Lyntup region. Vinokurov (Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Belarus), Candidates of Historical Sciences E.M. Zaikovsky, L.V. Duchits (both Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Belarus), Vikantas Vaitkevicius (Klaipeda University, Lithuania), Daiva Vaitkeviciene (Central Lithuanian Archive of Ethnography, Lithuania), Moscow archaeologist Denis Samkov (Russia) and others.

Research conducted in the summer of 2014 together with employees of the Belarusian department of the International Academy of Information Technologies (IAIT) on a number of pagan religious sites in the Lyntup region discovered material that was of interest to representatives of other branches of science.

The background to the above studies is as follows. Over the course of many years of work with pagan religious objects, the author drew attention to inexplicable cases occurring with the human psyche, photographic and video equipment at the sites of former pagan temples. While staying in these places, there are often cases of loss of spatial orientation, visual and auditory hallucinations, and failure of photographic and video equipment. The author himself was often an eyewitness to these incomprehensible phenomena, and the stories of many people about these cases are true masterpieces of folk art.

During these studies, the author came up with the idea of ​​scientifically studying these incomprehensible phenomena using modern technical means. A chance acquaintance with an MAIT employee, Ph.D. biological sciences Galina Grigorievna Romanenko allowed us to begin to implement these ideas.

Our group included Ph.D. biol. Sciences G.G. Romanenko, S.N. Starovoitov, O.V. Yagelo and A.V. Gorboul. The studies were carried out with a certified IGA-1 device, a highly sensitive selective electromagnetic field meter with a range of 5-1000 Hz and sensitivity from units to hundreds of picovolts. The objects of the study were the former pagan temples of Yarila - the god of spring, fertility and war (hill "Tomb of the Knight" ("Butsyanok"), village of Gurnitsa), Mary (Roda, Raduta, Aushrine) - the goddess of the dead and the dawn (hill "French ( German) graves", the village of Raduta), Lima - the goddess of rock, knowledge and birth (Vaishsky Log tract near the village of Raduta), Veyas - the god of the winds (Vaishsky Log tract), Grandfather - the ancestor god, guardian of the household, home, harvest, family, clan (the “Dzedava Khata” tract in the former village of Stukovshchina) and an unclear god at the “Millennium Oak” (former village of Stukovshchina).

The experimental work carried out by our group on the pagan temples of the Lyntup region opened up broad prospects for using a similar research method in archeology and, first of all, in the study of cult monuments.

Thus, we managed to use a special trace (which is similar to a heat trace in the infrared region) to find the original location of the moved cult object (altar stone from the temple of Yarila, the idol of Veyas), cult objects that disappeared from the temple (12 cult stones dedicated to small gods - to the winds on the temple of Veyas, the idol of Yarila, Mary (Raduta), etc.). Also, by the nature of the radiation, one can distinguish religious objects from natural ones (2 parts of the idol of Veyas) and other possibilities that we have yet to comprehend.

Having received only part of the information about the research described above, our country’s leading specialist in the field of studying pre-Christian religious monuments, employee of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Ph.D. history Sciences E.M. Zaikovsky expressed great interest in cooperation. He also proposed to jointly develop a methodology for similar research in archeology.

Literature

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