Read the children's encyclopedia of volcanoes. Volcanoes - how are they formed, why do they erupt and why are they dangerous and useful? Why are volcanoes dangerous?

22.02.2024

A truly amazing sight - a volcanic eruption. But what is a volcano? How does a volcano erupt? Why do some of them spew out huge streams of lava at different intervals, while others sleep peacefully for centuries?

What is a volcano?

Externally, the volcano resembles a mountain. There is a geological fault inside it. In science, a volcano is a formation of geological rock located on the surface of the earth. Magma, which is very hot, erupts through it. It is magma that subsequently forms volcanic gases and rocks, as well as lava. Most of the volcanoes on earth were formed several centuries ago. Today, new volcanoes rarely appear on the planet. But this happens much less frequently than before.

How are volcanoes formed?

If we briefly explain the essence of the formation of a volcano, it will look like this. Under the earth's crust there is a special layer under strong pressure, consisting of molten rocks, it is called magma. If cracks suddenly begin to appear in the earth’s crust, then hills form on the surface of the earth. Through them, magma comes out under strong pressure. At the surface of the earth, it begins to break down into hot lava, which then solidifies, causing the volcanic mountain to become larger and larger. The emerging volcano becomes such a vulnerable spot on the surface that it spews volcanic gases onto the surface with great frequency.

What is a volcano made of?

In order to understand how magma erupts, you need to know what a volcano is made of. Its main components are: a volcanic chamber, a vent and craters. What is a volcanic source? This is the place where magma is formed. But not everyone knows what a volcano’s crater and crater are? A vent is a special channel that connects the hearth with the surface of the earth. A crater is a small bowl-shaped depression on the surface of a volcano. Its size can reach several kilometers.

What is a volcanic eruption?

Magma is constantly under intense pressure. Therefore, there is a cloud of gases above it at any time. Gradually they push hot magma to the surface of the earth through the crater of the volcano. This is what causes an eruption. However, just a short description of the eruption process is not enough. To see this spectacle, you can use the video, which you need to watch after you have learned what the volcano is made of. In the same way, in the video you can find out which volcanoes do not exist nowadays and what the volcanoes that are active today look like.

Why are volcanoes dangerous?

Active volcanoes pose a danger for a number of reasons. The dormant volcano itself is very dangerous. It can “wake up” at any time and begin to erupt streams of lava, spreading over many kilometers. Therefore, you should not settle near such volcanoes. If an erupting volcano is located on an island, a dangerous phenomenon such as a tsunami may occur.

Despite their danger, volcanoes can serve humanity well.

How are volcanoes useful?

During the eruption, a large amount of metals appears that can be used in industry.
The volcano produces the strongest rocks that can be used for construction.
Pumice, which appears as a result of the eruption, is used for industrial purposes, as well as in the production of stationery erasers and toothpaste.

Hello, dear friends! Today I received a message from one boy, he writes that volcanoes are often shown in cartoons and films, but he just can’t understand what they are and why they are needed.

I asked my friend Professor Chainikov to tell me what it is.

And this is what my friend wrote to me:

“Good afternoon my friends, I am very glad that you are interested in volcanoes, this is a very interesting phenomenon.

Mountains that rise above channels and cracks in the earth's crust are called volcanoes.

Most often, volcanoes look like cone-shaped or dome-shaped mountains, at the top of which there is a crater, or a funnel-shaped depression.

For example these

Sometimes, as scientists say, a volcano “wakes up” and then it erupts. At the same time, molten substances from the earth's crust and mantle, called magma, come to the surface of the Earth.

An eruption is a series of strong and weak explosions and outpourings of lava - a mixture of molten rocks. The volume of erupted lava can reach several tens of cubic kilometers. Eruptions can be long-lasting, which can be observed for several years and even centuries, and short-term, passing in a few hours. Their precursors include the following phenomena: earthquakes, changes in the composition of gases, sound (acoustic) changes and others.

Those volcanoes that from time to time emit hot gases or steam from their vents are called active. Volcanoes that have erupted relatively recently are also considered active. There are about 500 such volcanoes on Earth.

“The word “volcano” comes from the Latin word “volcanos” - fire, flame. The ancient Romans called the god of fire and blacksmithing Vulcaoma. According to legend, he forged armor in his forge inside a mountain on the island of Vulcano, 50 km north of the island of Sicily. Plumes of smoke and flames continuously burst out from the mountain. Over time, any fire-breathing mountain began to be called a volcano, like the god of fire.”

In the Tyrrhenian Sea in the group of Aeolian Islands there is a small island of Vulcano. Most of the island is occupied by mountains. Even in ancient times, people saw how clouds of black smoke and fire sometimes burst out of its top, and hot stones were thrown to great heights.

The ancient Romans considered this island the entrance to hell, as well as the domain of the god of fire and blacksmithing, Vulcan. After the name of this god, the fire-breathing mountains were later called volcanoes.

A volcanic eruption can last for several days or even months. After a strong eruption, the volcano returns to a state of rest for several years and even decades. Such volcanoes are called valid.

There are volcanoes that erupted in times long past. Some of them have retained the shape of a beautiful cone. People have no information about their activities. They are called extinct, such as in the Caucasus, the Elbrus and Kazbek mountains, the peaks of which are covered with sparkling, dazzling white glaciers. In ancient volcanic areas, deeply destroyed and eroded volcanoes are found. In our country such regions are Crimea, Transbaikalia and other places.

Volcanoes are usually cone-shaped with slopes that are gentler at their bases and steeper at their summits.

If you climb to the top of an active volcano during its calm state, you can see crater - a deep depression with steep walls, similar to a giant bowl. The bottom of the crater is covered with fragments of large and small stones, and jets of gas and steam rise from cracks in the bottom and walls of the crater. Sometimes they calmly emerge from under stones and from cracks, sometimes they burst out violently, with hissing and whistling. The crater is filled with choking gases; rising up, they form a cloud at the top of the volcano. The volcano can quietly smoke for months and years until an eruption occurs. This event is often preceded by an earthquake; An underground rumble is heard, the release of vapors and gases intensifies, clouds thicken over the top of the volcano.

Model of the Vesuvius volcano with the remains of an old crater: 1 - magma chamber; 2 - lava flows; 3 - cone of Vesuvius; 4 - crater; 5 - channel through which gases and magma rise to the crater; 6 - layers of lava flows, ash, lapilli and other loose materials from earlier eruptions; 7 - remains of an old volcano crater.

Then, under the pressure of gases escaping from the bowels of the earth, the bottom of the crater explodes. Thick black clouds of gases and water vapor mixed with ash are thrown out thousands of meters, plunging the surrounding area into darkness. With an explosion and roar, pieces of red-hot stones fly from the crater, forming giant sheaves of sparks. Ash falls from black, thick clouds onto the ground, and sometimes torrential rains fall, forming streams of mud that roll down the slopes and flood the surrounding area. The flash of lightning continuously cuts through the darkness. The volcano rumbles and trembles, molten fiery liquid lava rises through its mouth. It seethes, overflows over the edge of the crater and rushes in a fiery stream along the slopes of the volcano, burning and destroying everything in its path.

During some volcanic eruptions, lava does not flow.

Volcanic eruptions also occur at the bottom of seas and oceans. Sailors learn about this when they suddenly see a column of steam above the water or “stone foam” floating on the surface - pumice. Sometimes ships encounter unexpected shoals formed by new volcanoes at the bottom of the sea. Over time, these shoals - igneous masses - are eroded by sea waves and disappear without a trace.

Some underwater volcanoes form cones that protrude above the surface of the water in the form of islands.

In ancient times, people did not know how to explain the causes of volcanic eruptions. This formidable natural phenomenon plunged people into horror.

However, already the ancient Greeks and Romans, and later the Arabs, came to the idea that in the depths of the Earth there was a huge sea of underground fire. The disturbances of this sea cause volcanic eruptions on the earth's surface.

At the end of the last century, a special science, volcanology, separated from geology.

Now, near some active volcanoes, volcanological stations - observatories are organized, where scientists conduct constant observations of volcanoes. We have such a volcanological station set up in Kamchatka in the village of Klyuchi. When one of the volcanoes begins to act, volcanologists immediately go to the volcano and observe the eruption.

By studying volcanic lava, you can understand how molten material turned into solid rock.

Volcanologists also study extinct and destroyed ancient volcanoes. The accumulation of such observations and knowledge is very important for geology.

Ancient destroyed volcanoes, active tens of millions of years ago and almost leveled with the surface of the Earth, help scientists recognize how molten masses located in the bowels of the Earth penetrate into the solid crust and what is obtained from their contact with rocks. Usually at points of contact thanks to chemical processes mineral ores are formed - deposits of iron, copper, zinc and other metals.

Jets of steam in volcanic craters, called fumaroles, carry with them some substances in a dissolved state. Sulfur, ammonia, and boric acid, which are used in industry, are deposited along the cracks of the crater and around it, around such fumaroles.

Volcanic ash and lava contain many compounds of the element potassium and become very fertile soils. Gardens are planted on such soils or the land is used for field cultivation. Therefore, although it is unsafe to live in the vicinity of volcanoes, villages or cities almost always grow there.

Why do volcanic eruptions occur and where does such enormous energy come from within the globe?

The discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity in some chemical elements, especially uranium and thorium, suggests that heat accumulates inside the Earth from the decay of radioactive elements. The study of atomic energy further supports this view.

The accumulation of heat in the Earth at great depths heats up the Earth's substance. The temperature rises so high that this substance should melt, but under the pressure of the upper layers of the earth's crust it is kept in a solid state. In those places where the pressure of the upper layers weakens due to the movement of the earth's crust and the cracks formed, the hot masses pass from a solid state to a liquid state.

A mass of molten rock saturated with gases that forms deep within the Earth is called magma. Under strong pressure from the released gases, magma, melting the surrounding rocks, makes its way and forms a vent, or channel, of the volcano. The released gases explode by clearing a path along the vent, breaking apart solid rocks and throwing pieces of them to great heights. This phenomenon always precedes the outpouring of lava and is always accompanied by earthquakes in the vicinity of the volcano.

Just as the gas dissolved in a fizzy drink tends to release when the bottle is uncorked, forming foam, so in the crater of a volcano the foaming magma is rapidly ejected by the gases released from it, spraying and tearing the red-hot mass into pieces.

Having lost a significant amount of gas, magma pours out of the crater and flows like lava along the slopes of the volcano.

If magma in the earth's crust does not find its way to the surface, then it hardens in the form of veins in cracks in the earth's crust. It happens that molten magma solidifies underground over a large area and forms a huge homogeneous body, expanding deeper. Its dimensions can reach hundreds of kilometers in diameter. Such bodies of frozen magma embedded in the earth's crust are called batholiths .

Sometimes magma penetrates along a crack, lifts the layers of the earth like a dome and freezes in a shape similar to a loaf of bread. This kind of education is called laccolith. The name "laccolith" comes from the Greek words "lakkos" - pit and "cast" - stone.

Lava varies in composition and, depending on this, can be liquid or thick and viscous. If lava is liquid, it spreads relatively quickly, forming lava falls along its path. Gases escaping from the crater emit hot fountains of lava, the splashes of which freeze into stone drops - lava tears. Thick lava flows slowly, breaks into blocks that pile up on top of each other, and the gases escaping from it tear off pieces of viscous lava from the blocks, throwing them high. If clots of such lava rotate during takeoff, they take on a spindle-shaped or spherical shape. Such frozen pieces of lava of various sizes are called volcanic bombs. When lava, filled with gases, hardens, stone foam - pumice - is formed. Due to its lightness, pumice floats on water and floats to the surface of the sea during underwater eruptions. Lava fragments the size of a pea or a hazelnut ejected during an eruption are called lapilli . Even finer, loose igneous material is volcanic ash. It falls on the slopes of the volcano and is carried by the wind over a long distance, gradually turning into tuff.

There are huge tuff deposits in Armenia. Tuff is usually a very light, porous material that can be easily sawed. It comes in different colors - pink, red, greenish, gray, purple. Tuffs are widely used as a building material for walls and cladding of houses.

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Target: Expand children's knowledge about the world around them, introduce them to the phenomenon of inanimate nature - a volcanic eruption. In the process of experimentation, develop the desire to learn new things, evoke positive emotions from studying the world around us, and show parents the importance of the “Window to Nature” club activities.

Tasks:

Educational:

1. introduce children to the concept of “volcano”, give an idea of the origin and structure of volcanoes;
2. to form children’s ideas about a natural phenomenon – a volcanic eruption;
3. develop the ability to properly handle chemicals (vinegar).
4. show the positive and negative meaning of volcanoes for people.
5. show the interconnection and interaction of all living and nonliving things on Earth.

Educational:

1. stimulate children’s desire to experiment;
2. develop an emotionally positive attitude towards learning about the world around us;
3. develop thinking, imagination, attention, observation.
4. develop communication and physical skills in play activities.

Educational:

1. cultivate a caring attitude towards nature;
2. contribute to the child’s sustainable emotional and positive well-being and activity through joint experimentation activities.
3. develop the ability to listen, respond emotionally to the actions of children from other groups, and the ability to socialize in a large team.

Integration of educational areas: cognition, communication, health, safety.

Technologies: gaming, experimentation, health-saving (physical education, relay race), multimedia (presentations, video materials.

Dictionary: volcano, earth's crust, lava, crater, crater, pumice, tuff

Materials and equipment: Globe, magnetic board with calendar pictures, model of a mountain of volcanic origin located on a deep tray, computer, multimedia projector, presentation “Volcanoes”, presentation “Photos from different classes of the circle”, video “Shishkina School” - natural history lesson “Volcanoes” 6 min ., documentary video “Trip to Tolbachik Volcano in Kamchatka” 2 min, red cones with paper flames, soft toys for the “Rescuers” relay game, music.

Equipment for experimentation:

model of a mountain of volcanic origin, water, red gouache, dishwashing detergent, soda, vinegar, dessert, teaspoon and tablespoon;
a transparent vase with water, pieces of pumice, pebbles, paper towels.

Preliminary work.

Making a model of a mountain of volcanic origin.

To make and form a mountain model you needed: a tray, a plastic bottle, cardboard, tape, plasticine.

Leisure activities

Children enter the hall to the music and sit on chairs.

Leading: My name is Tatyana Andreevna. I lead the “Window to Nature” group. Today we invited all the children in our kindergarten and parents to our lesson. First we always make a weather calendar. But today I made it myself, and the guys will talk about the weather.
(on a magnetic board - calendar cards)

Children: Time of year - winter, precipitation - snow, weak wind, cloudy sky, cold outside.

Leading: I’ll read you a riddle, and you try to guess what we’ll be talking about today:

I spit fire and lava
I am a dangerous giant!
I am famous for my bad fame,
What's my name?
(Volcano)

Leading: That's right, today we will talk about such a mysterious, enigmatic, amazing and formidable natural phenomenon as a volcano. We go to the Shishkina School for a natural history lesson.

Multimedia video from the “Shishkina School” series “Volcanoes” 6 min.

Leading: Where are the volcanoes?

Children: In the mountains.

Leading: How to find mountains?

Stands on one leg
Twists, turns his head,
Shows us countries
Mountains, rivers, oceans? (Globe).

Guys! Why do we need a globe? What else do people mark on the globe? Why do you think our globe is painted in different colors? Why is the color blue used so much on it? What is marked with this color? What other colors do you see and what do you think they might mean? What color do mountains represent? (children's answers).

Physical education lesson “Vulcan”

Poem (Movements)

Volcanoes began to "play" -
Spew lava from the crater.
(Sit down, gradually rise on your toes, raise your arms up, stretch, do a few shakes with relaxed hands, lower your arms down.)
The volcano is thundering! The volcano is chugging!
How menacing he looks now!
(Hands on the belt, raise them up while clenching and unclenching your fingers into a fist. -2 times)
But then he began to get tired -
The fire in him began to fade.
(Slowly lowering your arms while squatting down)
The last time I breathed fire -
(Sitting in a squat, exhale long and strong. Breathe like dragons “spouting fire”)
And he fell asleep for decades.
(Put their hands under their cheeks “fall asleep, sleep”)
Repeat - 2 times. (website maam.ru)

Leading: We are now embarking on a journey around planet Earth in search of volcanoes.

Presentation "Volcanoes".

“There lived a god named Vulcan. And he liked blacksmithing: standing at the anvil, hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire in the forge. He had a forge inside a tall mountain. When Vulcan worked with his hammer, the mountain trembled from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around. From the hole at the top of the mountain, hot stones, fire and ash flew with a deafening roar. “The volcano is working,” people said with fear, and went to live away from this place. Since then, people began to call all fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.”

Here is an interesting legend about the origin of the name volcano.

To understand the nature of volcanoes, you need to know the structure of the Earth. The earth consists of several layers. We live on the outer layer, the thinnest one, called the earth's crust. These plates seem to float on the surface of a viscous, molten substance. This substance on which the plates float is called magma. The word "magma" is translated from Greek as dough or paste.

Slide 3

The magma that comes out is called lava.

Slide 4

Along with the lava, a lot of volcanic dust comes out of the crater.

Slide 5

Look what happened to the bus that fell under molten lava and froze. He was captured by the elements.

Slide 6,7,8

Guys! What harm do you think a volcanic eruption does?
Nothing can stop a volcano. Cities, islands and even countries perish under its ashes. A terrible tragedy happened in the distant past. The city of Pompeii was razed to the ground. No one managed to escape in this city. A few years later, archaeologists managed to excavate this lost city. This terrible tragedy made a huge impression on the Russian artist Karl Bryullov, who depicted the tragedy on his canvas. And he called it “The Last Day of Pompeii.” Currently, scientists who study volcanoes are sometimes able to predict an eruption in advance and residents can leave cities and escape.

Slide 9

Most of the volcanoes are extinct, seemingly forever. But they are only sleeping and can wake up every minute. Some volcanoes wake up rarely - once every 100 or 1000 years, others more often.

Slide 10

Lava after a volcanic eruption hardens and turns into a hard rock called pumice. It is used in cosmetology. With its help, strong impurities are removed from the skin.

Experimentation "Buoyancy of pumice and granite"- check the buoyancy of pumice and granite. Children take turns lowering granite and pumice stones into a transparent vase.

Slide 11

Also, solidified lava becomes stone over time. It's called tuff. They build houses from it.

Slide 12

What other benefits can a volcano bring? Volcanoes, like elevators, bring many useful substances to the surface. Therefore, the soil around them is very fertile. Medicines and fertilizers are made from volcanic dust. They grow grapes. This farmer harvests his crops on the island of Lanzarote.

Leading: Now tell me, are there volcanoes in Russia? Yes. There are many of them on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Now we will travel there by helicopter.

Video trip to Kamchatka Tolbachik volcano 2.5 min.

Host: Now let’s make a volcanic eruption. We will need a model of a volcano, which the guys from the preparatory group helped make. And various substances: soda, red gouache, dishwashing liquid, vinegar, water, funnel, spoons.

Experimentation "Volcanic eruption".

2-3 people from the preparatory group help pour in the ingredients, except vinegar. (Disturbing music sounds)

Leading: Volcanic eruptions have begun. Small animals found their way into the disaster zone. We need to save them.

Relay game “Rescuers” (to music)

2 red cones with red crepe paper flames on top. There are small soft toys around the cones. Children in teams take turns running to the volcano, running around the cone, taking one soft toy and taking it to the hospital (the hoop is on the opposite side of the hall)

Leading: Well done. Everyone was saved. On our planet Earth, everyone is connected to each other. The main task of the circle is to develop children’s environmental awareness and understanding that everything is interconnected. In conclusion, the children will recite B. Zakhoder’s poem “About Everyone in the World.” (Place the hats of different animals on the readers)

Everything, everything -
In the world,
Needed in the world!
And midges are no less needed than elephants...
You can't do without ridiculous monsters
And even without evil and ferocious predators!
We need everything in the world!
We need everything -
Who makes honey and who makes poison.
Bad things for a cat without a mouse,
A mouse without a cat can do no better.
Yes, if we are not very friendly with someone -
We still really need each other.
And if someone seems superfluous to us,
This, of course, will turn out to be a mistake.

Leading: Look what else the guys are doing at the “Window to Nature” mug

Presentation “Photos from different activities of the “Window into Nature” circle"(Beautiful music sounds)

Leading: See you again!

To the song “Everything, everything, everyone in the world is needed...” the children leave the hall.

Literature.

1. Tugusheva G.P., Chistyakova A.E. experimental activities of children of middle and senior preschool age: Methodological manual. – SPb.: DETSTVO-PRESS, 2010. – 128 p.

2. article by Yagupova N.V. Website planetadetctva.ru

3. article by Tyulyakova S.A., Zaitseva O.S. Website www.maam.ru

You can watch a volcano erupt at home not only on TV. With the help of a small chemical experiment, you will arrange a real eruption on a fairy-tale island.

From this article you will learn

All that is needed

For the experiment you will need some household chemicals and decorative elements to create an island. The volcano island can be made from natural materials or use dinosaur sensory box sets.

A model of a volcano is made from plasticine. Creating a fabulous volcanic island for the experience is the main component of it and serves to develop the child's imagination and creativity. Such activities will help instill a love for chemistry and geography. The child will develop fine motor skills of the fingers while making plasticine terrain and its inhabitants.

To make an island you need:

cardboard;
stapler or narrow tape;
box with colored plasticine;
small animal toys;
colorful pebbles;
a large plastic box or bowl in which the island will stand;
glass or plastic container with a volume of 200 ml for the volcano crater.

To conduct the experiment you will need:

soda 20 g;
food coloring:
vinegar 9%;
dish detergent 25 ml;
water 100 ml.

Usually the experiment continues until mom runs out of all the baking soda and vinegar, so be patient.

Children cannot carry out the experiment on their own without adults. If vinegar gets into a child's eyes or mouth, it can cause a burn to the mucous membranes, and if swallowed, it can cause a burn to the esophagus.

Making a fairytale island

You can build an island in a large plastic container. Pour real water and line the bottom with round pebbles. Make a container for the volcano from a baby food jar or an old glass. For the mountain inside which the container will stand, you need to make a cardboard model; your child will be happy to cover it with plasticine.

The sequence of making a volcanic mountain:

cut out a circle of the required diameter from thick cardboard;
make a cut from the edge to the center of the circle;
roll up a cone;
the edges of the cone are fastened with a stapler or tape;
cut off the upper part of the cone at a height equal to the container chosen for the volcano;
place the container inside the cone.

I coat the top of the mountain with plasticine. To do this, roll out small brown plasticine cakes and stick them to a paper cone, completely covering the cardboard. The top of the volcano can be made of red plasticine, which will imitate hot lava.

They place a volcanic mountain on a dry island of pebbles. They are seated around small rubber animals that are among children's toys. Multi-colored amazing dinosaurs or wolves, foxes, bunnies, bears and other inhabitants of the forest and jungle. Depending on what animals were planted, vegetation for the island is selected. Large tree ferns and horsetails for dinosaurs, and ordinary fir trees and birches for bunnies and foxes.

Plastic plants are also often sold in sets for children's games. You can use a leaf of a living fern and twigs of plants if it is summer outside. Plants can also be molded from plasticine, made from threads and beads or regular cardboard.

You can make small houses out of cardboard for plastic Indians and soldiers. It is better to use cardboard to make plants and houses when the island is in a container with blue-dyed sand instead of water or on a blue plasticine sea.

Conducting an experiment

Finally the island is ready. All the toy animals and people froze in anticipation of an interesting event - a volcanic eruption. They know that the volcano is not real and therefore are not afraid of it.

To conduct the experiment, pour a tablespoon of soda into the volcano jar. Add a tablespoon of dishwashing detergent. Red or orange food coloring is dissolved in 100 milligrams of water and added to the baking soda and detergent. The base for the experiment is ready, all that remains is to add vinegar. For mom, you can let your child pour vinegar into the volcano on his own, under her supervision, so that he doesn’t do it in her absence. It is better to repeat the experiment for an encore, pouring vinegar into the “mouth” of the volcano and pouring soda into it until the child is interested in it and asks to repeat the experiment.

When vinegar is added, the baking soda will begin to foam, erupting from the “volcano mouth” like red or orange lava. The detergent will allow the “lava” to foam longer and more abundantly, overflowing from the vent and flooding the surrounding area along with plants and animals that were carelessly located too close.

Afterword

The safest way to experiment with a volcano for young children is to use baking soda and vinegar. It can be repeated many times, and getting the necessary materials for the experiment is not difficult.

The most interesting thing about the experience is creating your own fairy-tale island with your child, which can be used not only for the “Volcano” chemical experiment, but also for an exciting game.

With older children, you can conduct the “Vulcan” experiment at home using
, potassium permanganate and glycerin. For the experiment, ammonium dichromate is poured into an evaporation bowl in the form of a slide, in the middle of which a depression is made. Add a little potassium permanganate and a few drops of glycerin to the recess.

After a few minutes, due to the interaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin, the ammonium dichromate will ignite. Sparks will shoot out from the volcano in all directions, and a fountain of fire will begin to erupt. Before starting the experiment, the bowl must be placed on foil so as not to burn the surface on which the experiment will take place.

Ammonium dichromate can simply be set on fire, and it will burn like a volcano, spewing sparks. The experience is exciting, but children should not be allowed to do it without the presence of adults. Burns can be caused not only by sparks, but also by the chemicals used.

Good luck with your experiments!