Places named after travelers on the map. Geographical features in Russia named after Russian travelers

The largest country has been gathering for centuries. The discoverers of new lands and seas were travelers. Having paved the way to the new, mysterious, through unpredictable difficulties and risks, they achieved their goal. I think that these people, on a personal level, having overcome the dangers and suffering of the expeditions, accomplished a feat. I want to remind you of three of them, who did a lot for the state and science.

Great Russian travelers

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich

Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), an Ustyug Cossack, was the first to circumnavigate the easternmost part of our Fatherland and all of Eurasia by sea. A strait passed between Asia and America, opening the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.

By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part.

The cape is named after Dezhnev, the same one next to which the date line runs.

After the discovery of the strait, an international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Please note, 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 earlier than in the London suburb of Greenwich, where universal time begins. Isn't it time to align the prime meridian with the international date line? Moreover, such proposals have been coming from scientists for a long time.

Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tien-Shansky

Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tien-Shansky (1827-1914), leading scientist of the Russian Geographical Society. Not an armchair scientist. He had a disposition that only climbers can appreciate. Literally a conqueror of mountain peaks.

Among the Europeans, he was the first to penetrate the inaccessible mountains of the Central Tien Shan. He discovered the peak of Khan Tengri and the huge glaciers on its slopes. At that time, in the West, with the light hand of the German scientist Humboldt, it was believed that ridges of volcanoes were erupting there.

Semenov-Tien-Shansky discovered the sources of the Naryn and Saryjaz rivers, and along the way he discovered that the Chu River, despite the opinion of geographers of the “international community,” does not flow from Lake Issyk-Kul. He penetrated the upper reaches of the Syr Darya, which were also untrodden before him.

The question of what Semyonov-Tien-Shansky discovered is very easy to answer. He opened the Tien Shan to the scientific world, at the same time offering this world a completely new way of knowledge. Semenov Tien-Shansky was the first to study the dependence of mountain relief on its geological structure. Through the eyes of a geologist, botanist and zoologist rolled into one, he saw nature in its living family connections.

Thus was born the original Russian geographical school, which was based on the reliability of an eyewitness and was distinguished by its versatility, depth and integrity.

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851), Russian admiral. On the ship "Mirny".

In 1813, Lazarev was tasked with establishing regular communications between St. Petersburg and Russian America. Russian America included the regions of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, as well as Russian trading posts in the states of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California. The southernmost point is Fort Ross, 80 km from San Francisco. These places have already been explored and inhabited by Russia (by the way, there is information that one of the settlements in Alaska was founded by Dezhnev’s companions in the 17th century). Lazarev traveled around the world. Along the way, in the Pacific Ocean he discovered new islands, which he named after Suvorov.

Where Lazarev is especially revered is in Sevastopol.

The admiral had not only voyages around the world, but also participated in battles with an enemy many times superior in the number of ships. During the time that Lazarev commanded the Black Sea Fleet, dozens of new ships were built, including the first ship with a metal hull. Lazarev began to train sailors in a new way, at sea, in an environment close to combat.

He took care of the Maritime Library in Sevastopol, built a meeting house and a school there for the children of sailors, and began building the admiralty. He also built the admiralties in Novorossiysk, Nikolaev and Odessa.

In Sevastopol, there are always fresh flowers at the grave and at the monument to Admiral Lazarev.

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Travel in Rus' was determined by the lifestyle of our ancestors, as well as natural and climatic factors. The main type of economic activity was farming, which was of a “slash-and-burn” nature. Since large areas were occupied by forests, it was necessary to cut down trees, burn them and cultivate the land in this place. Such land served no more than two to three years. The restoration of soil fertility occurred only after several decades. Therefore, the Slavs had to explore new spaces.

Sea koch of the 16th century. Rice. V. Dygalo and N. Narbekova

Like other nations, travel was made in Rus' for trading purposes. There were several trade routes.

The first is the route along the Dnieper to the Black Sea, from there through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles to the Marmara, Aegean and Adriatic seas.

The second is the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” connecting the Black and Baltic Seas.
The third is the Volga trade route to the Caspian Sea.

The fourth trade route went from Novgorod and Kyiv to the Volga.

In 936, Russian boats as part of the Byzantine fleet made a trade visit to Italy. In 961, a similar visit was made to the island of Crete. The first written evidence of travel in Rus' came to us in epics and legends. For example, epics about Russian heroes, about the guslar Sadko and other wanderers. The most famous work that has come down to us, containing information about travel in Rus', is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” written by the monk Nestor. A large place in epics is given to “kalika-walkers,” as pilgrims were called in Rus'.

Pilgrimage in Rus' began in 988, in connection with the adoption of Christianity. After Jerusalem, the most attractive city for Russian pilgrims was Constantinople, where from the 11th century. there was a Russian community.

The most famous journey of the 14th century. is the journey of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin. In the summer of 1466, merchants from Tver decided to go to trade on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The merchant Afanasy Nikitin was chosen as the head of the caravan of two ships. From the very first days of the trip he began to keep a diary. The caravan reached Nizhny Novgorod safely. In order to sail further unhindered along the Volga, the merchants had to join the caravan of the Shirvan embassy led by Hasan Bey. Together with him they passed Kazan, freely passed through the Horde and Sarai. But at the mouth of the Volga they were attacked by the Tatars of the Astrakhan Khan. Here the travelers lost two ships that ran aground. The Tatars plundered these ships and captured everyone who was there.

The surviving two ships sailed into the Caspian Sea. The ships were caught in a storm in the Caspian Sea. One of the ships was thrown ashore near the city of Tarkha (now Makhachkala). Residents of the coast plundered the goods and captured the people. Afanasy Nikitin, together with the ten remaining merchants, reached Derbent on the embassy ship. He spent almost a year there.

Afanasy Nikitin could not return empty-handed, since when he went to trade, he borrowed goods from other merchants. Afanasy Nikitin had no choice but to go further south. He reached Baku, where he got a job at one of the oil wells. Having earned the necessary amount, in September 1468 Afanasy Nikitin sailed to the Caspian Persian region of Mazanderan. There he spent more than eight months, then, crossing Elbrus, he moved south. His route ran along the caravan route that united the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea with the interior regions of Persia.

In the spring of 1469, Afanasy Nikitin reached Hormuz, a large port at the entrance from the Arabian Sea to the Persian Gulf, where trade routes from Asia Minor, Egypt, India and China intersected. Afanasy Nikitin stayed here for a month. He learned that the main export product from Persia and Arabia to India was horses. Horses were not bred in India because they could not withstand the hot and humid climate and quickly died. The Tver merchant, having invested all his funds, bought a good horse, so that he could then sell it profitably in India.

Travel map of Afanasy Nikitin

In April 1471, Afanasy Nikitin, under the name of Haji Yusuf, went to India and in June of the same year went into the interior of India to the east, and from there to the northwest to Junnar (Juneir). Afanasy Nikitin spent two months there, waiting for the roads to dry out after the rainy season. Everywhere Afanasy Nikitin led a horse with him, which he could not sell. Afanasy Nikitin went to Alland, where a large fair was opening. But even there it was not possible to sell the horse, since more than twenty thousand horses gathered at the fair. Four months later, he finally manages to sell the horse at a profit.

Traveling around India, Afanasy Nikitin kept observations and notes. After spending more than three years in India, the Tver merchant came to the conclusion that trade with India was futile. Exhausted in India, Afanasy Nikitin set off on the return journey, which he described very briefly.

Nikitin spent five months in Kallur, purchased precious stones and headed to the city of Dabul (Dovbyl), located on the western coast of India. There he boarded a ship that sailed across the Arabian Sea to the shores of Ethiopia. From Ethiopia the ship turned northwest and, rounding the Arabian Peninsula, reached Muscat. The final destination of the voyage was Hormuz. From Hormuz, Afanasy Nikitin walked along the already familiar path to the city of Rey. Then he had to cross Elbrus to get to the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.

Next, Afanasy Nikitin crossed the Black Sea and reached Balaklava, and then Feodosia. There Afanasy Nikitin met with Russian merchants and in the spring of 1475 he went north along the Dnieper. He stopped in Kyiv, went further, but before reaching Smolensk, he died. Afanasy Nikitin was the first Russian to describe South and Southeast Asia from Iran to China. He was the first European to reach India 30 years before Vasco da Gama. His path was never repeated.

At the beginning of September 1581, Ermak’s detachment (about 600 people) left the village of Kergedan (currently the Kama Reservoir is located there). Then, as part of several dozen ships, the Cossacks sailed along the Chusovaya River. After this, the Cossacks crossed the Ural Mountains and reached the Tagil River, and then the Tura River. Having walked along this river for about 100 kilometers, Ermak’s detachment met the first resistance in the area of ​​​​the village of Epanchin-gorodok (now Turinsk). Without difficulty overcoming resistance, the ships continued down the Tour. But the Tatars, who fled from Epanchin, warned Khan Kuchum about the approach of Ermak’s flotilla.

In October 1582, Ermak's ships reached the Irtysh River and stopped in Tobolsk. From there the Cossacks went up the Irtysh with the aim of capturing Iskera. The Cossacks put the Tatars to flight and Isker was captured, and Kuchum fled. Here the Cossacks spent the winter. In the winter of 1583, a ten-thousand-strong army of Tatars moved to Isker. Ermak did not wait for a siege, but suddenly attacked a Tatar column 15 kilometers south of Iskera. As a result of a difficult battle, the Tatar army retreated.

In the spring, Ermak sent a detachment of Ataman Bogdan Bryazga down the Irtysh in order to reconnoiter the route to the Ob. Walking down the Irtysh, the Bryazga flotilla reached Belogoriya (the place where the Irtysh flows into the Ob) and returned. Without waiting for reinforcements either in the winter of 1583 or in the summer of 1584, Ermak decided to return back to the Stroganovs’ possessions, following the course of the Tavda River. Along the Tavda River, Ermak approached the capital of the Pelym principality, the city of Pelym, a fortified fortress with a garrison of more than 700 soldiers. To protect his squad, Ermak did not storm this fortress and turned back to Isker.

By that time, reinforcements of 300 archers, led by Voivode Volkhovsky, had arrived. Voivode Volkhovsky was given the order to take control of Siberia into his own hands and send Ermak to Moscow. This order could not be carried out, since the governor soon died. Ermak had to spend another winter in Isker.

From the beginning of spring 1585, the troops of the Khan of Karachi kept Isker under siege for a whole month, hoping to starve the remaining Cossacks to death. Unable to enter into open confrontation, Ermak, under the cover of darkness, with a detachment of Cossacks made his way to the Karachi headquarters and defeated it. The khan himself managed to avoid death, but his troops retreated from Isker.

In the summer of 1585, the Cossacks undertook a campaign in the southern regions of the Khanate, where the Karachi detachments retreated. After several minor clashes with the Tatars, Ermak reached the well-fortified fortress of Kulary. After five days of an unsuccessful assault, the Cossacks, leaving the fortress, moved further to the Tashatkan town, from where Ermak went to the Shish River, where the borders of the Siberian Khanate passed. After this, the Cossacks decided to return back to Isker.

At this time, Khan Kuchum joined forces with the Khan of Karachi and decided to lure Ermak’s detachment into a trap. When the Cossacks passed by the Kular fortress, the Tatars spread a rumor that a caravan from Bukhara had been detained at the mouth of the Vagai River. Ermak's detachment hastened to help the caravan. At the beginning of August 1585, near the city of Vagai, the Cossacks stopped for the night and were attacked by numerous detachments of Tatars. With heavy losses, the Cossacks managed to escape from the encirclement and reach Isker by ship. But in this battle Ermak died. Having lost their ataman, the remnants of the detachment left Isker, went down the Irtysh to the Ob, and from there they went along the Pechora route to their homeland. 25% of the detachment were able to return to Russia.

Ermak's Siberian campaign was a harbinger of numerous expeditions. A few years later, Russian troops took Pelym, conquered the Pelym principality and defeated the remnants of the Siberian Khanate. Then routes from Vishera to Lozva were mastered, more convenient and easier than the Tagil route. The Ural ridge was finally conquered. Explorers moved to Siberia, expecting new discoveries. Later, these lands began to be filled with military men, industrialists and peasant settlers.

In 1610, Kondraty Kurochkin was the first to explore the fairway of the lower Yenisei from Turukhansk to the mouth of this river. He established that the Yenisei flows into the Kara Sea. Moving east, into the taiga and tundra of Eastern Siberia, Russian explorers discovered one of the largest rivers in Asia - the Lena. From Yakutsk, Russian explorers moved up the Lena, and then along its tributaries - Olekma and Vitim. Then the travelers crossed watershed ridges and reached the banks of the Amur. The first person to penetrate the Amur basin was Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov.

In July 1643, an expedition was set up to find out the natural resources of southeastern Siberia. First, Poyarkov reached the Aldan River along the Lena, then he climbed the Aldan and the rivers of its basin - Uchur and Gonam. In the fall, Poyarkov with a detachment of 90 people went on sledges and skis through the Stanovoy Range and went to the upper reaches of the Bryant River, which flows into the Zeya River. After 10 days, the detachment reached the left tributary of the Zeya. There Poyarkov demanded that the Daurs give yasak to the Russian Tsar. Having plundered one of the villages, Poyarkov sent a detachment of 50 Cossacks to another village. But the Daurs, having gathered a cavalry detachment, defeated the Cossacks.

In May 1644, people who spent the winter on the Gonam River approached Poyarkov. The expedition moved on. At the end of June 1644, Poyarkov’s detachment reached the Amur near the mouth of the Zeya. Part of the detachment, together with Poyarkov, decided to move up the Amur, to the Shilka River - to search for silver ores. The other part went on reconnaissance down the Amur. Three days later, the scouts returned, as they found out that the sea was far away and the local population was hostile. A few months later, the expedition reached the mouth of the Amur, and they set up a second winter there.

At the end of May 1645, when the mouth of the Amur was free of ice, Poyarkov went to the Amur Estuary, but did not dare to go south, and turned north. The sea voyage on river boats lasted three months. The expedition moved first along the mainland coast of the Sakhalin Bay, and then entered the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

The first European to discover the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and explore its shores was Ivan Yuryevich Moskvin in 1639. He also discovered the Sakhalin Bay. At the beginning of September 1645, Poyarkov entered the mouth of the Ulya River. Here the Cossacks found a people they already knew - the Evenks - and stayed for the third winter. In the spring of 1646, the detachment moved on sledges up the Ulye River and reached the Maya River, the Lena basin. Here the travelers hollowed out boats and three weeks later they reached Yakutsk.

During this three-year expedition, Poyarkov walked about 8 thousand kilometers, including 2 thousand kilometers along the Amur River to its mouth. He passed a new route from the Lena to the Amur, opening the Uchur, Gonam, Zeya rivers, as well as the Amur-Zeyskaya and Zeya-Bureya plains. From the mouth of the Zeya, he was the first to descend the Amur, reaching the Amur Estuary, the first to sail along the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, discover the Sakhalin Bay and collect some information about Sakhalin. Poyarkov also collected information about the peoples living along the Amur.

The most famous discoverer was Semyon Dezhnev from Veliky Ustyug. He served as an ordinary Cossack in Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, Yakutsk, and was engaged in the fur trade. From 1640 he took part in campaigns for yasak. In 1642 he collected tribute in the area of ​​the Oymyakon River. In 1643, Dezhnev, as part of a detachment of the Cossack foreman and merchant Mikhail Stadukhin, traveled on kochas from Oymyakon down the Indigirka River, entered the East Siberian Sea and reached the mouth of the Kolyma. The Nizhnekamsk winter quarters were established here.

In 1648, Dezhnev, as part of Isai Ignatiev’s expedition from Nizhnekolymsk, set off from the mouth of the Kolyma to the east. On six kochas they went out into the East Siberian Sea and went east along the coast. The purpose of the expedition was to search for the development of reserves and obtain walrus tusk. The expedition entered the Chukchi Sea. Dezhnev strictly adhered to the coastline. In October 1649, Dezhnev circled the Chukotka Peninsula and continued to head south. In the Gulf of Anadyr during a storm, Dezhnev lost one ship. Another one sank off Cape Navarin. On the remaining ship, Dezhnev reached the bay at the mouth of the Ukelayat River (now this bay is called “Dezhnev Bay”). His last ship sank near the Olyutorsky Peninsula. Having landed on the shore, Dezhnev turned north along the coast of Kamchatka. Three months later, Dezhnev’s detachment reached the mouth of the Anadyr River.

In 1659, Dezhnev set off along the Belaya River and reached Kolyma. In 1661 he arrived in Oymyakon on the Indigirka River. Then he reached the Aldan River and from it entered the Lena. In 1662 Dezhnev arrived in Yakutsk. From there he was sent to Moscow with a large consignment of walrus tusks. Having safely reached Moscow and delivered the cargo, Dezhnev unexpectedly fell ill and died.
No one took into account Dezhnev’s discovery of the Strait between Asia and America. Only in 1898, in honor of the 250th anniversary of Dezhnev’s voyage, the extreme eastern point of Asia was named Cape Dezhnev.

Thus, by the end of the 17th century. Thanks to the travels and discoveries of Russian explorers, the world's largest state was formed, stretching from west to east from the White Sea to Kamchatka and the Pacific Ocean. The southern borders of Russia were still undefined. This problem was solved during further campaigns.

AMUNDSEN Rual

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to travel through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship “Maud” R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship "Norway" along the route Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.

1928 - During the search for the missing expedition of U. Nobile Amundsen in the Barents Sea, he died.

Name on geographical map

A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean are named after the Norwegian explorer.

The US Antarctic research station is named after the pioneers: the Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geographgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norwegian - M.: Mol. Guard, 2005. - 520 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

The chapter dedicated to Amundsen was titled by Y. Golovanov “Travel gave me the happiness of friendship...” (pp. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 pp.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Who was Called by the Sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Trans. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: The Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich

Travel routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship “Nadezhda”. All the maps that were later included in the “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” were compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

On January 28, 1820, on the sloops “Vostok” (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on geographical map

A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named in honor of F.F. Bellingshausen.

A Russian Antarctic research station bears the name of the Russian navigator.

Moroz V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Artistic. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering Strait).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during the winter on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on geographical map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska are named after Vitus Bering.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering’s voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel" to the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, additional - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and the environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

VAMBERY Arminius (Herman)

Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vambery's journey under the guise of a dervish across Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vambery A. Traveling through Central Asia: Trans. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about Eastern countries).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Literary Publishing House. and isk-va, 1990. - 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

VANCOUVER George

English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third voyages around the world by J. Cook.

1790-1795 - a round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.

Name on geographical map

Several hundred geographical objects are named in honor of J. Vancouver, including an island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about Eastern countries).

GAMA Vasco yes

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened a sea route for Europeans to India around the African continent.

1502 - second expedition to India.

1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.

Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Transl. from Portugal - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).

Read the poem "The Lusiads".

Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Trans. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Magellan's feat: East. stories. - M.: TERRA: UNICUM, 1999. - P. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1947. - 322 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Khazanov A.M. The Mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.

Hart G. The Sea Route to India: A Story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and times of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”.

1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - circumnavigation of the world on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Name on geographical map

Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain are named after the Russian navigator, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir.

Golovnin V.M. Notes from the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity of the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, including his comments about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972. - 525 pp.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. A voyage around the world made on the sloop of war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Mysl, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. A voyage on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 pp.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot...” (pp. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmovo: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: An experience in the biography of a marine marine painter: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 pp.: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1968. - 206 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.

Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M.: Mysl, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Sea b-ka).

Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background

German natural scientist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - travel across Russia: the Urals, Altai, Caspian Sea.

Name on geographical map

Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a number of settlements in the USA are named after Humboldt.

A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the Moon are named after the German scientist.

The university in Berlin is named after the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.

Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. lane with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985. - 239 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of ​​the Yana River, Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov circled the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. This is how the strait was opened between the two continents, which was later named the Bering Strait.

Name on geographical map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking towards the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986. - 190 pp.: ill. - (Fates connected with Siberia).

Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mysl, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990. - 334 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Kedrov V.N. To the ends of the world: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-Rus Maclay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.

Read the story “Dezhnev’s Feat.”

Nikitin N.I. Explorer Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspen, 1999. - 190 pp.: ill.

DRAKE Francis

English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean Sea.

1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second European voyage around the world after Magellan.

Name on geographical map

The widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is named after the brave navigator.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist L.Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world run of the "Golden Hind". - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky’s collection “Five Captains”.

Mason F. van W. The Golden Admiral: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).

Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Trans. from English - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped and island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. La Perouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on geographical map

The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.

The French Antarctic scientific station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.

Varshavsky A.S. Travel of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called “Captain Dumont D'Urville and his belated discovery” (pp. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji

Arab traveler, wandering merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - Having set off from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then, through Central Asia and Afghanistan, he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - travel through Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book “Rihla”, where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 230 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

COLUMBUS Christopher

Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.

Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.

Name on geographical map

A state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA are named after Christopher Columbus.

In the United States of America there is Columbia University.

Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Transl. from Spanish and comment. Ya. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.

Blasco Ibañez V. In Search of the Great Khan: A Novel: Trans. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987. - 558 pp.: ill. - (Sea novel).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - P. 3-144.

Irving V. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Trans. from English // Irving V. Collection. cit.: In 5 vols.: T. 3, 4. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered the New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Trans. from English - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes - into the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuztheater, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. University, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Republic, 1992. - 286 p.

Svet Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1973. - 368 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. The Great Voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 pp.: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Transl. with Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.

KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich

Russian scientist-naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on the materials of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on geographical map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 pp.: ill.

Mixon I.L. The man who...: East. story. - L.: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 pp.: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fedorovich

Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the “Atlas of the South Sea” (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on geographical map

The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern is borne by a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korean Strait.

Krusenstern I.F. Voyages around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 pp.: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).

Zabolotskikh B.V. In honor of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first voyage of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the brig “Rurik” in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p.: ill.

Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; In honor of the Russian flag: A Tale; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 pp.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: History of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.

COOK James

English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate Endeavor under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia have been discovered.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition headed by Cook on the Resolution ship (to find and map the Southern Continent) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but the Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaskan coast were discovered. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.

Name on geographical map

The highest mountain in New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand are named after the English navigator.

James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Sailing on the ship Endeavor in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.

James Cook's second voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographical ser.).

James Cook's third voyage around the world: Navigation in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Iskra revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

McLean A. Captain Cook: History of Geography. discoveries of the great navigator: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Trans. from English / Ill. A. Marx. - M.: AsCON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).

Svet Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book about Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is titled “Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world” (p. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate “Cruiser”.

Name on geographical map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, and a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic scientific station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1966. - 176 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian generals).

LIVINGSTON David

English explorer of Africa

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous travels through the interior regions of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - studies of the Lake Ngami area.

1851-1856 - research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.

1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on geographical map

Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

Livingston D. Traveling in South Africa: Trans. from English / Ill. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Compass Rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Travel along the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 pp.: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1938. - 376 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(c. 1480-1521)

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first circumnavigation in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent, crossed the strait that was later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to whom only one of the ships (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the shores of Spain.

Name on geographical map

The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Path / Artist. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Trans. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.

Pigafetta A. Magellan's Journey: Trans. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Trans. from English - M.: Mysl, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Artist. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Transl. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).

MIKLOUKHO-MACLAY Nikolai Nikolaevich

Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.

1871-1886 - study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-Eastern coast of New Guinea.

Name on geographical map

The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.

Also named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Man from the Moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1982. - 336 pp.: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Education, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I foresee no end to my travels...” (pp. 233-236).

Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: ​​Trans. from English - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 pp.: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 272 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maklay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.

Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 pp.: ill.

Tynyanova L.N. Friend from Afar: A Tale. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 pp.: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ski crossing in history across Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole.

1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on geographical map

An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical features in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

Nansen F. To the Land of the Future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authorized. lane from norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982. - 335 pp.: ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book “Through the Caucasus to the Volga”: Trans. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.

Nansen F. “Fram” in the Polar Sea: At 2 o’clock: Per. from norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.

Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His life and extraordinary adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 pp.: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Trans. from norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Trans. with him. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Notice ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1960. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Trans. from norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl, “Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.”

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. Who will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales about F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Trans. from English - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.

NIKITIN Afanasy

(? - 1472 or 1473)

Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin’s journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking across Three Seas.”

Nikitin A. Walking beyond the three seas of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).

Nikitin A. Walking beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of a Merchant, a Piebald Horse and a Talking Bird / Fig. N.Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Mysl, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

All nations are one: [Sk.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 pp.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).

The collection includes V. Pribytkov’s story “The Tver Guest” and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself “Walking across Three Seas”.

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: Ist. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Beyond Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Treasured pages).

Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Semenov L.S. Travel of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).

Soloviev A.P. Walking beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the expedition diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri was actually unable to reach the Pole; he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on geographical map

The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Peary Land.

Pirie R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov “Robert Peary and the conquest of the North Pole” (p. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English L.Petkevichiute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of Discovery).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(c. 1254-1324)

Venetian merchant, traveler

Travel routes

1271-1295 - M. Polo’s journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The Venetian’s memories of his wanderings in the East compiled the famous “Book of Marco Polo” (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries for the West.

Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Trans. with old french I.P.Minaeva; Preface H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Wonders: Excerpt from the “Book of Wonders of the World” from the National. libraries of France: Transl. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Trans. from English M. Kondratieva. - St. Petersburg: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).

A fantasy novel on the theme of the travels of a Venetian merchant.

Maink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Hist. story] / Abbr. lane with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 pp.: ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo a quarter of a century ago wandered around the East and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Artist. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).

Hart G. The Venetian Marco Polo: Trans. from English - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Earth scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 223 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Ers J. Marco Polo: Trans. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 pp.: ill. - (Mark on history).

PRZHEVALSKY Nikolai Mikhailovich

Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia

Travel routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions to the Amur region and the Ussuri region.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and fauna of the studied territories.

Name on geographical map

A ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan) bear the name of the Russian geographer.

The wild horse, first described by scientists, is called Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 pp.: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling around Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Moscow. worker: Smolensk department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called “The exclusive good is freedom...” (pp. 272-275).

Grimailo Y.V. The Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional - Kyiv: Molod, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. The Great Traveler: The Life and Work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the First Explorer of the Nature of Central Asia. - M.: Mysl, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

Acceleration L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun...” // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 35-72.

Repin L.B. “And again I return...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of Life. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1950. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).

Name on geographical map

Part of the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea bear the name of V.V. Pronchishchev.

Golubev G.N. “Descendants for news...”: Historical document. stories. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 pp.: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 pp.: ill.

SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich

(until 1906 - Semenov)

Russian scientist, explorer of Asia

Travel routes

1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.

Name on geographical map

A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, and mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semenov-Tian-Shansky.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 pp.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).

Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaxartes. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. A pearl in the barracks wall: A chronicle novel. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Education, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Acceleration L.E. Tian-Shansky // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

English explorer of Antarctica

Travel routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the Discovery ship. As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".

On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen), Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers died.

Name on geographical map

An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named in honor of Robert Scott.

The US Antarctic research station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole - the Amundsen-Scott Pole.

The New Zealand scientific station on the Ross Sea coast in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge also bear the name of the polar explorer.

R. Scott's last expedition: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Scott is called “Fight to the last cracker...” (pp. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Trans. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: The Northern Party of the R. Scott Expedition: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 pp.: ill.

Holt K. Competition; Wandering: Transl. from norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).

Cherry-Garrard E. The Most Terrible Journey: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John Rowland)

journalist, researcher of Africa

Travel routes

1871-1872 - G.M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, and searches for the sources of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Name on geographical map

Waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named in honor of G.M. Stanley.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).

KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)

Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region

Travel routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.

Name on geographical map

A city and region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.

Leontyeva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: Novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far Eastern library).

Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.

SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich

Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship “Georgy Sedov” to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - an expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker Sibiryakov managed for the first time to sail from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt led the northern expedition on the steamship “Chelyuskin”. The ship, caught in ice, was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.

Name on geographical map

An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, and a plain in Antarctica are named after O.Yu. Schmidt.

Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trek. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1975. - 192 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Duel I.I. Life line: Document. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu.Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.

Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).

Russian travelers and geographers made a great contribution to the knowledge of our planet. First of all, they explored the colossal territory of our Motherland, constituting a sixth of the entire landmass. Many lands in all parts of the world and islands of the world's oceans were mapped for the first time by the Russians. They were the first to visit Alaska, made heroic voyages in the Arctic on small boats, were the first to penetrate the Antarctic, collected information about the deserts of Iran and India, explored and described Mongolia, Tibet, Western China, mapped a significant part of Africa and South America. The names of many Russian explorers are depicted in geographical names on the world map.

The collection opens with a story about Afanasy Nikitin. The time to which the recording of his journey “Walking across the Three Seas” dates back to was significant for Russia - the unification of feudal principalities into a centralized Russian state was taking place. Nikitin's notes are interesting not only as the first reliable description of India in the 15th century compiled by a European, but also as a document that reflected important changes that took place in Rus'.

It is difficult to say to what time man's acquaintance with the polar countries dates back to. It is known that in the 12th - 15th centuries Novgorodians explored and developed the coast of the Kola Peninsula and the shores of the White Sea. The Pomors discovered a number of islands in the Arctic Ocean: Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev, Medvezhiy, Spitsbergen. After Ermak's campaign in 1581-1584, Russian exploration of Siberia began. In 1586, the Tyumen fort was built on the Tura River, then the Tobolsk town was erected, which became the main support center of the first settlers. In 1601, having crossed Kamen (Ural), the Russians founded Mangazeya, a large trading city. In 1630, several detachments of Cossack explorers moved to Lena. Having gone down the Lena, they came out to the “Holy Sea” (Arctic Ocean).

In 1684, Fyodor Popov undertook a voyage from the mouth of the Kolyma to the east, and Semyon Dezhnev went with him (Fyodor Popov’s path was repeated only 200 years later by Nordenskiöld). At the beginning of the 19th century, industrialist Y. Sannikov discovered ancient crosses on Stolbovoy Island. And on Kotelny Island, an ancient winter hut was found - evidence that in the 22nd century, Russian sailors undertook ice voyages far into the depths of the ocean on their kochka boats.

A new page in the study of Russian sea routes was written as a result of the tireless work of a number of expeditions, equipped according to the plans of Peter 1. The 1st Kamchatka expedition (1725 - 1730) confirmed the hypothesis that Aznya and Acherika are separated by a strait, but since Bernng turned back before reaching lo Alaska, the existence of the strait was questioned. In 1732, it was decided to send a second, more significant expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Two ships were to go to America, and the other two were to go to Japan. At the same time, an expedition was sent to the Arctic Ocean to find out the possibility of sailing along the shores of Sibnri. This expedition went down in history as the Great Northern Expedition.

Russian navigators V. Pronchishchev, S. Chelyuskin, P. Lasinius, S. Muravyov, D. Ovtsyn, D. Sterlegov, F. Minin, Khariton and Dmitry Laptev quite accurately mapped the northern regions of Siberia and became convinced of the impossibility at that time of regular shipping in the eastern Arctic Ocean. The ships of the detachment of Bering and Chirikov - packet boats "St. Peter" and "St. Pavel" first approached the shores of Northwestern America and put them on the map; discovered the Aleutian and Commander Islands. The 2nd Kamchatka expedition finally confirmed the existence of a strait between America and Asia.

For two hundred years (before the expedition of the ships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" in 1910-1915), hydrographic data compiled by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition remained the only guidance for navigation in those places.

The objects of the study were the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach, and Kolguev. In 1767, Novaya Zemlya was explored by F. Rozmyslov, and in 1821 - 1824 by F. Litke. The work begun by Rozmyslov and Litke was continued in 1832 by P. Pakhtusov and A. Tsivolko. In 1912, on the ship "St. Foka" Georgy Sedov went to the pole. He managed to go around the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya.

A worthy place in the development of the Arctic belongs to Admiral S. Makarov, his theory of conquering the Arctic Ocean with the help of icebreakers. “All the way to the Pole” was Makarov’s motto. In order to improve navigation and establish regular flights of Russian ships from the Baltic ports to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky undertook a circumnavigation. En route, enormous research work was carried out, a wealth of scientific material was collected, and vast little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean were studied in detail.

After Krusenstern and Lisyansky, V. Golovnin undertook a circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”; he studied Kamchatka and the adjacent islands in detail. The second circumnavigation of the world on the sloop "Kamchatka", which was made by V. Golovnin, enriched world science with major geographical discoveries.

In 1819, after long and careful preparation, the South Polar Expedition set off from Kronstadt, consisting of two sloops of war, “Vostok” and “Mirny”, with Lazarev and Bellshausen at the head. On January 29, 1821, ships saw a coast called the Land of Alexander I. This was Antarctica - the greatest discovery of the 19th century. The expedition, having spent 751 days sailing, covered more than 90 thousand kilometers and discovered 29 islands, as well as coral rocks.

A whole galaxy of geographers explored the mountain ranges and deserts of Central Asia. The name of the humanist scientist N. Miklouho-Maclay, a scientist, stands out somewhat especially among geographers. who set the goal not to penetrate into the depths of the ocean and not to pass through untrodden lands, but to penetrate into the depths of human society on earth.

The purpose of the proposed selection of postcards is to briefly acquaint the reader with the activities of Russian geographers and researchers and talk about the enormous contribution made by them to world geographical science, both in terms of the breadth of the problems posed and in the number and significance of discoveries.
P. Pavlinov

Afanasy Nikitin

Afanasy Nikitin

“Until now, geographers did not know that the honor of one of the oldest described European journeys to India belongs to Russia of the Johannine century. While Vasco da Gama was only thinking about the possibility of finding a way from Africa to Hindustan, our Tverite was already traveling along the shores of Malobar.” This is what N. Karamzin said about the notes he found from the 15th century Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin, “Walking across Three Seas.” Leaving Tver in the summer of l466, a caravan of merchant ships led by Afanasy Nikitin descended along the Volga and Caspian Sea to Baku. Further the path lay through Persia to India on the Malobar coast.
The Indians appreciated Nikitin's friendly disposition towards them. Responding to his trust, they willingly devoted him to the peculiarities of their life and customs. Over the course of three years, Afanasy Nikitin collected the most interesting information about the “Bakhmani state,” the largest power in India in the 15th century. “Walking across Three Seas” was highly appreciated by his contemporaries: in 1472, the traveler’s diary was included in the Chronicle of the Russian State.

Ivan Moskvitin

Ivan Moskvitin

After the defeat of Khan Kuchum in 1598, “Sibirskaya Zemlya” (Western Siberia) was included in the Russian state. And, naturally, there was a desire to explore areas rich in “soft junk” and “fish teeth”. A detachment of 31 Cossacks in 1639 under the command of Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin, having learned from the local residents (Evens) that there was a Lama (Sea of ​​Okhotsk) beyond the Dzhugdzhur mountain range, dragged boats through the mountains and, going down the Ulye River in boats, came to Sea of ​​Okhotsk. At the mouth of the Ulya they set up several huts, fenced them off and dug a ditch. This was the first Russian settlement on the Pacific coast. The pioneers explored the harsh Sea of ​​Okhotsk, moving away from the shores at times by 500 - 700 kilometers.
Information about the “new lands” was included in the Yakut “Paintings of rivers and names of people on which rivers and people live.” The Russian Cossacks modestly described their campaign: “Before Lama, the marchers fed on wood, bark, and roots, but on Lama, along the rivers you can get a lot of fish and you can be well-fed.”

Erofey Khabarov
Hike to the Amur

Erofey Khabarov

Fascinated by stories about the wealth of the Amur land, Khabarov turned to the Yakut governor with a request to send him at the head of a detachment of Cossacks to the Amur. The voivode invited Khabarov not only to collect yasak, but also to describe the life of the local peoples, draw up “drawings” (maps) of the area and describe the natural conditions. Initially traveling by boat along the rivers of the Lena basin, Khabarov wrote down: “In the rapids, gear was torn, slops were broken, people were hurt...”. Even more difficult was the pass over the snow-covered Stanovoy Range, when, having hoisted the boats onto sledges, they had to be dragged. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region and the rich Daurian land in 1649 - 1651. In one of his reports, he writes: “And along the rivers there live many, many Tungus, and down along the glorious great Amur River live the Daurian people, arable and cattle-farming, and in that great Amur River there is calushka fish, and sturgeon, and all sorts of fish opposite the Volga. And in the cities and uluses there are great arable lands, the forests along that great river are dark, large, there are a lot of sables and all kinds of animals. And in the ground you can see gold and silver.”

Semyon Dezhnev
Opening of the strait between Asia and America

Semyon Dezhnev

The “Mangazeya passage” - the path from the mouth of the Northern Dvina, Mezen to the Gulf of Ob - is a bright page in the history of Russian sea travel. This is the way Ustyug resident Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev “went” to Siberia. In 1643, he led a detachment that set off on Kochs across the Kolyma and further to the east. According to Dezhnev’s report, three Kochas were approaching the “Big Stone Nose” (the most northeastern point of the Asian continent): Fedot Alekseeva (Popova), Semyon Dezhnev and Gerasim Ankidinov. “But that bow went out into the sea much further and a lot of good Chukhchi people live on it...” notes Dezhnev in his “reply”. Having lost Ankidinov's koch, Dezhnev and Popov turned their ships south and entered the strait separating Asia from America. Fog, which is common in these places, did not allow them to see Alaska.
Thanks to this expedition, an image of Northeast Asia appeared on the “Drawing of the Siberian Land” in 1667. The name of Dezhnev is crowned with the glory of the discovery of the strait between Asia and America, the Chukotka Peninsula, and the Anadyr Territory.

Vitus Bering and A.I. Chirikov
1st and 2nd Kamchatka expeditions

Vitus Bering and A.I. Chirikov

When the Russian Empire stretched from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, the time had come to accurately define its borders and the outlines of its sea coasts. For this purpose, Peter I decided to send an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. It was necessary to clarify not only the issue of borders and scientific “curiosity”, but also to open sea routes for trade with “gold-rich” Japan, according to the concept of that time. Vitus Bering, a Dane who served in Russia for many years, was appointed head of the 1st Kamchatka expedition (1725-1730), and Alexey Ilyich Chirikov was appointed assistant.
Bering walked around the eastern coast of Kamchatka, the southern and eastern coasts of Chukotka, and discovered the St. Lawrence Islands. Having passed through the Chukchi Sea to a latitude of 6718" and seeing that "the land does not extend further to the north", Bering, despite the proposal of Alexei Ilyich Chirikov to continue further north, considered the question of the existence of a strait between Asia and America to be resolved positively and turned back. In St. Petersburg, the results of the expedition were considered unsatisfactory. Bering received instructions for a new voyage. The instructions determined the scope and tasks of the 2nd Kamchatka and the associated Great Northern Expedition (1733 - 1743), which were tasked with making a description of the entire northern and eastern coasts of Siberia, getting acquainted with shores of America and Japan and finally clarify the issue of the strait between Asia and America. The main objectives of the expedition were completed. The survey materials produced during the expeditions were used by cartographers for two centuries.

H. Laptev and S. Chelyuskin

H. Laptev and S. Chelyuskin

In 1730, Bering, who returned from Kamchatka, began to equip an expanded expedition (2-Kamchatka): some ships were to be sent along the Pacific Ocean to Japan and the Americas, and others along the Arctic Ocean to describe and map the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The expedition in the North of Russia lasted 10 years (from 1733 to 1743) and in terms of its objectives, the size of the territories covered, and the results, it was rightly called the Great Sverpa Expedition. The expedition consisted of separate land and sea detachments that had bases at the mouths of large rivers in the North of Siberia. Its participants were Khariton and Dmitry Laptev, S. Chelyuskin, S. Malygin, V. Pronchishchev and many others. All of them showed unparalleled courage and perseverance in achieving their goal. As a result, a huge amount of material was collected about the nature of the northern seas, thousands of kilometers of the coast of the Arctic Ocean were mapped, large territories of the Russian North, and the life and way of life of the peoples inhabiting them were explored and described.

I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F.Lisyansky
The first Russian trip around the world

I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F.Lisyansky

By the beginning of the 19th century, there was a need to establish regular flights of Russian ships from the Baltic ports to Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean. In 1802, the Naval Ministry accepted the proposal of Lieutenant-Commander I. F. Krusenstern to organize the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803 - 1806). The purpose of the expedition was: delivery of goods to Russian possessions in North America and Kamchatka, establishment of trade relations with Japan and China, research in the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean and near Russian possessions. Yu. F. Lisyansky was appointed Krusenstern's assistant. The expedition had two ships, Nadezhda and Neva. During the trip, the world map was updated, a number of islands were discovered, and numerous oceanographic studies were carried out. The descriptions of the life, customs, economy, and social structure of the inhabitants of Sakhalin and Kamchatka deserve special attention. Kruzenshtern compiled the “Atlas of the South Sea” - the most accurate for that time.

F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev
Discovery of Antarctica

F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev

In 1819, two military sloops set out from Kronstadt on a circumnavigation of the world: “Vostok” and “Mirny” under the command of Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The expedition had to solve an ancient riddle about the Southern Continent. Having overcome the enormous difficulties of sailing in ice conditions, the ships approached Antarctica. According to Lazarev’s companion on the expedition, midshipman Novosilsky, “the Russians were given the honor for the first time to lift the corner of the curtain hiding the distant, mysterious south, and to prove that behind the ice wall that encircles it, islands and lands are hidden.” On January 10, 1821, the sailors of the Mirny and Vostok simultaneously saw an island, which they called the Island of Peter I. Then a coast was discovered, called the Alexander I Coast.

F.P.Litke
Exploration of Novaya Zemlya

F.P.Litke

A major contribution to the study of Novaya Zemlya belongs to the navigator Admiral Fyodor Petrovich Litka, who, during expeditions in 1821 - 1824, for the first time since the Barents, examined and mapped the entire western coast of Novaya Zemlya, the Murmansk coast, and explored the eastern part of the Barents and White Seas. In 1826 - 1829, on the sloop Senyavin, Litke, leading a round-the-world expedition, explored and mapped the islands of the Caroline Archipelago, and surveyed Bonin Island. Fyodor Petrovich Litke was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. A gold medal was established in his honor.

G.I.Nevelskoy

G.I.Nevelskoy

In the report of Admiral G. I. Nevelsky on the results of the voyage in 1848-1849 on the Baikal transport, it is written: “... we discovered
1) that Sakhalin is an island separated from the mainland by a strait 4 miles wide and having a minimum depth of 5 fathoms;
2) that the entrance to the Amur from the north from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and from the south from the Tatar Strait, as well as communication through the Amur Estuary of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk is accessible to seagoing vessels;
3) that on the southwestern coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk there is an extensive roadstead, closed from all winds, which I called the Gulf of St. Nicholas...”
Many saw Nevelskbgo’s action as a daring violation of instructions. After all, Nicholas 1 himself ordered: “The question of the Amur, as a useless river, should be left.” A special committee threatened to demote Nevelsky to sailor status. But still, he managed to prove the need to create the Amur Expedition (1850 - 1855), which explored the vast expanses of the Amur region and the island of Sakhalin. In 1854, Primorsky Krai was annexed to Russia.

P.P. Semenov Tian-Shansky

P.P. Semenov Tian-Shansky

The travels of the great Russian explorer Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky marked the beginning of a new period in the study of Central and Central Asia. The results of the scientist’s research showed that the Tien Shan mountains are not of volcanic origin. During the expedition, he collected a large mineralogical collection, a herbarium, a collection of insects and mollusks, and valuable ethnographic material. The artist P. Kosharov, who made a huge number of sketches of the places through which the expedition passed, provided great assistance to the geographer in his research.
The famous Soviet geographer Yu. Shakalsky wrote: “For us, old workers of the Society, the names Pyotr Petrovich and the Geographical Society are inseparable.” For more than 40 years, Semenov-Tyan-Shansky headed the Russian Geographical Society and was the direct organizer and ideological leader of the expeditions of N. Przhevalsky, G. Potanin, P. Kozlov and many others.

N.M. Przhevalsky

N.M. Przhevalsky

“In the history of science there are scientists whose ideas and works constitute an entire era. Such scientists include Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky,” wrote Doctor of Geographical Sciences E. Murzaev about the traveler. The routes of the expeditions of the great Russian traveler (from 1867 to 1888) covered the vast expanses of Central Asia. Przhevalsky was the first to describe in detail the deserts of the Gobi, Ordos, Dzungaria and Kashgaria, and was the first to suggest that the Gobi Desert is a huge bowl with a predominance of rocky and clayey soils. He refuted the theory of the famous geographer and traveler Humboldt about the grid direction of the central ridges of the Tibetan Plateau, proving their predominantly latitudinal direction. He was the first to describe the ridges of the Kuen Lun system, discovered the system of Nanshan ridges, and discovered a number of ridges of Humboldt, Columbus, Przewalski and others.
During his expeditions, the scientist collected remarkable collections of flora and fauna of Central Asia. His herbariums, which included unique plants, numbered 15 - 16 thousand plants. Przhevalsky collected a huge collection of animals. He discovered and described a wild camel and a wild horse, which received the name of Przhevalsky.

N.N. Miklouho-Maclay

N.N. Miklouho-Maclay

Academician L. Berg said excellently about N. Miklouho-Maclay: “While other geographers were discovering new, hitherto unknown lands, Miklouho-Maclay sought first of all to discover Man among the “primitive” peoples he studied, that is, peoples not touched by European culture " It is hardly possible to more accurately characterize the goal to which the life of the outstanding Russian traveler was dedicated.
In 1871, the Russian corvette Vityaz landed the scientist on the shore of New Guinea (now the Maclay Coast), where he lived among the Papuans for 15 months. “The Man from the Moon,” as the natives called him, with courage and trust, throwing away his weapons, sought the favor and love of the Papuans. MiklouhoMaclay became their faithful friend, with whom they parted with tears.
The traveler brought home diaries, sketches, and collections that contained valuable ethnographic material. The diaries of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay were published only after the October Revolution.

S.O. Makarov

S.O. Makarov

Among the famous Russian naval commanders, the name of Stepan Osipovich Makarov stands out - admiral, talented scientist, tireless polar explorer. 33-year-old Makarov, commanding the steamship Taman, on his own initiative began studying the currents in the Bosphorus Strait. He made more than 5 thousand observations with a device he invented - a fluctometer - and proved the presence of two opposite currents: the upper one, from the Black Sea, and the lower one, from the Mediterranean Sea. Sailing on the corvette Vityaz, Makarov continued hydrological observations along all sailing routes: he measured the temperature and density of water at various depths, and studied currents in different layers. The scientist systematized the research of expeditions in the Pacific Ocean in the two-volume work “Vityaz” and “The Pacific Ocean” (1894), which was awarded a prize from the Academy of Sciences and a gold medal from the Russian Geographical Society. Stepan Osipovich Makarov also came up with the idea of ​​creating the world's first powerful icebreaker, the Ermak.

P.K. Kozlov

P.K. Kozlov

The outstanding explorer spent fifteen years on expeditions through the deserts and cities of Central Asia. On horseback, on foot and on camels, he made his way to the most remote and inaccessible areas. The length of his travels is over 40 thousand km. Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov owns one of the most outstanding archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century: the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto in the sands of Mongolia and burial mounds of the ancient Huns in the Mongolian Altai; he explored and described the largest river in Asia - the Mekong; in 1905, the first European met and talked with the Dalai Lama, who was then in Mongolia. Kozlov left an unforgettable impression upon the discovery of Khara-Khoto. The excavations made the Russian geographer famous throughout the world. Manuscripts, books, paintings, household and religious objects of the 11th - 12th centuries AD were discovered here. During the expeditions, the scientist collected valuable materials about the geology, climate, flora and fauna of Tibet and about little-known or completely unknown Eastern Tibetan tribes.

G.Ya.Sedov
Path to the North Pole

G.Ya.Sedov

On February 2, 1914, the already seriously ill famous polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov left his last winter in Tikhaya Bay on Hooker Island. For almost a year and a half, Sedov’s expedition, which left Arkhangelsk on the ship “St. Foka" in August 1912, sought to break through the ice to the North Pole. But the attempt ended in failure. On February 20, 1914, before reaching Rudolf Island, Sedov died and was buried on Cape Auk of this island.
However, according to Nansen, the materials obtained by the brave researcher on Novaya Zemlya alone completely paid for the entire expedition, so great is their scientific value.

1. Cape Litke – is located on the northwestern coast of the island of Novaya Zemlya. Named in 1913 by members of the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov in honor of F. P. Litke.

Litke Strait– is located in the south-western part of the Bering Sea in the Karaginsky Gulf between the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Karaginsky Island.

Litke Fedor Petrovich (1797-1882)- admiral, circumnavigator, one of the initiators of the creation of the Russian Geographical Society and its first leader, president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, researcher of Novaya Zemlya, Polynesia, and the northern shores of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's name appears on the map in 17 places. In 1872, the Litke Gold Medal was established, awarded for outstanding work in the field of geography.

2. Borzov Bay – located in the Barents Sea off the northwestern coast of the northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, jutting into the land between the Litke and Pankratiev straits. Surveyed in 913 by G. Ya. Sedov. He also named it the Gulf of Tsarevich Alexei. In 1946, it was renamed by the Aerogeodetic Administration expedition in honor of A. A. Borzov. A volcano in the Kuril Islands, glaciers in Eastern Siberia, the Subpolar Urals, and Novaya Zemlya are named in his honor.

Borzov Alexander Alexandrovich (1874-1939)- a prominent geographer and higher education teacher, student of D. N. Anuchin, his successor and head of the Moscow School of Geographers, one of the organizers of the geographical departments at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (MPGU), head of the geography department at MIIGAiK, editor of the famous journal "Earth Science" .

3. Pakhtusov Island is the main island in a group of islands of the same name located in the Kara Sea off the eastern coast of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. With an area of ​​about 21 sq. km, rocky, uneven surface with steeply plunging banks up to 50 m. It was discovered in 1835 by members of the expedition on the schooner “Krotov” and named in 1934 in honor of P.K. Pakhtusov. Banks in the Kara and Barents seas, a mountain on Spitsbergen, a nunatak in Antarctica, a strait near Novaya Zemlya and islands in the Kara and Japanese seas are named after him.

Pakhtusov Petr Kuzmich (1800-1835)– second lieutenant of the corps of naval navigators, researcher of the Barents, Kara Seas and the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Participated in hydrographic expeditions that carried out an inventory of the Barents Sea.

4. Ovtsyn Strait - separates the Oleniy and Sibiryakova islands, opens the passage to the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea, Named in 1895 by A.I. Velkitsky after D.L. Ovtsyn.

Ovtsyn Dmitry Leontyevich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, participant of the great Northern Expedition, who described the shores of the Kara Sea. A cape on the Yamal Peninsula and a nunatak in Antarctica bear his name.

5. Sibiryakova Island – located in the Kara Sea, in the Yenisei Gulf. Named in 1876 by A.E. Nordskiöld in honor of his friend A.M. Sibiryakov.

Sibiryakov Alexander Mikhailovich (1849-1933)– Russian entrepreneur, initiator of the development of the Great Northern Route, organizer of many expeditions. The ship "Sibiryakov", famous for its drift in the Arctic Ocean and died in an unequal battle with the German cruiser "Admiral Shir" on August 25, 1942, was named in his honor. A bank in the Barents Sea and an irrigation system in the Kara Sea were named in honor of the Siberians.

6. Ushakov Island – located in the northern part of the Kara Sea. Discovered in 1935 by the GUSMP expedition on the icebreaking steamer Sadko. At the same time, at the suggestion of N.N. Zubov, a later prominent polar explorer, he was named after the surname of the expedition leader G.A. Ushakov.

Ushakov Georgy Alekseevich (1901-1963)- famous polar explorer. Participant of V.K. Arsenyev’s expeditions in the Ussuri taiga, during the civil war he ruled the Wrangel and Herold islands. In the 1930s, he participated in mapping the coast of Severnaya Zemlya, which was begun by the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. Two capes and mountains in Antarctica are also named after him.

7. Schmidt Island – is located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. Discovered in 1930 by an expedition on the icebreaking steamship Georgy Sedov under the leadership of O. Yu. Schmidt. Then he was named after the name of the leader.

Cape Schmidt– located on the northern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, at the eastern entrance to the Long Strait.

Schmidt Otto Yulievich (1891-1956)- Soviet mathematician, Arctic researcher, academician. Leader of several polar expeditions aimed at opening the Northern Sea Route and exploring the Central Arctic. In 1929-1930 he led an expedition on the Georgiy Sedov, in 1932 on the Sibiryakov, and in 1933-1934 on the Chelyuskin. Prepared and organized research at the SP-1 station with I.D. Papanin.

8. Cape Berg – is located on the northeastern coast of the island of the October Revolution of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

Volcano Berga– is located on the island of Urup in the Kuril Islands group. Berg's name was given to a peak and glacier in the Pamirs, a cape on Severnaya Zemlya, and a glacier in the Dzungarian Alatau. Berg's name was also included in the Latin names of more than 60 animals and plants.

Berg Lev Semenovich (1876-1950)– the largest geographer-country specialist, biologist, limnologist, climatologist, historian - geographer. It is difficult to name any of the geographical disciplines whose most important issues would not have received deep and original development in his works. Berg is one of the organizers of the Faculty of Geography of Leningrad (St. Petersburg) University. Since 1940 - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

9. Shokalsky Strait – is located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. In 1931, the Ushakov-Urvantsev expedition established that this is a strait, beyond which the name given by the discoverers named Yu. M. Shokalsky was left.

Shokalsky Island– the first is located in the Kara Sea near the Gulf of Ob. Discovered in 1874 by the English captain D. Wiggins, he named it Cherny Island. In 1922, members of the Kom expedition sailed the sea route on the schooner Agnessa and named it in honor of the ship Agnessa. In 1926, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee named him after Yu. M. Shokalsky. The second island is located in the Barents Sea, surveyed in 1902 by a hydrographic expedition on the steamship Pakhtusov.

Shokalsky Yuri Mikhailovich (1856-1940)- an outstanding geographer, oceanographer and cartographer, president of the Geographical Society, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor at the Naval Academy and Leningrad University. He created the most famous oceanographic school with more than 2,000 students. Over 60 years of scientific work, he created many works, among which his “Oceanography” (1974) gained world fame. The textbook “Physical Geography” (1930) is well known. More than a dozen geographical objects are named in his honor: two islands, a strait, a current, a ridge, a cape, a bank, a glacier and an underwater ridge, as well as an oceanographic vessel.

10. Vilkitsky Strait – connects the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Separates the Taimyr Peninsula and Bolshevik Island in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Named in 1914.

Vilkitsky Boris Andreevich (1885-1961) –Russian naval officer, Arctic explorer. He led a geographical expedition on the icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach". The strait between Cape Chelyuskin and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago is named after him.

11. Cape Chelyuskin – the extreme northern tip of Asia, located on the Taimyr Peninsula, jutting into the Kara Sea. The Vilkitsky Strait was discovered and mapped in 1742 by midshipman Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin (Chelyustkin). At the suggestion of A.F. Meddendorf in 1843, the cape was named in honor of the discoverer. Islands in the Taimyr Bay and the Kara Sea, a peninsula on Taimyr, as well as the legendary steamship Chelyuskin, which sank in the ice, also bear his name. A peninsula in Antarctica and a mountain on Sakhalin Island are also named in honor of the heroic Chelyuskinites.

Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian naval officer, participant of the Great Northern Expedition. He surveyed the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, and on August 1, 1742, he was able to map the northern tip of Asia - the historical Promontorium Tobin, which later became known as Cape Chelyuskin.

12. Laptev Sea - a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, bounded on the west by the eastern shores of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the Taimyr Peninsula, on the east by the meridian of 139° east longitude from the edge of the continental shelf to the northern tip of Kotelny Island, the western Lyakhovsky Islands.

Shore of Khariton Laptev- a narrow coastal strip along the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula between the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers.

Dmitry Laptev Strait– connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. Separates Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island from the northern coast of Asia.

Laptevs, Khariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich (XVIII century) –cousins. Participants of the Great Northern Expedition, who explored the Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the sea in the north of our country is named after them. The strait between the mainland and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, a cape in the Lena River delta and a cape at the mouth of the Kolyma River are named in honor of Dmitry Laptev. The coast between the mouths of the Pyasina and Nizhnyaya Pyasina rivers and two capes are named in honor of Khariton Laptev.

13. Sannikov Strait – connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, separates the Lyakhov Islands and the island of Anjou. Opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist I. Lyakhov. In 1902, he was named a participant in the RPE 1900-1903 by F. A. Matisen, after the name of the expedition doctor, Viktor Nikolaevich, by the Katina-Yartsev Strait. Apparently in 1909, K. A. Vollosovich named it in honor of one of the first explorers of the New Siberian Islands, Yakov Sannikov Strait. In 1935 this name was legalized.

Sannikov Yakov (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, Yakut merchant, was engaged in fishing on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Described the islands of Stolbovoy and Faddeevsky. Participating in the expedition of M. M. Gedeshtrom in 1810-1811 he saw land to the north of the island, which was called Sannikov Land. Subsequently, many expeditions were sent to search for this Earth, but it was not discovered. A river on the New Siberian Islands, which received this name in 1811, is also named after him.

14. City of Bilibino - an urban-type settlement in Chukotka.

Bilibin Yuri Alexandrovich (1901-1952)– Russian geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant in the discovery of gold-bearing areas in the northeast of Russia. A nuclear power plant in Chukotka is also named after him.

15. Bering Strait – connects the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separates the Chukotka Peninsula on the Eurasian continent and the Alaska Peninsula in North America.

Bering Island– is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean as part of the Commander Islands east of Kamchatka.

Bering Sea– located in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the northeastern coast of Asia and the northwestern part of North America.

Bering Vitus (1703-1741)- Danish naval officer in Russian service, explorer of Asia, one of the leaders of the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), discovered the coast of Alaska. He died on the island that was later named after him.

16. Shelikhov Bay(Penzhinsky)– northeastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Shelikhov city– since 1962, a city in the Irkutsk region, a railway station. About a dozen objects are named after him, in particular islands off the coast of North America, a strait there, a cape, a lake, a mountain, a bank.

Shelikhov Georgy Ivanovich (1747-1795)- Russian merchant, founder of the first Russian settlements in the so-called Russian America. Conducted significant geographical research. On the basis of the Shelikhov settlement, the Russian-American Company was formed in 1799. For his tireless work, he was called the Russian Columbus.

17. Nagaeva Bay – in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in Tauyskaya Bay off the western coast of the Staritsky Peninsula.

Nagaev Alexey Ivanovich (1704-1781)- admiral, navigator, cartographer, hydrographer, explorer of the Caspian and Baltic seas. He made an inventory of the Caspian Sea, and then the Gulf of Finland. He compiled maps of Vitus Bering's voyage, compiled and corrected maps of the Baltic Sea, which were used by sailors of the Baltic Fleet for 60 years. He commanded the port in Kronstadt. He collected materials on the history of the Russian fleet, used in the 19th century by V. Berkh. Based on the materials of the expedition of the second half of the 18th century, he compiled a general map of the Caspian Sea, published after his death in 1796.

18. Atlasov Island – located in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, northern in the Kuril Islands group.

Atlasov (Otlasov) Vladimir Vasilievich (Timofeevich) (about 1652-1711)- Russian explorer, first explorer of Kamchatka. The Atlasovka River on Sakhalin Island, which flows into Aniva Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, also bears his name.

19. Cape Przhevalsky – is located on the southern Kuril island of Iturup in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Przhevalsky's name was given to the city near which he died at the beginning of his last journey, and to a number of other geographical objects.

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)- an outstanding traveler and explorer of Central Asia. He photographed more than 30 thousand km of the path he traveled, astronomically determined hundreds of altitudes, collected a wealth of material about the relief, climate, flora and fauna of Mongolia, Northern and Western China, the Tibetan Plateau and the Ussuri region. Based on the materials of his five travels, detailed scientific reports were published, written in excellent literary language, which served as a model for subsequent expeditionary studies of Russian travelers.

20. Cape Dokuchaev – is located on one of the southern Kuril Islands, Kunashir, near the Nemuro Strait in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. His name was given to the Institute of Soil Science of the Academy of Sciences, and on the map the cape and the main watershed ridge on Kunashir Island in the Kuril Archipelago are named after him.

Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilievich (1846-1903)- great Russian scientist, naturalist geographer, soil scientist, geologist and mineralogist. He founded modern scientific soil science and completed the creation of the doctrine of latitudinal and altitudinal natural zones.

21. Kropotkin Ridge – located on the Olekminsko-Vitim plateau. Height up to 1647 m – Korolenko char. It is composed of crystalline rocks, granites. Discovered by geologist A. A. Voznesensky, explorer of East Asia.

City of Kropotkin– is located in the Krasnodar region, originated as the Romanovsky farm. Named in honor of V. A. Kropotkin.

Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich (1842-1921)– geographer and geomorphologist, one of the founders of paleogeography of the Quaternary period, creator of the doctrine of ancient continental glaciation, researcher of Siberia and the Amur region, author of numerous articles on the geography of Russia. At the same time, an outstanding social and political figure, revolutionary theorist of anarchism.