History of travel: famous travelers of the era of geographical discoveries. Great navigators and their discoveries Ancient Russian navigators
four-month stay in the ocean.
The launched "Gypsy Mot IV" turned out to be insufficiently stable, it was necessary
add one and a half tons of ballast.
Despite all the improvements made before the start of the voyage, the handling of the yacht
in strong winds it required considerable effort. During the storm, Chichester had to
rest your back against the cockpit wall and press down on the tiller with both feet to
keep the yacht on the desired course. "Gypsy-Mot IV", which cost the syndicate so much
expensive, was formally leased to Chichester for a symbolic sum of one
Rose decided to set off three weeks before Chichester.
To sail around the world from Great Britain, you had to travel almost 30 thousand
Large sailing ships were heading from England to the southwest. Using the trade winds, they
passed several hundred miles off the coast of Europe and Africa, south of Cape
Good Hope, and then passed into the area of the “roaring forties”. So figuratively
sailors call the southern zones of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, where
stormy westerly winds prevail. Thanks to these winds, the path in the south
Hemisphere sailing around the globe is the fastest.
a shipyard worker came running with incredible news: at low tide "Shalunya"
fell off the mooring lines. An accident occurred which resulted in the fragmentation of
several frames and a number of other damages were caused.
Sailing to Australia and competing with Chichester became impossible. Rose
I had to postpone the flight for a whole year. He had no choice,
How to wish a friend a happy trip around the world.
dangerous Bay of Biscay. At the end of the first week he noticed Madeira - behind
He won't see any more sushi for the next 12 weeks. On the 21st day of the journey he
celebrated his birthday.
100 GREAT SEAVIVORS
FRANCIS CHICHESTER
After 37 days of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean at 25 degrees south latitude
Chichester changed course to the east and on the fiftieth day of the journey found itself in
several hundred miles from the Cape of Good Hope.
Most of the Indian Ocean was already behind us when the yacht took a turn for the worse
automatic steering device. It was impossible to repair it, and since then
It took Chichester the next 27 days to keep the Gypsy on course
fit a small jib by connecting its sheets to the tiller. Australian
The navigator saw the coast on the 97th day of the journey, but a storm in Bassovo
voyage, Chichester dropped anchor in the port of Sydney. He failed to meet 100
days, that is, the time that on average high-speed clippers spent on
way from Europe to Australia.
However, he became the first person to circumnavigate the world solo. IN
In May of the following year, for his feat he was made the Queen of Great Britain
Knighted by Elizabeth II with the title "Sir". The queen at the same time
used the same sword and stood in approximately the same place as her
predecessor Elizabeth I, when she knighted the famous pirate and
traveler Sir Francis Drake.
"Gypsy Mot IV" has become a museum exhibit and is in dry dock next to the world
the famous clipper "Cutty Sark" and Nelson's flagship "Victoria", and
Francis Chichester turned 69 in September 1970. It seemed now
you can rest on your laurels, babysit your grandchildren and be an honorary judge in sailing races
the highest rank. But peace was not Chichester's lot. At your own expense
he built (at a cost of about £30,000) the Gypsy Motor V, a yacht
your dreams to go on another independent flight and set on
The average daily mileage on the transatlantic route is about 200 miles.
"Gypsy-Mot V" was slightly larger than its predecessor. Its length is
the waterline was 12.8 meters, windage was 214 square meters. In theory
"Gypsy" could reach a speed of about 200-217 miles per day. Of course, in
ideal sailing conditions and under the control of a top class yachtsman.
To implement the plan, Chichester chose the most advantageous route from
Portuguese Guinea on the west coast of Africa to the port of San Juan del Norte in
Republic of Nicaragua.
The orthodrome distance from the port of Bissau to San Juan del Norte is exactly
4000 miles. With an average daily speed of a yacht of 200 miles to overcome the route
it took 20 days, which Chichester declared as its sporting goal. Having received
of the year. However
navigation conditions at the mouth of the Geba River and between the Biagos Islands turned out to be very
difficult. Only on the third day did Gypsy-Mot V manage to move away from the African
coast and reach the trade winds area, where its speed increased significantly, and
The Southern Trade Wind Current shortened her journey by 15-20 miles every day. Despite
with all efforts and maximum use of sails and weather conditions, the yacht entered
orthodrome is exactly 4000 miles. Instead of the expected 20 days, the voyage lasted 36
hours longer, instead of 200 miles, Chichester traveled only 186 miles per day.
Thus, his average speed along the entire route was 7.75 knots. And yet this
was a magnificent achievement for a yacht sailed by a 70-year-old solo sailor.
TIM SEVERIN
TIM SEVERIN
This man can be attributed to the newest generation of seafarers and
explorers of marine spaces. By the end of the 20th century, almost all
all corners of the globe, with the help of satellites all reefs and atolls are mapped
and islets. And yet the sea has not ceased to attract man; he enters
single combat with him on the most exotic ships.
Tim Severin was not the first navigator to set off on the
exotic ship of past eras. At the end of the last century, young Norwegians
An exact copy of the Norman longship reached the shores of North America. For the anniversary
Columba set off and a copy of the Santa Maria, but set sail on a leather
In the Irish epic there are sagas telling about ocean voyages, about
discovery of new lands. Thus, the famous Irish poet Aid the Light, who lived in X
century, composed the saga of the sailing in the Atlantic Ocean of the navigator Mail-Duin.
A gust of wind blew the boat away from the Irish coast. Driven by the wind, we sailed
Mail-Duin and his companions from island to island, inhabited by fantastic
creatures, such as ants the size of a foal. True, among those born
imagination of creatures and phenomena in the saga there are also details associated with real
events and observations. Thus, the sea route was shown to the travelers.
a bird common to Irish coastal waters.
Undoubtedly, Irish sailors, observing the behavior of seabirds, knew that
some of them, hunting in the open ocean, returned to land in the evening. IN
Irish epic has an earlier
a legend that specifically corresponds to reality. This is a Latin text
"Navigazio Sancti Brendan, Abbes" ("The Voyage of Saint Brendan, the Abbot"),
telling about a voyage to a distant western overseas country.
Some historians and geographers believed that the text refers to
transatlantic voyage, led by Brendan, to the shores of the New World in
VI century AD e. Other experts considered this version to be pure fiction.
Perhaps the question of ancient Irish voyages to the New World would have remained
unsolved, if the Irish geographer and writer Tim Severin did not take up it.
Analyzing the text about Brendan, he saw in it a reflection of reality, and
specific geographical descriptions brought the text closer to the sailing directions. It was said in detail
there and about the progress of the voyage, the time and distance traveled were indicated. Tim Severin also
I found out that Abbot Brendan is a historical figure. Conviction in the reality of events
happened almost one and a half thousand years ago, gave rise to a daring plan: to repeat
on a replica of an antique leather Irish boat, the voyage of St. Brendan and
his companions. This would be the first link, without which it would be difficult in the future
build a hypothesis about ancient Irish contacts between the Old and New Worlds.
Tim Severin found all the information that allowed him to reproduce the model of the ships,
existing in Brendan's time.
It was not easy to resolve the issue of leather covering the boat. Even specialists
leather workers doubted the strength and durability of bovine leathers when
constant contact with sea water. I was in a similar position
the famous Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl, when he was told that logs
The balsa will become saturated with water and the Kon-Tiki, made from them, will sink. How many
there were disputes about the fragility and fragility of the “Ra” and “Ra-N” papyrus, as well as reeds
"Tigris". But both Thor Heyerdahl and Tim Severin were deeply convinced that
unreliable, from the point of view of modern man, materials are not in vain
used by ancient shipbuilders, who had centuries of experience behind them
swimming in the ocean.
And yet the lining is made of cowhide, treated, as in the old days, with oak
extract and lubricated with animal wax, Severina did not disappoint,
guided by the technological recipes contained in the text about
Brendan.
Also in accordance with this text, a “stepped route” was laid through
The Atlantic Ocean in the harsh fifties and sixties latitudes of the North
Atlantic.
This route, although with stops in the Faroe Islands and Iceland,
seems to be a route of the highest difficulty for well-
100 GREAT SEAVIVORS
full modern sports yachts with steel hulls, and even for open
a leather boat with two straight sails and even more so. Suffice it to say that this
water area along the entire length of the Atlantic Ocean is considered the most
prone to storms. During them, waves were recorded off the coast of Ireland
height of 18.5 meters, and the highest wave height measured southwest of
Iceland is 14 meters. How much courage, composure and resourcefulness
it took Tim Severin and his comrades to prove themselves!
How many critical situations did the sailors encounter along the way?
Of course, hydrometeorological conditions during Brendan's time were more
lighter than modern ones. Science has established that in the early Middle Ages, when
Irish voyages took place, the climate in the North Atlantic was warmer. So,
the air temperature in southern Greenland was 2-4° higher than now, and the ice
the situation is much better. Floating sea pack ice ancient
Irish sailors encountered virtually nothing on their route during the summer months.
Irish sailors completed the “stepped route” in seven years. Waiting it out
bad weather, they settled on the islands and set off on their further journey only in
good weather. It’s a completely different matter when, ignoring bad weather, the crew
"Brendana" sought to travel this path as quickly as possible. This is for them
it only took two summers.
Tim Severin's goal was not only to prove that Old Irish leather
the boats had high seaworthiness, but also resembled the ancient ones
to seafarers. In particular, do without modern seafaring tools. Quite
it is possible that the ancient Irish sailors had some kind of equipment
for orientation in the open ocean, but we know nothing about this now. Was
It’s not entirely clear how they navigated without a magnetic compass.
However, several decades ago, Danish archaeologists discovered during
excavations of the Greenlandic Norman monastery, part of the solar compass that replaced
Vikings magnetic. It is possible that the ancient Irish sailors had
something similar.
At the same time, it is known that, for example, ancient Polynesian sailors could
navigate the center of the Pacific Ocean by the starry sky, wave direction and
currents. They also knew about the behavior of sea animals and birds.
Why not assume that the Irish sailors were also quite versed in
astronomy; after all, even in ancient times in the British Isles the Celts were
observatories were built.
Soon after the completion of the expedition on the Brendan, Tim Severin took possession of
a new idea related to medieval Arab navigation. In the 7th-14th centuries
Arab sea trade routes covered
TIM SEVERIN
large part of the Indian Ocean. Already in the 8th century, Arab merchants appeared in
China, Java, the east coast of Africa, Madagascar A little later
in parallel with the famous overland "Silk Road" connecting the Middle and
Far East, the Arabs also built a maritime “Silk Road” from the Persian
Gulf to South China.
Historians believe that voyages along this second “Silk Road” found
reflections in the Arabian tales of the Thousand and One Nights, an integral part of which
are the tales of the seven voyages of Sinbad.
"The Voyages of Sinbad", based on the stories of Arab sailors and merchants,
existed independently before they became part of One Thousand and One Nights
Academician I.Yu. Krachkovsky notes that considering "The Travels of Sinbad"
only as a fairy tale, the action of which develops outside of time and
space, now it’s impossible. Sharing this opinion, Tim Severin conducted
geographical analysis of this tale found deep connections with real events,
happened a thousand years ago. He laid out his route in the footsteps
Sinbad the Sailor from the shores of Arabia through India, Ceylon, Sumatra and Malaysia.
The completion of the route was scheduled for Guangzhou, at the mouth of the Xijiang River. Having studied
ancient manuscripts containing drawings and descriptions of Arabian ships from thousands of years ago
years ago, Tim Severin began building the sailing ship "Sohar", named in
honor of the once bustling ancient Arab port on the Arabian coast
peninsula, where medieval merchants hired ship carpenters. Nowadays
Sohar is part of Oman, a sultanate at the southern tip of the peninsula.
To find the right material for the hull and masts of a sailboat, Severin
goes to India, to the southwestern state of Kerala. There, deep in the jungle,
The loggers felled several trunks for him and carried him on elephants to the coast.
Massive hewn logs were loaded onto a ship bound for an Oman port
Sur, didn’t forget to take bamboo, from which Arab shipbuilders
made ship nails.
In November 1981, "Sohar" with sails sewn in the old style, was ready for
sailing The bulk of the Sohar's crew were Omani sailors. On board the Arabic
The sailboat also included several scientists from European countries.
Swimming in the "monsoon sea", as the northern part of the Indian Ocean is figuratively called
ocean, if not for the suffocating heat, it was incomparably more favorable than in
North Atlantic.
It happened that "Sohar" went out onto busy sea routes and met with
supertankers, liners, ore carriers. I had to keep a constant watch to
avoid getting hit by the keel of a giant ship. In my
100 GREAT SEAVIVORS
queue, navigators and watchmen of passing ships from the height of the wheelhouse with
looked in amazement at the triangular sails of the boat from the Arabian Nights
The planned route was changed only once, and then only slightly: Sohar did not
go to Sumatra itself, limiting yourself to nearby Singapore. Seven s
The Sohar's voyage took half a month.
From Arab sources it follows that medieval Arab merchants passed the route
for three years. But that’s why they are merchants, because in every port city they were engaged in
trade.
Severin's last venture was to travel on a replica
ancient Greek ship along the route of the ancient Argonauts. The ship "Argo" with
international crew showed excellent seaworthiness and achieved
the shores of ancient Colchis, the coast of modern Georgia. This visit turned into
a real holiday for the entire Georgian land.
Tim Severin, explorer and geographer dedicated to the reconstruction of ancient
sea routes of various peoples and in different parts of the world, again took up the pen.
Where will he go next time?
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
Abramov I'm in Columbus. 1891 Amundsen. Collection of op. T. 1-5. L., 1936 -1939
English travelers in the Moscow state in the 16th century. St. Petersburg, 1865
Ausveit L. How the globe was discovered. M., 1939
Badigin K.S. Three winterings in the Arctic ice. M., 1960
BeckerJ. History of geographical discoveries. M., 1950
Berg L. S. History of Russian geographical discoveries. M., 1962
Bombard Alen Overboard by his own free will M., 1964
Bougainville L. A. Around the world voyage on the frigate "Budez". M.,
Varshavsky A. S. The Travels of Dumont-D'Urville. M., 1977
Bern Jules. History of great travels M., 1993.
Bern Jules. Discovery of the continent. St. Petersburg, 1907
Vladimirov V.N. J. Cook. M., 1938
Universe and humanity. Ed. Kramner. T. No. 3,4. St. Petersburg, 1904
Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic. M., 1955
Gekhtman G.N. Outstanding geographers and travelers. Tbilisi,
Gilder U.G. In ice and snow. St. Petersburg, 1898
Glovatsky V. The fascinating world of sails. M., 1981
Gunther 3. Age of great discoveries. St. Petersburg, 1903
De-Fer G. Swimming of the Barents. M., 1936
Dmitriev V.I. Butakov A.I. M., 1955
Dyakonov M. A. Amundsen. M., 1937
Dumont-D'Urville. Traveling across the world. St. Petersburg, 1843
Kotzebue O.E. Travel around the world 1823-26 St. Petersburg, 1828
Kunin K. Vasco da Gama. M., 1932
Cousteau J-Yves. Brilliant pirate. M., 1996
Litke F.P. Travel around the world 1826-1829 St. Petersburg, 1836
Lyalina M. Russian Arctic and round-the-world sailors. St. Petersburg, 1904
Magidovich I P History of the discovery and exploration of Central and South America. M,
Magidovich I.P. History of the discovery and exploration of North America. M., 1965
Magidovich I.P. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. M., 1967
Malakhovsky K.V. Around the world three times. M., 1989
100 GREAT SEAVIVORS
Malakhovsky K.V. The life story of Captain Flinders. M., 1985
Mellery T.E. Fitzroy - captain of the Beagle. L., 1975
Mitchell Meirin. El Cano. The first circumnavigator. M., 1977
Sea. M., 1960
Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate. St. Petersburg, 1993
Travels around the world, compiled from the travels of Magellan, Tasman,
Dampier, etc. St. Petersburg, 1836
Voyage to the North and Pacific Oceans under the command of Captains Cook, Clerk and
Mountain. St. Petersburg, 1805
Journey to the South Sea of the French fleet of Captain Jean Surville. St. Petersburg, 1797
Journey around the world 1803-1806 by Yuri Lisyansky. St. Petersburg,
Charles Darwin's journey around the world and across South America.
St. Petersburg, 1895
Travels of Christopher Columbus. M., 1950
Rovinsky V.I. Rebel ship. M., 1957
Rusakov B.S. Russian Columbuses and Robinsons. M., 1903
Russian sailors in the Arctic and Pacific oceans. L-M., 1952
Svet Ya.M. History of the discovery and exploration of Australia and Oceania. M., 1966
Svet Ya.M. Columbus. M., 1973
Severin Tim. Voyage on the Brendan. M., 1983
Senkevich Yu.A. The horizon called to them. M., 1987
Simpson K. Chichester - voyage of the century. M., 1969
Strabo. Geography. M., 1994
ThomsonD.O. History of ancient geography. M., 1953
Treshnikov L. F. Roald Amundsen. L., 1976
300 travelers and explorers. M., 1966
Fiske John. Discovery of America. In 2 volumes. M., 1892-1893
Hart G. The Sea Route to India. M., 1959
HenningR. Unknown lands. M., 1961 - 1963
Zweig S. Amerigo. A story about a geographical mistake. M.,
Chernov A.A. Plans and accomplishments of Captain Cousteau. Nature. 1965 Jacobi Arnold.
Senor Kon-Tiki. M., 1970
AND THERE WILL BE NO MORE WATER BY FLOOD... DISCOVERIES OF ANCIENT TIMES
JASON, ODYSSEUS, AENEAS; EGYPTIAN HANNA; HANNON OF CARTHAGEN; PYTHEAUS; NEARCH; EUDOX;
MEDIEVAL DISCOVERIES (BEFORE COLUMBUS)
THE JOURNEY OF ST. BRENDAN; ERIC THE RED AND TORFIN KARLSEFNI; VIVALDI BROTHERS;
HENRY THE NAVIGATER; ALVISE CADAMOSTO; DIOGOCAN; BARTOLOME UDIASH;
AGE OF GREAT DISCOVERIES (UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY)
VASCO DA GAMA; PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL; CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS; AMERIGO VESPUCCI; ALONSO
DE OJEDA; VICENTE PINZON JR; GASPAR AND MIGUEL CORTIRIAL; FERNANDO MAGELLAN;
EL CANO; JOHN CABOT AND SEBASTIAN CABOT; ANTON ALAMINOS AND PONCET DE LEON;
EXPEDITION OF WILL LOWBY AND CHANCELLOR; GIOVANNI DE VERAZZANO; JACQUES CARTIER; JOHN DAVIS;
MARTIN FGOBISHER; ALVARO MENDANA; PEDRO FERNANDEZ DE QUIROS; LUIS DE TORRES;
FRANCIS DRAKE; BILLEM BARENTZ; HENRY HUDSON; THOMAS BUTTON; ROBERT BYLOT AND WILLIAM
BAFFIN; WILLIAM BUFFIN. JACOB LEHMER AND BILLEM SCHOUTEN;
DISCOVERIES OF NEW TIMES (MIDDLE XVII - END OF XVIII CENTURY)
SEMYON DEZHNEV; WILLIAM DAMPIRE; JACOB GOGGEVEN; PETER I; VITUS BERING; ALEXEI
CHIRIKOV; STEPAN MALYGIN; IVAN FEDOROV AND MIKHAIL GVOZDEV; VASILY PRONCHISHCHEV AND
SEMYON CHELYUSKIN; KHARITON LAPTEV; DMITRY LAPTEV; JOHN BYRON; SAM WELLWALLIS;
PHILIP CARTERET; ROBERT GRAY; JAMES COOK; JEAN SURVILLE; VASILY CHICHAGOV; LOUIS DE
BOUGANVILLE; WILLIAM BLY; GEORGE VANCOUVER; JEAN FRANCOIS LAPEROUSE; JOSEPH D'ANTRCASTO;
ETIENNE MARCHAND; PETER KRENITSYN AND MIKHAIL LEVASHEV; GAVRIIL SARYCHEV; MATTHEW FLINDERS;
NICOLA BODEN;
DISCOVERIES OF NEW TIMES (XIX CENTURY)
JULES DUMONT-DURVILLE; WILLIAM BEECHEY; IVAN KRUZENSHTERN AND YURI LISYANSKY. BASIL
GOLOVIN; FADDEY BELLINGHAUSEN; MIKHAIL LAZAREV; OTTO KOTZEBUE; FEDOR LITKE; PETER
Pakhtusov; GENNADY NEVELSKOY; FITZROY AND DARWIN; JAMES WEDDELL; JOHN BISCO; JOHN
AND JAMES ROSS; JOHN FRANKLIN; ROBERT McCLURE; EDWARD BELCHER; ALEXEY BUTAKOV;
OTTO SVERDRUP; NIELS NORDENSKJÖLD; GEORGE DE-LONG; STEPAN MAKAROV; FRITJOF
NEWEST DISCOVERIES (XX CENTURY)
ROAL AMUNDSEN; VLADIMIR RUSANOV; KONSTANTIN SERGEEVICH BADIGIN; HENRY LARSEN;
OTTO YULIEVICH SCHMIDT; ALAIN BOMBARD; HEIERDAHL; JACQUES-YVES COUSTEAU; FRANCIS CHICHESTER; TIM
They are always attracted by the horizon line, an endless strip stretching into the distance. Their faithful friends are ribbons of roads leading to the unknown, mysterious and mysterious. They were the first to push the boundaries, opening new lands and the amazing beauty of metrics to humanity. These people are the most famous travelers.
Travelers who made the most important discoveries
Christopher Columbus. He was a red-haired guy with a strong build and slightly above average height. Since childhood, he was smart, practical, and very proud. He had a dream - to go on a journey and find a treasure of gold coins. And he made his dreams come true. He found a treasure - a huge continent - America.Three quarters of Columbus's life was spent sailing. He traveled on Portuguese ships and lived in Lisbon and the British Isles. Stopping briefly in a foreign land, he constantly drew geographical maps and made new travel plans.
It still remains a mystery how he managed to draw up a plan for the shortest route from Europe to India. His calculations were based on the discoveries of the 15th century and the fact that the Earth is spherical.
Having gathered 90 volunteers in 1492-1493, he set off on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean on three ships. He became the discoverer of the central part of the Bahamas archipelago, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. He is responsible for the discovery of the northeastern coast of Cuba.
The second expedition, which lasted from 1493 to 1496, already consisted of 17 ships and 2.5 thousand people. He discovered the islands of Dominica, the Lesser Antilles, and the island of Puerto Rico. After 40 days of sailing, arriving in Castile, he notified the government of the opening of a new route to Asia.
After 3 years, having assembled 6 ships, he led an expedition across the Atlantic. In Haiti, because of an envious denunciation of his successes, Columbus was arrested and shackled. He received release, but kept the shackles all his life, as a symbol of betrayal.
He was the discoverer of America. Until the end of his life, he mistakenly believed that it was connected to Asia by a thin isthmus. He believed that the sea route to India was opened by him, although history later showed the fallacy of his delusions.
Vasco da Gama. He was lucky enough to live during the era of great geographical discoveries. Perhaps that is why he dreamed of traveling and dreamed of becoming a discoverer of uncharted lands.
He was a nobleman. The family was not the most noble, but had ancient roots. As a young man, he became interested in mathematics, navigation and astronomy. Since childhood, he hated secular society, playing the piano and French, which noble nobles tried to “show off” with.
Determination and organizational skills made Vasco da Gama close to Emperor Charles VIII, who, having decided to create an expedition to open a sea route to India, appointed him in charge.
Four new ships, specially built for the journey, were placed at his disposal. Vasco da Gama was equipped with the latest navigational instruments and provided naval artillery.
A year later, the expedition reached the shores of India, stopping in the first city of Calicut (Kozhikode). Despite the cold reception of the natives and even military clashes, the goal was achieved. Vasco da Gama became the discoverer of the sea route to India.
They discovered the mountainous and desert regions of Asia, made bold expeditions to the Far North, they “wrote” history, glorifying the Russian land.
Great Russian travelers
Miklouho-Maclay was born into a noble family, but experienced poverty at the age of 11 when his father died. He was always a rebel. At the age of 15, he was arrested for participating in a student demonstration and imprisoned for three days in the Peter and Paul Fortress. For participating in student unrest, he was expelled from the gymnasium and further prohibited from entering any higher institution. Having left for Germany, he received his education there. 
The famous naturalist Ernst Haeckel became interested in the 19-year-old boy, inviting him to his expedition to study marine fauna.
In 1869, returning to St. Petersburg, he enlisted the support of the Russian Geographical Society and set off to study New Guinea. It took a year to prepare the expedition. He sailed to the shore of the Coral Sea, and when he set foot on land he had no idea that his descendants would name this place after him.
Having lived for more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives to grow corn, pumpkins, beans and fruit trees. He studied the life of the natives on the island of Java, the Louisiads and the Solomon Islands. He spent 3 years in Australia.
He died at 42. Doctors diagnosed him with severe deterioration of the body.
Afanasy Nikitin is the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Somalia, Turkey and Muscat. His notes “Walking across the Three Seas” became valuable historical and literary aids. He described medieval India simply and truthfully in his notes.
Coming from a peasant family, he proved that even a poor person can travel to India. The main thing is to set a goal.
The world has not revealed all its secrets to man. There are still people who dream of lifting the veil of unknown worlds.
Famous modern travelers
He is 60, but his soul is still full of thirst for new adventures. At the age of 58, he climbed to the top of Everest and conquered 7 of the greatest peaks together with climbers. He is fearless, purposeful, open to the unknown. His name is Fedor Konyukhov.And may the era of great discoveries be long behind us. It doesn't matter that the Earth has been photographed thousands of times from space. Let travelers and discoverers discover all the places on the globe. He, like a child, believes that there is still a lot of unknown in the world.
He has 40 expeditions and ascents to his credit. He crossed seas and oceans, was at the North and South Poles, completed 4 circumnavigations of the world, and crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, one time was on a rowing boat. He made most of his travels alone.
Everyone knows his name. His programs had a television audience of millions. He is the great man who gave this world the unusual beauty of nature, hidden from view in the bottomless depths. Fedor Konyukhov visited different places on our planet, including the hottest place in Russia, which is located in Kalmykia. The website features Jacques-Yves Cousteau, perhaps the most famous traveler in the world
Even during the war, he continued his experiments and research into the underwater world. He decided to dedicate his first film to sunken ships. And the Germans, who occupied France, allowed him to engage in research and filming.
He dreamed of a ship that would be equipped with modern technology for filming and observation. He was helped by a complete stranger who gave Cousteau a small military minesweeper. After renovation work, it became the famous ship "Calypso".
The ship's crew included researchers: a journalist, a navigator, a geologist, and a volcanologist. His wife was his assistant and companion. Later, 2 of his sons took part in all expeditions.
Cousteau is recognized as the best specialist in underwater research. He received an offer to head the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. He not only studied the underwater world, but was also involved in activities to protect the marine and ocean habitat.
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Message about the world around you "Who is the most famous navigator in the world? Primary school teacher MBOU "Vasilievskaya Secondary School" Tikhonova Tatyana Petrovna
Who is the most famous
sailor in the world?
Who is this sailor, famous for his iron will, courage and irresistible attachment to the sea element? Loyalty to one's calling, an adventurous passion for travel, fantastic endurance - these are just some of the qualities that allowed
him to become the most famous navigator. He knew how to foresee success, overcome difficulties, surround himself with like-minded people, and make incredible discoveries.
Let's find out who he is
this self-glorified
sea wolf, fame
which grows over the years,
breaking boundaries
states and time.
It is difficult to convey in words the romance and desire to explore unusual lands,
On sea voyages, character is strengthened, friendship and mutual assistance are tested. That is why thousands of books have been written and many films, documentaries and films, have been shot, describing in detail sea adventures.
Stories about brave and courageous sailors have always been interesting to people; the most famous sailors have forever entered world history.
Who are these heroes for whom the conquest of the seas and oceans has become their life’s work?
Today we will try to find out
the six most famous
sailors of history.
Christopher Columbus
entered world history thanks to the discovery of the American continent. Initially, the navigator received material support from the Spanish government to find a short western route to India and China.
But chance and miscalculations in navigation allowed Columbus to cross Atlantic Ocean and land on Bahamas.
Columbus himself did not understand the significance of his discovery, thinking that these were Asian islands. Even when the news
about his sea voyage in 1492 shook up the whole Europe, Columbus believed
that I just discovered a little-known
part of China.
It is worth noting, for the sake of fairness,
that Columbus's expedition was not the first -
500 years before its historical maritime
Scandinavians visited America during their campaign,
but a limited number of people knew about this event. It was after the return of Columbus
with a small amount of gold, captive natives, tobacco and other exotic plants, a new era of world history began. The conquistadors rushed
to develop new lands, exterminating
and enslaving the local population.
James Cook From a young age he showed interest in sea voyages and exploring new lands. In 1746, he joined a ship that transported coal as a cabin boy. Sea voyages captivated the young man so much that within two years he became the captain of his own ship. In 1769 he was entrusted with the leadership of the expedition
to observe the transit of Venus
between the Sun and Earth. Scientific part
was just a pretext, the English government
interested in the discovery of the southern land,
which is supposedly rich in gold and
valuable minerals.
Contrary to legend, the aborigines did not eat the navigator; the expedition members buried their captain in the Pacific Ocean,
where he found eternal peace.
Ferdinand Magellan
became the first navigator
which proved
that the earth is round - having gone
on a trip to the west, you can return after a while
from the east.
In 1519 he set out on his journey, which resulted in the discovery of the Atlantic coast South America. Magellan circumnavigated America from the southern side along an open strait,
went out into the ocean, which he then
called Quiet, because in 4 months
During the voyage there was not a single storm.
As a result of the round-the-world expedition, more than 17 thousand kilometers were covered, the crew suffered from hunger and scurvy, but it was proven that the planet is spherical in shape, and land occupies much less area than water.
Magellan died in the open air Philippine Islands in skirmishes
with the local population, wanting to subjugate the tribes to the Spanish king.
Vitus Bering –
this is one of the glorious names that have stuck
in the history of navigation. It was this sailor who was recruited by Russian agents (Bering was born and raised in Denmark)
for service in Russian Empire.
The sailor's diligence and zeal for service was appreciated by government officials, so Bering was instructed to explore and map the boundaries of the coastline Chukotka and Kamchatka.
Bering proved that America and Asia
do not connect to each other, it was also confirmed that Kamchatka and Japan do not have common land borders. The maps that Bering compiled were distinguished by a high level of accuracy,
James Cook appreciated them.
Vitus Bering took the initiative to explore the northeastern lands and search for a route to America in an eastern direction. These events, after agreement with the Empress Anna Ioannovna, grew into a vast and grandiose Great Northern Expedition.
Ivan Krusenstern, admiral and navigator, became famous for the first Russian round-the-world expedition. He became the first to map the main part of the island Sakhalin .
Kruzenshtern became the first Russian navigator to travel around the world - ships under his leadership traveled to Brazil, at the same time, the captain skillfully solved the problem with scurvy - a large batch of the best wine was purchased
on the island of Tenerife. Each sailor was entitled to a bottle of wine per day, which allowed
eliminate vitamin C deficiency
in organism. The expedition is not only
explored South America, and also studied
Features of Pacific Ocean currents.
Back in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kruzenshtern mapped the most accurate outlines of the southern part of Sakhalin. Several previously unknown islands were discovered Kuril chain, dangerous
for navigation. On Kruzenshtern’s initiative they were named
Stone traps. Kruzenshtern devoted a lot of time to scientific activities, he worked
on his own book about traveling around the world
travels, the navigator developed
the idea of creating a “universal maritime
atlas". The initiative found support
at Alexander the First, after which Krusenstern was rightfully considered
Hydrographer of the Pacific Ocean.
Fedor Konyukhov - the most famous
a sailor of modern Russia, who by right
and without exaggeration one can call him a hero of our time. Fedor, a man with a Spartan upbringing, made his first journey at the age of 16,
swim across on your own Sea of Azov
on a rowing fishing boat.
The navigator believes that it is difficult
achieve significant professional results without faith in God. Behind Fyodor Filippovich, about
40 trips, he repeated the routes
Columbus and Bering, found himself many times
on the verge of life and death, but always found
way out of any situation
In the open sea.
Fedor Konyukhov – A solo traveler, he keeps a diary during each of his significant expeditions.
Naturally, it is difficult to assess
Which of the above-mentioned desperate travelers is the best sailor? Most people believe that the most famous navigator is Columbus, since with his discoveries he began a new page in the history of mankind.
Solved thousands of problems
Sea wolves from different countries.
Against everything and everyone
The ocean beckoned to them.
We went to unknown islands
Through storms, ice, frost, fog...
Although God helped the brave men,
The captain was responsible for everyone.
The lands of new countries were discovered
Norwegian, Russian, Swede, French...
Columbus, Cook, Bering, Magellan,
Makarov, Nansen, La Perouse...
And even though many years have passed,
With your courage, your boldness
They left their mark
Forever in people's memory.
Thank you
for your attention!
AMUNDSEN Rual
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to travel through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on a dog sled reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship “Maud” R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship "Norway" along the route Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - During the search for the missing expedition of U. Nobile Amundsen in the Barents Sea, he died.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean are named after the Norwegian explorer.
The US Antarctic research station is named after the pioneers: the Amundsen-Scott Pole.
Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geographgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).
Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norwegian - M.: Mol. Guard, 2005. - 520 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
The chapter dedicated to Amundsen was titled by Y. Golovanov “Travel gave me the happiness of friendship...” (pp. 12-16).
Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 pp.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Who was Called by the Sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Trans. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.
Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: The Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
Travel routes
1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship “Nadezhda”. All the maps that were later included in the “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops “Vostok” (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named in honor of F.F. Bellingshausen.
A Russian Antarctic research station bears the name of the Russian navigator.
Moroz V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Artistic. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).
Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).
BERING Vitus Jonassen
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering Strait).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during the winter on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on geographical map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska are named after Vitus Bering.
Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).
Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.
Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering’s voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel" into the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.
Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, additional - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and the environment).
Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
VAMBERY Arminius (Herman)
Hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vambery's journey under the guise of a dervish across Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
Vambery A. Traveling through Central Asia: Trans. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about Eastern countries).
Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Literary Publishing House. and isk-va, 1990. - 91 p.
Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
VANCOUVER George
English navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third voyages around the world by J. Cook.
1790-1795 - a round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.
Name on geographical map
Several hundred geographical objects are named in honor of J. Vancouver, including an island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).
Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about Eastern countries).
GAMA Vasco yes
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened a sea route for Europeans to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.
Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Transl. from Portugal - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).
Read the poem "The Lusiads".
Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Trans. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Magellan's feat: East. stories. - M.: TERRA: UNICUM, 1999. - P. 194-412.
Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1947. - 322 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Khazanov A.M. The Mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.
Hart G. The sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and times of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”.
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation of the world on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on geographical map
Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain are named after the Russian navigator, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir.
Golovnin V.M. Notes from the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity of the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, including his comments about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972. - 525 pp.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. A voyage around the world made on the sloop of war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Mysl, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.
Golovnin V.M. A voyage on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 pp.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot...” (pp. 73-79).
Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmovo: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: An experience in the biography of a marine marine painter: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 pp.: ill. - (Writers about writers).
Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1968. - 206 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.
Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M.: Mysl, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Lebedenko A.G. The sails of ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Sea b-ka).
Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
German natural scientist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - travel across Russia: the Urals, Altai, Caspian Sea.
Name on geographical map
Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a number of settlements in the USA are named after Humboldt.
A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the Moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin is named after the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.
Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.
Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. lane with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985. - 239 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov circled the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. This is how the strait was opened between the two continents, which was later named the Bering Strait.
Name on geographical map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking towards the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986. - 190 pp.: ill. - (Fates connected with Siberia).
Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mysl, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990. - 334 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Kedrov V.N. To the ends of the world: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.
Markov S.N. Tamo-Rus Maclay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.
Read the story “Dezhnev’s Feat.”
Nikitin N.I. Explorer Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspen, 1999. - 190 pp.: ill.
DRAKE Francis
English navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean Sea.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second European voyage around the world after Magellan.
Name on geographical map
The widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is named after the brave navigator.
Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist L.Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).
Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world run of the "Golden Hind". - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).
The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky’s collection “Five Captains”.
Mason F. van W. The Golden Admiral: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).
Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Trans. from English - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
French navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped and island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. La Perouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on geographical map
The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French Antarctic scientific station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.
Varshavsky A.S. Travel of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
The fifth part of the book is called “Captain Dumont D'Urville and his belated discovery” (pp. 483-504).
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
Arab traveler, wandering merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - Having set off from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then, through Central Asia and Afghanistan, he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - travel through Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book “Rihla”, where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.
Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.
Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 230 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
COLUMBUS Christopher
Portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.
Name on geographical map
A state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA are named after Christopher Columbus.
In the United States of America there is Columbia University.
Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Transl. from Spanish and comment. Ya. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.
Blasco Ibañez V. In Search of the Great Khan: A Novel: Trans. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987. - 558 pp.: ill. - (Sea novel).
Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - P. 3-144.
Irving V. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Trans. from English // Irving V. Collection. cit.: In 5 vols.: T. 3, 4. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.
Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered the New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Trans. from English - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.
Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.
Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes - into the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuztheater, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.
Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. University, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.
Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English - M.: Republic, 1992. - 286 p.
Svet Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1973. - 368 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-Latin America).
Shishova Z.K. The Great Voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 pp.: ill.
Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Transl. with Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.
KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich
Russian scientist-naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on the materials of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on geographical map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.
Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 pp.: ill.
Mixon I.L. The man who...: East. story. - L.: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 pp.: ill.
Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Mysl, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).
KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fedorovich
Russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the “Atlas of the South Sea” (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on geographical map
The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern is borne by a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korean Strait.
Krusenstern I.F. Voyages around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 pp.: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).
Zabolotskikh B.V. In honor of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first voyage of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the brig “Rurik” in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p.: ill.
Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; In honor of the Russian flag: A Tale; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 pp.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: History of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).
Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.
COOK James
English navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate Endeavor under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia have been discovered.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition headed by Cook on the Resolution ship (to find and map the Southern Continent) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but the Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaskan coast were discovered. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.
Name on geographical map
The highest mountain in New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand are named after the English navigator.
James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Sailing on the ship Endeavor in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.
James Cook's second voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographical ser.).
James Cook's third voyage around the world: Navigation in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780. / J. Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.
Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Iskra revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
McLean A. Captain Cook: History of Geography. discoveries of the great navigator: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).
Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Trans. from English / Ill. A. Marx. - M.: AsCON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).
Svet Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Mysl, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book about Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).
The first part of the book is titled “Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world” (p. 7-111).
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
Russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate “Cruiser”.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, and a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.
The Russian Antarctic scientific station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.
Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1966. - 176 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Mysl, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.
Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian generals).
LIVINGSTON David
English explorer of Africa
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous travels through the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - studies of the Lake Ngami area.
1851-1856 - research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on geographical map
Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
Livingston D. Traveling in South Africa: Trans. from English / Ill. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Compass Rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).
Livingston D., Livingston C. Travel along the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Trans. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 pp.: ill.
Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1938. - 376 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Trans. with him. - M.: Mysl, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first circumnavigation in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent, crossed the strait that was later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to whom only one of the ships (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the shores of Spain.
Name on geographical map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Path / Artist. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Trans. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.
Pigafetta A. Magellan's Journey: Trans. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Trans. from English - M.: Mysl, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).
Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.
Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.
Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Artist. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Transl. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).
MIKLOUKHO-MACLAY Nikolai Nikolaevich
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-Eastern coast of New Guinea.
Name on geographical map
The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.
Also named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Man from the Moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1982. - 336 pp.: ill. - (Arrow).
Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Education, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I foresee no end to my travels...” (pp. 233-236).
Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: Trans. from English - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 pp.: ill.
Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 272 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maklay: Stories. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 pp.: ill.
Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.
Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 pp.: ill.
Tynyanova L.N. Friend from Afar: A Tale. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 pp.: ill.
NANSEN Fridtjof
Norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ski crossing in history across Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen was unable to reach the North Pole.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on geographical map
An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical features in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
Nansen F. To the Land of the Future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authorized. lane from norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982. - 335 pp.: ill.
Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book “Through the Caucasus to the Volga”: Trans. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.
Nansen F. “Fram” in the Polar Sea: At 2 o’clock: Per. from norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.
Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His life and extraordinary adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 pp.: ill.
Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Trans. from norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.
Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 pp.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Trans. with him. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Notice ships).
Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1960. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Trans. from norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).
Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl, “Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.”
Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. Who will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.
Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Trans. from English - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin’s journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking across Three Seas.”
Nikitin A. Walking beyond the three seas of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).
Nikitin A. Walking beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.
Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of a Merchant, a Piebald Horse and a Talking Bird / Fig. N.Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.
Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Mysl, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
All nations are one: [Sb.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 pp.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).
The collection includes V. Pribytkov’s story “The Tver Guest” and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself “Walking across Three Seas”.
Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: Ist. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).
Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.
Kunin K.I. Beyond Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Treasured pages).
Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Semenov L.S. Travel of Afanasy Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).
Soloviev A.P. Walking beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).
Tager E.M. The story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L.: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.
PIRI Robert Edwin
American polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the expedition diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri was actually unable to reach the Pole; he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on geographical map
The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Peary Land.
Pirie R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.
Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov “Robert Peary and the conquest of the North Pole” (p. 225-242).
Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English L.Petkevichiute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of Discovery).
Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
POLO Marco
(c. 1254-1324)
Venetian merchant, traveler
Travel routes
1271-1295 - M. Polo’s journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.
The Venetian’s memories of his wanderings in the East compiled the famous “Book of Marco Polo” (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries for the West.
Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Trans. with old French I.P.Minaeva; Preface H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).
Polo M. Book of Wonders: Excerpt from the “Book of Wonders of the World” from the National. libraries of France: Transl. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.
Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Trans. from English M. Kondratieva. - St. Petersburg: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).
A fantasy novel on the theme of the travels of a Venetian merchant.
Maink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Hist. story] / Abbr. lane with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 pp.: ill. - (Version).
Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo a quarter of a century ago wandered around the East and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Artist. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).
Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.
Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (Historical novel).
Hart G. The Venetian Marco Polo: Trans. from English - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).
Shklovsky V.B. Earth scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969. - 223 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Ers J. Marco Polo: Trans. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 pp.: ill. - (Mark on history).
PRZHEVALSKY Nikolai Mikhailovich
Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia
Travel routes
1867-1868 - research expeditions to the Amur region and the Ussuri region.
1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.
N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and fauna of the studied territories.
Name on geographical map
A ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan) bear the name of the Russian geographer.
The wild horse, first described by scientists, is called Przewalski's horse.
Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869. - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 pp.: ill.
Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling around Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).
Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Moscow. worker: Smolensk department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called “The exclusive good is freedom...” (pp. 272-275).
Grimailo Y.V. The Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional - Kyiv: Molod, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. The Great Traveler: The Life and Work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the First Explorer of the Nature of Central Asia. - M.: Mysl, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
Acceleration L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun...” // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 35-72.
Repin L.B. “And again I return...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of Life. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1950. - 175 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).
PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).
Name on geographical map
Part of the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea bear the name of V.V. Pronchishchev.
Golubev G.N. “Descendants for news...”: Historical document. stories. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 pp.: ill.
Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 pp.: ill.
SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich
(until 1906 - Semenov)
Russian scientist, explorer of Asia
Travel routes
1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.
1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.
Name on geographical map
A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, and mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semenov-Tian-Shansky.
Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 pp.: ill.
Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965. - 304 pp.: ill. - (Life is remarkable. People).
Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaxartes. - M.: Mysl, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Dyadyuchenko L.B. A pearl in the barracks wall: A chronicle novel. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.
Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Education, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Acceleration L.E. Tian-Shansky // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - pp. 9-34.
SCOTT Robert Falcon
English explorer of Antarctica
Travel routes
1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the Discovery ship. As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.
1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".
On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen), Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers died.
Name on geographical map
An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named in honor of Robert Scott.
The US Antarctic research station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole - the Amundsen-Scott Pole.
The New Zealand scientific station on the Ross Sea coast in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge also bear the name of the polar explorer.
R. Scott's last expedition: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.
Golovanov Ya. Sketches about scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 415 pp.: ill.
The chapter dedicated to Scott is called “Fight to the last cracker...” (pp. 290-293).
Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Trans. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.
Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: The Northern Party of the R. Scott Expedition: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 pp.: ill.
Holt K. Competition; Wandering: Transl. from norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Unusual travels).
Cherry-Garrard E. The Most Terrible Journey: Trans. from English - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.
STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton
(real name and surname - John Rowland)
journalist, researcher of Africa
Travel routes
1871-1872 - G.M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.
1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, and searches for the sources of the Nile.
1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.
Name on geographical map
Waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named in honor of G.M. Stanley.
Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Trans. from English - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.
Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Notable geographers and travelers).
Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narratives. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biography of the library of F. Pavlenkov).
KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich
(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)
Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region
Travel routes
1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.
Name on geographical map
A city and region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, are named after the Russian explorer.
Leontyeva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.
Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: Novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far Eastern library).
Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.
SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich
Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer
Travel routes
1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship “Georgy Sedov” to Severnaya Zemlya.
1932 - an expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker Sibiryakov managed for the first time to sail from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.
1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt led the northern expedition on the steamship “Chelyuskin”. The ship, caught in ice, was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.
Name on geographical map
An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, and a plain in Antarctica are named after O.Yu. Schmidt.
Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trek. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).
Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1975. - 192 pp.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).
Duel I.I. Life line: Document. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).
Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu.Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Education, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).
Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.
Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific-biography ser.).
Christopher Columbus.
This was 500 years ago. European sailors were looking for a way to the land of fabulous wealth - India. The bravest of them set off on dangerous voyages across uncharted seas and oceans.
In the summer of 1492, Admiral Columbus gave the command to raise the sails, and the caravels "Nina", "Pinta" and "Santa Maria" sailed from Spain. The famous journey across the Atlantic Ocean - the “Sea of Darkness” - began. On the seventieth day of the voyage, a sailor shouted from the mast of the Pinta caravel: “Earth! I see the earth! This is how America was discovered.
Christopher Columbus did not know that he had discovered a new part of the world. Until the end of his life, he believed that he had sailed to India.
Ferdinand Magellan.
The first trip around the world was made by a sailor from Portugal - Ferdinand Magellan. In the fall of 1519, the Spanish flotilla under the command of Magellan set off. Across the Atlantic Ocean, through a strait in South America, the ships reached the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. For four months, suffering from thirst and hunger, travelers sailed through the vast waters of the Great Ocean and finally reached unknown islands.
The expedition suffered many losses. And among these losses is the death of Admiral Magellan. On the only surviving ship, the Victoria, the travelers continued sailing. On September 6, 1522, tormented by storms, the ship returned to Spain. There were only seventeen people on board. Thus ended the first voyage around the world in the history of navigation.
Willem Barents.
Dutch navigator Willem Barents was one of the first Arctic explorers. In 1596, during his third voyage in the northern seas, Barents's ship was covered in ice near the island of Novaya Zemlya. The sailors had to leave the ship and prepare for the winter. They built a house from logs and ship planks. The travelers spent a long polar winter in this dwelling. We endured both hunger and cold... The long-awaited summer has arrived. The ship was still trapped in ice. And the sailors decided to get home by boat. A chance meeting with Russian sailors - the Pomors - saved the Dutch from death. But Willem Barents was no longer among the rescued. The navigator died on the way to his homeland, in the sea, which would later be called the Barents Sea.
Vitus Bering.
On June 4, 1741, two Russian ships under the command of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov set sail across the Pacific Ocean. They were tasked with finding a sea route from Kamchatka to America.
The journey was difficult. Chirikov's ship, after many months of wandering at sea, returned to Kamchatka. Bering continued sailing alone. In July 1741, Bering reached the shores of America. On his way back he discovered many islands. Luck pleased the captain. But the ship ran out of fresh water and food. The sailors were sick. Bering himself became seriously ill with scurvy. During a storm, a ship washed ashore on an unknown island. The sailors buried the commander on this island. Now the island bears Bering's name. The sea and the strait between Asia and America through which he passed are named after the famous captain.
James Cook.
James Cook began sailing ships as a boy - a cabin boy. Time passed, and Cook became the captain of the ship. In 1768, Captain Cook set out on his first voyage around the world on the ship Endever. He returned to his homeland, England, only three years later. Soon James Cook set off on a new voyage to find the mysterious “Southland”. He never found the “South Land,” but he discovered many islands in the Pacific Ocean. Cook's ships sailed under the scorching sun of the equator, and among the ice of the polar seas. James Cook was the first to circumnavigate the Earth three times.
F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.
In the summer of 1819, two sloops, “Vostok” and “Mirny”, left Kronstadt for a long voyage. The ships were commanded by outstanding sailors of the Russian fleet Thaddeus Bellingshauseni Mikhail Lazarev. Having covered a huge distance, the Russian ships entered the cold Antarctic waters. Icebergs were increasingly encountered on their way. Swimming became dangerous. If a ship collides with an icy mountain, it won’t go well. But brave captains led the ships to the goal. And then the sailors saw the shore. The shore of the mysterious “Southern Land” - Antarctica. A sixth of the world has been discovered. This was done by Russian sailors. Now the seas are named after Bellingshausen and Lazarev. Two Soviet Antarctic scientific stations bear the names of the glorious ships - “Vostok” and “Mirny”.
N.N. Miklukho Maclay.
In 1871, the corvette Vityaz delivered the traveler Miklouho-Maclay to the island of New Guinea. Here he was to live for a long time, studying the life of the inhabitants of the island - the Papuans. These dark-skinned people lived as if they were in the Stone Age. And so the ship sailed, but the Russian traveler remained on the shore. The Papuans greeted the guest with hostility. But Miklouho-Maclay, with his kindness and courage, won the trust of the Guineans and became their faithful friend. The scientist admired their hard work and honesty. He taught the Papuans to use iron tools and gave them seeds of useful plants. Miklouho-Maclay visited New Guinea more than once. The memory of the great Russian traveler is still alive on the distant island.
Thor Heyerdahl.
It happens that in our time people go on trips on ancient ships. Such trips were made by the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl.
Ancient pyramids rise in South America. They are very similar to the Egyptian pyramids that stand on the other side of the ocean. Is this a coincidence? Maybe people swam from one continent to another 5000 years ago? Thor Heyerdahl decided to check this out. He built a boat in Egypt from a herbaceous plant - papyrus, as in ancient times, and named it “Ra”. On this boat, Heyerdahl and his friends sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. The first time he crossed half of the Pacific Ocean was on the Kon-Tiki raft. Heyerdahl recently made another amazing voyage on the reed ship Tigris. Representatives from different countries took part in all of Thor Heyerdahl's travels. Among them was the Russian scientist Yuri Senkevich.
