The people grew up in their place of residence. What peoples live in Russia? How many peoples live in Russia? The largest nations of Russia
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In the Russian Federation, 32 subjects of the Federation are distinguished by nationality. principle (21 rep, 10 ao and 1 aoreg). General S 32 nat. formations = 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation.
Russia is a multinational state, which is also reflected in its constitution. More than 180 peoples live on its territory, which includes not only indigenous small and autochthonous peoples of the country. In 2010, Russians made up 77.71% of the population - 111.0 million out of 142.9 million people.
Our state is located at the junction of Europe and Asia. Russia's neighbors from the west are European countries - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine - with the traditions of Christianity.
In the Caucasus, which has a very diverse national and religious composition, the influence of Islam is strong. This is a complex region with a predominance of Muslims; only Ossetians, Armenians and Georgians are Christians.
In the south, Russia borders on Kazakhstan. The ethnic and cultural world of Kazakhstan is also very complex. Many Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Uzbeks, and Uighurs live here.
So, not only is Russia a multinational country, but also its neighbors have a complex national composition. Therefore, Russia needs to pursue a “soft” national policy.
How are peoples classified? Peoples can be classified, i.e. divided into groups according to a number of characteristics: language, religion, economic characteristics, anthropological characteristics, etc.
Language is rightly considered one of the main signs of belonging to a given people. At the same time, different peoples can speak the same language (for example, the British, Canadians, Americans in English, Portuguese and Brazilians in Portuguese). And one people can have two languages (the Mordvins have Moksha and Erzya, the Mari have Meadow-Eastern and Mountain Mari). However, such exceptions to the rules are inevitable and do not cancel the rule itself.
Based on the relationship of language, peoples are united into language families: Indo-European, Altai, Ural, Caucasian, etc.
The peoples of Russia according to their linguistic affiliation belong to 4 language families: Indo-European family (89% of the population); Altai family (7% of the population); Caucasian family (2% of the population); Ural family (2% of the population).
Families are divided into groups. the Indo-European family includes Slavic, Germanic, Iranian and other groups. And the largest group in this family is Slavic, and among the Slavs the largest people are Russians (82.5% of the total population).
The Russian regions of Russia are the territories of the European North (Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions), the North-West (Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions) and the Central regions of Russia. Russians predominate there.
classification of peoples by linguistic affiliation:
Titular people is a people that has its own administrative-territorial unit within the state, which is called by the name of the people. (Tatarstan - Tatars, Karelia - Karelians).
The titular people, as a rule, do not constitute the majority of the population of the republic. Intensive contacts between peoples led to the process of “assimilation”, i.e. the dissolution of some peoples among others. For example, in Tatarstan - Tatars make up 48.5% of the population, and in Bashkiria - Bashkirs are only 21%, and Tatars - 28%.
The Russian Federation consists of 85 subjects, 22 of which are republics. In total, the republics occupy 28.6% of the territory of Russia. Republics, unlike territories and regions, are national-state formations, that is, a form of statehood of one or another people (peoples) within Russia. Unlike other subjects of the federation, the republics adopt their own constitutions and have the right to establish their own state languages.
National composition of Russia
Data on the national composition of Russia are determined through a written survey of the population as part of the All-Russian population census. According to the 2010 census, the population of Russia is 142,856,536 people, of which 137,227,107 people or 96.06% indicated their nationality.
Russians have the largest population. There are 111,016,896 Russians living in Russia, which is 77.71% of the Russian population or 80.90% of those who indicated their nationality. Next come the following nations: Tatars - 5,310,649 people (3.72% of all, 3.87% of those who indicated their nationality) and Ukrainians - 1,927,988 people or 1.35% of all, 1.41% of those who indicated their nationality .
Compared to the 2002 population census, the number of Russians decreased by 4,872,211 people or 4.20%.
The number of Tatars and Ukrainians also decreased by 243,952 (4.39%) and 1,014,973 (34.49%), respectively. Of the peoples whose population was more than 1 million people in 2010, a decrease in numbers occurred among all except the Chechens and Armenians. The population of Chechens increased by 71,107 people (5.23%), Armenians - by 51,897 (4.59%). In total, representatives of more than 180 nationalities (ethnic groups) live in Russia.
Some maps of Russia by national composition
Map of the settlement of Russians, Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars in Crimeaaccording to the 2014 census data in Crimea.
According to the table at the link, since the 2001 census, the share of Russians in Crimea has increased from 60.68% up 67.90% (by 7.22%) from persons who indicated their nationality.During the same time, the share of Ukrainians in Crimea decreased from 24.12% up 15.68% (by 8.44%). The total share of Crimean Tatars and Tatars has increased from 10.26% + 0.57% = 10.83% to 10.57% + 2.05% = 12.62% (total 1.79%).
Below is a table of nationalities inRussian Federationindicating the number in 2010 and 2000, the percentage of the total population of the Russian Federation and the number of persons indicating nationality. The table also shows the difference in the number of persons between censuses in quantitative and percentage terms. The table shows only nationalities whose number in the Russian Federation, according to the 2010 census, exceeds 100 thousand people. Full table at .
| № | Nationality | Number of people: 2010 | % of total population. | % of the decree current national |
Number of people: 2002 people. | % of total population. | % of the decree current national |
+/-
people |
+/-
% |
| TOTAL, RF | 142 856 536 | 100,00 | 145 166 731 | 100,00 | −2 310 195 | −1,59 | |||
| total of persons who indicated their nationality | 137 227 107 | 96,06 | 100 | 143 705 980 | 98,99 | 100,00 | −6 478 873 | −4,51 | |
| 1 | Russians* | 111 016 896 | 77,71 | 80,9 | 115 889 107 | 79,83 | 80,64 | −4 872 211 | −4,20 |
| did not indicate nationality** | 5 629 429 | 3,94 | 1 460 751 | 1,01 | 4 168 678 | 285,38 | |||
| 2 | Tatars | 5 310 649 | 3,72 | 3,87 | 5 554 601 | 3,83 | 3,87 | −243 952 | −4,39 |
| 3 | Ukrainians | 1 927 988 | 1,35 | 1,41 | 2 942 961 | 2,03 | 2,05 | −1 014 973 | −34,49 |
| 4 | Bashkirs | 1 584 554 | 1,11 | 1,16 | 1 673 389 | 1,15 | 1,16 | −88 835 | −5,31 |
| 5 | Chuvash | 1 435 872 | 1,01 | 1,05 | 1 637 094 | 1,13 | 1,14 | −201 222 | −12,29 |
| 6 | Chechens | 1 431 360 | 1,00 | 1,04 | 1 360 253 | 0,94 | 0,95 | 71 107 | 5,23 |
| 7 | Armenians | 1 182 388 | 0,83 | 0,86 | 1 130 491 | 0,78 | 0,79 | 51 897 | 4,59 |
| 8 | Avars | 912 090 | 0,64 | 0,67 | 814 473 | 0,56 | 0,57 | 97 617 | 11,99 |
| 9 | Mordva | 744 237 | 0,52 | 0,54 | 843 350 | 0,58 | 0,59 | −99 113 | −11,75 |
| 10 | Kazakhs | 647 732 | 0,45 | 0,47 | 653 962 | 0,45 | 0,46 | −6 230 | −0,95 |
| 11 | Azerbaijanis | 603 070 | 0,42 | 0,44 | 621 840 | 0,43 | 0,43 | −18 770 | −3,02 |
| 12 | Dargins | 589 386 | 0,41 | 0,43 | 510 156 | 0,35 | 0,35 | 79 230 | 15,53 |
| 13 | Udmurts | 552 299 | 0,39 | 0,40 | 636 906 | 0,44 | 0,44 | −84 607 | −13,28 |
| 14 | Mari | 547 605 | 0,38 | 0,40 | 604 298 | 0,42 | 0,42 | −56 693 | −9,38 |
| 15 | Ossetians | 528 515 | 0,37 | 0,39 | 514 875 | 0,36 | 0,36 | 13 640 | 2,65 |
| 16 | Belarusians | 521 443 | 0,37 | 0,38 | 807 970 | 0,56 | 0,56 | −286 527 | −35,46 |
| 17 | Kabardians | 516 826 | 0,36 | 0,38 | 519 958 | 0,36 | 0,36 | −3 132 | −0,60 |
| 18 | Kumyks | 503 060 | 0,35 | 0,37 | 422 409 | 0,29 | 0,29 | 80 651 | 19,09 |
| 19 | Yakuts | 478 085 | 0,34 | 0,35 | 443 852 | 0,31 | 0,31 | 34 233 | 7,71 |
| 20 | Lezgins | 473 722 | 0,33 | 0,35 | 411 535 | 0,28 | 0,29 | 62 187 | 15,11 |
| 21 | Buryats | 461 389 | 0,32 | 0,34 | 445 175 | 0,31 | 0,31 | 16 214 | 3,64 |
| 22 | Ingush | 444 833 | 0,31 | 0,32 | 413 016 | 0,29 | 0,29 | 31 817 | 7,70 |
| 23 | Germans | 394 138 | 0,28 | 0,29 | 597 212 | 0,41 | 0,42 | −203 074 | −34,00 |
| 24 | Uzbeks | 289 862 | 0,20 | 0,21 | 122 916 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 166 946 | 135,82 |
| 25 | Tuvans | 263 934 | 0,19 | 0,19 | 243 442 | 0,17 | 0,17 | 20 492 | 8,42 |
| 26 | Komi | 228 235 | 0,16 | 0,17 | 293 406 | 0,20 | 0,20 | −65 171 | −22,21 |
| 27 | Karachais | 218 403 | 0,15 | 0,16 | 192 182 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 26 221 | 13,64 |
| 28 | Gypsies | 204 958 | 0,14 | 0,15 | 182 766 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 22 192 | 12,14 |
| 29 | Tajiks | 200 303 | 0,14 | 0,15 | 120 136 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 80 167 | 66,73 |
| 30 | Kalmyks | 183 372 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 173 996 | 0,12 | 0,12 | 9 376 | 5,39 |
| 31 | Laktsy | 178 630 | 0,13 | 0,13 | 156 545 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 22 085 | 14,11 |
| 32 | Georgians | 157 803 | 0,11 | 0,12 | 197 934 | 0,14 | 0,14 | −40 131 | −20,27 |
| 33 | Jews | 156 801 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 229 938 | 0,16 | 0,16 | −73 137 | −31,81 |
| 34 | Moldovans | 156 400 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 172 330 | 0,12 | 0,12 | −15 930 | −9,24 |
| 35 | Koreans | 153 156 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 148 556 | 0,10 | 0,10 | 4 600 | 3,10 |
| 36 | Tabasarans | 146 360 | 0,10 | 0,11 | 131 785 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 14 575 | 11,06 |
| 37 | Adyghe people | 124 835 | 0,09 | 0,09 | 128 528 | 0,09 | 0,09 | −3 693 | −2,87 |
| 38 | Balkars | 112 924 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 108 426 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 4 498 | 4,15 |
| 39 | Turks | 105 058 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 92 415 | 0,06 | 0,06 | 12 643 | 13,68 |
| 40 | Nogais | 103 660 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 90 666 | 0,06 | 0,06 | 12 994 | 14,33 |
| 41 | Kyrgyz | 103 422 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 31 808 | 0,02 | 0,02 | 71 614 | 225,14 |
** - those who did not indicate nationality (2002, 2010), including persons for whom information was obtained from administrative sources (2010).
Russia is famous as a multinational state; more than 190 peoples live in the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation has its own history, culture and heritage. Let us examine in more detail the national composition of Russia, considering each ethnic group separately.
Large nationalities of Russia
Russians are the largest indigenous ethnic group living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equal to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure of up to 150 million. More than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) million Russians live in the Russian Federation, most of the Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we look at the map of Russia, the Russian people are distributed in large numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country...
Tatars, compared to Russians, make up only 3.7% of the country's total population. The Tatar people have a population of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where there are not even a thousand people from the Tatar people...
Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of the total number of all residents of the Russian Federation. Of the one and a half million people, the majority (approximately 1 million) live on the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries...
The Chuvash are the indigenous inhabitants of the Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition of Russians. If you believe the population census, then about 880 thousand Chuvash live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine...
Chechens are a people settled in the North Caucasus; Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics, since 2015 the number of Chechens in the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. These people make up 1.01% of the total population of Russia...
The Mordovian people have a population of about 800 thousand people (approximately 750 thousand), this is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. This ethnic group lives least in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions; not even 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people will gather there...
The Udmurt people number 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnic group lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest is dispersed across neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk Region, Perm Territory, Kirov Region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine...
The Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the most densely populated regions of Yakuts are the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk and Primorsky District...
According to statistics available after the population census, 460 thousand Buryats live in Russia. This represents 0.32% of the total number of Russians. The majority (about 280 thousand people) of the Buryats live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated territory with Buryats is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and the Trans-Baikal Territory (73 thousand), and the less populated ones are the Kamchatka Territory and the Kemerovo region, where you cannot find even 2,000 thousand Buryats...
The number of Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, these people have chosen not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people are found in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs...
The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of this people, not counting Kalmykia, live in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions - about 7 thousand people. And the least number of Kalmyks live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people...
Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population has left the historical habitat, they now live in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of the Altai people is 79 thousand people, a percentage of 0.06 of the total number of Russians...
The Chukchi are a small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. These people are scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Magadan Region...
These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because in our state there are also peoples of other countries. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total population, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.
We can continue endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples, both indigenous and those arriving from other countries and even continents, under one roof.
regional migration interethnic
By the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of the Russian Empire reached 22.4 million km2. Accordingly, with the increase in territory, the population also grew and during this period of time amounted to 128.2 million people. Thus, according to the 1897 census, the ethnic composition included 196 peoples, with the share of Russians being 44.3%.
In 1926, according to the USSR population census, about 160 ethnic groups were identified, including 30 with a population of less than 1 thousand people. A characteristic feature of the peoples of the USSR was the strong difference in their numbers. Twenty-two of them, numbering more than 1 million people each, accounted for 96% of the population of the entire country.
As for the population of modern Russia, it is also very rich and diverse. Today, more than 130 nations and nationalities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Each nation has a different way of life, customs, historical traditions, culture, and work skills.
According to the 1989 census, the majority of the population were Russians (more than 80%), further, from the numerous nationalities inhabiting Russia, the following should be noted: Tatars (over 5 million people), Ukrainians (over 4 million people), Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians and others.
As for the national composition of the Chita region, the 1989 population census recorded the following data (as a percentage of the total population of the region): Russians - 88.4%, Buryats - 4.8%, Ukrainians - 2.8%, Tatars - 0.9%, Belarusians - 0.7%, Chuvash - 0.2%, Bashkirs - 0.2%, Mordovians - 0.1%, Evenks - about 0.1%, other nationalities - 1.9%.
Current statistics indicated an increase in the share of Russians to 90.9%, Buryats to 5.4%, Evenks to 0.2% and a decrease in the share of representatives of other nationalities.
The overwhelming majority of representatives of the peoples of the north, primarily the Evenks, live in the Kalarsky, Tungir-Olyokminsky and Tungokochensky regions.
Settlement of peoples across the territory of the Russian Federation
All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups. The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside its borders there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Yakuts, Buryats, Kalmyks and others). They, as a rule, form national-state units within the Russian Federation.
The second group is those peoples of neighboring countries (that is, the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries, which are represented on the territory of Russia by significant groups, in some cases compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles, Greeks and others ).
And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, in most cases living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, Croats and others).
Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of the Russian Federation, the rest - representatives of the second and third groups - mainly in neighboring countries or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the Russian population.
Russia is a multinational republic, in its state structure it is a federation built on the national-territorial principle.
The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993).
As of January 1, 2007, the Russian Federation includes 86 constituent entities, of which 21 are republics, 7 territories, 48 regions, 2 federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg), 1 autonomous region, 7 autonomous districts.
The total area of 29 national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous regions) makes up 53% of the country's territory. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here (including almost 12 million Russians).
All national entities have a complex population composition. Moreover, the share of the main or “titular” nation in some cases is relatively small. Thus, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in six the main peoples make up the majority (Ingushetia, Chuvashia, Tuva, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, the Chechen Republic). In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. In nine republics, the peoples of the “titular” nation account for less than one-third of the population (including in Karelia and Kalmykia).
The picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs is significantly different. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens and others) who came to work - to develop the richest mineral deposits, to build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the “titular” peoples in most autonomous okrugs and in the only autonomous region constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 1.5%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%. The detailed national structure of the population of the autonomous regions of Russia can be traced from the data in Table 1.1 in the appendix of the work.
Language families and groups
A distinctive feature of a people is its language - the most important means of communication between people. Based on the similarity of languages, peoples are grouped into language groups, and close and related groups into language families. Based on language, all the peoples of Russia can be united into 4 language families:
1. Indo-European family (80% of all residents of the country). This family includes: - the Slavic group, the largest in Russia, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and others.
Iranian group, including Tajiks, Ossetians, Kurds.
The Romanesque group, which includes Moldovans, Gypsies, and Romanians.
German group. It includes Germans and Jews.
2. Altai family (6.8% of all residents of the country). It includes the following groups: - Turkic group, which includes Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Tuvans, Karachais, Khakassians, Balkars, Altaians, Shors, Dolgans.
Mongolian group consisting of Buryats and Kalmyks.
Tungus-Manchu group. This group includes the Evens, Evenks, Nanais, Udeges and others.
Paleo-Asian group consisting of the Chukchi and Koryaks.
3. Ural family (2% of all residents of the country). They are divided into groups: - Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Estonians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Finns, Mansi, Hungarians, Sami.
Samoyed group, including Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans.
Yukaghir group (Yukaghirs).
4. North Caucasian family (2% of all residents of the country). Also includes several groups: - Nakh-Dagestan group. It includes Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, and Ingush.
Kartvelian group · Georgians.
Adyghe-Abkhaz group, including Adygeis, Abkhazians, Circassians, Kabardians.
In addition to the above-mentioned families, representatives of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) live in Russia; the Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts) and the peoples of other linguistic families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese and others).
The languages of all the peoples of Russia have full rights, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.
The 2002 census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. During the census, the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was ensured in terms of free self-determination of nationality. During the population census, more than 800 different answers were received from the population to the question about nationality.
The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).
For the first time after the 1897 population census, the number of people who identified themselves as Cossacks was obtained (140 thousand people), and also for the first time after the 1926 population census, the number of people who called themselves Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.
Population of Russia by ethnic composition
79.8% (115,868.5 thousand) are Russians;
1% (1457.7 thousand) - nationality not specified;
19.2% (27838.1) – other nationalities. Of them:
All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups:
- The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.
- The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia in significant groups, in some cases in compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).
- And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most living outside Russia (Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, etc.).
Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the “near abroad” or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the population of Russia.
The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages that belong to different language families . The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).
Indo-European family
The most numerous in Russia - Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc. Originally Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions of Russia, but they live everywhere and predominate in most regions (77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, in southern Siberia and the Far East. Among other peoples of this linguistic group, Ukrainians (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million) stand out.
Thus, it can be argued that it is, first of all, a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.
Second largest among the Indo-European family German group (Germans).Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of...
The Iranian group is Ossetians. Their number increased from 400 to 515 thousand, largely as a result of emigration from the territory as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.
In addition to those listed, the Indo-European family is also represented in Russia by other peoples: Armenians ( Armenian group); and Romanians ( Romanesque group) and etc.
Altai family
The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Shors, Azerbaijanis, etc. Representatives of this group, the Tatars, are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.
The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.
Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).
The third area of settlement of Turkic peoples is (, Karachais, Balkars).
The Altai family also includes: group (Buryats, Kalmyks);Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Nanais, Ulchi, Udege, Orochi),
Ural family
The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Finns, Hungarians, and Sami. In addition, this family includesSamoyed group(, Selkups, Nganasans),Yukaghir group(). The main area of residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.
North Caucasian family
North Caucasian family represented mainly by peoplesNakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) andAbkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Abazas). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.
Representatives also live in Russia Chukotka-Kamchatka family(, Itelmen); Eskimo-Aleut family(, Aleuts); Kartvelian family() and peoples of other language families and nations (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).
The languages of all peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.
Russia, being a multinational republic in its own way state structure, is a federation built on a national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation includes 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous region). The total area of national entities is 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russian. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed across various regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, some of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gives the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. Thus, of the 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority (Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks , Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. Khakassia (11%) has the lowest proportion of “titular” peoples (10%).
A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest deposits, build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the major peoples in most autonomous okrugs (and the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug do titular peoples make up the majority (62%).
The dispersion of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially Russians, contribute to their assimilation.
