Marine terms. Marine terms What is the name of the additional sail attached to the main one?
With sails are called connected panels of canvas that absorb wind pressure and are used to move the vessel. The totality of all sails is called sailing equipment ship. Windage refers to both the total area of all sails and the types of sails that a given sail carries. vessel or boat (latin, straight, storm, etc.). A distinction is made between bow sail, the area of the sails that are located towards the bow from the vertical axis of rotation. ship, and aft - the area of the sails, which are located aft of this axis. These terms are used to study the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and maneuverability of the ship.
Sail classification
Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment location.
The shapes are divided into rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the mounting location:
the upper edge of the sails, which are attached to the yard;
sails are one of the sides that are attached to the mast;
sails in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the center plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into lateen, gaff, jibs and staysails.
Straight sails
Straight sails They have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yard with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship using sheets and tacks. Straight sails are easy to attach and set, and easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient for a ship to maneuver with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the wind direction and the center plane of the bow of the ship is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship “Royal Clipper”, the four-masted barque “Kruzenshtern”. Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: foresails, fore-topsails (lower and upper), fore-topsails (lower and upper), main-topsails (lower and upper) and main-boom-topsails; mizzen, cruises (lower and upper), cruis-bramsels (lower and upper) and cruis-bom-bramsels. (Fig. 1)
1 - fore-topmast-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - boom jib; 5 - foresail; 6 - lower fore-topsail; 7 - upper fore-topsail; 8 - lower fore-bramsel; 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - fore-trumsel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower mainsail-bracket; 14 - upper mainsail; 15 - lower mainsail-bracket; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - main-bom-bramsail; 18 - mainsail; 19 - mainsail (small sail, which was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower cruiser; 22 - upper cruiser; 23 - lower cruise-bramsel; 24 - upper cruise-bramsel; 25 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise ship; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - fore-under-foil; 29 - fore-mars-foil; 30 - fore-bram-foil; 31 - for-bom-bram-foil;
Straight sails Previously, they were installed on a blind-topmast (bomb-blinda-boven), as well as on a blind and bomb-blinda-yard (a blind under the bowsprit and a bomb-blind under the jig). Their special feature was two or three holes made to drain water that fell on the sail. The foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower or storm sails, the rest - topsails, topsails and top topsails - topsails. (Fig. 2)
set of straight sails
I - normal with one topsail: 1 - mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - topsail, 4 - top topsail;
II - with lower and upper topsails: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower topsail, 3 - upper topsail, 4 - lower topsail, 5 - upper topsail, 6 - boom topsail;
lateen sails
lateen sails these are triangular-shaped sails, tied to the yard with the long side; in the center plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched using a sheet. Lateen sails are classified as oblique sails. They allow the ship to sail at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's heading and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: lateen foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called “bastardo”, the middle one was “borda”, the smallest one was “marabotto”. Each sail was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the “fortuna yard”. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried a lateen mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, mizzen began to be used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called French-type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical, on the mast (English-type mizzen). The mizzen of this shape was similar to a gaff sail - a trysail. (Fig. 3)
Gaff sails
Gaff sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into gaff sails (trisails)), gulf topsails, luger or rack And sprint. Trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which is attached with its upper edge to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trysail mast. Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and with its vertical side - to the topmast. Triseli placed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trysail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In the UK it was called Bermuda.
Luger or rack sails They are a type of gaff: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is attached to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front end. They are called “Tretyaks”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner - towards the stern. There is also a quarter. This is the name of a lugger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is at one quarter of the length of the batten, counting from the front leg. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally placed rod - the sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear butt corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with a gaff and a boom (brigantine); gaff sails without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called “livarda” - after the name of the sprint sail; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, also similar to the Tretyaks. The billander was the main sail of ships used by the English and Dutch as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yard. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, installed on the bow using a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used in a tailwind. This sail is considered optional. (Fig. 4)
Staysails
These triangular sails run on forestays, which is why they get the name staysail (German: stag - forestay, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the foremast and main masts, are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (used extremely rarely), mainsail staysail (called “coal”, as the smoke from the galley chimney polluted it), mainsail staysail and mainsail -bom-bram-sail. An upsail, or “mizzen staysail”, was placed between the main and mizzen masts; cruise-staysail; kruys-bram-sailsail and kruys-bom-bram-sailsail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail-sailsail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midshipsail); mainsail staysail, cruise staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-staysail, cruise-top-staysail and “second” cruise-top-staysail (rarely used).
Cleaver
These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on forestays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.
Modern sailing ships which have a long jib can carry the following jib: on the foresail - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore-staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, in these cases, a double sail or “storm jib” was installed); on the fore-stay-stay - fore-top-staysail; on the rails - a middle jib, a jib or a boom jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which runs along the fore-bang stay. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: a fore-topmast-staysail, a middle jib and a boom-jib (Fig. 6 b). Tenders and yachts are equipped with a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jib called "Genoa" (Genoa staysail). Military vessels, as a rule, had four jibs: the fore-topmast-staysail, or “small jib”; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom jib, or "third jib".
Additional sails
Sails that are added to the main square sails of a ship to increase speed in light winds are called auxiliary sails. These include: trapezoidal foils and top-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the topsails and topsails, triangular or quadrangular under-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).
Previously, canvas, which was attached to straight sails from the sides and sometimes from the bottom, was also called additional. These are foxes or bonnets. They distinguished: fore- and main-bonets (under-lisels), fore- and main-mars-bonets, fore- and main-bram-bonets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were placed at both the mizzen and the cruisel. During the 14th-16th centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the lateen mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they went out of use (Fig. 6).
Storm sails
In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the wind strength. Storm sails include the fore-topmast-staysail, storm fore-topmast-staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail-staysail and reefed mizzen.
Sail parts
Straight sail details
The sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, overlapped and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable, called a lyctros, is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yard, is called the luff or “head”, the side vertical edges are the side luffs and the lower edge is the luff or “sole” (Fig. 9).
The upper corners of the sail are called bow corners, the lower ones - clew corners. (Fig. 10). To strengthen the sail, strips of canvas are sewn in the most stressed areas. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows; if they run obliquely, then they are called bows. The clew and toe corners and the cable rope are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are a horizontal row of strings - reef lines, threaded through the sail, which allow, if necessary, to reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas between the yard and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef bows. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.
Along the luff of the sail there are grommets, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revenants, which serve to attach the sail to the yard line. (Fig. 11) The sail is placed on the yard and attached with small tips, the so-called outriggers, which are tied to the yard line. The jacket of the laid sail is secured with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.
Vintage sails
Details vintage sails had the same distinctive features and the same designations as the parts of modern sails. Thus, on a straight sail they distinguished: panels or upper luff, “sides” (side luffs), “legs” (lower luff), clew and foot angles. There were “head”, “side” and “foot” lyktros. To reinforce the sail, boats, stopplates, reef bows with reef gats for reef seasons, etc. were sewn onto it.
Sail parts
I - lower sail or storm sail; II - topsail; III - bramsel;
1 - luff cables; 2 - side luff cables; 3 - reef-roll-hels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - krengel boots; 10 - filing; 11 - stopplat; 12 - revenants of the knocking angle; 13 - luff; 14 - side luffs; 15 - luff line; 16 - bowline spruit krengel; (Fig. 12)
full sailing rig of a three-masted ship of the 17th - 18th centuries
1 - grotto; 2 - foresail; 3 - topsails (mainsail, foretopsail or cruise); 4 - bramsel; 5 - bom-bram-sel; 6 - blind or bomb blind; 7 - mizzen; 8 - marsa-foxel; 9 - mainsail staysail; 10 - main-topmast-staysail; 11 - front canopy; 12 - under - fox; 13 - fore-topmast-staysail; 14 - boom jib; 15 - jib; 16 - middle jib; (Fig. 13)
rigging straight sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(Fig. 14)
The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revants that passed through the eyelets of the luff. On the revant, so that it would not jump out of the eyelet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were secured in reef ghats. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then the ends were tied together. (Fig. 15)
Details of lateen sails
lateen sails They are sewn from canvas, and have folded edges trimmed with lyctross. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called the oblique, the stern - the back and the last - the bottom (Fig. 16)
Jib parts
1 - panel; 2 - filing; 3 - lyktros; 4 - boots; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - lower luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - kick angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for attaching frames; 12 - krengels;
The upper corner of the sail is called the halyard, the lower forward angle is the tack, and the lower aft angle is the clew. Also called staysail and jib parts. (Fig. 17)
lateen sails They are attached to the yardarms using a running end - a slack line, which passes through the eyelets of the sail and around the yardarm with the loops tightened with a special knot. (Fig. 18)
Gaff sail details
Gaff sails also sewn from panels of canvas and have folded edges around the perimeter. They are trimmed with liktros with corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The luff that is attached to the gaff is called the top or scythe, the luff that is attached to the mast is called the front (standing), back (clew) and last (lower). Gaff sail attached to the mast using wooden or iron hoops - segars. (Fig. 19)
Trisail parts
1 - panel; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - reef clews; 7 - tack reef wings; 8 - luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - lower luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slack line;
Canvas for making sails
Sail sewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. The latter have only transverse threads of cotton, and longitudinal (base) threads of hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “katun” (for sails of shebeks and small ships), double “katun” for topsails and ship awnings, regular “katun” for boats, simple “katun” for shebeks and “katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes “melistukh” canvas was used. It was made in Beaufort and Ogers in the departments of Mayeny and Loiret. There were two types of fabric: a thin and lighter one was used for topsails, staysails and jibs, and a coarser and stronger one was used for topsails, lower staysails, etc. Canvas always had a light gray color. Special sailing threads are used to sew sails.
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Outrigger- a float attached by transverse beams to the hull of a sailing vessel of the proa type on the leeward side, or a balancer-counterweight installed in the same way on the windward side, serving to ensure stability and heeling.
Backstay- a standing rigging cable that secures the mast in the longitudinal direction from the stern.
Sternpost- a structural detail of a vessel with a pointed (whaleboat) stern, on which the ends of the hull plating straps are connected.
Backstay-1. The course of a sailing ship, in which the wind blows from the stern at an angle of 15-85° to the port. - 2. Standing rigging cable, securing the mast from the stern at an angle to the DP.
Baller- the rudder axis to which the rudder blade and tiller are attached.
Jar- a transverse board that serves as reinforcement for the hull of the boat, as well as a seat.
Buttocks- lines on the “side” projection of the theoretical drawing, obtained by sectioning the ship’s hull with vertical planes parallel to the DP.
Beidewind- the course of a sailing ship, in which the wind blows from the bow at an angle from 30° (steep wind) to 80° (full wind).
Mizzen- sail on the stern mast (mizzen mast).
Beam- a transverse horizontal connection of the ship's hull, which serves to support the deck flooring and absorbs transverse loads compressing the hull from the sides.
Boat- a sail-strengthening pad sewn into its corners.
Braces are gear attached to the ends of the yards and used to turn the straight sail in a horizontal plane.
Breshtuk- a triangular horizontal bracket connecting the fenders and stringer with the stem at the bow of the boat.
Briefok- a direct auxiliary sail, installed in a tailwind on motor and rowing vessels.
Brukanets- a piece of canvas that is tied around the mast at the pärtner to prevent water from penetrating into the wheelhouse.
Bowline- tackle for tightening the luff of an oblique sail or the windward side luff of a straight sail.
Bowsprit- a horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the bow of a sailing ship, which serves to carry the bow sails forward.
Guy- standing rigging tackle, with which the mast is secured from the sides.
vant-putens- parts by which the shrouds are attached to the sides or deck.
Waterline is a projection of the section of the ship's hull by a horizontal plane. The structural water is determined by the water surface at the design load of the vessel.
Windsurfer- see Sailboard.
Tack.- 1. The position of the sailing ship relative to the wind (starboard tack - the wind blows to starboard, port tack - to port). - 2. Hauling the tack angle of the sail. - 3. The path traveled by a sailing ship between turns when tacking. A short tack with the aim of going into the wind or avoiding an obstacle is called a counter tack.
Gulfwind- the course of a sailing ship, in which the wind blows at an angle of approximately 90° to its DP.
Gaff- an inclined shaft of the spar, raised up the mast and used to attach the upper luff of the sail.
Geek- a spar, hingedly attached with the heel to the mast; serves to attach the lower luff of a slanting sail.
Sail hump- the rear part of the oblique sail panel, protruding beyond the line between the halyard and clew angles.
Mainsail - with an oblique rig, a sail set with the luff on the mainmast.
Main halyard- running rigging gear used to lift the mainsail.
Diametral plane (DP) is a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the ship’s hull into two symmetrical parts.
Dirik-fal- running rigging gear, with the help of which the gaff is lifted and held in the desired position.
Trim- the longitudinal inclination angle of the vessel.
Drifting- demolition of the vessel under the influence of wind and current.
Bookmark- 1. When building a small vessel - the main unit, assembled from the keel, stem and sternpost. - 2. A tuck on the sail in order to give it the required shape (size and location of the belly).
Wind setting- change in wind direction in the direction opposite to the ship's course.
Heeled- a thread from which a strand of cable is twisted.
Carlengs- a longitudinal underdeck beam, which together with the beams provides rigidity to the deck.
Catamaran- a vessel consisting of two identical hulls connected by a transverse link - a bridge.
Keel- the main longitudinal beam of the ship's hull, installed in the DP from the stem to the sternpost or transom.
Fin keel- a vertical plate installed under the bottom in the DP to reduce the drift of a sailing ship downwind.
Carinae jugal- a type of fin keel; installed in pairs on the cheekbones; provide less draft than the fin type, but are inferior to it in efficiency.
Kilson- a longitudinal beam of the ship's hull, which is installed on top of the frames and connected to the keel with through bolts.
Knitsa- a part of the set used to connect the body connections.
Koush- a metal rim with an oval, triangular or round groove, which is embedded in the fire to protect the cable from chafing.
Kraspica- a spacer installed between the mast and the diamond shanks.
Grommet- a ring twisted from strands of thin cable and embedded in the luff of the sail for attaching gear - a sheet, tack, etc.
Tacking- sailing against the wind along a broken line on tacks.
Leventik- non-working position of the sails when the ship is facing the wind.
Face- edge of the sail.
Likpaz- a recess in the mast or boom into which the luff of a sail with a lycrop is inserted.
Liktros- a cable sewn to the luff (face) of the sail.
Malka- the angle specified by the theoretical drawing of the ship's hull between the plane of the plating and the adjacent surface of the set part.
Midship frame- cross-section of the ship's hull with a vertical plane in the middle part or at its widest point.
Vessel set- longitudinal and transverse connections forming the skeleton of the vessel, defining the shape of its hull, ensuring the strength and rigidity of the structure.
Knock- the outer end of a horizontal or inclined spar (boom, gaff).
Butt- bolt with ring.
Ogon- a loop braided onto the gear.
Main line (OL)- a line of the theoretical drawing of the vessel passing through the lower point of the keel parallel to the waterline plane; The heights of all other lines of the theoretical drawing are measured from the OL.
Stability- the ability of the ship to return to its initial position - to an even keel or with a constant roll after the cessation of external forces.
Payol- removable wooden flooring.
Sailboard- a sports equipment for sailing, consisting of a flat float (board) with a mast hinged to it; standing on the board and holding the boom-wishboom, the athlete controls the PD movement of the mast with the sail and the center of gravity of his own body.
Stanchion- a vertical stand supporting the beam.
Plaza- a flat area (floor or shield) on which a life-size theoretical drawing of the vessel is drawn or sails are marked.
Plaza ordinates- dimensions presented in tabular form, characterizing the position (distance from the DP and OL) of the intersection points of the longitudinal lines of the theoretical drawing with the frames.
Gunwale- a board or beam covering the edge of the side of an undecked boat or the upper edge of a bulwark.
Podlegars- a connection running along the side of the boat on which the banks rest.
Fender beam- a strong beam installed along the side outside to protect the skin from impacts or (on boats) inside the hull at the upper ends of the frames to strengthen the set.
Proa- a sailing vessel whose stability is ensured by an outrigger.
Bunt- the convexity of the sail panel, the shape of which is characterized by the ratio of the deflection arrow to the chord.
Pärtners- a hole in the deck, bank, through which the mast passes.
Raxes- metal rings that attach the luff of the sail to the forestay.
Spar- the general name for masts, booms, yards and other trees on a ship.
Resenkil- a beam that is placed on the keel inside the vessel; floras are attached to R.
Reek- spar tree for stretching the sail around the corners.
Ray- a spar tree suspended from the middle to the mast to stretch the luff of a straight sail.
Reef bow- a strip of fabric sewn onto the sail parallel to the luff to increase the strength of the panel in the place where it is tied to the boom when taking reefs.
Reefs to take- reduce the sail area when the wind increases by tying or winding its lower part onto the boom.
Reef seasons- the tips with which the sail is laced to the boom when taking reefs.
Reef stairs- short ties for tying the lower part of the sail to the boom when taking reefs.
Tiller- a lever that turns the steering wheel.
Prowl- deviate from the course due to unqualified control or poor stability of the vessel.
Stopper- a device for holding a selected tight rope, for example, a sheet.
Stringer- a part of the longitudinal set, a beam installed along the sides and bottom. The zygomatic S is placed on the cheekbone.
Running rigging- mobile sailing gear.
Standing rigging- cables that secure the spar.
Lanyard- a device for tightening standing rigging. Mainly screw-type Ts are used. On sailing boats and kayaks, a T-bar is used as a T. several rope ropes.
Theoretical drawing- projections of sections of the ship’s hull in three mutually perpendicular planes, defining its shape. Together with the table of plaza ordinates, it serves as the basis for marking the parts of the hull and plating.
Top- the top of the mast.
Topenant- running rigging gear used to support boom legs, yards, etc.
Toptimbers- the side part of the frame, composed of separate parts - futox.
Springboard- a soft deck of racing and light tourist catamarans, stretched from fabric between the beams of the transverse bridge.
Transom- flat aft end of the ship's hull.
Trimaran- a vessel consisting of a middle (main) hull and side floats attached to it by transverse beams, which serve to ensure stability and reduce roll.
Get lost in the wind- change the course of a sailing ship to a more complete one.
Controllability- the speed of the vessel's reaction to shifting the rudder.
Course stability- the ability of a ship to maintain the direction of its movement.
Wishbom- a boom in the form of two arcs covering the sail. It became widespread on sailing boards.
False- running rigging gear for hoisting sails or yards.
Falin- a rope tied in the bow or stern of the boat for mooring and towing.
Halyard board- a rigid plate (usually made of plywood) attached to the head corner of the sail to increase its rigidity and strength.
Head angle of the sail- the upper corner of the sail, by which it is lifted with a halyard.
Bulwark- a strip or metal profile placed edgewise along the edge of the deck to protect people from slipping overboard.
False keel- a longitudinal beam attached to the keel from the outside of the hull. On yachts, the fender has a considerable height and serves to counteract drift.
Falshov- a fold on the sail to strengthen the panel.
Flor- a transverse connection of the bottom frame, connecting parts of the frame frame and serving to attach it to the keel.
Flortimbers- the bottom part of a composite frame.
Fordewind- the course of a sailing ship is directly downwind.
Forepeak- the bow compartment, separated by the collision bulkhead.
Forspiegel- bow transom; mainly used on small dinghies.
stem- an inclined or curved beam forming the bow end of the vessel; the bow ends of the sheathing belts are attached to the F.
Footstock- a pole with divisions for measuring shallow depths.
Running end (loop)- the end of the tackle at which it is selected.
Shvartov- a rope used for mooring.
Centerboard- lifting keel; A distinction is made between dagger-type bolts, which are lowered vertically, and folding ones, which rotate on an axis.
Dinghy boat- a sailboat with a centerboard.
Centerboard well- a device in which the centerboard is placed.
Schwerttal- a cable placed in several loops to lift the centerboard.
Shvertsy- centerboards hung from the sides.
Shkatorina- edge of the sail.
Squall- a sudden strong gust of wind.
Sheet-1. Running rigging gear attached to the end of a boom or yard and used to control the sail. - 2. Tackle tied into the clew corner of the oblique sail to stretch it along the boom.
Clew angle- lower rear corner of the sail.
Frame- part of the transverse frame of the vessel; on the theoretical drawing - projections of the cross-section of the body by vertical planes.
Sprit- a rack that expands the quadrangular sail diagonally.
Stay- standing rigging that supports the mast at the front.
Sturtros- a flexible cable that transmits force from the control to the tiller or sector on the rudder stock.
Yal- seaworthy rowing and sailing ship's boat; according to the number of oars they are called “twos”, “fours”, “sixes”.
Yacht- in a broad sense - a motor or sailing vessel for tourism; more narrowly - a sailing vessel for sports or tourism, having a ballast keel.
A letter from a redneck family to their son. (a redneck is a resident of the southern states of the USA).
My beloved redneck son!
I write very slowly because I know that you cannot read quickly. We no longer live where we lived before you left us. Your dad read in the newspaper that most accidents happen within 20 miles of home, so we moved further away.
But I can’t send you my address, because the last family from Arkansas who lived here before us took all the house numbers with them so they wouldn’t have to change their addresses.
Our house is good. There's even a washing machine. However, I’m not sure that it works properly: last week I put some laundry in the wash and pulled the chain. Since then we haven't seen any more underwear.
The weather here is okay. It only rained twice last week; the first time he walked for three days, and the second time for four.
Yes, about that coat you wanted me to send you: your Uncle Billy Bob said that with the buttons it would be very heavy to mail, so we ripped the buttons apart and put them in the coat pockets.
Bubba locked his keys in the car yesterday; we were very worried because it took him two hours to get me and dad out of the car.
Your sister gave birth this morning, but I don’t know who she is yet, so I can’t tell you whether you’re an uncle or an aunt now.
Uncle Bobby Ray fell into a whiskey barrel last week. The men tried to pull him out, but he fought them off and drowned. We cremated him: he burned for three days.
Three of your friends fell off a bridge in their truck. Butch was driving. He opened the window and swam out. The other two were in the back. They drowned because they couldn't lower the tailgate to get out.
There is nothing more to write about for now. Nothing special, as you can see, happened with us.
Your beloved aunt, Mom.
