Ponte Rotto: the first stone bridge in Rome. Stone Bridge Old Stone Bridge
The Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge is a bridge across the Moscow River, connecting Borovitskaya Square, Mokhovaya and Znamenka streets near the Borovitskaya Tower of the Kremlin with Bolshaya Polyanka Street on Bolotny Island.
The length of the bridge with approaches is 487 m, including a river span of 105 m, a bank span of 42.5 m, and a width of 40 m.
The Big Stone Bridge offers wonderful views of,.
The nearest metro stations: Polyanka, Borovitskaya, Tretyakovskaya.
The lattice of the Big Stone Bridge is decorated with the symbols of the USSR of the early period. Thus, on the coat of arms you can see the Monument to the Soviet Constitution, which was located on Tverskaya Square opposite the Moscow City Hall building in 1918-1941.
Historical reference
The modern bridge was built in 1938 and installed slightly downstream of the river (engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, architects V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreich, M. A. Minkus). Later, the bridge was moved to Borovitskaya Square, since the narrow Lenivka made access to it difficult.
In 1643, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the construction of a bridge across the Moscow River was started by a master from Strasbourg, Yagon Christler. The bridge was named All Saints after the nearby All Saints Gate. After the death of the king and the master, construction was stopped, as the plan was considered too bold and expensive.
Construction was resumed in 1682 and completed in 1687, on the initiative of Princess Sophia and Vasily Golitsyn, following the old model of Christler (who left behind a wooden model of the bridge) of the “bridge stone craftsman” monk St. Philaret. After completion in 1692, the bridge received the name of All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and New Kamenny (Old Kamenny meant the Trinity Bridge across the Neglinka, near the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin). Over time, beyond the bridge it became established modern name.
Huge amounts of money were spent on the construction of the bridge. At that time, a saying even arose - “” (about the value and high cost of something). In the 19th century in the Nizhny Novgorod province a saying was also recorded: “A stone bridge is better!”
Over time, the bridge fell into disrepair. In 1858, on the site of the dismantled bridge, engineer N.N. Voskoboynikov, according to the design of engineer Colonel Tannenberg, built a new, first metal three-span bridge in Moscow. The river span was blocked by arches. Fire monitors were used as pavement.
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All Saints Bridge. Moscow at the end of the 17th century. Vasnetsov A.M., 1901 Yaroslavl Art Museum
Moscow bridges are relatively young compared to European bridges, but their history is in no way inferior to the history of foreign ones.
Now I will tell you about one of the oldest bridges in Moscow, which offers a beautiful view of the main attractions of our city: the Kremlin, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, the House on the Embankment, Sofia, Prechistenskaya and Barsenevskaya embankments.
The Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge is one of the automobile-pedestrian bridges across the Moscow River. It connects Borovitskaya Square, Mokhovaya and Znamenka streets near the Borovitskaya Tower of the Kremlin with Bolshaya Polyanka Street on Bolotny Island, crossing the Vodootvodny Canal on the Small Kamenny Bridge.
Although the name of the bridge is “Bolshoy Kamenny”, in fact this bridge is metal.
Before the construction of the Stone Bridge on the Moscow River, there were so-called “living” bridges (tied logs were placed on the water), wooden ones, which were often broken by spring or autumn floods. From ancient times these were: Moskvoretsky, Krymsky, Dorogomilovsky and Yauzsky. On the site of the modern Stone Bridge, there has always been transportation. The construction of a stone bridge was thought about in the 15th century in connection with the growth of the population of Zamoskvorechye, where the Streltsy settlements were located, and the need for a “reliable” connection between the city and the main suburb became apparent.
In 1643, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a master from Strasbourg, Yagon Christler, began construction of the first permanent stone bridge across the Moscow River at the All Saints Gate. After the death of the king and the master, construction was stopped, as the plan was considered too bold and expensive. It was resumed and completed in 1682-1687 on the initiative of Princess Sophia and Vasily Golitsyn according to the old model of Christler (who left behind a wooden model of the bridge) of the “bridge stone craftsman” monk Elder Philaret. After completion in 1692, the bridge received the name of All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and New Stone Bridge.
The bridge was not located exactly on the site of the modern one: it began at the foot modern house on the embankment.
The length of the bridge was 170 m, width 22 m. The bridge had 8 arches, the middle ones served to pass rafts and boats and had spans of up to 15 m.
The funds spent on the construction of the bridge so amazed contemporaries that a saying arose that existed in Moscow for more than a hundred and fifty years: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge!”
Because the bridge was 3-4 times wider than the largest Moscow streets, it was built up on both sides. In Peter’s times, on the bridge stood: the chamber of the Predtechevsky Monastery and four stone tents Prince Menshikov, tobacco customs and beer yard. At the end of the bridge there was a tavern called “Zavernyayka”. The Six Gate Tower housed the Tavern Office and a prison for those convicted of tavern (secret wine production). Below them there were galleries called upper walkways, where Muscovites gathered to walk and drink wine.
During the spring flood of 1783, the bridge was badly damaged: as Moscow commander-in-chief Count Chernyshev reported to Catherine: “Three arches of the bridge collapsed...”
In the mid-1850s. It was decided to demolish the dilapidated bridge. The demolition was carried out with great difficulty, due to the strength of the masonry, which had to be blown up. “How much effort and dedication it took to break this two-century-old monument! - writes Ivan Mikhailovich Snegirev, who witnessed its destruction. - The very difficulty of breaking it proved the strength of its masonry and the goodness of the material, from which only one part was enough to build a huge house. Moscow residents gathered with curiosity and regret to look at the destruction of this bridge, which for a long time was revered as one of the wonders not only ancient capital ours, but in general and all of Russia.”
In 1858, on the site of the dismantled bridge, engineer N.N. Voskoboynikov, according to the design of engineer Colonel Tannenberg, built a new, first metal three-span bridge in Moscow. The river span was blocked by arches. Fire monitors were used as pavement.
The Soviet 1923 banknote of 10,000 rubles, which has long become a collectible rarity, depicts the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge, the same Old Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge, the construction of which began back in 1643 during the reign of the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich.
And in 1938, a little downstream of the river was built modern bridge(engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, architects V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreich, M. A. Minkus). The bridge was moved to Borovitskaya Square, since the narrow Lenivka made access to it difficult. The length of the bridge with entrances is 487 m, including a river span of 105 m, a bank span of 42.5 m, and a width of 40 m. The railings are cast iron gratings with the image of the Soviet coat of arms of Moscow.
Surrounded by the Big Stone Bridge Patriarchal Bridge, from which Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev spoke his New Year's address and the Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge. The nearest metro station is “Borovitskaya”.
An interesting fact is that the long ramp of the bridge hides the technical premises where the garage of the Kremlin security service is located, which arose there during the Stalin era.
Due to the construction of a new bridge, the house was moved and carefully moved from its place on rails. Agnia Barto wrote the poem “The House Moved” about this event. And few people know that this poem is dedicated to a real event - the movement of house No. 5/6 on Serafimovich Street in Moscow, which interfered with the construction of the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge in 1937.
Near the Stone Bridge,
Where does the Moscow River flow?
Near the Stone Bridge
The street has become narrow.
There's congestion on the street,
The drivers there are worried.
“Oh,” sighs the guard,
The corner house is in the way!
Syoma was not at home for a long time -
Vacationed in Artek Syoma,
And then he got into the carriage,
And he returned to Moscow.
Here's a familiar twist -
But no house, no gate!
And Syoma stands in fear
And he rubs his eyes with his hands.
The house stood
On this spot!
He has gone
Together with the residents!
Where is the fourth house number?
He was visible a mile away! -
Syoma speaks anxiously
To the guard on the bridge.-
I returned from Crimea,
I need to go home!
Where is the tall gray house?
My mom is in it!
The guard answered Syoma:
- You got in the way,
You've been decided in your home
Take him to the alley.
Look around the corner
And you will find this house.
The peculiarity of this movement was the need to lift the building (weighing 7,500 tons) to a height of 1.87 m. Nevertheless, the movement took place without evacuation of residents.
Syoma whispers with tears:
- Maybe I'm crazy?
I think you told me
Do the houses seem to be moving?
Syoma rushed to the neighbors,
And the neighbors say:
- We go all the time, Syoma,
We're going for ten days in a row.
These walls move quietly
And mirrors don't break,
There are vases in the buffet,
The lamp in the room is intact.
Oh, I was happy
Syoma, -
So we can go
At home?...
As you can see, this poem humorously depicts the story of moving a house. It still stands there in its original form.
Now you have learned a lot about the Big Stone Bridge, and if you pass there next time, you will remember its history and its legends.
| Object of cultural heritage of Russia of regional significance reg. No. 771510260500005(EGROKN) object No. 7735352000(Wikigida DB) |
All Saints Bridge at the end of the 17th century, drawing by A. Vasnetsov
Fragment of an engraving by Blickland-Picart: the bridge at the All Saints Gate. The mill attached to the bull is visible
Great stone bridge approx. 1800, painting by F. Alekseev
G.Lari. View of the Stone Bridge in Moscow with a wooden bridge near the Vodovzvodnaya Tower. Beginning of the 19th century.
Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge- one of the bridges over the Moscow River. It connects Borovitskaya Square, Mokhovaya and Znamenka streets near the Borovitskaya Tower of the Kremlin with Bolshaya Polyanka Street on Bolotny Island, crossing the Vodootvodny Canal on the Small Kamenny Bridge.
All Saints Bridge
On the site of the later bridge, apparently from the very beginning of Moscow, there was a ford through which the road from Ryazan to Novgorod went through Volok Lamsky, known as Volotskaya. Then a floating (“living”) bridge was built, which was raised to allow ships to pass through. Against the bridge at the end of the 16th century. The All Saints (Water) Gate of the White City was built, so named after the Church of All Saints, which stood nearby (near the modern Cathedral of Christ the Savior), on the moat. In 1643, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a master from Strasbourg, Yagon Christler, began construction of the first permanent stone bridge across the Moscow River at the All Saints Gate. After the death of the king and the master, construction was stopped, as the plan was considered too bold and expensive. It was resumed and completed in -1687 on the initiative of Princess Sophia and Vasily Golitsyn according to the old model of Christler (who left behind a wooden model of the bridge) of the “bridge stone craftsman” monk Elder Philaret. After completion in 1692, the bridge received the name All Saints. Other names of the bridge were: Bersenevsky and New Kamenny (Old Kamenny meant the Trinity Bridge over the Neglinka, near the Trinity Tower of the Kremlin). Over time, the bridge acquired its modern name. The bridge was, however, not exactly on the modern site: it began at the foot of the modern House on the Embankment (the red line of which is correlated with the line of the old bridge) and led to the place where Lenivka Street now opens to the river (in those days it was a passage to All Saints Gate).
The length of the bridge was 170 m, the width was 22 m. The bridge had 8 arches, the middle ones served to pass rafts and boats and had spans of up to 15 m. In front of the bridge on the Zamoskvoretsk side, a bridgehead tower was built - Shestivratnaya, which, as the name indicates, had six gate openings (actually three double gates), as well as several pyramidal tiers, correlated with the tiers of the Borovitskaya tower of the Kremlin, and two crowning tents crowned with double-headed eagles.
The funds spent on the construction of the bridge so amazed contemporaries that a saying arose that existed in Moscow for more than a hundred and fifty years: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge!” (about the value and high cost of something). In the 19th century, a saying was also recorded in the Nizhny Novgorod province: “A stone bridge is better!” In general, according to the testimony of Moscow historian I.M. Snegirev, who still found old bridge, he “was revered as one of the capital’s wonders, along with Ivan the Great, the Sukharev Tower, the Tsar Bell, and the Tsar Cannon.”
Since the bridge was 3-4 times wider than the largest Moscow streets, it was built up on both sides. In Peter’s times, on the bridge stood the chamber of the Predtechevsky Monastery and four stone tents of Prince Menshikov, a tobacco customs house and a beer yard. At the end of the bridge there was a tavern called “Zavernyayka”. The Six Gate Tower housed the Tavern Office and a prison for those convicted of tavern (secretly making wine). Below them were galleries called upper walkways, where Muscovites gathered to walk and drink wine and beer; from the galleries a wooden ramp led to the embankment, to the so-called Tsaritsyn meadow and to Bersenevka. There was a beer glacier right under the bridge. Water-powered flour mills with dams and diversion gates were attached to the diversion bulls; the millers lived right there, in the Six Gate Tower.
All sorts of “thieves” and “dashing people” gathered under the bridge, and one of the spans on the left bank, the “ninth cell,” was especially notorious. As evening approached, Muscovites tried not to walk past it.
In 1731, by decree of Anna Ioannovna, the mills were demolished and the bridge piers were cleared. During the spring flood of 1783, the bridge was badly damaged: as Moscow commander-in-chief Count Chernyshev reported to Catherine: “Three arches of the bridge collapsed... and the 11 stone shops on them with various furniture of the merchant Yepanishnikov, worth 1100 rubles. One who was standing on the bridge at that time fell and was killed, and the ruins crushed a fisherman who was under the bridge and two women who were at the shore to wash their clothes.” In August 1786, the bridge was again damaged by floods. In view of this, by order of the new commander-in-chief, Earl Bruce, the bridge was repaired and reconstructed. During the reconstruction, which lasted until 1792 and cost 213,000 rubles, the bridge was strengthened, the benches were demolished, the Six Gate Tower was dismantled, and railings were installed on the sides.
In the mid-1850s. It was decided to demolish the dilapidated bridge. The demolition was carried out with great difficulty, due to the strength of the masonry, which had to be blown up. “How much effort and dedication it took to break this two-century-old monument! - writes I.M. Snegirev, who witnessed its destruction. - The very difficulty of breaking it proved the strength of its masonry and the goodness of the material, from which only one part was enough to build a huge house. Moscow residents gathered with curiosity and regret to look at the destruction of this bridge, which had long been revered as one of the wonders not only of our ancient capital, but of all of Russia in general.”
The Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge in Moscow is one of the most famous bridges capital, and throughout Russia. In all images, be it postcards, posters, photographs, where it appears, the Great Stone Bridge is always included in the frame. This structure, intended for both people and cars, connects the two banks of the Moscow River. On one side of the bridge there is Borovitskaya Square and Znamenka and Mokhovaya streets nearby, on the other - Bolotny Island and Bolshaya Polyanka Street.
Until the 15th century, instead of the modern bridge, there was a floating bridge, which was a deck made of logs laid on several fastened rafts. Such a structure was convenient to use; if necessary - enemy raids, ice floes melting, covering the river with ice - it could simply be removed.
After the end of the raids of the Tatar troops on the city, the number of residents of Zamoskvorechye increased markedly, which led to the need for a permanent strong bridge. In 1643, at the invitation of Mikhail Romanov, the architect Jagon Krilster from Strasbourg arrived in Moscow to create a new bridge. The planned structure was supposed to be a stunning structure at that time. The height of the bridge was planned to be more than 30 meters; the base was to be ice-cutting bulls, treated with metal, to protect the crossing during the melting of the ice. As a result, it had to be so strong that it could withstand even cannon shots. Klister's death delayed the construction of the crossing for several decades.
Only in 1682-1687 was the construction of the bridge completely completed. The project was led by a monk about whom there is no information left. The result was a large-scale structure - 170 meters long and 22 meters wide. The structure was supported by 8 arches. The arches in the center of the bridge were 15 meters high. This height was sufficient for ships to pass under the structure. To protect the bridge from hostilities during wars, a tower with tents was erected on the right bank of the river. The bridge became not only a way of quick communication between the two banks, but also an opportunity to conduct trade, since there were trading shops on both sides.
The new crossing served until 1859. Then, due to its disrepair, it was replaced with a metal structure with three spans. The Stone Bridge acquired its modern appearance in 1938. The new project was carried out by a group of craftsmen: engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov and several professional architects. Today the bridge is 487 meters long and 40 meters wide.
If you look at the city from this bridge, you can see a panorama historical center Moscow and the three main embankments of the city.
On Bolshaya Polyanka Street.
Before the construction of the Stone Bridge on the Moscow River there were so-called “living” bridges (tied logs were placed on the water), wooden ones, which were often broken by spring or autumn floods. From ancient times these were: Moskvoretsky, Krymsky, Dorogomilovsky and Yauzsky. On the site of the modern Stone Bridge, there has always been transportation. The construction of a stone bridge was thought about in the 15th century in connection with the growth of the population of Zamoskvorechye, where the Streltsy settlements were located, and the need for a “reliable” connection between the city and the main suburb became apparent. For this purpose, in 1643, the chamber master Anze Christler and his uncle Ivan Christler were summoned to Moscow from Strasbourg. By order of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, Christler first presented a wooden model with a drawing. The sample was made by palace carpenters. After reviewing the model and estimate, the Ambassadorial Prikaz raised questions about whether the bridge would withstand ice two arshins thick, whether it would be possible to carry a cannon shell across the bridge, and whether the vaults would stand. Such questions reveal doubts about the possibility of building a stone bridge across the Moscow River that would withstand the pressure of ice and bear heavy loads, and we can say that the construction of the bridge was considered a miracle.
With the premature death of Mikhail Fedorovich and Christler in 1645, the construction of the Stone Bridge stopped. The construction of the bridge continued in 1682 by Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsin, the favorite of Princess Sophia. And it was completed in 1687 according to Christler’s bridge model. The architect was a monk whose name has not been preserved. Having driven oak piles into the river bed and covered them with beams, he erected a stone structure on them. This structure seemed so important at that time that it even became a popular saying about something extremely expensive: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge.”
In earlier times, the Stone Bridge presented a completely different appearance and its atmosphere was completely different. Water-powered flour mills with dams and drainage gates were attached to the diversion bulls. On the bridge itself stood: the chamber of the Predtechevsky Monastery and four stone tents of Prince Menshikov, a tobacco customs house and a beer yard. At the end of the bridge there was a tavern known as “Zavernyayka”. At the southern end of the bridge there were six gates and chambers, above which rose two tented tops, crowned with two-headed eagles; the tents housed the Tavern Office and a prison for those convicted of tavern (secret wine production). Under them there were galleries called upper walkways, where Muscovites gathered to walk and drink wine and beer. From the galleries, a wooden gathering led to the embankment, to the so-called Tsaritsyn meadow and to Bersenevka. There was a beer glacier right under the bridge. On the left bank, near the bridge, there were the All Saints trading baths, granted by Peter I to Prince Menshikov and long known as the “Menshikovs”. Granaries were also built there “for the grain distribution of the sovereign’s salary to the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.” From the All Saints tower and the church in the name of All Saints adjacent to the bridge, it was called Vsesvyatsky, from the neighboring Bersenevki tract - Bersenevsky, after the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker - Nikolaevsky. The Stone Bridge was in this form before the reign of Anna Ioannovna. By her decree of May 26, 1731, she ordered the mills at the bridge to be broken down and the oxen to be cleared so that there would be free passage through the water between them. According to Ruban’s description in 1782, the bridge was in the following form: “Six stone gates at the end of the bridge near the cloth factory on one side, and on the other at the Chamber-College Wine Yard.” They stood on three sides: some directly opposite the Kamenny Bridge and Kosmodemyanskaya Street with two passages, others to the right towards Bersenevka, also with two passages. Actually, there were only three gates, but there were six passages through them. Since its existence, the Stone Bridge has been repaired several times, so that its original appearance has subsequently been changed.
In 1783, the bridge was severely damaged by spring water pressure. To correct it, a special department was established under the department of Count Chernyshev. And they did not find another solution but to divert the waters of the Moscow River using a canal in order to open the foundation of the bridge. And the right bank from the canal to the bridge will be strengthened with stubs. With the death of Count Chernyshev, this plan was not carried out. However, the new commander-in-chief of Moscow, Count Bruce, partially took advantage of this plan. All the benches were finally removed from the bridge, the stone railings were strengthened, and in 1785 the Drainage Canal was dug. The canal runs in almost the same direction as the Moscow River. It starts above the Stone Bridge, passing Bolotnaya Square and behind Sadovniki.
In 1788, the Stone Bridge was again damaged by a flood; its reconstruction lasted until 1792, at which time the bridge came under the jurisdiction of the Treasury Chamber. In 1804, the bridge required new repairs. 111,164 rubles were allocated for these works. Work began in 1809 and ended before 1812. But despite all the reconstruction, the base of the bridge still remained original. 70 fathoms long and 11 fathoms wide (149 and 23 meters), the bridge was built in the form of an arc on six arches, or pillars, large and two smaller, which were then laid. They were adjoined on the eastern side by semicircular, and on the western side by angular stops, or diversion bulls made of wild stone. A deep and solid foundation, conscientious masonry and thick iron ties ensured its existence.
In its former life, the Stone Bridge served not only as a path for travelers, but as an essential refuge for the poor, the crippled, Lazarus singers, merchants, pimps and generally strolling people, of which there were many in the ancient capital.
Even during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, “tongues” were sent through him from the Detective Prikaz, who slandered those they met. Under the ninth cell of the bridge, on the left side, there was a gathering of thieves who robbed and killed here, and threw those robbed into the river (mentioned in the files of the Detective Order).
In this form, the bridge existed until the beginning of the reign of Alexander II. Bricks falling out of the vaults in the arches gave rise to fears that the vault might collapse, and the climb to the bridge itself seemed steep in relation to the adjacent street pavements. It was decided to break it down and build a new one much easier than the previous one. It took a lot of effort and expense to destroy the two-century-old monument. Moscow residents gathered with curiosity to watch the destruction of this bridge, which had long been revered as one of the wonders not only of Moscow, but of all of Russia. New bridge was built on three cast-iron arches and two stone bulls, with cast-iron railings. Its builder was an engineer, Colonel Tannenberg. The new bridge was no longer a wonder. It was consecrated and opened for riding in 1859.
In 1938, a modern bridge was built at approximately the same place (engineer N. Ya. Kalmykov, architects V. A. Shchuko, V. G. Gelfreich, M. A. Minkus). The length of the bridge with approaches is 487 meters, width is 40 meters.
