P Testaments of Ilyich. Cultural and historical heritage of the village

01.02.2024

Testaments of Ilyich(or Lenin's testaments) - a phrase popular in Soviet times, which indicated that the Soviet country was living and developing along the path outlined by its founder Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Sometimes Lenin’s last articles and notes were considered testaments; in other cases, a wider range of works were classified as testaments. Some of Lenin's quotes have gained particular popularity as testaments, for example: “Study, study, study, as the great Lenin bequeathed.” During the years of democratization, Lenin’s behest to remove Stalin from the post of Secretary General surfaced and became the subject of discussion. It was also discussed that Lenin may have bequeathed something completely different from what socialist construction led to. Official propaganda claimed that the country's leaders strictly followed the precepts, so they were invariably called “faithful Leninists.” Some communist parties (Yugoslavia, China) were criticized for deviating from Lenin's precepts. The name “Testaments of Ilyich” was assigned to a significant number of objects: plants and factories, state farms and collective farms.

Stalin and post-Stalin period

The concept of “Lenin’s covenants” was introduced into circulation by J.V. Stalin, who in a speech at the 2nd Congress of Soviets said:

When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to hold high and keep in purity the great title of party member. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve the unity of our party like the apple of our eye. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve and strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our strength in order to fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen with all our might the alliance of workers and peasants. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen and expand the union of republics. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...) When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us loyalty to the principles of the communist international. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our lives in order to strengthen and expand the union of workers of the whole world - the communist international! (...)

A year later, Stalin repeated the term in a short article “Working women and peasant women, fulfill Ilyich’s commandments!”:

A year ago, when he left us, the great leader and teacher of the working people, our Lenin, left us behests and showed us the path along which we should go towards the final victory of communism. Fulfill these behests of Ilyich, working women and peasant women! Raise your children in the spirit of these covenants! Comrade Lenin left us a behest to strengthen the alliance of workers and peasants with all our might. Strengthen this union, working women and peasant women! Comrade Lenin taught the working people to support the working class in its struggle against the bourgeoisie, internal and external. Remember this covenant, working women and peasant women! Support the power of the working class, which is building a new life! Comrade Lenin taught us to hold high the banner of the Communist Party, the leader of all the oppressed. Rally around this party, workers and peasants - it is your party! On the day of the anniversary of Ilyich’s death, the party gives a cry - wider road for the working woman and peasant woman who are building a new life together with the party.

In the post-Stalin period, the terms “Lenin’s Course” and “Ilyich’s Testaments” were often used to contrast the methods of Lenin and Stalin. At the same time, in late Soviet times, this began to be called everything that seemed “democratic”, different from “totalitarianism”, which was associated with Stalin.

Usage examples

“Working Moscow”, January 20, 1925: Lenin's Testament - attention to children- We do it to the best of our ability. We recently opened a kindergarten. The RCP cell put a lot of care and love into its organization. The kids feel great in the garden... We can safely say that these children are receiving a truly healthy upbringing to Ilyich's behests.
The party is dear. “Pravda”, January 21, 1939: We will go, Comrade Lenin, // Po your covenants, // Lenin’s truth is walking // All over the world. // And in our native country, collective farms // Will grow everywhere. // And you, Comrade Lenin, // Will be forever remembered!
Regimental Commissar N. Osipov. Just and Unjust Wars: Faithful to Lenin's behests and Stalin’s instructions, the Red Army will cross the borders of the aggressor, crush the enemy with the power of its weapons and with an armed hand will help the workers of the aggressor countries to overthrow capitalist slavery.
Bolshevik daring. “Pravda”, January 21, 1939: Underground gasification is Leninism in action, the embodiment of one of the geniuses Lenin's Testaments. On May 4, 1913, Lenin’s short article “One of the Great Victories of Technology” appeared in the Pravda newspaper. Lenin responded to the message about the discovery of a method for directly extracting gas from coal seams. In the idea of underground gasification, V.I. Lenin saw a “giant technical revolution”, saw the opportunity to “use twice the share of energy contained in coal...” “The revolution in industry caused by this discovery,” Lenin predicted, “will be enormous.”
Valentin Kataev. The party is leading us. “Izvestia”, March 8, 1953: Over the tomb of the immortal Lenin, Stalin took a great oath to sacredly fulfill Ilyich's behests. Over the tomb of the immortal Stalin, we take a great oath to sacredly fulfill his behests.
To the fields and farms. “Pravda”, June 29, 1971: Boys and girls who graduated from high school this year came to the ancient Azov village of Peshkovo from all over the Azov region. Why in Peshkovo? Yes, because on the collective farm "Testaments of Ilyich" The famous grain grower, Hero of Socialist Labor Fyodor Yakovlevich Kanivets lives and works.
Solemn promise of a pioneer of the Soviet Union: “I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union.”

Popular testament quotes

Study, study, study. It is a common misconception that Lenin said this phrase at the III All-Russian Congress of the RKSM on October 2, 1920. In fact, although he spoke in this speech about the need to learn communism, he did not repeat the word “learn” three times. But in the article “The Retrograde Direction in Russian Social Democracy” (z, published in g) he used the following repetition:

At a time when educated society is losing interest in honest, illegal literature, a passionate desire for knowledge and socialism is growing among the workers, real heroes stand out among the workers, who - despite the ugly conditions of their lives, despite the stultifying hard labor in the factory - find in themselves so much character and willpower that study, study and study and develop ourselves into conscious social democrats, “workers’ intelligentsia.”

A similar repetition was made in the article “Less is better”:

We need to set ourselves the task of updating our state apparatus at all costs: firstly - to study, secondly - to study and thirdly - to study and then check that science does not remain a dead letter or a fashionable phrase in our country (and this, let’s face it, happens especially often in our country), that science really enters into flesh and blood, turns into an integral element of everyday life in a completely and real way.

In the report at the IV Congress of the Comintern, “Five Years of the Russian Revolution and Prospects for the World Revolution,” the word was repeated twice:

...every moment free from combat activity, from war, we must use for study, and first of all. The entire party and all layers of Russia prove this with their thirst for knowledge. This desire for learning shows that the most important task for us now is: study and study.

Stalin also recommended studying several times in a row in his speech at the VIII Congress of the Komsomol:

Master science, forge new cadres of Bolsheviks - specialists in all branches of knowledge, study, study, study in the most stubborn way - that is now the task.

Several jokes are devoted to this phrase, for example this one. Schoolchildren conduct a seance. They summoned the spirit of Lenin. Lenin: “Study, study, study!” Schoolchildren: “And so that your spirit is not here!”

Poster by Alexander Lemeschenko “GOELRO Plan”

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country. According to this instruction, Ilyich's light bulbs were lit throughout Russia. The phrase was said in the speech “Our external and internal situation and tasks of the party” at the Moscow provincial conference of the RCP (b) in 1920:

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country, because without electrification it is impossible to raise industry... Communism presupposes Soviet power as a political body that gives the opportunity to the mass of the oppressed to do all things - without this communism is impossible... This ensures the political side, but the economic one can be ensured only when there is truly a Russian proletarian state all the threads of a large industrial machine, built on the foundations of modern technology, will be concentrated, and this means electrification, and for this we need to understand the basic conditions for the use of electricity and, accordingly, understand industry and agriculture.

Less is more.
Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us..

V. I. Lenin, in a conversation with A. V. Lunacharsky in February 1922, “once again emphasized the need to establish a certain proportion between fascinating films and scientific ones.” Vladimir Ilyich, A.V. Lunacharsky writes in his memoirs, told me that the production of new films, imbued with communist ideas, reflecting Soviet reality, must begin with chronicles, which, in his opinion, the time for the production of such films may not yet it has arrived. “If you have a good chronicle, serious and educational pictures, then it doesn’t matter that to attract the public some useless film, more or less of the usual type, will be used. Of course, censorship is still needed. Counter-revolutionary and immoral films should not take place.” To this Vladimir Ilyich added: “As you get back on your feet thanks to proper management, and perhaps, with the general improvement of the country’s situation, you receive a certain loan for this business, you will have to expand production more widely, and especially promote healthy cinema in the masses in the city, and even more so in the countryside... You must firmly remember that of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us” (“Soviet Cinema” No. 1-2, 1933, p. 10).

Full composition of writings. - 5th ed. - T.44. - P.579

Lenin's last works

In December 1922, Lenin's health condition deteriorated sharply. During this period, however, he dictated several notes: “Letter to the Congress”, “On giving legislative functions to the State Planning Committee”, “On the issue of nationalities or “autonomization”, “Pages from the diary”, “On cooperation”, “ About our revolution (regarding N. Sukhanov’s notes)”, “How can we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)”, “Less is better”.

“Letter to the Congress” - Lenin’s testament

The “Letter to the Congress” dictated by Lenin () is often considered as Lenin’s testament. Some believe that this letter contained Lenin's real will, which Stalin later deviated from. Supporters of this point of view believe that if the country had developed along a truly Leninist path, many problems would not have arisen. The “Letter to the Congress” includes the following provisions:

Increasing the number of members of the Central Committee to several dozen or even hundreds.
Central Committee members such as Stalin and Trotsky are central to the issue of sustainability. The relationship between them constitutes more than half the danger of a split.
Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, concentrated immense power in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be able to use this power carefully enough.
Comrade Trotsky is perhaps the most capable person in the present Central Committee, but also overly grasping with self-confidence and excessive enthusiasm for the purely administrative side of the matter.
These two qualities of two outstanding leaders of the modern Central Committee can inadvertently lead to a split.
The October episode of Zinoviev and Kamenev, of course, was not an accident.
Bukharin is not only the most valuable and largest theoretician of the party, he is also legitimately considered the favorite of the entire party, but his theoretical views can very doubtfully be classified as completely Marxist, because there is something scholastic in him (he never studied and, I think, never understood quite dialectic).
Pyatakov is a man of undoubtedly outstanding will and outstanding abilities, but he is too keen on administration to be relied upon in a serious political matter.
A few dozen workers, being part of the Central Committee, will be able, better than anyone else, to check, improve and recreate our apparatus.
Stalin is too rude, and this shortcoming, quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us communists, becomes intolerable in the position of General Secretary. Therefore, I suggest that the comrades consider a way to move Stalin from this place and appoint another person to this place, who in all other respects differs from Comrade. Stalin has only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more attentive to his comrades, less capriciousness, etc. This circumstance may seem like an insignificant detail. But I think that from the point of view of protecting against a split and from the point of view of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky, this is not a trifle, or it is such a trifle that can become decisive.

Thus, the “Letter to the Congress” was, rather, of a recommendatory nature, although Nadezhda Krupskaya subsequently used the text of the “Letter” as direct evidence against Stalin, speaking of the mandatory implementation of the will of Lenin as the first socialist leader.

Implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism in the USSR

Party documents, scientific works and educational materials of the Soviet period interpreted the development of the USSR after Lenin's death as "the implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism." The position on the possibility of building socialism in a separate country (in contrast to the world revolution originally assumed by the classics of Marxism) is one of the main provisions of Leninism. The articles in which a plan for building socialism was developed were usually listed as “State and Revolution”, “Immediate tasks of Soviet power”, “Economics and politics in the era of the dictatorship of the proletariat”, “Better less is better”, “On cooperation”. The following main stages in the implementation of Lenin's plan were identified:

Socialist industrialization. Although the course towards industrialization was announced after Lenin's death by the XIV Party Congress in December 1925, it was often pointed out that this course was a continuation of Lenin's GOELRO plan.
Cooperation of the peasantry. Assessing the role of the peasantry in the revolution was the subject of many of Lenin's works. One of the first acts of Soviet power was the Decree on Land. During the Civil War, peasants were forced to share food with workers through policies

Part one

I will divide the story into two stories. One will be almost positive, the other will be as it turns out. Although, I know for sure that it will turn out sad. But let's start with the positive.

Today I will tell you about the village of Zavety Ilyich, which is located between the village of Vanino ( which is long overdue for city status) and the city of Sovetskaya Gavan. Not exactly between, but along the way - just like that.

Reference. “The history of the village of Zavety Ilyich as a permanent settlement began in the late 20s of the 20th century. As local historian S. Smetanin writes, “in 1929, in the Astrakhan region, volunteers were registered to move to Sovetskaya Gavan to create a fishing collective farm. The first settlers liked the place and land, and in February 1930 the steamship Yerevan approached the harbor, bound by strong ice.

We unloaded directly onto the ice. Tents were set up on the Menshikov Peninsula. In the first batch there were only men. They had to build housing for families. At the general meeting, the board of the collective farm was elected, which was called “Ilyich’s Testaments”. Twenty-five thousandth Novikov became the chairman.

Later the collective farm was transferred to the shore of Severnaya Bay. The village was named Novoastrakhansky, and a village council was elected.

Many settlers had a hard time with climate change and poor living conditions. To improve nutrition, they organized a subsidiary farm on the Khadya River, then a dairy farm. But the fire that happened destroyed everything. And again we had to start all over again.

In 1934, the Novoastrakhan village council was liquidated, and the village was named Zavety Ilyich. At this time it had already become a large workers' village.

The collective farm grew stronger, and the village grew with it. But the war began. From the village, from the collective farm, the marines went into battle.

In 1947, the collective farm "Zavety Ilyich" was transferred to Southern Sakhalin in the Nevelskoy district. And the village of Zavety Ilyich retained its name."

It was, let's say, civil poetry. Why civilian? Anyone who is more or less familiar with the Far East knows that the army is our ffso. In the sense that the coast and further on dry land, i.e. along the land border - all of this is “inhabited” by the military. It was inhabited. Inhabited - it was built up with all sorts of previously ( and now) closed towns, structures of military units, fortifications and other militaristic goods. So here it is. Sovetskaya Gavan has always been a “refuge” for the Far Eastern Armed Forces ( walking, rolling and stationary), and the village of Zavety Ilyich, located near it, was for a long time... scary to say. Read in general.

"28th Nuclear Submarine Division

Base: Zavety Ilyich village, Postovaya b., Sovgavan - /project 613, 627, 659T/
Formed in 1981-82 as part of the Sakhalin flotilla / based on 110? division pl sludge/. After disbandment, a sludge division was formed at its base.

Commanders:
1985-1988 - Anokhin Nikolay Vasilievich candidate-administrator
1988-1990 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich k1r
NS:
19??-1988 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich
1988-19?? - Sysuev Yuri Nikolaevich

Historical reference
On November 21, 1939, the formation of the 5th STOF submarine brigade under the command of Captain 3rd Rank Serafim Evgenievich Chursin was completed.

The 5th Brigade included:
31 submarine divisions (4 “Shch” type submarines);
21 submarine divisions (4 M-type submarines);
25 submarine division (4 M-type submarines).

On March 12, 1941, the 5th submarine brigade was reorganized into the 3rd submarine brigade of the STOF. On January 1, 1955, on the basis of the 3rd submarine brigade, the 9th separate STOF submarine brigade was formed. On December 1, 1982, the 90th separate submarine brigade was reorganized into the 28th submarine division.

In August-December 1942, 252 sailors and 8 officers were sent to replenish the Red Army units. In 1943, the unit sent another 70 people to the fronts with Nazi Germany. Throughout the Second World War, the brigade's ships were in operational readiness and carried out reconnaissance missions. The submarines Shch-116, Shch-117, Shch-118, and Shch-119 went on combat missions.

On July 18, 1942, while stationed at the Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Naval Base, a disaster occurred as a result of sabotage - an explosion on the Shch-138 submarine. The submarine Shch-118 was also damaged. 43 people died.

On October 7, 1944, the 9th submarine division, consisting of 6 M-type submarines, left for the Black Sea Fleet to participate in hostilities against Nazi Germany.

During military operations against militaristic Japan, the Zarnitsa TFR carried out mine laying on the border of the naval base zone and in the Tatar Strait.

Submarines and ships of the brigade participated in reconnaissance, transporting fuel, landing reconnaissance groups, and protecting mine positions in the northern part of the Tatar Strait.

For participation in battles during the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War, 78 sailors, foremen and officers of the brigade were awarded orders and medals of the USSR for their courage and bravery.

On June 1, 1990, the 28th submarine division was reorganized into the 60th submarine brigade. On December 31, 1992, the 60th submarine brigade was reorganized into the 36th submarine division of the Soviet-Havana Naval Base.

Compound composition:
"Shch-115", "Shch-116", "Shch-117", "Shch-118",
"Shch-119", "Shch-120", TFR "Zarnitsa", floating base "Kulu"
"M-25", "M-26", "M-27", "M-28", "M-43", "M-44", "M-45",
"M-46", "M-47", "M-48", "M-251", "M-252", "M-253", "M-285", "M-286", "M" -291", "M-292", "M-293", "M-294"
“S-23”, “S-25”, “S-26”, “S-68”, “S-77”, “S-78”, “S-86”, “S-87”, “S” -88", "S-94", "S-117", "S-118", "S-119", "S-220", "S-145", "S-221", "S-222" ", "S-237", "S-240", "S-262", "S-275", "S-278", "S-294", "S-328", "S-332", "S-334", "S-335", "S-336", "S-337", "S-359", "S-393", "S-176"
“K-14”, “K-45”, “K-133”, “K-151”, “K-259”, 120 crew, 127 crew.

Famous submarine formations:
Submarine "Shch-117" ("S-117")...
Nuclear submarine “K-14”…
Guards nuclear submarine "K-133"…
Nuclear submarine “K-151”…

Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Red Navy man Zonov,
captain 1st rank Golubev Dmitry Nikolaevich,
captain 2nd rank Lomov Eduard Dmitrievich,
Captain 2nd Rank Stolyarov Lev Nikolaevich,
Captain 2nd rank Usenko Nikolai Vitalievich,
engineer-captain 2nd rank Morozov Ivan Fedorovich.

Unit commanders:
Captain 3rd rank Chursin Serafim Evgenievich (1939);
Captain 1st rank Prokofiev Vladimir Matveevich (1952-1955);
Captain 2nd rank Bodarevsky Yuri Sergeevich (1952-1953);
Rear Admiral Pavel Denisovich Sukhomlinov (1955-1956);
Captain 1st Rank Kozin Alexander Gerasimovich (1956-1960);
Captain 1st Rank Ivanov Yuri Vasilievich (1960-1961);
Captain 1st Rank Speransky Nikolai Borisovich (1961-1968);
Captain 1st Rank Vitaly Aleksandrovich Kandalintsev (1970-1976), UPD ( from May 1972 to August 1976 - rear admiral) ;
Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Dmitrievich Zakharovsky (1976-1978);
Captain 1st Rank Kritsky Anatoly Nikiforovich (1978-1979);
Captain 1st Rank Boris Nikolaevich Pereborov (1979-1982);
Rear Admiral Anokhin Nikolai Vasilievich (1982-1987);
Captain 1st rank DenisovV Anatoly Petrovich (1987-1990);
Captain 1st rank Suvalov Yuri Vasilievich (1990-1993);
Captain 1st rank Peredero Vladimir Andreevich (1993-2003);
Captain 1st Rank Anikin Alexander Leonidovich (since 2003).”

Impressed? Of course!

In addition to submariners and marines, the 75th Aviation Commandant's Office (military unit 62429) was located in the village, and there is/was even a military airfield very close by ( I didn’t give away any state secrets?). But this is so, from what is accessible to the average person :) There must still be rocket scientists out there somewhere, but I don’t know.

Also in the village of Zavety Ilyich from 1955 to 1995 the Drama Theater of the Pacific Fleet was located ( theater! TOF! in the village!). It was organized in 1932, at the Vladivostok House of the Red Army and Navy. Before the war, such stage masters as A.D. Dikiy’s student Ya.S. Stein and Honored Artist of the RSFSR V.I. Moskvin worked in the theater. son of the famous Moscow Art Theater student I. M. Moskvin), People's Artist of the RSFSR, professor B. M. Sushkevich, student of V. Meyerhold N. N. Butorin, future director of the Leningrad Music Hall I. Rakhlin. During the Great Patriotic War, the theater toured military units and ships of the Pacific Fleet, and when the war with Japan began, the team, divided into front-line brigades, worked in the active army and participated in the liberation of China and Korea.

In 1996, the theater returned from Zavety to Vladivostok.

What else is the village famous for? Not far from it the famous frigate Pallada rested on its last raid. Don't know what "Pallada" is? Well, finally... Then here you go. Read, Far Easterners, listen to these names and events! There is a lot of text, but you must know it.

"... The fate of the military frigate "Pallada" from its very birth was unusual and surprising. Suffice it to say that the first commander of the ship was the wonderful Russian naval commander Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, who had previously sailed around the world on the frigate "Cruiser"... The frigate was built according to the best models of its time, made of first-class materials and differed from most other ships in its emphasized rigor of lines and elegant finishing. And this is not surprising: after all, its construction was led by the most experienced shipbuilder, Colonel Stoke... The sailing ship was built in just under a year, and on September 1, 1832, it left the stocks.

Here are some data about the frigate: its length is 52.7 meters, width - 13.3 meters, speed - 12 knots. The ship was equipped with 52 guns...

When the crew was tasked with circumnavigating the world, the Pallada was already celebrating its twentieth anniversary... The frigate set sail from the port of Kronstadt to foreign shores on a stormy autumn day in 1852. The Pallada was commanded by Lieutenant-Commander I. S. Unkovsky, a student of Admiral Lazarev, an excellent navigator, strong-willed and intelligent commander.

His team included captain-lieutenant K. Posyet, lieutenants - V. Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Butakov, P. Tikhmenev, N. Kridner, S. Tyrkov, N. Savich, S. Schwartz, I. Belavenets, A. Schliepenbach , midshipmen - P. Anzhu, A. Bolotin. P. Zeleny, A. Kolokoltsev, naval artillery captain K. Losev, non-commissioned officer V. Plyushkin, naval navigator corps staff captain A. Khalezov, lieutenant L. Popov 1st, second lieutenant I. Moiseev 3rd, head of the skipper's unit, second lieutenant Y. Isto min, senior doctor, staff physician A. Arefiev, junior doctor G. Weirich, corps of naval engineers, second lieutenant I. Zarubin, Archimandrite Avvakum, collegiate assessor O. Goshkevich, midshipmen - 4, cadets - 1, non-commissioned officer officers - 32, privates - 365, non-combatants - 30, musicians - 26. The main goal of the expedition, headed by Admiral E.V. Putyatin, was to conclude a trade treaty with Japan.

To compile a chronicle of the voyage and keep minutes during negotiations with Japanese representatives, the admiral included one more person in the team and in connection with this a special order was issued “On the appointment of collegiate assessor Goncharov, who holds the position of head of the department of foreign trade, as secretary under Adjutant General Putyatin for the duration of the long-term voyage of the frigate "Pallada", about the monetary allowance of this official." This official was Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov. He actually served as a collegiate assessor at that time, but was widely known to reading Russia as a wonderful writer, the author of the popular novel “Ordinary History,” which Belinsky himself admired. Going on a long sea voyage has been his cherished desire since childhood.

“I kept dreaming - and dreaming for a long time - about this voyage,” he wrote, stepping onto the deck of the frigate Pallada, “perhaps from the moment when the teacher told me that if you drive from some point non-stop, you will return to her from the other side..."

One misfortune followed another... But even more severe trials befell them in the Pacific Ocean... The expedition, led by the famous naturalist Lieutenant-Commander Konstantin Nikolaevich Posyet, carried out a survey and inventory of the coast that was important for science, and made a number of valuable amendments to the maps that were then in use sailors from different countries, and, in addition, three convenient anchorages for ships were opened. New anchorages received Russian names - Unkovsky Bay, Lazarev Port and Posiet Bay...

On the thirteenth day, the Pallada entered the port of Hong Kong. Here the admiral first learned about the Russian-Turkish conflict. A war with England and France was brewing... "Pallada" headed for the Ryu-kyu Islands, visited the port of Napa on the island of Okinawa, and on February 9 the admiral sent the frigate to Manila, not knowing that it was on that day that England and France terminated the treaty with Russia. The English Admiral Price was already pulling a squadron of ships to the shores of Chile to attack the frigate Pallada and capture it. An old, worn-out sailing ship, of course, would not have been able to cope with propeller-driven ships, but he still decided to “shake off the old days” and began to prepare for battle. In the event of encirclement in an unequal battle, it was decided to blow up the frigate. However, the meeting with the English ships soon had to be abandoned - a completely different order was received from St. Petersburg: to hide the Pallada at the mouth of the Amur.

Unkovsky struggled for more than two months to carry out this order, trying to bring a huge, massive frigate into the winding and narrow mouth of the river. The fairway did not have sufficient depth and was strewn with countless shoals and pitfalls. Having failed to achieve success, the captain turned the ship back to the Imperial (now Sovetskaya) harbor and placed the Pallada in the distant Konstantinovskaya Bay. Hills approached the bay on both sides, reliably protecting the ship from the winds and from prying eyes. All guns and ammunition from the ship were removed and moved to the frigate "Diana", which had arrived by that time, on which Admiral Putyatin planned to continue the journey to Japan and then return to St. Petersburg...

The fate of the frigate, meanwhile, ended tragically. After the crew left the ship, only Lieutenant Kuznetsov, boatswain Sinitsyn and ten sailors remained on board. The instructions given to Kuznetsov ordered “in the event of the enemy entering the harbor, burn the frigate, and try to reach the shore before settlements on the Amur.” The sailors carefully guarded the ship, pumped out water from the hold, and vigilantly watched to make sure that the enemy did not penetrate into the harbor...

The enemy, searching for the Russian frigate, approached the strait itself. And then suddenly the most absurd, unjustified order came from the naval command - to sink the Pallada.

Here is how G.I. Nevelskoy writes about this in his book of memoirs: “The head of the Konstantinovsky post, Second Lieutenant Kuznetsov, told me in a letter dated November 25: The Imperial harbor was covered with ice, that the enemy had not shown up, that the entire team was healthy, there was provisions for 10 months. .. At the time when I received this report from Kuznetsov... midshipman Razgradsky arrived, whom Rear Admiral Zavoiko had sent to the Imperial Harbor in order to sink the frigate "Pallada" there, and return the crew with Kuznetsov to Nikolaevskoye. detained Razgradsky for some time in the Mariinsky port, pending a response from Zavoiko, to whom, forwarding Kuznetsov’s report, he wrote: “... In the destruction of the frigate “Pallada” there will now not be the slightest extreme, because before the opening of the Imperial Harbor, I am at home in the month of 1856 years, a truce and even peace may follow, and therefore it is necessary ... to confirm Kuznetsov, in the event that peace does not follow and the enemy enters with the goal of taking possession of the frigate, act exactly according to the instructions given to him, that is, blow up the frigate, and retreat with his people to forest towards Hungari. Such an action will have a much greater influence on the enemy in our favor than the sinking without any other extreme of a frigate, which can be taken out of the harbor in the event of peace in the spring of 1856...” To this proposal... Zavoiko.. . answered me that, in view of the orders given to him, he cannot accept such a proposal of mine, as contrary to these orders, on his own responsibility, and therefore strictly orders Razgradsky to immediately go to the Imperial Harbor and sink the frigate "Pallada" there. As a result of this, Razgradsky, following to the Imperial Harbor through the village of Hungari, he arrived there on January 17, 1856, that is, in 16 days; he sank the frigate "Pallada" at the Konstantinovsky post and, taking the crew that was in this post with Kuznetsov, on March 20 returned to the Nikolaevsky post in the same way "…

In 1923, the sailors of "Red October" found and sent to the Vladivostok port the frigate's anchor, and a little later - a copper porthole and part of the bulwark of the famous sailing ship. Just before the Great Patriotic War, Epron divers again examined the historical sailing ship in detail and established that it lay at a depth of 20 meters. Neither masts nor upper superstructures were found - apparently they were blown away by ice. The hull of the frigate, eaten away in places by sea worms and covered with shells and algae, was relatively well preserved. And then a message appeared in the press: “In 1941, Soviet divers will lift a hundred-year-old “literary monument” from the seabed. The war prevented the implementation of a difficult plan...”

And another little quote. "... During the flooding, the ship lay on the starboard side, and in Soviet times there was a heater vessel above it. The Pallada was littered with waste from this ship, plunging on the starboard side along the center plane into mud, silt and slag. Maybe this saved the frigate from final plunder. After all, the shallow depth at the site of the flooding, the location of Postovaya Bay within the boundaries of the village of Zavety Ilyich gave access to the frigate to everyone.

To date, only the right side of the frigate, immersed in silt and slag, has survived. In 1989, the expedition of the Vostok club raised elements of the Pallada structures. At the moment they can be seen in the exhibition of the museum. Arsenyev".

They erected a monument to "Pallada" on the shore, in a small forest. To be honest, I’m not sure it survived...

Well, about something that is more accessible and still preserved. In the village near the garrison House of Fleet Officers, on the initiative and by the forces of the formation’s submariners, a control room of the submarine Project 613 “S-88” was installed. There are other interesting objects next to the wheelhouse, but more about them later. Another “underwater” monument has not survived. It was also collected by the whole world, erected on their own. Quote: “On January 3, 1998, the magazine “Sea Collection” arrived at the submarine unit of military unit 15058 with postal correspondence with the documentary story “The Mystery of the Disappeared “Pike.” In it, the author described in detail the last days of the boat S - 117, “which, while performing combat mission, sank in the Tatar Strait...” Deputy commander of the submarine formation, Captain II Rank V.V. Piskaikin, holds a general meeting of the formation’s military personnel with the agenda: “On the construction of a monument to the crew of the submarine “S-117.” Sketches of the monument were commissioned to be made by a professional artist, foreman of the first article V.I. Kozlov...

There was no money for the construction of the monument. The personnel of the unit cut out a piece more than four meters long with a hatch and an emergency buoy from the decommissioned submarine. With the help of a torpedo gun, it was removed and taken to the place where the monument was installed... The memorial plaque was made in an institution in the village. Vanino. All autumn and winter the personnel of the unit carried out welding work and made the base of the monument. In May, gravel and sand were delivered to the shore of Postovaya Bay.

July 10, 1999 is a significant day in the history of the construction of the monument: the first slabs were laid in its foundation. Work has begun on its decoration. It took more than 20 trucks of natural stone, two anchors and an anchor-chain were delivered. He supervised the work and participated in the construction of the monument to V.V. Piskaykin.

The opening of the monument took place on May 31, 1999, on the day of the sixtieth anniversary of the formation of the North Pacific Flotilla, which included PLS - 117...”

Tired of text? Then shazz there will be only pictures. First - old pictures.

Postovaya Bay

613th. Spring 1975

Crew of S-221 on the pier in Postovaya Bay

Ships in storage. Soviet-Gavanskaya naval base, Postovaya Bay, Pacific Fleet, 1991

But this frame is interesting because of its continuation ( even though this is already, like, Sovgavan). Look. Then.

And people. Then ( at the Navy parade, Testaments of Ilyich, personnel of the 3rd company of the 5th platoon of ShMAS, 74).

And now ( 2008).

And for those who are poorly oriented in our immensity, I’ll give you a bonus.

The map is old.

And the map is new.

Does everyone remember salmon? :) Here it is, from the other Zaveta-Ilyichensky shore.

“Testaments of Ilyich”(or "Lenin's Testaments") is an expression popular in Soviet times, which indicated that the Soviet country was living and developing along the path outlined by its founder Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Sometimes Lenin’s last articles and notes were considered testaments; in other cases, a wider range of works were classified as testaments. Some of Lenin's quotes have gained particular popularity as testaments, for example: “Study, study, study, as the great Lenin bequeathed.” During the years of democratization, Lenin’s behest to remove Stalin from the post of Secretary General surfaced and became the subject of discussion. It was also discussed that Lenin may have bequeathed something completely different from what socialist construction led to. Official propaganda claimed that the country's leaders strictly followed the precepts, so they were invariably called “faithful Leninists.” Some communist parties (Yugoslavia, China) were criticized for deviating from Lenin's precepts. Already in 1925, the Monument to the Testaments of Ilyich was erected in Kyiv. During the years of Soviet power, the name “Testaments of Ilyich” was assigned to a significant number of objects: plants and factories, state farms and collective farms.

Stalin and post-Stalin period

The concept of “Lenin’s covenants” was introduced into circulation by J.V. Stalin, who in a speech at the 2nd Congress of Soviets said:

When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to hold high and keep in purity the great title of party member. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...)
When leaving us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve the unity of our party like the apple of our eye. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...)
When Comrade Lenin left us, he bequeathed to us to preserve and strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our strength in order to fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...)
When Comrade Lenin left us, he bequeathed to us to strengthen with all our might the alliance of workers and peasants. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...)
When Comrade Lenin left us, he bequeathed to us to strengthen and expand the union of republics. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will fulfill this commandment of yours with honor! (...)
When Comrade Lenin left us, he bequeathed to us loyalty to the principles of the communist international. We swear to you, Comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our lives in order to strengthen and expand the union of workers of the whole world - the communist international! (...)

A year later, Stalin repeated the term in a short article “Working women and peasant women, fulfill Ilyich’s commandments!”:

A year ago, when he left us, the great leader and teacher of the working people, our Lenin, left us behests and showed us the path along which we should go towards the final victory of communism. Fulfill these behests of Ilyich, working women and peasant women! Raise your children in the spirit of these covenants!
Comrade Lenin left us a behest to strengthen the alliance of workers and peasants with all our might. Strengthen this union, working women and peasant women!
Comrade Lenin taught the working people to support the working class in its struggle against the bourgeoisie, internal and external. Remember this covenant, working women and peasant women! Support the power of the working class, which is building a new life!
Comrade Lenin taught us to hold high the banner of the Communist Party, the leader of all the oppressed. Rally around this party, workers and peasants - it is your party!
On the day of the anniversary of Ilyich’s death, the party gives a cry - wider road for the working woman and peasant woman who are building a new life together with the party.

Usage examples

: Lenin's Testament - attention to children- We do it to the best of our ability. We recently opened a kindergarten. The RCP cell put a lot of care and love into its organization. The kids feel great in the garden... We can safely say that these children are receiving a truly healthy upbringing to Ilyich's behests.
: We will go, Comrade Lenin, // Po your covenants, // Lenin’s truth is walking // All over the world. // And in our native country, collective farms // Will grow everywhere. // And you, Comrade Lenin, // Will be forever remembered!
: Faithful to Lenin's behests and Stalin’s instructions, the Red Army will cross the borders of the aggressor, crush the enemy with the power of its weapons and with an armed hand will help the workers of the aggressor countries to overthrow capitalist slavery.
: Underground gasification is Leninism in action, the embodiment of one of the geniuses Lenin's Testaments. On May 4, 1913, Lenin’s short article “One of the Great Victories of Technology” appeared in the Pravda newspaper. Lenin responded to the message about the discovery of a method for directly extracting gas from coal seams. In the idea of underground gasification, V.I. Lenin saw a “giant technical revolution”, saw the opportunity to “use twice the share of energy contained in coal...” “The revolution in industry caused by this discovery,” Lenin predicted, “will be enormous.”
Valentin Kataev. : Over the tomb of the immortal Lenin, Stalin took a great oath to sacredly fulfill Ilyich's behests. Over the tomb of the immortal Stalin, we take a great oath to sacredly fulfill his behests.
: Boys and girls who graduated from high school this year came to the ancient Azov village of Peshkovo from all over the Azov region. Why in Peshkovo? Yes, because on the collective farm "Testaments of Ilyich" The famous grain grower, Hero of Socialist Labor Fyodor Yakovlevich Kanivets lives and works.
Solemn promise of a pioneer of the Soviet Union: “I, (last name, first name), joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, in the face of my comrades, solemnly promise: to passionately love and take care of my Motherland, to live, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union.”

Popular testament quotes

Study, study, study. It is a common misconception that Lenin said this phrase at the III All-Russian Congress of the RKSM on October 2, 1920. In fact, although he spoke in this speech about the need to learn communism, he did not repeat the word “learn” three times. But in the article “The Retrograde Direction in Russian Social Democracy” (z, published in g) he used the following repetition:

At a time when educated society is losing interest in honest, illegal literature, a passionate desire for knowledge and socialism is growing among the workers, real heroes stand out among the workers, who - despite the ugly conditions of their lives, despite the stultifying hard labor in the factory - find in themselves so much character and willpower that study, study and study and develop ourselves into conscious social democrats, “workers’ intelligentsia.”

A similar repetition was made in the article “Less is better”:

We need to set ourselves the task of updating our state apparatus at all costs: firstly - to study, secondly - to study and thirdly - to study and then check that science does not remain a dead letter or a fashionable phrase in our country (and this, let’s face it, happens especially often in our country), that science really enters into flesh and blood, turns into an integral element of everyday life in a completely and real way.

In the report at the IV Congress of the Comintern, “Five Years of the Russian Revolution and Prospects for the World Revolution,” the word was repeated twice:

...every moment free from combat activity, from war, we must use for study, and first of all. The entire party and all layers of Russia prove this with their thirst for knowledge. This desire for learning shows that the most important task for us now is: study and study.

Stalin also recommended studying several times in a row in his speech at the VIII Congress of the Komsomol:

Master science, forge new cadres of Bolsheviks - specialists in all branches of knowledge, study, study, study in the most stubborn way - that is now the task.

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country. According to this instruction, Ilyich's light bulbs were lit throughout Russia. The phrase was said in the speech “Our external and internal situation and tasks of the party” at the Moscow provincial conference of the RCP (b) in 1920:

Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country, because without electrification it is impossible to raise industry... Communism presupposes Soviet power as a political body that gives the opportunity to the mass of the oppressed to do all things - without this communism is impossible... This ensures the political side, but the economic one can be ensured only when there is truly a Russian proletarian state all the threads of a large industrial machine, built on the foundations of modern technology, will be concentrated, and this means electrification, and for this we need to understand the basic conditions for the use of electricity and, accordingly, understand industry and agriculture.

Less is more.
Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us..

V. I. Lenin, in a conversation with A. V. Lunacharsky in February 1922, “once again emphasized the need to establish a certain proportion between fascinating films and scientific ones.” Vladimir Ilyich, A.V. Lunacharsky writes in his memoirs, told me that the production of new films, imbued with communist ideas, reflecting Soviet reality, must begin with a chronicle, which, in his opinion, the time for the production of such films may not yet be it has arrived. “If you have a good chronicle, serious and educational pictures, then it doesn’t matter that to attract the public some useless film, more or less of the usual type, will be used. Of course, censorship is still needed. Counter-revolutionary and immoral films should not take place.” To this Vladimir Ilyich added: “As you get back on your feet thanks to proper management, and perhaps, with the general improvement of the country’s situation, you receive a certain loan for this business, you will have to expand production more widely, and especially promote healthy cinema in the masses in the city, and even more so in the countryside... You must firmly remember that of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us” (“Soviet Cinema” No. 1-2, 1933, p. 10).

Full composition of writings. - 5th ed. - T.44. - P.579

Trade unions - school of communism.

Lenin's last works

“Letter to the Congress” - Lenin’s testament

Increasing the number of members of the Central Committee to several dozen or even hundreds.
Central Committee members such as Stalin and Trotsky are central to the issue of sustainability. The relationship between them constitutes more than half the danger of a split.
Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary General, concentrated immense power in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be able to use this power carefully enough.
Comrade Trotsky is perhaps the most capable person in the present Central Committee, but also overly grasping with self-confidence and excessive enthusiasm for the purely administrative side of the matter.
These two qualities of two outstanding leaders of the modern Central Committee can inadvertently lead to a split.
The October episode of Zinoviev and Kamenev, of course, was not an accident.
Bukharin is not only the most valuable and largest theoretician of the party, he is also legitimately considered the favorite of the entire party, but his theoretical views can very doubtfully be classified as completely Marxist, because there is something scholastic in him (he never studied and, I think, never understood quite dialectic).
Pyatakov is a man of undoubtedly outstanding will and outstanding abilities, but he is too keen on administration to be relied upon in a serious political matter.
A few dozen workers, being part of the Central Committee, will be able, better than anyone else, to check, improve and recreate our apparatus.
Stalin is too rude, and this shortcoming, quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us communists, becomes intolerable in the position of General Secretary. Therefore, I suggest that the comrades consider a way to move Stalin from this place and appoint another person to this place, who in all other respects differs from Comrade. Stalin has only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more attentive to his comrades, less capriciousness, etc. This circumstance may seem like an insignificant detail. But I think that from the point of view of protecting against a split and from the point of view of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky, this is not a trifle, or it is such a trifle that can become decisive.

Implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism in the USSR

Socialist industrialization. Although the course towards industrialization was announced after Lenin's death by the XIV Party Congress in December 1925, it was often pointed out that this course was a continuation of Lenin's GOELRO plan.
Cooperation of the peasantry. Assessing the role of the peasantry in the revolution was the subject of many of Lenin's works. One of the first acts of Soviet power was the Decree on Land. During the Civil War, peasants were forced to share food with workers through the policy of surplus appropriation, and later the tax in kind. Lenin devoted several works to issues of cooperation in the countryside: “The Immediate Tasks of Soviet Power”, “Report on Work in the Village on March 23, 1919”, “On the Food Tax”, “On Cooperation”. Total collectivization was carried out after Lenin's death by decision of the XV Party Congress, held in December 1927.
Cultural Revolution. The elimination of illiteracy and the construction of a public education system were also seen as the implementation of Lenin's ideas. It was noted that Lenin pointed to the need to study (or, more precisely, “learn communism,” as he did in “Tasks of Youth Unions”).

The idea of socialist competition, which became a popular slogan in the USSR, was often attributed to Lenin. At the same time, they quoted the article “How to organize a competition?”, which stated:

Socialism not only does not extinguish competition, but, on the contrary, for the first time creates the opportunity to apply it truly widely, truly on a mass scale.

According to Soviet theorists, socialism was built in the USSR by 1936. This fact was enshrined in the 1936 Constitution of the USSR.

Testaments of Ilyich on the map of Russia

Village, Altai Territory, Aleisky District. Index: 658110
Village of Zavety Ilyich, Republic of Bashkortostan, Iglinsky district.
Village of Zavety Ilyich, Krasnodar region, Kushchevsky district
Railway platform Zaveta Ilyich, Moscow region, Pushkinsky district.
Zavety Ilyich microdistrict of the city of Pushkino, Moscow region.
Village, Saratov region, Engels district. Index: 413168
Village, Sakhalin region, Nevelsky district. Postcode: 694730
Village of Zavety Ilyich, Smolensk region, Roslavl district.
Village of Zavety Ilyich, Khabarovsk Territory, Sovetsko-Gavansky district.

Songs

They are faithful to Lenin's precepts. Composer Seraphim Tulikov.

Lenin’s phrase “Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the entire country” has become a joke: “What is “electrification of the entire country”? - Communism minus Soviet power” or “Soviet power is communism minus the electrification of the entire country.”

Testaments of another Ilyich

Due to the identity of patronymics, the expression “Ilyich’s behests” is sometimes used in relation to another Ilyich - Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev. The Izvestia newspaper published an article “” dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Brezhnev’s death.

Illustrations

Write a review of the article “Ilyich’s Testaments”

Notes

An excerpt characterizing Ilyich's Testaments

- Where are you going? – asked Boris.
- To His Majesty with an errand.
- Here he is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov needed His Highness, instead of His Majesty.
And he pointed to the Grand Duke, who, a hundred paces away from them, in a helmet and a cavalry guard's tunic, with his raised shoulders and frowning eyebrows, was shouting something to the white and pale Austrian officer.
“But this is the Grand Duke, and I’m going to the commander-in-chief or the sovereign,” said Rostov and started to move his horse.
- Count, count! - shouted Berg, as animated as Boris, running up from the other side, - Count, I was wounded in my right hand (he said, showing his hand, bloody, tied with a handkerchief) and remained in the front. Count, holding a sword in my left hand: in our race, the von Bergs, Count, were all knights.
Berg said something else, but Rostov, without listening to him, had already moved on.
Having passed the guards and an empty gap, Rostov, in order not to fall into the first line again, as he came under attack by the cavalry guards, rode along the line of reserves, going far around the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade was heard. Suddenly, in front of him and behind our troops, in a place where he could not possibly suspect the enemy, he heard close rifle fire.
"What could it be? - thought Rostov. - Is the enemy behind our troops? It can’t be, Rostov thought, and a horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the entire battle suddenly came over him. “Whatever it is, however,” he thought, “there’s nothing to go around now.” I must look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything is lost, then it’s my job to perish along with everyone else.”
The bad feeling that suddenly came over Rostov was confirmed more and more the further he drove into the space occupied by crowds of heterogeneous troops, located beyond the village of Prats.
- What's happened? What's happened? Who are they shooting at? Who's shooting? - Rostov asked, matching the Russian and Austrian soldiers running in mixed crowds across his road.
- The devil knows them? Beat everyone! Get lost! - the crowds of people running and not understanding, just like him, what was happening here, answered him in Russian, German and Czech.
- Beat the Germans! - one shouted.
- Damn them - traitors.
“Zum Henker diese Ruesen... [To hell with these Russians...],” the German grumbled something.
Several wounded were walking along the road. Curses, screams, moans merged into one common roar. The shooting died down and, as Rostov later learned, Russian and Austrian soldiers were shooting at each other.
"My God! what is this? - thought Rostov. - And here, where the sovereign can see them at any moment... But no, these are probably just a few scoundrels. This will pass, this is not it, this cannot be, he thought. “Just hurry up, pass them quickly!”
The thought of defeat and flight could not enter Rostov’s head. Although he saw French guns and troops precisely on Pratsenskaya Mountain, on the very one where he was ordered to look for the commander-in-chief, he could not and did not want to believe it.

Near the village of Praca, Rostov was ordered to look for Kutuzov and the sovereign. But here not only were they not there, but there was not a single commander, but there were heterogeneous crowds of frustrated troops.
He urged his already tired horse to get through these crowds as quickly as possible, but the further he moved, the more upset the crowds became. The high road on which he drove out was crowded with carriages, carriages of all kinds, Russian and Austrian soldiers, of all branches of the military, wounded and unwounded. All this hummed and swarmed in a mixed manner to the gloomy sound of flying cannonballs from the French batteries placed on the Pratsen Heights.
- Where is the sovereign? where is Kutuzov? - Rostov asked everyone he could stop, and could not get an answer from anyone.
Finally, grabbing the soldier by the collar, he forced him to answer himself.
- Eh! Brother! Everyone has been there for a long time, they have fled ahead! - the soldier said to Rostov, laughing at something and breaking free.
Leaving this soldier, who was obviously drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of the orderly or the guard of an important person and began to question him. The orderly announced to Rostov that an hour ago the sovereign had been driven at full speed in a carriage along this very road, and that the sovereign was dangerously wounded.
“It can’t be,” said Rostov, “that’s right, someone else.”
“I saw it myself,” said the orderly with a self-confident grin. “It’s time for me to know the sovereign: it seems like how many times I’ve seen something like this in St. Petersburg.” A pale, very pale man sits in a carriage. As soon as the four blacks let loose, my fathers, he thundered past us: it’s time, it seems, to know both the royal horses and Ilya Ivanovich; It seems that the coachman does not ride with anyone else like the Tsar.
Rostov let his horse go and wanted to ride on. A wounded officer walking past turned to him.
-Who do you want? – asked the officer. - Commander-in-Chief? So he was killed by a cannonball, killed in the chest by our regiment.
“Not killed, wounded,” another officer corrected.
- Who? Kutuzov? - asked Rostov.
- Not Kutuzov, but whatever you call him - well, it’s all the same, there aren’t many alive left. Go over there, to that village, all the authorities have gathered there,” said this officer, pointing to the village of Gostieradek, and walked past.
Rostov rode at a pace, not knowing why or to whom he would go now. The Emperor is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov drove in the direction that was shown to him and in which a tower and a church could be seen in the distance. What was his hurry? What could he now say to the sovereign or Kutuzov, even if they were alive and not wounded?
“Go this way, your honor, and here they will kill you,” the soldier shouted to him. - They'll kill you here!
- ABOUT! what are you saying? said another. -Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov thought about it and drove exactly in the direction where he was told that he would be killed.
“Now it doesn’t matter: if the sovereign is wounded, should I really take care of myself?” he thought. He entered the area where most of the people fleeing from Pratsen died. The French had not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or wounded, had long abandoned it. On the field, like heaps of good arable land, lay ten people, fifteen killed and wounded on every tithe of space. The wounded crawled down in twos and threes together, and one could hear their unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as it seemed to Rostov, screams and moans. Rostov started to trot his horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became scared. He was afraid not for his life, but for the courage that he needed and which, he knew, would not withstand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who stopped shooting at this field strewn with the dead and wounded, because there was no one alive on it, saw the adjutant riding along it, aimed a gun at him and threw several cannonballs. The feeling of these whistling, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead people merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-pity. He remembered his mother's last letter. “What would she feel,” he thought, “if she saw me now here, on this field and with guns pointed at me.”
In the village of Gostieradeke there were, although confused, but in greater order, Russian troops marching away from the battlefield. The French cannonballs could no longer reach here, and the sounds of firing seemed distant. Here everyone already saw clearly and said that the battle was lost. Whoever Rostov turned to, no one could tell him where the sovereign was, or where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the sovereign’s wound was true, others said that it was not, and explained this false rumor that had spread by the fact that, indeed, the pale and frightened Chief Marshal Count Tolstoy galloped back from the battlefield in the sovereign’s carriage, who rode out with others in the emperor’s retinue on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that beyond the village, to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled about three miles and having passed the last Russian troops, near a vegetable garden dug in by a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing opposite the ditch. One, with a white plume on his hat, seemed familiar to Rostov for some reason; another, unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch in the garden. Only the earth crumbled from the embankment from the horse’s hind hooves. Turning his horse sharply, he again jumped back over the ditch and respectfully addressed the rider with the white plume, apparently inviting him to do the same. The horseman, whose figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily attracted his attention, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and by this gesture Rostov instantly recognized his lamented, adored sovereign.
“But it couldn’t be him, alone in the middle of this empty field,” thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly etched in his memory. The Emperor was pale, his cheeks were sunken and his eyes sunken; but there was even more charm and meekness in his features. Rostov was happy, convinced that the rumor about the sovereign’s wound was unfair. He was happy that he saw him. He knew that he could, even had to, directly turn to him and convey what he was ordered to convey from Dolgorukov.
But just as a young man in love trembles and faints, not daring to say what he dreams of at night, and looks around in fear, looking for help or the possibility of delay and escape, when the desired moment has come and he stands alone with her, so Rostov now, having achieved that , what he wanted more than anything in the world, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he was presented with thousands of reasons why it was inconvenient, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be glad to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and despondent. An unknown face may seem unpleasant and difficult to him at this moment of sadness; Then what can I tell him now, when just looking at him my heart skips a beat and my mouth goes dry?” Not one of those countless speeches that he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, came to his mind now. Those speeches were mostly held under completely different conditions, they were spoken for the most part at the moment of victories and triumphs and mainly on his deathbed from his wounds, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed his love confirmed in fact my.
“Then why should I ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when it is already 4 o’clock in the evening and the battle is lost? No, I definitely shouldn’t approach him. Shouldn't disturb his reverie. It’s better to die a thousand times than to receive a bad look from him, a bad opinion,” Rostov decided and with sadness and despair in his heart he drove away, constantly looking back at the sovereign, who was still standing in the same position of indecisiveness.
While Rostov was making these considerations and sadly driving away from the sovereign, Captain von Toll accidentally drove into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove straight up to him, offered him his services and helped him cross the ditch on foot. The Emperor, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat down under an apple tree, and Tol stopped next to him. From afar, Rostov saw with envy and remorse how von Tol spoke for a long time and passionately to the sovereign, and how the sovereign, apparently crying, closed his eyes with his hand and shook hands with Tol.
“And I could be in his place?” Rostov thought to himself and, barely holding back tears of regret for the fate of the sovereign, in complete despair he drove on, not knowing where and why he was going now.
His despair was all the greater because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only opportunity to show the sovereign his devotion. And he didn’t use it... “What have I done?” he thought. And he turned his horse and galloped back to the place where he had seen the emperor; but there was no one behind the ditch anymore. Only carts and carriages were driving. From one furman, Rostov learned that the Kutuzov headquarters was located nearby in the village where the convoys were going. Rostov went after them.
The guard Kutuzov walked ahead of him, leading horses in blankets. Behind the bereytor there was a cart, and behind the cart walked an old servant, in a cap, a short fur coat and with bowed legs.
- Titus, oh Titus! - said the bereitor.
- What? - the old man answered absentmindedly.
- Titus! Go threshing.
- Eh, fool, ugh! – the old man said, spitting angrily. Some time passed in silent movement, and the same joke was repeated again.
At five o'clock in the evening the battle was lost at all points. More than a hundred guns were already in the hands of the French.
Przhebyshevsky and his corps laid down their weapons. Other columns, having lost about half of the people, retreated in frustrated, mixed crowds.
The remnants of the troops of Lanzheron and Dokhturov, mingled, crowded around the ponds on the dams and banks near the village of Augesta.
At 6 o'clock only at the Augesta dam the hot cannonade of the French alone could still be heard, who had built numerous batteries on the descent of the Pratsen Heights and were hitting our retreating troops.
In the rearguard, Dokhturov and others, gathering battalions, fired back at the French cavalry that was pursuing ours. It was starting to get dark. On the narrow dam of Augest, on which for so many years the old miller sat peacefully in a cap with fishing rods, while his grandson, rolling up his shirt sleeves, was sorting out silver quivering fish in a watering can; on this dam, along which for so many years the Moravians drove peacefully on their twin carts loaded with wheat, in shaggy hats and blue jackets and, dusted with flour, with white carts leaving along the same dam - on this narrow dam now between wagons and cannons, under the horses and between the wheels crowded people disfigured by the fear of death, crushing each other, dying, walking over the dying and killing each other only so that, after walking a few steps, to be sure. also killed.
Every ten seconds, pumping up the air, a cannonball splashed or a grenade exploded in the middle of this dense crowd, killing and sprinkling blood on those who stood close. Dolokhov, wounded in the arm, on foot with a dozen soldiers of his company (he was already an officer) and his regimental commander, on horseback, represented the remnants of the entire regiment. Drawn by the crowd, they pressed into the entrance to the dam and, pressed on all sides, stopped because a horse in front fell under a cannon, and the crowd was pulling it out. One cannonball killed someone behind them, the other hit in front and splashed Dolokhov’s blood. The crowd moved desperately, shrank, moved a few steps and stopped again.
Walk these hundred steps, and you will probably be saved; stand for another two minutes, and everyone probably thought he was dead. Dolokhov, standing in the middle of the crowd, rushed to the edge of the dam, knocking down two soldiers, and fled onto the slippery ice that covered the pond.
“Turn,” he shouted, jumping on the ice that was cracking under him, “turn!” - he shouted at the gun. - Holds!...
The ice held it, but it bent and cracked, and it was obvious that not only under a gun or a crowd of people, but under him alone it would collapse. They looked at him and huddled close to the shore, not daring to step on the ice yet. The regiment commander, standing on horseback at the entrance, raised his hand and opened his mouth, addressing Dolokhov. Suddenly one of the cannonballs whistled so low over the crowd that everyone bent down. Something splashed into the wet water, and the general and his horse fell into a pool of blood. No one looked at the general, no one thought to raise him.
- Let's go on the ice! walked on the ice! Let's go! gate! can't you hear! Let's go! - suddenly, after the cannonball hit the general, countless voices were heard, not knowing what or why they were shouting.
One of the rear guns, which was entering the dam, turned onto the ice. Crowds of soldiers from the dam began to run to the frozen pond. The ice cracked under one of the leading soldiers and one foot went into the water; he wanted to recover and fell waist-deep.
The nearest soldiers hesitated, the gun driver stopped his horse, but shouts were still heard from behind: “Get on the ice, come on, let’s go!” let's go! And screams of horror were heard from the crowd. The soldiers surrounding the gun waved at the horses and beat them to make them turn and move. The horses set off from the shore. The ice holding the foot soldiers collapsed in a huge piece, and about forty people who were on the ice rushed forward and backward, drowning one another.
The cannonballs still whistled evenly and splashed onto the ice, into the water and, most often, into the crowd covering the dam, ponds and shore.

On Pratsenskaya Mountain, in the very place where he fell with the flagpole in his hands, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky lay, bleeding, and, without knowing it, moaned a quiet, pitiful and childish groan.
By evening he stopped moaning and became completely quiet. He didn't know how long his oblivion lasted. Suddenly he felt alive again and suffering from a burning and tearing pain in his head.
“Where is it, this high sky, which I did not know until now and saw today?” was his first thought. “And I didn’t know this suffering either,” he thought. - Yes, I didn’t know anything until now. But where am I?
He began to listen and heard the sounds of approaching horses and the sounds of voices speaking French. He opened his eyes. Above him was again the same high sky with floating clouds rising even higher, through which a blue infinity could be seen. He did not turn his head and did not see those who, judging by the sound of hooves and voices, drove up to him and stopped.
The horsemen who arrived were Napoleon, accompanied by two adjutants. Bonaparte, driving around the battlefield, gave the last orders to strengthen the batteries firing at the Augesta Dam and examined the dead and wounded remaining on the battlefield.
- De beaux hommes! [Beauties!] - said Napoleon, looking at the killed Russian grenadier, who, with his face buried in the ground and the back of his head blackened, was lying on his stomach, throwing one already numb arm far away.
– Les munitions des pieces de position sont epuisees, sire! [There are no more battery charges, Your Majesty!] - said at that time the adjutant, who arrived from the batteries that were firing at Augest.
“Faites avancer celles de la reserve, [Have it brought from the reserves,” said Napoleon, and, having driven off a few steps, he stopped over Prince Andrei, who was lying on his back with the flagpole thrown next to him (the banner had already been taken by the French, like a trophy) .
“Voila une belle mort, [This is a beautiful death,”] said Napoleon, looking at Bolkonsky.
Prince Andrei realized that this was said about him, and that Napoleon was saying this. He heard the one who said these words called sire. But he heard these words as if he heard the buzzing of a fly. Not only was he not interested in them, but he did not even notice them, and immediately forgot them. His head was burning; he felt that he was emanating blood, and he saw above him the distant, high and eternal sky. He knew that it was Napoleon - his hero, but at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person in comparison with what was now happening between his soul and this high, endless sky with clouds running across it. He didn’t care at all at that moment, no matter who stood above him, no matter what they said about him; He was only glad that people were standing over him, and he only wished that these people would help him and return him to life, which seemed so beautiful to him, because he understood it so differently now. He mustered all his strength to move and make some sound. He weakly moved his leg and produced a pitying, weak, painful groan.

Recently Anton Nosik wrote about aircraft carriers. But at one time I saw this in the windows of the house on Nikolaev Street 8, indicated in the name of the village:

These are the famous “Minsk” and “Novorossiysk”. Their fate is tragic - it repeats the path of the USSR. They went to China for scrap metal.

This all happened in the small village of Zavety Ilyich, where I lived until 1996. Now I am researching the history of this village, because before that I wrote a book where the actions take place precisely in the village of Zavety Ilyich. There's even a main character - Pasha. It's called "Six Realms". I am not providing links yet, because the book is being carefully edited. Eight pages in already... The book will offer photographs found online, maybe historical footnotes in the notes, but that's just it - ideas. For example, such a photo will definitely be in the book (APD: it won’t, the photographer is against it):

According to the book, it is in this stoker that the genies live - the servants of Shaitan, the terrible messengers of the Fiery Kingdom; possessed by the stokers, the remnants of the Blind Army. Funny, huh? Well, the book is still quite good today, I’m not ashamed of it, just as I’m not ashamed of the genre in which I’m most comfortable writing. A remarkable photo, although I didn’t take it. I left in '96...

And this is Kater! A very famous monument in the Testaments, which, alas, no longer exists:

A whole heroic story passes through the village of Zavety Ilyich. I would like to tell you, but let the current residents tell it better. My book is more about childhood memories. It is all the more interesting to me because I am not describing reality, but my vision of it. I tell the Story! I tell it always and everywhere.

It's a pity for the monument. However, in Testaments, it seems, they installed another one, from a part of a submarine with a hatch. But I won't look at the modern Testaments. They are, unfortunately, in better shape. But that's it for now. There is a unique bay there. So the village still has a future ahead of it:

With the last photo I will show you my world as I saw it in 1996. These are exactly those places, the photo covers them completely and entirely:

We prepared thoroughly for the trip. We purchased all the necessary products, a gas stove with cylinders, drinking water, and many other useful things.

Information about the upcoming trip was collected both from the Internet and from friends and acquaintances who had already made similar trips. But the relatives all dissuaded us, since we were going to go as a family with three children. Only my brother, having heard about our crazy desire, left Cheboksary and flew to Khabarovsk with his daughter to also take part in this event.

We left the village of Zavety Ilyich early in the morning and spent half a day driving towards Khabarovsk. Precisely in the DIRECTION, since out of a section of 360 km only about 150 km are rolled into asphalt. The remaining areas are either rubble, or stones, or just something else. But the places are beautiful! Hills, mountain rivers, rocks, waterfalls, road workers, serpentines, etc. force you to drive with your mouth open.

I couldn’t resist and took a swim in the river. Anyui. True, I had to dry out in the car; as soon as I got out onto the shore, I was immediately attacked by horse flies, and the expression on their faces did not bode well. Only at night we arrived at the Khabarovsk airport, where we spent the night for safety reasons.

In the morning we met our brother and daughter and went for a walk around the capital of the Far Eastern region. The brother, of course, was impressed, since the Far Eastern landscape is significantly different from the Volga.

And in the evening we set off.

Looking ahead, it should be noted that there are few families traveling this way, but there are some. Mostly people from the Far East travel. Maybe residents of the western part of Russia prefer to travel to Europe? By the way, we plan to do this in the future.

The first night was unsuccessful, as we were unable to find a suitable place to stay for the night.

Late at night we stopped near a cafe, “By the Lake”. I slept for exactly two hours in the car and as soon as it was a little light, after drinking a cup of coffee, we rushed on. Along the way we stopped to eat, swim, fish, take pictures and just relax.

We tried to spend the night in a tent in the parking lots where truckers stop (they know where it’s safe to stop).

As it turned out, the highway in the Amur region turned out to be the best and most well-maintained (it’s a pity that Comrade Putin only tested it, he had to collect about twenty Kalinas and go all the way to Moscow).

In the Chita region, settlements began to appear along the road, otherwise there were only signs on the Amur highway. In the village of Amazar they decided to dilute our diet with local food. In the store, they noted a strange thing: all the customers took products by appointment, and only we took them in cash (probably we should have opened an account too). This did not bother the seller, but an unpleasant whisper began to spread in the queue. The local men had already dismantled our car for parts, and we, without tempting fate, quietly slipped away. Everyone also noted that they did not meet a single smiling face.

Already in the evening, at some fork, we met a truck driver adjusting his cargo, and asked him where we could stop for the night nearby. He crossed himself and said in a half-whisper that if he were in our place, he would not have stopped anywhere at all until Chita itself. There is a more or less safe parking lot in Chernyshevsk. And the nearest gas station is in the city of Mogocha, so we headed there.

When I saw this gas station, I remembered my childhood. Yeah, the same switch apparatus has remained from those times. I was somewhat surprised when almost 80 liters entered my 60-liter tank, which still contained 5 liters of gasoline. A convincing answer was received to my question: “Now I’ll invite experts, they will check the capacity of your tank.”

I didn’t wait for the “experts”, and we went to Chernyshevsk. At night we found this parking lot, gave 200 rubles to the guard, who, apparently, could barely stand on his feet from fatigue, and the whole family settled down in the car again. Early in the morning we went to Chita. About 10 kilometers from the city we stopped for lunch. During our two hours of rest, the townspeople came up to us twice and... from the bottom of their hearts they wished us a pleasant trip, worried whether we needed help, told us under which tree and where which mushroom and which berry grew. We almost shed tears, but somehow managed to contain ourselves in high spirits and entered this beautiful city. We visited the Chita Dasan...

and walked through the streets...

...we bought a special plate and a magnet and moved on. We spent the night in “Ulety” and went fishing there.

Buryatia impressed us with its variety of colors and vast valleys.

Still, our country is so diverse and attractive that you want to visit these places again and again. To get to Ulan-Ude we had to deviate from the route and for good reason, we also liked the city.

To be honest, we got a little lost in the city. Either I didn’t notice the sign, or it wasn’t there at all, but the exit from the city was not immediately found. In short, we arrived at Baikal at 21:30 and pitched a tent in the village of Posolskoye.

And in the morning my wife and I took a swim, although the water was cold. We went on an excursion to the monastery...

Only in the evening we reached Irkutsk. The city is interesting, but the residents disappointed us. When entering the city, I stopped in front of a pedestrian crossing, and pedestrians, surprised, rushed to cross the road. We laughed, of course, but when I crossed the road with the children, the arrogant drivers almost hit us. Drivers have no respect for pedestrians or each other. I was cut off four times and barely avoided the collision. Nightmare! And in the Irkutsk region there is a small town called Nizhneudinsk, so there are no roads there at all. I have never seen worse roads. One local driver said that every year they promise to restore the asphalt surface, but everyone is already accustomed to this impassability.

On the ninth day of the trip we arrived in Krasnoyarsk. Everyone really liked the city. We met a family from Komsomolsk-on-Amur, they are also travelers, they go somewhere every year. And the next day we visited Kemerovo - a very cozy and nice city,…

...and Novosibirsk. In Novosibirsk we rode the metro and had a blast.

While driving through Omsk, we actually encountered an anomaly - the navigator had strangely failed. True, Omsk specialists defeated this anomaly.

That day we decided to wash ourselves not in the river, as usual, but in an ordinary roadside bathhouse. Emotions were overwhelming, after all, how little is needed for happiness.

But Chelyabinsk was disappointing - apparently, they didn’t have time to remove the garbage before our arrival. But there are more than enough magnets with stern Chelyabinsk men in red shorts.

On the other side of the Urals, we visited Ufa, sparkling with its cleanliness, slipped through Naberezhnye Chelny and ended up in Kazan, where we were stopped for the only time by traffic police officers. But not because of a violation, but rather because of the curiosity of the traffic police officer himself.

Kazan also did not remain without our attention. Thus, amulets of three religions appeared in our car (Orthodox was purchased and illuminated along with the car in the village of Vanino, Buddhist - purchased in Chita, Islamist - in Kazan), which together protected us throughout the entire trip.

We made a short stop in Cheboksary, since my brother and daughter live in this glorious city; and we proceeded further exclusively with our family.

On the fourteenth day of the trip we visited Nizhny Novgorod and Vladimir. Of course, I wanted to walk there longer, but I had to hurry home to Chekhov.

These two weeks flew by so quickly that neither my wife nor I, nor the children got tired, and on the contrary, everyone liked it so much that we are going to repeat this adventure in 2013. We want to deviate from the route and visit other places.

In total, we spent on this trip:

Gasoline - 25,879 rubles.
Food - 6,728 rubles (since we ate mostly our own food).
Souvenirs - 7,850 rubles.
Communication - 1,150 rubles.
Parking - 250 rubles.
Other expenses - 896 rubles.
Total: no more than 43,000 rubles.

If anyone has any questions, ask, we will answer: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it. ">ukhtanovi @ mail. ru .

P Testaments of Ilyich. Cultural and historical heritage of the village

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Implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism in the USSR

Stalin and post-Stalin period

Usage examples

Popular testament quotes

Lenin's last works

“Letter to the Congress” - Lenin’s testament

Implementation of Lenin's plan for building socialism in the USSR

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