The town of Sokolniki stories mentions. Secrets of Sokolniki: from Sailor's Silence to Catherine's Dollar House

08.06.2023

For many Muscovites, Sokolniki is a favorite vacation spot. The territory of Sokolniki Park is almost four times larger than London's Hyde Park. Sokolniki Park covers an area of about 600 hectares. Sokolniki Park is located on the territory of the Sokolniki municipal district in the north-east of Moscow. It smoothly transitions into the Losiny Ostrov National Park.

How it all began? In the XIV-XV centuries. on the site of the current Sokolniki Park there was a dense forest. The Stromyn road from Moscow through Cherkizovo to the village of Stromyn and to the city of Suzdal passed through the forest. According to legend, along this road in 1382, when Khan Tokhtamysh was approaching Moscow, Dimitri Donskoy went north to gather troops.

Once upon a time, on the site of Sokolniki Park there was a dense forest, where kings loved to hunt since the 14th century. Falconry was especially popular at that time, and on these lands there was a falcon settlement, a falcon grove and a bird nursery, where falcons and other birds of prey were brought from all the surrounding cities.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov especially loved this activity. He hunted almost every day, sometimes several times. The hunt took place solemnly: surrounded by hundreds of servants, falconers and huntsmen, with birds richly decorated with pearls and silk, the king rode out into the field. The luckiest bird was usually presented to the king so that he could admire it. Alexei Mikhailovich's favorite was the falcon Shiryai, who died in the heat of excitement, miscalculating the blow and crashing to the ground. The names of Shiryaev Field, Shiryaevsky streets and passages remind us of it.

Dog hunting for elk was also carried out here. The memory of this hunt lives on in the name of the forest that continues Sokolniki to the north: Losino-Pogonny Island. At the end of the 17th century, the entire area south of the Stromynskaya road was cleared of forest and turned into a huge Sokolniki field, along which the Rybinka River flowed from north-west to south-east, flowing into the Yauza River.

Peter I in Sokolniki Peter I visited the centuries-old pines of the Sokolnicheskaya Grove more than once. By his order, the Maisky Alley was cut through the grove. The Maisky clearing was cut through. As Moscow expert I.K. found out. Myachin, the young king organized feasts here for his friends from the Kukui settlement, foreign craftsmen and artisans (mostly Germans): on the day of the spring holiday on May 1 and on Sundays every summer, special tables were set on May Alley, wines and snacks were placed. This is why Sokolnicheskaya Grove was called “German tables” for a long time.

War of 1812 During the Patriotic War of 1812, in order to establish the shortest road from the city towards Losiny Island, another clearing was laid - the 4th ray. Here, in the thicket of Sokolnichya Grove, many residents took refuge from the Napoleonic invaders. After their expulsion, a significant part of the grove was cut down to restore burnt wooden houses in Moscow.

Sokolniki during the Second World War During the Great Patriotic War, on October 1, 1941, due to the approach of the front, Sokolniki Park was declared closed. But even during this harsh time, enterprises producing products for the front operated in the park. Environmental protection activities and foresters were on duty continuously. During the war, three rifle and one tank divisions were formed in the park. But as soon as the enemy was repulsed from the walls of the capital, the park resumed its work again. Already in the summer of 1942, the Symphonic Stage, the Veranda of Dance, and the Green Theater opened. In 1943, after renovation, the Summer Drama Theater opened its season, and the Sokolniki summer cinema opened in the theater on Krug.

The radial layout of the park that has survived to this day (seven radial alleys diverging from the Central Circle and intersected by two semi-circular transverse alleys) was created in the 1840s. Its foundation was laid by Peter I by laying one of the clearings (now Maisky).

Reservoirs Cascade of 6 Putyaevsky ponds (total area 6.1 hectares), including Zmeyka Pond, Devil’s Pond, Walrus Pond and two Nizhniye Chertovye ponds. The largest Upper Putyaevsky pond. The average depth of the ponds is 2.5 m. A cascade of 5 Oleniy ponds (about 3 hectares): Verkhniy Maisky, Nizhny Maisky, Lebyazhiy, Bolshoy (Upper) Oleniy and Maly (Nizhny) Oleniy. Dog pond (area 0.3 hectares). Golden Pond (area 1.1 hectares).

Flora The basis of the green spaces of the park are elms, oaks, maples (holly and ash-leaved), lindens, pines, larches, some of which reach the age of years

Sokolniki has always been famous for its abundance of flowers and its rose gardens. The number of roses in the Big and Small Rose Gardens in different years reached 30 thousand bushes, more than 100 varieties. In 2002, the Large Rose Garden was restored, and in 2005, the Small Rose Garden was opened.

How did Sokolniki develop? The local lands belonged to the sovereign; at the end of the 19th century, the city authorities bought Sokolnichya Grove from the state treasury. One of the main patrons of the purchase of land was the brother of the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery, Pavel Tretyakov, Sergei.

Near Sokolniki there were dachas of the city nobility, famous figures of art, culture and politics, an analogue of modern Rublevka. Over the years, such outstanding personalities as artists Alexey Savrasov, Isaac Levitan, Ivan Shishkin, writers Nikolai Leskov, Julius Fuchik, opera singer Fyodor Chaliapin, composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky and many others.

Outstanding Russian landscape painter I.I. Shishkin () spent whole days with sketchbooks in Sokolniki. On August 7, 1912, S.S.’s First Piano Concerto was performed for the first time. Prokofiev. “This was his first performance and, in general, my first performance with an orchestra as a pianist,” said S.S. Prokofiev. The famous writer N.S. Leskov rented a dacha near the park. Interesting episodes from the biography of the poet V.V. are associated with Sokolniki Park. Mayakovsky In 1920, he rented a dacha here.

The popularity of Sokolniki among Muscovites can also be judged by the fact that one of the first horse-drawn lines, the predecessor of the tram, was built here. The first line of the Moscow metro was opened for traffic on May 15, 1935 from the Sokolniki station to the Okhotny Ryad station, which is also not accidental.

The park has concert stages, a library-reading room, four amusement parks, a billiard hall, a dance veranda, a sports alley with rental of roller skates, bicycles, scooters and other sports equipment, a swimming pool, a go-kart track, and numerous cafes. pool

In 1959, pavilions of the international exhibition center were built in the park, where the first American exhibition was held. Now it is a Cultural and Exhibition Center, on the territory of which over fifty Moscow, Russian and international exhibitions are held annually, and also houses the Museum of Calligraphy Museum of Calligraphy

Historical information: 17th century – Sokolniki was a hunting ground. 1875 - dachas in Sokolniki Park are starting to be rented out - the park is becoming public. 1883 – construction of the pavilion-rotunda of Alexander III. 1890 - Chaliapin's first performance in Sokolniki. 1931 - The Presidium of the City Executive Committee and the Moscow City Council adopted a resolution “On the organization of a cultural recreation center on the territory of Sokolnicheskaya Grove.” 1941 – the park is closed due to the war. 1942 – the park is reopened. 1944 – all attractions, theaters and stages are opening. 1959 – an international exhibition center was opened. 2004 – The House of Children's Creativity opens. 2005 – the Small Rose Garden has been restored. 2006 – the Great Rose Garden has been restored

1. In the old days, Sokolniki was not part of Moscow, but its history was closely connected with many important events, because it had long been the property of the Palace Department.

There was a dense forest here, turning into Losiny Ostrov, and Sokolnicheskoe Forest, with its rivers and swamps, was used for royal hunting. Perhaps this explains the absence of ancient churches in Sokolniki. After all, where the Orthodox people settled, a church was always built. There were many churches around Sokolniki, but Sokolniki itself, or rather within the Park, did not have churches for a long time.

The Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk is located on Shiryaev Field. The name, according to legend, is due to the fact that somewhere there, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s favorite falcon crashed during a hunt. In the middle of the 19th century. The Moscow city administration, which was in charge of Sokolniki at that time, gave out a long-term lease of part of the land around the main territory of the park, and many dachas were built there, where summer residents lived in the summer. In Moscow, there was a rather strict registration of residents, linked to registration with a stamp in the passport, and it was not easy to travel to the city with children.

Therefore, there was an urgent need to build a church for summer residents. Hereditary honorary citizen Ivan Artemyevich Lyamin, Dmitry Semenovich Lepeshkin and 15 other figures from among the Moscow merchants submitted a petition to build a church in the park. The construction of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk began in the spring of 1862, the consecration took place on July 14, 1863. The project and work were carried out under the supervision of architect. Zykova. The cost was 50 thousand rubles. silver The church was built on the site of the original traditional May Day celebrations.

At first the church had the shape of an octagon. In 1875, the elder I.A. Lyamin dismantled it, left the altar intact and rebuilt it into a cruciform church. The chapel of St. Olga was consecrated on May 5, 1890, the chapel of Seraphim of Sarov after 1903.

St. Tikhon of Zadonsk - church leader and writer of the 18th century. He was canonized on August 13. 1861.

Then the parishioners wanted to build a stone church. The project was grandiose, but construction was disrupted due to the First World War and the subsequent revolution. The brick had already been purchased and was lying near the church.

During the period of atheism, the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk was closed in 1934.

In 1966, there was a construction and assembly plant inside. In 1980-90 construction yard

The pattern along the cornice of sawn crosses was preserved. In 1992, the church was handed over to believers, but was only vacated on October 1, 1994. Negotiations took place for several years about whether to restore the old building or build anew. In the end, they decided to build a new wooden church, possibly preserving the ancient decor.

The old building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (before 1917)

The first community after the restoration near the still undestroyed building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (photo ca. 2000)

2. The house on the 5th Luchevoy clearing, near which we stopped, always attracts the attention of a passerby. And this impressive stone building is on the list of cultural heritage sites of regional or local significance. In addition to the main building, a fence with a gate and a wicket is also subject to protection. The building, which is not typical for a dacha area, was built by the architect S. Yaizikovich just before the revolution in 1915-1917. The owner of the estate was the construction contractor Tsigel. And he, apparently, was It's not difficult to build such a big house. Of course, Ziegel did not have to use it. Soon the estate was nationalized, and the further fate of this man is unknown to us.

But the building itself has survived 90 years, and yet there is no trace of many of the former dachas around it - on the right side of the 5th Luchevoy clearing there were 15 dachas. Only 200 meters towards the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a large well-preserved estate Lyaminykh. It was not touched, since in 1919 Lenin came here to forestry school and since then the house has been especially protected throughout Soviet times.

Two local legends are associated with Tsigel's former house.

The first legend. When they made a film about Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in the 1960s, the filmmakers showed this house as the house of Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck, who, as is known, helped Tchaikovsky. But a thorough study of all the falconers' dachas discovered that Nadezhda Filaretovna's house was not here, but on B. Shiryaevskaya Street, which was formerly called Sredinka, then that house was bought from Mecca by the merchant Rastorguev. But the creators of the film were not interested in historical truth; they liked this respectable mansion.

Second legend. That Lavrentiy Beria visited this house.

As you know, Beria “ruled” and lived in Moscow from 1938 to 1953. In Moscow, he had a mansion at M. Nikitskaya building 28 - now the Tunisian Embassy is there. It is also known that he had a dacha in Semenovsky next to Stalin’s dacha. This is from the Mikhnevo station of the Paveletskaya railway, towards the Kursk road.

What could connect Beria with the house in Sokolniki? Of course, no Soviet-era archives are available to us.

The information came from the ubiquitous local residents.

In addition, the catalog of cultural heritage sites indicates that in the 1930s the main house and the fence with the gate were significantly rebuilt.

In addition, from time to time some memories of veterans appear. Thus, a certain veteran Kuzmin reports that he was in the guard of the Soviet delegation at the Tehran Conference (late November 1943) and before that he was trained in Beria’s personal troops, which were stationed in Sokolniki.

According to the directory All Moscow in 1936, in Sokolnichesky Park named after A.S. Bubnov, in addition to the Moscow sanatorium of the Red Army, there were

Cavalry riding school on the 2nd Luchevoy clearing

Shooting Range

Ski station of the central house of the Red Army

Parachute station

All these were not troops, but objects for defense training work with youth.

And where the military unit is now on Bolshaya Olenya, in 1936, according to the directory, there were still civilian services - no. 8 Sokolniki sanatorium for the nervously ill, no. 15 - dietary canteen dispensary,

On the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a children's sanatorium for tuberculous children, no. 19, a recreation center for tuberculosis children, no. 27, station Young naturalist on the Cross clearing, no. 35, an orphanage.

Currently, in Sokolniki, the entire former Bolshaya Olenya Street is occupied by a military unit; on the transverse clearing near 5 Luchevoy Clearing there is a police force or also a military unit.

So it is quite likely that units of Beria’s personal army were stationed in Sokolniki and house 14 on the 5th Luchevoy clearing could serve as his headquarters apartment, since this is perhaps the most solid building in the Sokolniki dachas..

N. A. Dobrynina

Sanatorium named after N. D. Chetverikova

The name of the representative of the Alekseev family, Alexandra Alexandrovna in her marriage to Chetverikova, is associated with one of the Sokolniki charitable institutions - a tuberculosis sanatorium at the beginning of the Transverse Clearing (now no. 3) 14. Alexandra Alexandrovna was born in Moscow on November 27, 1863. Her father, Alexander Vladimirovich Alekseev, was a merchant-entrepreneur, one of the directors of the board of the Vladimir Alekseev’s Sons Association, and the owner of a gold-plating factory on B. Alekseevskaya Street. Her mother, Elizaveta Mikhailovna, came from a family of tobacco manufacturers Bostanzhoglo. The Alekseevs had three daughters, of whom Maria and Alexandra married brothers Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov, Elizaveta married Edgar Alexandrovich Ruperti. Their brother Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev was the mayor of the city and died tragically in his office in the building of the Moscow City Duma. The Chetverikov brothers were the owners of a fine cloth factory in the Moscow region, in the village of Gorodishchi near Shchelkovo. A. A. and D. I. Chetverikov had four sons and four daughters, they lived not far from the factory, on their estate near the village of Timofeevka.

The youngest daughter Natalya was born on October 11. 1902 When she was almost 6 years old, she and Alexandra Alexandrovna’s first grandson, Dmitry, born in 1908, fell ill with infantile paralysis, as it was then believed, “infected through milk.” Consultations, treatment and operations abroad did not improve the girl’s condition and her legs remained paralyzed for life. In 1910, Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov died and Alexandra Alexandrovna remained in Timofeevka with her younger daughters. By that time, the sons had either already received their education or were finishing it, and the eldest daughter Anna lived with her family.

A. A. Chetverikova comes up with the idea of setting up a hospital for the treatment of bone tuberculosis, in which her daughter Natalya should become a caregiver and regular patient. 09/01/1909 A. A. Chetrverikova submits an application to the Moscow City Duma, where she writes:“Wanting to come to the aid of the poor population of the city of Moscow, suffering or predisposed to tuberculosis, mainly tuberculosis of the lungs and other internal organs, I donate to the Moscow City Administration a capital of one hundred thousand rubles for the establishment in Moscow or its immediate surroundings on the tram line of a hospital or other type of institution with permanent beds.”

In a personal letter, Alexandra Alexandrovna says: “Finally, I got the city to accept my donation on the terms I wanted. They give me a small, but very good plot of land in Sokolnichesky Park. I have to build everything myself, equip it and deliver it ready-made to the city, which will give me 15,000 rubles. for content. With great difficulty, we made an estimate so as not to go beyond the allocated amount. We want to make 15 beds free and 10 paid. Management of the board, trustee - me. A completely autonomous institution, independent of any hospital. There will be a lot of work, I know that you won’t get by without troubles, but in the busy work you forget your grief. The institution will bear the name of my Natasha - perhaps over time she will find the meaning of life in it.”

In April 1912, the laying of the first stone of the sanatorium took place; P. P. Malinovsky became the architect, and Alexander Nikolaevich Aleksin became the chief physician. In the book “All Moscow” for 1917 it is written:"A. N. Aleksin, member of the medical council at the City Administration, secretary of the All-Russian League for the Fight against Tuberculosis. Doctor".

Unfortunately, Alexandra Aleksandrovna Cherverikova was not destined to see the opening of the sanatorium: she fell ill with spinal sarcoma and died on November 11, 1912. According to the description, the sanatorium was located in a stone one-story building, built with the expectation of further addition. Nearby there was a separate outpatient building with a pharmacy and two doctors' offices. There were 11 wards with 31 beds in total. One of the wards had a separate entrance in case of isolation of infectious patients. The X-ray room was equipped with a donation of 3,000 rubles. the Dolbyshev spouses. There was also a laboratory, a hydropathic clinic, rooms for linen and “for storing dresses.” The arrangement of premises and medical equipment are made with the latest technology.

After the death of her mother, Natalya Dmitrievna was adopted by her uncle Sergei Ivanovich, and with his family after the October revolution she went into exile, first to Switzerland, then to Austria. Until the end of her life, N.D. Cherverikova remained a deeply Russian person; she died in April 1974 in Vienna.

After 1917, the sanatorium was specialized for the treatment of tuberculosis for some time. In the directory “All Moscow” of 1923 it is recorded as a sanatorium named after. A. N. Aleksina. A. M. Gorky mentions Aleksin in the story “Portraits”:“He was an interesting person and multi-talented in Russian. He was somewhat skeptical about medicine; it is possible that this is why he treated so successfully. He was the ideal Russian zemstvo doctor, a “jack of all trades,” a surgeon and gynecologist, an ophthalmologist and a “specialist” in tuberculosis... His dense, somewhat heavy bearish figure, a rough face, a straight, intent gaze of intelligent, mocking eyes and a taciturn, harsh speech has always aroused trust in people.”

Until 1946, the Moscow Regional Hospital for Disabled Persons of the Great Patriotic War 15 operated on the territory of the former sanatorium. Since 1946, a children's orthopedic department was opened at its base (initially with 30 beds), advised by the CITO named after. N. N. Priorov and MONIKA named after. M. F. Vladimirova. The heads of the department were V. A. Rudanovskaya (1946-48) and K. N. Khruleva (1948-56).

After renovating the buildings and equipping them with the necessary equipment, on January 1, 1957, a children's orthopedic and neurological hospital with 200 beds and several departments was opened here. V.V. Marinkin became the chief physician. Also in 1957, during the polio epidemic in the Moscow region, 8 sanatoriums were opened for children who had suffered from the disease. Later, when the hospital partially changed its profile (50 beds were allocated for children with injuries and 5 beds for children with myopathy), specialized sanatoriums “Proletary”, “Bekasovo”, “Orekhovo-Zuevo” and a department at the Solntsevskaya Hospital were opened. In all cases, doctors from the Sokolniki hospital were assigned to each of them. In the 1960s and 70s. under the chief physician P.V. Pakhomov, the following were built: an operating unit, a swimming pool, a boiler room, warehouses, and the emergency department was reorganized. Under the chief doctors JI. I. Khrenovskaya and E. G. Sologubov carried out redevelopment of the premises. In 1976, the hospital was called the Moscow Regional Children's Orthopedic and Surgical Hospital. In the same year, the MONIKI pediatric traumatology and orthopedics clinic was opened on the basis of the hospital under the leadership of P. I. Fishchenko.

In 1985-87 gt. The hospital has undergone major renovations. In 1995 a regional children's trauma center has been opened here, which provides 24-hour emergency assistance to children in Moscow and the Moscow region. In the hospital, children are not only treated, but taught and educated. Currently, the chief physician of the hospital is V.I. Tarasov. The original building, built in 1913, has been extensively altered so that it is difficult to recognize

4. The fate of the Perlovs' dacha

The Perlovs' dacha on the Transverse Clearing has been preserved. The TsANTDM archive contains a drawing approved on January 4, 1911 by the author of the project, architect. K.K. Gippius, and CIAM (fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5660) lists buildings on estate No. 1216 with an area of 1100 square meters. soot

The Perlovs belonged to that part of the Moscow merchant class that was engaged in the rather profitable sale of tea (All Moscow. Reference and address book. 1915). The dacha was registered to Anna Yakovlevna (nee Prokhorova, died in February 1918), the wife of the descendant. honorary citizen Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov (1836—12/13/1910). The founder of the tea trade was his grandfather Alexey Perlov (d. 1814). The family house on Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street was inherited by Mikhail Alekseevich Perlov, and his brothers Vasily (1784-1869) and Ivan (1796-1861), after the division of property in 1835, bought a house on 1st Meshchanskaya Street. (No. 5). After the division with his brother, Vasily Alekseevich remained in the house on 1st Meshchanskaya and in 1860 founded a trading house in his name to trade tea through Kyakhta. Children from his second wife: Alexandra, Semyon (1821-1879), Florenty (1824-1873); children from his third wife: Peter (1833-1891), Sergei (1836-1910). After the company's anniversary in 1887, the Perlovs received nobility and soon formed two companies: Vasily, Ivan and Nikolai Semenovich traded under the old company “V. A. Perlov”, and Sergei Vasilyevich founded his own company “Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov and Co.” separately from his nephews. In 1890, S.V. Perlov rebuilt 19 on the street. Myasnitskaya, which was bought by his father (architect R.I. Klein), later in 1895 it was redesigned by K.K. Gippius in the form of a “tea house”. In addition, the Perlovs collected objects of oriental art.

The dacha in Sokolniki has been owned by the Perlov family since the 1870s. But S.V. Perlov had two more estates: Pushchino on the Oka and Bulatovo in the Kaluga province. They are known as donors to the Shamorda monastery, in which, after the death of Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov, a special edition “Wreath to a Benefactor” was published: “He was a man of integrity, deeply religious, energetic, active, who had seen a lot in his life. Distinguished by his intelligence, honesty and high rules, he at the same time combined in himself rare kindness, a bright outlook on life and people, and responsiveness to all that is good.” In the Shamordino monastery he built: a temple, a building for incurable patients and a memorial case over the cell of the deceased elder Ambrose. He was buried in this monastery.

S.V. Perlov had three daughters: Varvara (Vera), married to Innokenty Ivanovich Kazakov; Elizaveta is for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin, Love is for Nikolai Petrovich Bakhrushin. By the way, these Bakhrushins were the nephews of V.F. Bakhrushina, whose dacha was nearby, also along the Transverse Clearing (old No. 39). Perlovsky youth staged theatrical performances, including operas, in which the Bakhrushins took part.

As fate would have it, the Perlovs’ estate with the preserved old dacha forms part of the large territory of the Main Space Hospital of Russia (the current address is 17, Poperechny Prosek). It is connected with historical events - here, among a number of trained cosmonauts, Yuoi Alekseevich Gagarin was recommended for the first flight into space, who accomplished his feat on April 12, 1961.

In another part of the property, where the Hospital is now, before the revolution there was the Sokolniki sanatorium run by doctors N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel. The property belonged to the wife of the doctor E. A. Solovyova, who in turn bought it from the heirs of the commercial adviser P. A. Smirnov.

Perlov's dacha

5K. V. Smirnova Smirnovs in Sokolniki

The well-known Moscow surname Smirnov is repeatedly found among Sokolniki householders. In 1871, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (d. November 29, 1898) became a merchant of the 1st guild as a wine merchant in his own house in the Pyatnitskaya part, near the Chugunny Bridge, where he lived. Then, in 1874, there was a vodka distillery in this house. Taking care of business, Pyotr Arsenievich did not forget about his relatives. His large family was exemplary patriarchal, friendly, and its head was an indisputable authority for everyone. Coming from serfdom, P. A. Smirnov did not have the opportunity to study, but he gave his sons and daughters a first-class education: first they were taught at home and then sent to privileged schools. From the age of 16-17, the sons already participated in the business.

From his second wife, Natalya Alexandrovna, born. Tarakanova (1843-1873), P. A. Smirnov had children: Nikolai, Alexandra, Anna, Olga (died in infancy), Peter (b. 1852), Nikolai (1873-1937), Vera (b. 1861), Nagalya (1863-1923), Maria (1867-1936), Glafira (1869-1919).

From his third wife, Maria Nikolaevna, born. Medvedeva, he had sons Vladimir (1875-1934), Sergei (1885-1907), Alexey (1889-1922) and daughter Alexandra (1877-1951).

Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov bought from the Lepeshkins a large property No. 1218 in Sokolniki on Poperechny Proezd (belonged to him in 1884, recorded in his will). The CIAM funds (Fund 179, op. 62, T. No. file 5662) contain information about its area - 5602.5 square meters. sazh., that it was listed in 1898 for the widow M.N. Smirnova and her children - Vladimir, Alexei, Sergei and Alexandra, and there

The buildings on its territory are also listed: five one-story wooden dachas and one two-story, partly stone, partly wooden. In the reference book (Nashchokina M.S. One Hundred Architects of Moscow Art Nouveau. - M., 2000, there is a photograph of the Smirnovs’ house in Sokolniki, with a note that the architect A.M. Kalmykov planned the estate, but the address is not indicated, and according to archival drawings of such there was no house in the possession of P. A. Smirnov, and in the photograph one can discern tall, typically urban buildings behind the main mansion.The heirs of P. A. Smirnov did not live in this dacha, but rented it out (in 1901 the tenants - Vinitov, Stulov and the sanatorium of the doctor N.V. Solovyov). According to the deed of November 1, 1911, ownership passes to the doctor’s wife Elena Alekseevna Solovyova, and until 1917 there was a private sanatorium “Sokolniki” of doctors Nikolai Vasilyevich

|House of the Smirnovs (architect A.M. Kalmykov, address not established)

Solovyov and Samson Borisovich Vermel, with a profile in the treatment of diseases of internal organs. Currently, in the right front corner of the Smirnovs' former property there is a mansion in the Art Nouveau style, with a large semi-circular window on the second floor, a wide door and a domed roof. This building was not on the 1906 plan and, apparently, judging by the architecture, it was built in the 1910s. and was intended for the garage.

However, besides this property, the Smirnovs also owned others in Sokolnichesky Park. Perhaps the children of P. A. Smirnov were attached to these places where they spent their childhood and, having sold the common hereditary estate (No. 1218), acquired others for themselves:

— property No. 1217 on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 13) since the early 1900s. until 1917 it was Vladimir Petrovich Smirnov. However, his family did not live in Sokolniki, since at that time he had the Sholkovka estate near Moscow and photographs taken there remained in the family archive. In Sokolniki there are currently no buildings here, only rows of trees stand like sentries, bordering the estate from the side of the grove and from the neighboring property.

— property No. 1219 with an area of 1240 sq. soot on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 31) was registered as Daria Nikolaevna Smirnova, the wife of Nikolai Petrovich Smirnov (though they were divorced). There were several one-story wooden dachas and buildings “for accessories” that were rented out. TSANTDM retains a plan with a magnificent Art Nouveau style mansion standing in the front left corner of the estate. In the 1910s the property was bought by Konstantin Ivanovich Brashnin. Currently, “Therapeutic Labor Workshops” are located here behind a high, unsightly fence.

- the dacha in Olenya Roshcha (possession No. 279) in 1914 was registered as the property of the minors Oleg and Viktor Sergeevich Smirnov. Previously, the estate belonged to the family of Agrippina Aleksandrovna Abrikosova, the wife of commercial advisor Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov, director of the board of the Abrikosov T-v.

with an area of 3600 sq. soot stood: a) A wooden one-story house with mezzanines, two terraces, 13 rooms and a tower (presumably built for the Abrikosovs by architect Chervenko, 1890). b) Connected to this house by a gallery was a wooden dacha with a mezzanine, with 10 rooms and 2 terraces. Other buildings include: a kitchen, a bathhouse, a gazebo, a stone one-story greenhouse with wooden outbuildings, a stone greenhouse lantern, etc. From the Abrikosovs, ownership passed to the French citizen Viktor Klavdievich Giraud, and after him to the Smirnovs. According to the application submitted on July 26, 1914. to the City Government by the guardians of minors Oleg and Viktor Smirnov, the dacha in Sokolniki “burned down and therefore was excluded from the assessment” (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3, owner 279). According to TsANTDM, after the fire, two stone houses were built here in the neoclassical style according to the design of architect. D. S. Markov (definition by A. V. Lazarev). One of them, a service building in which there was a garage, has been preserved, but was barbarically rebuilt and occupied by a military unit (the modern address is B. Olenya, no. 15). It has the same pilasters as the main mansion (two semicircular and two flat) and characteristic extensions above the pilasters, below which are already completed order volutes. Painted pink.

It is difficult to imagine the variety of dachas and their amenities, the calm and cheerful life of summer residents, but now it is deserted and among the overgrown park there are several ancient buildings occupied by institutions or closed with blank fences. Previously, Sokolniki was a convenient dacha place for those who worked in the city and could come to their dacha every day. By the way, in my grandfather’s passport book (Ed. - Yu.S.) there are registration stamps at the Sokolniki dacha, although he himself lived in Starokirochny Lane in the winter, i.e. also in Moscow. In Sokolniki one could play sports, in winter - ice skating, skiing, in summer swimming, riding bicycles, going to concerts and dances in the Pavilion or visiting the summer theater. The theater troupe of the Vvedensky People's House, headed by Alexei Alexandrovich Bakhrushin, performed there. In the repertoire, for example, in 1909 there were: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by Shakespeare, “A Warm Heart” and “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky, “Ivanov” and “The Cherry Orchard” by Chekhov; in 1913 - “A Month in the Village” by Turgenev, “The Sunken Bell” by Haupmann, “The Northern Bogatyrs” by Ibsen.

Here is an entry from the diary of Sergei Ivanovich Zimin, the famous organizer of the Opera, the dacha of his mother Maria Fedorovna Zimina was located in building 5 along the 6th Luchevoy clearing:“I was a JI fan. V. Sobinov from his first steps. He was a handsome young man with a wonderful bright voice. I remember at Sokolniki Circle, at his concert (1902), I waited enchanted for him, not knowing him, along with a crowd of his fans. I remember how we enthusiastically greeted and saw off him as he began his brilliant career.” (from the family archive of V. M. Zimina).

It’s no wonder that dating and weddings took place in the Sokolniki dachas. Thus, the children of Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov married descendants of other merchant families:

1) Glafira Petrovna married Alexander Alekseevich Abrikosov. The dacha of his mother, Agrafena Alexandrovna, was located at B. Olenya St., no. 16, 20 and 22.

2) Natalya Petrovna married Konstantin Petrovich Bakhrushin. The dacha of his aunt, Vera Fedorovna Bakhrushina, was located at 39, Poperechny Prosek.

Natalia Petrovna Bakhrushina’s two daughters, Ekaterina and Elena (granddaughters of P. A. Smirnov), married brothers Fedor and Nikolai Mitrofanovich Mikhailov, whose father Mitrofan Fedorovich’s dacha was located at 6th Luchevoy Prosek, 41.

— Kirill Aleksandrovich Abrikosov was the husband first of Tatyana Petrovna Smirnova, and then of her half-sister, Olga Petrovna Smirnova (these are the granddaughters of P. A. Smirnova).

Yu. M. Derevyanko

Main Aerospace Hospital of Russia (TsNIAG Air Force Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation 1942-1997)

In the order of the Moscow Air Defense No. 045 dated May 7, 1942 on the founding of the hospital it is stated: “ Hospital service for the wounded and sick from fighter aviation units of the front will be provided by hospital No. 2901, henceforth calling it the Aviation Hospital of the Moscow Air Defense Front. The aviation hospital will simultaneously serve the wounded and sick from the Air Force units of the Western Front, Long-Range Aviation and the Moscow District.”

During the Second World War, the hospital was located in three two-story old buildings, the first floors of which were connected by corridors. Until 1917, A. Ya. Perlova owned a private hospital for tuberculosis patients, Dr. N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel, designed for 60 people. In 1919, by personal order of V.I. Lenin, the buildings and a plot of 6.8 hectares were “forever and free of charge” transferred to the disposal of the Military Sanitary Department. After the revolution, at different times, the following were located here: the 4th and 2nd Moscow military hospitals, the tuberculosis sanatorium of the Red Army.

During the three years of World War II, the hospital had 300 beds for patients and served 5,378 patients. In 1942, it was equipped with X-ray machines (domestic - "Burevestnik" and another - English-made, it is possible that the latter was donated by the composer S. Rachmaninov, who lived in America).

In 1943, the legendary hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Petrovich Maresyev, who lost both legs due to frostbite, was here admitted by experts of the Military Medical Commission to fly first on the PO-2, and then on a combat fighter (his attending physician was traumatologist G. R. Greifer). A big role in the fate of the pilot was played by the young nurse Evdokia Ivanovna Korenkova, who worked at hospital No. 4034 on the street. Bauman. She taught Alexei Petrovich to dance to the then fashionable hit song “A brass band is playing in the city garden.” Now she continues to work at the hospital. Burdenko and nurses the wounded of the Chechen war.

Since October 1959, TsNIAG began inpatient selection and medical support for the first group of cosmonauts, which included: Yu. A. Gagarin, G. S. Titov, A. A. Leonov, A. T. Nikolaev, P. R. Popovich, V.V. Tereshkova and others. Later, under the Intercosmos program, cosmonauts from other countries were trained here. For this purpose, a centrifuge was installed in the northern part of the hospital grounds, designed to simulate overloads and endurance tests (1959-80).

In the post-war years, the hospital was led by prominent scientists and doctors: A. V. Pokrovsky (1945-47), V. G. Vishnevsky (1947-50), A. A. Usanov (1950-70), G. S. Sergeev (1970 -75), I. A. Polozkov (1975-87), A. P. Ivanchikov (1987-95). Since April 1995, it has been headed by an experienced surgeon, Ph.D. honey. Science Valery Evgenievich Kokhan.

From the moment the hospital was founded in Sokolniki, one of the first heads of departments was the captain of the medical service, hereditary physiotherapist Vladimir Vasilyevich Tovstoluzhsky, a graduate of Moscow University in 1917. His father headed one of the best hospitals in Russia in Poltava. Consultant in 1954-55. became head Department of Endocrinology of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians E. A. Sheremetevsky, who previously worked as a resident at a private hospital, Dr. N.V. Solovyova. The head nurse of the physiotherapy department, Anna Romanovna Kuznetsova, carried 125 wounded from the battlefield during the Second World War, was awarded twice the Order of the Red Star and many medals, and in 1967 the International Red Cross gave her its highest award - the medal named after. Florence Nightingale.

From the memoirs of a retired lieutenant colonel

During the Second World War, I served with the rank of senior aviation lieutenant in the 958th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Ostrov-Rizhsky Regiment. I first met French pilots in Tula in September 1944 during the training and formation of the Normandie-Niemen regiment. The French lived amicably, fought well on our planes, behaved modestly and with dignity, drank in moderation, and showed great friendliness. The technical staff was mainly Russian, but there were also French.

The second time I met French pilots was at the Aviation Hospital in Sokolniki in December 1944. I remember General de Gaulle’s visit here. The perimeter of the hospital fence was guarded by NKVD agents, either in camouflage or medical white coats. De Gaulle and his retinue arrived in several identical cars, which made maneuvers both at the entrance and on the territory of the hospital, changing places, so that it was not immediately possible to determine which of them was General de Gaulle. All those who arrived wore white coats. De Gaulle greeted everyone, went to his pilots and presented them with the Order of the Legion of Honor and medals of France, then awarded the service personnel and attending physicians. For the successful treatment of the pilots of the Normandy-Niemen regiment, the head of the hospital, Prof. D. E. Rosenblum and residents A. G. Karavanov and A. I. Krivoshapov (head of the dental department) received the Order of the French Republic - Knight Crosses of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Then a festive dinner was held and de Gaulle congratulated everyone on the upcoming holiday - the New Year...

I would like the preserved house of pre-revolutionary construction on the territory of TsNIAG on Poperechny Prosek in Sokolniki, with the ancient staircase on which General de Gaulle’s feet walked, to be preserved, renovated and become a museum of the fighting traditions of the warriors of the peoples of France and Russia.

6.Sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek

On the vast territory of the Sokolniki sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek (now no. 19), two old buildings are preserved, restored during a major overhaul and sharply different from the new buildings. Until 1917, they belonged to two neighboring estates - Vydrina (no. 25.27 on 6th Luchevoy prosp.) and Ananina (no. 29). The latter in 1889 was registered with the famous entrepreneur Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev (1817-1889). V. A. Kokorev acquired a huge fortune from wine farming, traded with Persia, founded the first oil refinery in Baku (1859), the Volga-Kama Bank (1879), participated in railway concessions, etc. Author of articles on economic policy in Russia (Buryshkin P.A. Merchant Moscow. - M., 1991) mind 22.

Sokolnicheskaya dacha was given to them as a dowry for their daughter Alexandra, who married Grigory Ivanovich Ananyin. G.I. and A.V. Ananyin, like their parents, were Old Believers of the Bespopovsky Pomeranian Marriage Consent and they donated considerable capital to the 1st Pomeranian community in Moscow. Thus, in 1910, at the expense of A.V. Ananina (a gift of 50 thousand rubles), the Church of St. Nicholas was built in B. Perevedenovsky Lane (29 at the address 1915, architect I.E. Bondarenko) and not far away, at 55 on the same lane, a Community shelter was established (a gift of 50 thousand rubles).

CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5718) contains a plan and description of the buildings of A.V. Ananina’s property in Sokolniki: 1) Along the clearing there is a one-story wooden dacha (8 rooms, terrace, 19 windows, 3 doors). Pashchenkovskaya hires. This house has survived to this day. 2) In the courtyard there is a wooden outbuilding (kitchen, cellar, bathroom, premises for Pashchenkovskaya employees). 3) Along the cross-street there is a one-story wooden dacha (mezzanine, terrace, 7 rooms). Hires Volkov. 4) In the courtyard there is a wooden one-story dwelling (janitor's room). 5) Auxiliary buildings “for accessories”. Property area 900 sq. soot., estimate 1760 rubles, net income minus expenses 601 rubles.

According to information from the directory “All Moscow”, in 1917 in his house 16 on the street. M. Nikitskaya lived Ananyin: Grigory Ivanovich, Alexandra Vasilievna, Ivan Grigorievich, civil engineer, Sergei Grigorievich, engineer, and Zinaida Filippovna.

Plan of the Ananyins' dacha and modern appearance of the house

Neighboring properties in Sokolniki No. 1287 and 1288, currently also part of the sanatorium, from August 1910 to 1917. belonged to sweat. honor citizens Vydrin: Roman Pavlovich, member of the board of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia, director of the Moscow Trade Society, member of the board of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma Land Bank and member of the audit commission of the Moscow Society for Aid to Poor Jews. Genrikh Romanovich, doctor, board member of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia. Before the Vydrins, the estate was registered with the Lebedevs: Alexandra Petrovna, the wife of a merchant brother, Pyotr Nikolaevich, Doctor of Natural Philosophy, Alexandra Nikolaevna, a merchant’s daughter, and Vera Nikolaevna Schultz, the wife of a Prussian subject. The surviving house was built under the Lebedevs and is described in CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62 T.3, file 5714): 1) In the courtyard there is a two-story wooden dacha with terraces (14 windows on the 1st floor, 13 windows on the 2nd floor ). 2) There is a wooden one-story building in the yard.

Mentioned above is the name of the famous Russian physicist, in whose honor the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences is named. He was born on February 24, 1866, in Moscow in the family of a trading employee Nikolai Vsevolodovich Lebedev, his mother - Anna Petrovna, born. Zhukova. My father worked in the Botkin tea merchant company. He was energetic, passionately loved his work, and annually went to the Nizhny Novgorod fair on company business. However, from time to time the company suffered setbacks that affected the Lebedev family, and throughout Pyotr Nikolaevich’s youth, his parents became rich and went bankrupt several times. The father wanted to see his son as a successor in trade affairs, but he avoided this in every possible way, as a result of which a conflict arose between them (in 1886). After the death of his father in 1887, the family owned their own house on Maroseyka (No. 10), a dacha in Sokolniki and some capital.

P. N. Lebedev studied at the Petropavlovsk gymnasium (in Petroverigsky lane), then moved to the Khainovsky real school, which gave him the right to enter the Imperial Technical School. Having not graduated from IMTU, striving for knowledge of “pure science”, in October l |87 he went to Strasbourg and entered the university, working under the guidance of prof. A. Kundt, who headed the Physics Institute. When Kundt moved to the University of Berlin, Lebedev followed him, but a year later he returned to Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate. Came to Moscow in 1891. and worked at Moscow University with A.G. Stoletov.

P. N. Lebedev was distinguished by the masterly quality of physical experiments and the ability to organize the work of a team of researchers. Main works: Experimental study of the pondemotive effect of waves on resonators; Experimental study of light pressure (on gases and solids); Methods for studying absorption spectra; Research on solar magnetism and others. Undoubtedly, the sale of the family house on Maroseyka and the dacha in Sokolniki helped P. N. Lebedev devote himself entirely to science and to some extent contributed to his success.

P. N. Lebedev died very early, at the age of 46, from heart disease, in the prime of his creative powers, when a new building of the Physics Institute was being built for him on Miusskaya Square with funds raised by the Society for the Promotion of Applied Sciences. Kh. S. Ledentsov, where he was a member of the Council. At first he was buried in the cemetery of the Alekseevsky Monastery, and in 1935 the remains were reburied in the Novodevichy cemetery. There is also the grave of Nikolai Vladimirovich Lebedev (1894-1957), his adopted son.

Sokolniki Park and the history of the Sokolniki district.

“Sokolniki” is not just the name of a part of the territory of Moscow, a vast area in the north-east of the capital. For many Muscovites, Sokolniki is still a favorite vacation spot. The territory of Sokolniki Park is almost four times larger than London's Hyde Park.

In the XIV-XV centuries. on the site of the current Sokolniki Park there was a dense virgin forest. The Stromyn road ran through the forest from Moscow through Cherkizovo to the village of Stromyn, which lay 60 km to the east, and to the city of Suzdal. According to legend, along this road in 1382, when Khan Tokhtamysh was approaching Moscow, Dimitri Donskoy went north to gather troops.

In the 15th century, the territory of Moscow Sokolniki was the site of the Grand Duke's falconry. Here there was a falconer's yard with a falconry, a falconer's grove and, apparently, the falconers' settlement itself, which later, in the 17th century, was known under two names - as the village of Zimnikova (Sokolnikova). This village is shown on a map of Moscow in the mid-17th century, compiled by historians and geographers who lived at that time.

In Russia, falconry became especially widespread in the 17th century during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Under him, it was brought to unprecedented luxury, becoming perhaps the first among the royal hunts. It was under Alexei Mikhailovich that falcon yards in Moscow were almost re-created, and one of them was in the area of modern Sokolniki. Tradition has preserved the story of Alexei Mikhailovich's favorite falcon, Shirya, who, rushing at his victim, did not calculate the blow and crashed to death on the ground. The names in Sokolniki of Shiryaev Field, Shiryaevsky streets and passages remind us of him. Dog hunting for elk was also carried out here. The memory of this hunt lives on in the name of the forest that continues Sokolniki to the north: Losino-Pogonny Island. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s passion for falconry is evidenced by the special lengthy decree he published in 1668 on this subject entitled: “The Book of the Verb Uryadnik: New Code and Organization of the Falconer’s Path.”

At the end of the 17th century, the entire area south of the Stromynskaya road was cleared of forest and turned into a huge Sokolnichye field, along which the Rybinka River flowed from north-west to south-east, flowing into the Yauza River above the modern Rubtsov Bridge.

After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, although falconry was preserved for some time at the royal court, little by little it fell into decline. The poor health of Tsar Fyodor and the weakness of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich did not allow them to engage in this fun, and Peter I did not deign to pay attention to it. He preferred to train soldiers rather than falcons, and did not like hunting. But among the queens Anna Ioanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna, hunting was a great success, and already in the 18th century, in the area of the Sokolniki settlement, there was a settlement of royal rangers who helped the illustrious persons in rifle hunting. Therefore, the names of the nearest streets are not at all accidental: Okhotnichya, Olenya, Yegerskaya.

And yet, Peter I visited the centuries-old pines of the Sokolnicheskaya Grove more than once. By his order, a May Alley was cut through the grove - Maysky Clearing. As Moscow expert I.K. found out. Myachin, the young king arranged feasts here for his friends from the Kukui settlement - foreign masters and artisans (mostly Germans): on the day of the spring holiday on May 1 and on Sundays every summer, special tables were set on May Alley, wines, snacks, and all kinds of food were placed. This is why Sokolnicheskaya Grove was called “German tables” for a long time. Subsequently, Sokolniki became a place for traditional festivities of the Moscow nobility and people.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, in order to establish the shortest road from the city towards Losiny Island, another clearing was laid - the 4th beam. Here, in the thicket of Sokolnichya Grove, many residents took refuge from the Napoleonic invaders. After their expulsion, a significant part of the grove was cut down to restore burnt wooden houses in Moscow.

The reference book “Moscow”, published in 1848, contains the following information: “Sokolnicheskaya Grove, which is behind the Sokolnicheskaya outpost, with the newly established Sokolnicheskaya Park.” At the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the grove already had basically its own characteristic layout: all seven Radial clearings (except for the Sand Alley) went from the “Circle” and were closed by a transverse clearing. The guidebook of 1855 said that “in Sokolniki there is a wonderful park with roads and paths.” On Sundays and holidays, the vast Sokolniki area is filled with people, but “the best festivities of the whole summer” remained the festivities on May 1st.

During the coronation of Emperor Alexander I, a large variety of festivities, various entertainments, and food for the people were organized on Sokolnichye Field. This holiday, which was attended by a huge number of people, lasted three days, and the sovereign himself attended it.
In 1879, the city bought Sokolnichya and the neighboring Deer Grove from the state treasury for 300 thousand rubles. A major role in this was played by one of the representatives of a wealthy merchant family and a family of major Moscow philanthropists, Moscow Golova S.M. Tretyakov is the brother of P.M. Tretyakov, founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. Sokolniki Park can also be considered a symbolic gift to the beloved city from the Tretyakovs.

Sokolniki has appeared on the pages of literary works more than once. Moscow writers of everyday life gave them a place of honor. For them, Sokolniki is not a place for noble duels, as in “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, but nostalgic memories associated with some sentimentality. Publicist N. Skavronsky writes “The Sokolnitsa Idyll” - the tragedy of the incomprehensible love of a poor forty-year-old man for the “pretty girl” Lisa. One can say more: Sokolniki was a place where literary works were written. Here in 1830 P.Ya. Chaadaev writes the third letter from the so-called. "Philosophical Letters", which brought the author wide fame.

Sokolniki was one of the favorite places of the artist A.K. Savrasova. He often admonished his friends to go here - “there the nightingales sing, the bird cherry blossoms.” The artist dedicated several works to Sokolniki. The sketch and painting “Losiny Island in Sokolniki” (1869) are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. The centuries-old forest and untouched nature inspire the romantic painter. In the Irkutsk Art Museum there is another landscape with a view of Sokolniki (1882) - more lyrical, depicting a small swamp and lonely towering birches. In 1880, the painting “Autumn Day. Sokolniki" (1879) I.I. Levitan, an outstanding master of Russian landscape.

The beauty of Sokolniki delighted Muscovites. On May Day festivities, both commoners and noble people came here, sporting epaulettes and expensive embroidery on their uniforms. It had its own attractions - the Maiskaya clearing or “Wolf Valley”. Burkina's dacha with its illuminated garden and orchestra was especially famous.
Workers preferred to come to Sokolniki with their samovar and drink tea with their families on the green grass. Later, open-air teahouses appeared here.
In 1880, one of the first horse-drawn lines was installed in Sokolniki, which was replaced by a tram at the beginning of the 20th century.

In old Sokolniki there was a sports club that had its own football stadium, and even international meetings were held here. The Golden Anchor restaurant beckoned with gypsy tunes, and in the Tivoli variety theater, organized in 1912, “music literally reigned,” as journalists of the time wrote. Frequent guests of Tivoli were artists from the Moscow Art Theater and the Maly Theater.

F.I. Chaliapin performed for the first time in Sokolniki in the Arcadia garden at the end of 1890. Outstanding Russian landscape painter I.I. Shishkin (1832-1898) spent whole days with sketchbooks in Sokolniki. Lived in Sokolniki N.G. Rubinstein has been a central figure in musical Moscow since the 1860s. P.I. often visited Sokolniki. Chaikovsky.

On August 7, 1912, S.S.’s first piano concerto was performed for the first time. Prokofiev. “This was his first performance and, in general, my first performance with an orchestra as a pianist,” said S.S. Prokofiev. It happened on Sokolnichesky Circle. Composer and conductor S.N. played a significant role in the musical life of Moscow. Vasilenko (1872 - 1956). The musician headed the Moscow Concert and Organization Bureau and led mass concerts in Sokolniki.

Famous writer N.S. Leskov rented a dacha near the park. Interesting episodes from the biography of the poet V.V. are associated with Sokolnichesky Park. Mayakovsky. In 1920 he rented a dacha here. The Czechoslovak writer Julius Fucik (1905 - 1943) visited and loved the park. His friends said: “Fuchik loves Sokolniki, knows beautiful corners there, knows where you can sit, talk, where you can, sitting under a fragrant linden tree in a comfortable chair, quietly read or just think.”

On May 16, 1931, the Presidium of the City Executive Committee and the Moscow City Council adopted a resolution “On the organization of a cultural recreation center on the territory of Sokolnicheskaya Grove,” and “the entire Sokolnicheskaya Grove was declared a City Park.”

During the years of the revolution and civil war, the park territory fell into disrepair. And only after the decision was made to recreate the park, large-scale work began on cleaning the territory, ponds, strengthening their banks, and putting green spaces in order. Measures were also envisaged for “the establishment of a Water Station, sports grounds, an open stage, cinema, orchestras, service enterprises...”. Particular attention was paid to the staging of mass cultural work.

And soon the park appeared before visitors in a new guise. On the alleys of the Big and Small Circle, on the straight, arrow-like Radial clearings, there were then wooden buildings of the Krug concert hall, the Sokolniki restaurant, cafes, buffets, a dance veranda, concert stages, libraries, reading rooms, and exhibitions. The Pioneer and Schoolchild Town, the Green and Summer Drama Theatres, sports grounds and the Shiryaevo Pole stadium were opened. Separately, on the Maysky Prosek pond, in a beautiful log building with a veranda, which was the Olen restaurant before the revolution, there was a One-Day Rest House. The famous Moscow CDKA stadium was located in the central part of the park.

Sokolniki Park was visited by hundreds of thousands of Muscovites and guests of the capital. Young people were attracted by such attractions of that time as “The Hammer Hammer”, “Swing Boats”, “The Fun Room”, “The Flea”, “The Dead Loop”, “Chain Carousel”, “Sliding Flight”, “Immelman”, as well as board game areas, shooting ranges, bicycle station. Rental pedal cars and a toy library were opened in the Children's Town.

Middle-aged and elderly people willingly visited the pavilion for renting hammocks and sun loungers, and the chess and checkers base. Those wishing to relax on the water were attracted by the boat station on the Maisky Prosek pond.

During the Great Patriotic War, on October 1, 1941, due to the approach of the front to Moscow, the Moscow Department of Cultural and Educational Enterprises declared Sokolniki Park closed. But even during this harsh time, enterprises located on the territory of the park and producing products for the front worked intensively, environmental protection activities and foresters on duty continued uninterruptedly. During the war, three rifle and one tank divisions were formed in the park. But as soon as the enemy was repulsed from the walls of the capital, the park resumed its work again. Already in the summer of 1942, the Symphonic Stage, the Veranda of Dance, and the Green Theater opened. During the war years, the following performers performed on the park's stages: Lydia Ruslanova, Ilya Nabatov, Mikhail Garkavi, Grigory Yaron, Vladimir Bunchikov and Vladimir Nechaev and others.

In 1943, after renovation, the Summer Drama Theater opened its season, and the Sokolniki summer cinema opened in the theater on Krug.

Despite wartime, in 1943, an opportunity was found to establish a uterine garden, which for a long time provided not only Sokolniki Park with new varieties of elite trees and shrubs, but also other cities of the country: Minsk, Chisinau, Kyiv.
In 1944, the park largely regained its pre-war activity.
In the post-war years, the park continued its development. It has become one of the largest among other parks in the country.

In addition to cultural events, sports festivals and sports days, competitions in various sports for the championship of the city and country were also held here.
Today Sokolniki - a unique complex of park, natural and national culture, a monument of landscape art - is, as before, the property of Moscow.

The nature of Sokolniki is rich. The park covers almost 600 hectares. More than half of them are green spaces. Linden, maple, elm, birch, ash, oak, spruce, pine, larch, rowan, and hawthorn grow here. The age of some oaks and larches is 100-120 years. The layout of the park is still very convenient for visitors: an alley from the main entrance leads to the Sokolniki Circle. Eight alleys fan out from it, intersected by the Transverse Clearing. In this case, nine sectors are formed in which various pavilions and stages are located. Trees of the same species are planted in each clearing. On the first and third - birches, on the fourth - maples, on the second - elms, on the fifth - ash trees, on the sixth - elms and elms, on the Maisky clearing - larches.

In recent years, the park has noticeably grown and been updated. Sokolniki is still one of the most favorite vacation spots for Muscovites today. The jets of the fountain in the center of the park shimmer in the sun with cheerful colors. Concert stages, a library - reading room, four amusement towns, a billiard hall, a dance veranda, a sports alley with rental of roller skates, bicycles, scooters and other sports equipment, a swimming pool, a go-kart track, and numerous cafes are available to visitors. On the third Luchevoy clearing there are tennis courts, table tennis, and after a major overhaul a sports and recreation complex began to operate. On the fourth Luchevoy clearing there is a chess and checkers club. In winter, the park has an ice skating rink and ski slopes with ski and skate rental centers.

In the spring of 2004, the Children's Creativity House, which had been under reconstruction for several years, was opened. Park theatrical events, including sports, music and entertainment programs, literary evenings, concerts of professional and amateur artists, brass and symphony orchestras have become very popular among the capital's public.

Muscovites are especially fond of the dance programs “Retro Plus”, the charity radio disco “Retro”, the evening dating and meeting club “Melodies of Our Court”, charity concerts of classical romance in Galina Preobrazhenskaya’s salon, as well as youth disco shows.

In 1959, pavilions of the international exhibition center were built in the park, where the first American Exhibition . Now it is a Cultural and Exhibition Center, on the territory of which over fifty Moscow, Russian and international exhibitions are held annually.

Sokolniki Park, on the territory of which the Congress and Exhibition Center of the same name is located, has long been considered a cult vacation spot for Muscovites and guests of the capital. Back in the 15th century, there were protected groves here intended for royal falconry. Tsars Ivan the Terrible and Alexei Mikhailovich, Emperor Peter I loved to spend time in Sokolniki. At the end of the 19th century, a park was founded here, which later became one of the most famous in Moscow.

Sokolniki has become a real home for many legendary personalities. The great opera singer Fyodor Chaliapin, the famous artists Alexey Savrasov and Isaac Levitan, who dedicated their work to Sokolniki, drew inspiration here. By the way, Levitan’s painting “Autumn Day. Sokolniki" is the property of the State Tretyakov Gallery.

In 1935, the Sokolniki metro station was opened, providing high-speed communication with the center of the capital. Everyone remembers the famous “Song of the Old Cabby” performed by Leonid Utesov about the events of that time.

In 1959, the first American national exhibition “USA Industrial Products” took place in the heart of Moscow’s Sokolniki Park. For the first time, Soviet citizens were able to see with their own eyes Ford and General Motors cars, household appliances, clothing, and cosmetics from overseas. Undoubtedly, one of the most high-profile events of the exhibition was Nikita Khrushchev’s tasting of Pepsi-Cola. It was then that the legendary “kitchen debate” between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev took place in Pavilion No. 2. Over two weeks, the exhibition was visited by more than a million people.

American National Exhibition "USA Industrial Products"

The exhibition gave impetus to the emergence of the modern tradition of specialized exhibitions. This was the beginning of Sokolniki’s large exhibition activities, which are still developing today. We can say that the history of exhibition activities in the USSR in its modern understanding began precisely in Sokolniki.

In the early 1960s, construction of new exhibition pavilions began in Sokolniki Park. These were lightweight, one-story buildings with a steel frame. The first years of the exhibition took place only in the summer, since the buildings were not heated. The exposition of the international exhibition "Interorgtehnika" in 1966 was located in 20 pavilions on an area of 50 thousand sq.m. The pavilions were installed in different parts of the park depending on the needs of a particular project. During its heyday, Sokolniki had 22 pavilions. The largest total (closed and open) exhibition area, reaching 65 thousand square meters. m, was at the exhibition “Chemistry-70”.

For many years, Sokolniki became the only international exhibition venue in the USSR. Between 1959 and 1976, Sokolniki hosted 56 national and international exhibitions, the largest of which were in printing, chemistry, mechanical engineering, the automotive industry and geodesy. During this time, the exhibition pavilions were visited by 19 million people. This figure is twice the population of Moscow in those years. The American National Exhibition (1959) attracted more than one million visitors, the French National Exhibition (1961) about 1.8 million. Specialized industrial exhibitions were of no less interest. For example, the exhibition “Chemistry - 1965” was visited by 1.5 million people. The exposition of all these shows was located, among other things, in two pavilions left by the Americans after the 1959 exhibition.

French National Exhibition

The exhibition complex in Sokolniki was preserved and survived the difficult years for the country's economy in the 90s. In March 1990, a new company emerged - the Sokolniki Cultural and Exhibition Center. The year 2003 was a turning point for the exhibition company: the multifunctional exhibition holding MVK was created, the emergence of which changed the configuration of the country's exhibition market.

Today the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center is an international platform for business and leisure. The infrastructure of the complex corresponds to the highest world level. At various times, the center hosted major international exhibitions and conferences that went down in the history of the exhibition business. Every year, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center launches new projects and implements events already familiar and loved by Muscovites, such as the International Exhibition of Calligraphy, the WANEXPO Festival of Pregnant Women and Babies, the NAMM Musikmesse Russia, Equiros, Handicraft Formula exhibitions and many others.

Every year, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center hosts over 200 different thematic events: conferences, exhibitions, festivals, and various forums. Today, in terms of the number of events held and the ratio of occupancy of exhibition space, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center occupies a leading position among exhibition venues in Russia.

Historian I. Prokurnov points out that the first mentions of the Sokolniki tract are found in the middle of the 16th century. At that time, this tract was located between the Izmailovsky and Alekseevsky estate complexes and was linked with them into a single system of royal estates near Moscow. The tract itself was limited from the north and east by the Yauza River, from the south by the Rybinka River, from the northwest by the Kopytovka River (formerly Trostenka) and the Studenets Creek. At that time it was an integral part of the Meshchersky forests, which once occupied the entire eastern part of the modern city. Ivan the Terrible passed through Sokolniki on his way to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery and Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, from time to time pitching tents there for falconry. The history of the village, based on available information, has to be traced back to the beginning of the 17th century, when the village of Voznikovskaya was formed in the space between the current lobby of the Sokolniki metro station and the park, which belonged to the commander Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, the leader of the people’s militia and the liberator of Moscow from the Polish invaders. And in the middle of the same century, near this village in an area called the “Dog Mill”, by the will of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a hunting country palace was built. Since then, the king and his entourage became frequent guests of those places. Alexey Mikhailovich was a great lover and expert in hunting, especially falconry. The surroundings of Voznikovskaya were well suited for this. And the tsar, forgetting for a while about state affairs, gave himself entirely to his passion. Tradition has preserved the story of one of the royal falcons, Shirya, who died during a hunt. The memory of him is still preserved in the names of Shiryaev Field and Shiryaevskaya Street. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, a Sokolniki courtyard and a small village were formed next to the palace, which soon became a separate Sokolniki settlement. By that time, the entire area freed from forest south of the Stromynskaya road had turned into Sokolnichye Field. Later, all this began to be called Sokolniki. The oldest surviving plan of Moscow, drawn up by the architect Ivan Michurin in 1739, gives the first idea of those Sokolniki. Their western and southern borders were formed by the Rybinka River, the eastern was washed by the Yauza, and the northern went into the dense forests of the Moscow region. On these lands there were two villages and several production facilities on the banks of the Yauza. By the end of the reign of Peter I, the official border of Moscow - Zemlyanoy Val (the current Garden Ring), which was at the same time the customs border - was clearly outdated. Outside of it, Moscow was surrounded by settlements and settlements with a population that was in close connection with the part of the city located inside Zemlyanoy Val. Therefore, many goods subject to customs duty filtered into the city without paying duty. To eliminate this, in 1722 it was ordered to move customs outposts along the main roads outside the Zemlyanoy Val. However, the smuggling of goods into Moscow took place not only along highways, but also along country roads and off-roads. Therefore, the “company people” (farmers selling wine in Moscow), in order to prevent the import of cheap wine into the capital from surrounding towns and villages, built in 1731-1732 between the outposts of the entire customs line the so-called “Company Wall”, which consisted of gouges driven into the ground, which formed a kind of wooden wall, located at a distance of 3-5 kilometers from Zemlyanoy Val. According to the plan of Moscow and its immediate environs of 1739, the southern, populated part of Sokolniki was already inside the Moscow line of the “Company Val”, although it had not yet been officially recognized as the customs and economic border of the city. By 1742, the pillars of the Company Wall had rotted, were partially burned during fires, or were stolen by the population for firewood. Then the “company people” petitioned the chamber board in charge of collecting state taxes, and proposed to build an earthen rampart with a moat in place of the Company Wall. The proposal was approved. The population of settlements and nearby villages, under the condition of exemption from certain taxes, was subject to labor duties associated with the construction of the rampart. The work proceeded briskly and was largely completed in the same 1742. The total length of the shaft was 37 kilometers. For passage and passage through the shaft, gates and 18 outposts were built on all main roads, consisting, as a rule, of retired soldiers. They checked travel documents that gave the right to travel and transport cargo, and also performed the functions of searching for and apprehending criminals. These outposts were located together with the customs chief in a special guard room. Since 1754, Kamer-College Val unofficially began to be considered the administrative border of Moscow. Catherine II was also an expert and lover of falconry. Every time she visited Moscow, she “amused herself” with it in Sokolniki. But after her death, the fashion for falconry went away. By decree of Paul I, Sokolniki Field became the venue for military maneuvers. In 1801, it was used for coronation celebrations on the occasion of the accession to the throne of Alexander I. The forest zone remained untouched for a long time. And only at the end of the 18th century a state-owned country house was built there for General Bruce, which then passed to the Moscow Governor-General Rostopchin. During the occupation of Moscow by the French, the famous historian and writer N.M. Karamzin lived and worked in this house. In 1806, Kamer-College Wall was declared the police border of the capital. After the end of the Patriotic War of 1812, the restoration and improvement of Moscow began. At this time, the territory between Stromynka and Kamer-Kollezhsky Val was divided into quarters and began to be built up with dachas for the Moscow aristocracy and merchants. The courtyards of permanent residents also appear there. In 1864, Kamer-kollezhsky Val became the border between the city, which was governed by the city duma, and the Moscow district, which was subordinate to the zemstvo. Shortly before this, in 1852, the outposts were liquidated, and in the second half of the 19th century the rampart itself was gradually torn down. In its place, streets were formed that retained the word “val” in their names. This is how the current Sokolnichesky Val and Oleniy Val streets arose. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the region's industry developed rapidly. A pasta factory, Sokolnichesky car repair plant, a tram depot, and other enterprises were built there. At the same time, planned urban development of the area was underway. Gradually, neighborhoods formed south of Sokolnicheskoye Highway and on the site of Sokolnicheskoye Field. In the 80s of the 19th century, a horse tram route was laid from Kalanchevskaya Square (present-day Komsomolskaya) to Sokolniki, connecting the area with the center of the capital. All this significantly changed the appearance of the area. Thus, in the “Muscovite’s Companion”, published in 1890, it is said: “Sokolniki (connected by horse-drawn railway) is located on the outskirts of the city, behind the Red Pond, and is one of the most fashionable dacha places, although it is distinguished by the lack of water. They occupy 3 versts in length and 3 versts in width; the circumference of the entire area is 10 versts... The part of Sokolniki, located closer to the city, is called Old Sokolniki and does not at all resemble a dacha place...” But still, Sokolniki was destined to remain a kind of treasured corner of nature and human kindness in the huge industrial city that Moscow was becoming. To a large extent, this was due to Moscow’s purchase in 1878 of Sokolina and Olenya groves, as well as Shiryaev Field from the Ministry of State Property. Since that time, the official border of the city in the Sokolniki area has moved north to the Zheleznodorozhny and Bogatyrsky bridges over the Yauza. After this, an intensive process of “cultivation” of forest areas began, turning them into park areas. In 1896, on the stream that flowed through Deer Grove, several ponds were created with the help of dams, decorated with fountains and framed by walking alleys. Sokolniki is becoming a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites. At the end of the 19th century, it was in Sokolniki that the charitable activities of local industrialists and merchants were largely manifested. There, from 1876 to 1894, with funds from P. G. von Derviz, the Bakhrushins, the Baevs, and E. K. Rakhmanova, shelters, hospitals, a church and houses with free apartments were built for the poorest part of the region's population. Thus, despite significant changes, Sokolniki by the beginning of the 20th century, having already become one of the districts of Moscow, retained its natural and spiritual individuality, remaining a reserved, treasured corner of the Mother See.